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Tapkigen J, Harding S, Pulkki J, Atkins S, Koivusalo M. Climate change-induced shifts in the food systems and diet-related non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review and a conceptual framework. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e080241. [PMID: 38890143 PMCID: PMC11191816 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the relationship between climate change, food systems and diet-related non-communicable diseases (DR-NCDs) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and propose a conceptual framework for food systems in SSA. DESIGN A scoping review. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies included investigated the relationship between climate change and related systemic risks, food systems, DR-NCDs and its risk factors in SSA. Studies focusing on the association between climate change and DR-NCDs unrelated to food systems, such as social inequalities, were excluded. SOURCES OF EVIDENCE A comprehensive search was conducted in ProQuest (nine databases), Google Scholar and PubMed in December 2022. CHARTING METHODS Data extracted from studies included author, study type, country of study, climate change component, DR-NCD outcomes and risk factors, and impacts of climate change on DR-NCDs. A narrative approach was used to analyse the data. Based on the evidence gathered from SSA, we modified an existing food system conceptual framework. RESULTS The search retrieved 19 125 studies, 10 of which were included in the review. Most studies used a cross-sectional design (n=8). Four explored the influence of temperature on liver cancer through food storage while four explored the influence of temperature and rainfall on diabetes and obesity through food production. Cross-sectional evidence suggested that temperature is associated with liver cancer and rainfall with diabetes. CONCLUSION The review highlights the vulnerability of SSA's food systems to climate change-induced fluctuations, which in turn affect dietary patterns and DR-NCD outcomes. The evidence is scarce and concentrates mostly on the health effects of temperature through food storage. It proposes a conceptual framework to guide future research addressing climate change and DR-NCDs in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Tapkigen
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Seeromanie Harding
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Life Course & Population Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Jutta Pulkki
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Salla Atkins
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meri Koivusalo
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Health in All Policies and the Social Determinants of Health, Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Wu F, Headey D, Hirvonen K, Pokharel A, Tessema M. Study protocol to assess aflatoxin M1 health risks versus benefits of dairy consumption in Ethiopian children: an epidemiological trial and risk-benefit analysis. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e084257. [PMID: 38684249 PMCID: PMC11057243 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-084257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Sidama, Ethiopia, animal-source foods can be difficult to access. Milk has important nutrients for child growth, but carries the risk of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination. AFM1 is a metabolite of the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in dairy feed; cows secrete AFM1 in milk when their feed contains AFB1 produced by Aspergillus fungi in maize, nuts and oilseeds. It is unknown whether AFM1 compromises child growth and health. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This protocol paper describes our study in Sidama to determine the impact of milk consumption and AFM1 on child growth in the first 18 months of life. We will collect baseline and end-line data on dairy production, socioeconomic and nutritional factors of 1000 dairy-owning households with children ages 6-18 months at baseline; and gather samples of milk and dairy feed and child anthropometrics. We will conduct phone interviews every 6 months to ascertain changes in practices or child health. Dairy feed will be tested for AFB1; milk for AFM1, pathogens and nutrients. Controlling for herd size, socioeconomic, nutritional and behavioural factors, we will determine the association between child anthropometrics and milk consumption, as well as AFM1 exposure. We will examine whether AFM1 exposure affects child growth in the first 18 months of life, and weigh the benefits and risks of milk consumption. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The protocol is approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI-IRB-481-2022), Michigan State University (STUDY00007996) and International Food Policy Research Institute (DSGD-23-0102). Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants, who may withdraw from the study at any time. Confidentiality of collected data will be given high priority during each stage of data handling. The study's findings will be disseminated through stakeholder workshops, local and international conferences, journal articles and technical reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Wu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Derek Headey
- International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kalle Hirvonen
- International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Ashish Pokharel
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Headey DD, Alderman H, Hoddinott J, Narayanan S. The glass of milk half-empty? Dairy development and nutrition in low and middle income countries. FOOD POLICY 2024; 122:102585. [PMID: 38314439 PMCID: PMC10831119 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2023.102585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Dairy products have an exceptionally rich nutrient profile and have long been promoted in high income countries to redress child malnutrition. But given all this potential, and the high burden of undernutrition in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), why isn't dairy consumption more actively promoted in the developing world? In this review we focus on a broadly defined concept of "dairy development" to include production, trade, marketing, regulation, and demand stimulation. We address three key questions. First, how strong is the evidence on the importance of dairy production and consumption for improving nutrition among young children in LMICs? Second, which regions have the lowest consumption of dairy products? Third, what are the supply- and demand-side challenges that prevent LMICs from expanding dairy consumption? We argue that although more nutrition- and consumer-oriented dairy development interventions have tremendous potential to redress undernutrition in LMICs, the pathways for achieving this development are highly context-specific: LMICs with significant agroecological potential for dairy production primarily require institutional solutions for the complex marketing challenges in perishable milk value chains; lower potential LMICs require consumer-oriented trade and industrial approaches to the sector's development. And all dairy strategies require a stronger focus on cross-cutting issues of nutrition education and demand creation, food safety and quality, gender and inclusiveness, and environmental sustainability and resilience. We conclude our review by emphasizing important areas for research and policy expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek D. Headey
- The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), United States
| | - Harold Alderman
- The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), United States
| | - John Hoddinott
- H.E. Babcock Professor of Food & Nutrition Economics and Policy Division of Nutritional Sciences, Applied Economics and Management, United States
| | - Sudha Narayanan
- The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), United States
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Salem-Bekhit MM, Riad OKM, Selim HMRM, Tohamy STK, Taha EI, Al-Suwayeh SA, Shazly GA. Box-Behnken Design for Assessing the Efficiency of Aflatoxin M1 Detoxification in Milk Using Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1667. [PMID: 37629525 PMCID: PMC10456063 DOI: 10.3390/life13081667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk contaminated with aflatoxin can lead to liver cancer. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a serious animal feed contaminant, is transformed into Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and secreted in milk. In this study, a biological method using probiotic bacteria, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) in combination with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), was used to assess their antiaflatoxigenic effect in animal milk. A Box-Behnken design was used to establish the optimal ratio of L. rhamnosus and S. cerevisiae, incubation time, and temperature for efficient AFM1 detoxification from milk. To achieve this, the primary, interaction, and quadratic effects of the chosen factors were investigated. To investigate the quadratic response surfaces, a second-order polynomial model was built using a three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design. The quantity of AFM1 was detected by the ELISA technique. The results of these experiments obtained an optimum condition in AFM1 detoxification of the three tested factors in order to maximize their effect on AFM1 detoxification in milk. The model was tested in three highly contaminated milk samples to assure the efficacy of the model. AFM1 detoxification was up to 98.4% in contaminated milk samples. These promising results provide a safe, low-cost, and low-time-consuming solution to get rid of the problem of milk contamination with AFM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir M. Salem-Bekhit
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omnia Karem M. Riad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt; (O.K.M.R.); (S.T.K.T.)
| | - Heba Mohammed Refat M. Selim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt; (O.K.M.R.); (S.T.K.T.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Maarefa University, Diriyah, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sally Tohamy Kamal Tohamy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt; (O.K.M.R.); (S.T.K.T.)
| | - Ehab I. Taha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (E.I.T.); (S.A.A.-S.); (G.A.S.)
| | - Saleh A. Al-Suwayeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (E.I.T.); (S.A.A.-S.); (G.A.S.)
| | - Gamal A. Shazly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (E.I.T.); (S.A.A.-S.); (G.A.S.)
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Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M 1 in Raw Milk and Cottage Cheese in Adults in Ethiopia. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040817. [PMID: 36832891 PMCID: PMC9957127 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (milk toxin) found in milk is formed from the hepatic biotransformation of AFB1 (aflatoxin B1) and poses a risk to human health when consumed. The risk assessment of AFM1 exposure due to milk consumption is a valuable way to assess health risk. The objective of the present work was to determine an exposure and risk assessment of AFM1 in raw milk and cheese, and it is the first of its kind in Ethiopia. Determination of AFM1 was conducted using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results indicated that AFM1 was positive in all samples of milk products. The risk assessment was determined using margin of exposure (MOE), estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard index (HI), and cancer risk. The mean EDIs for raw milk and cheese consumers were 0.70 and 0.16 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. Our results showed that almost all mean MOE values were <10,000, which suggests a potential health issue. The mean HI values obtained were 3.50 and 0.79 for raw milk and cheese consumers, respectively, which indicates adverse health effects for large consumers of raw milk. For milk and cheese consumers, the mean cancer risk was 1.29 × 10-6 and 2.9 × 10-6 cases/100,000 person/year, respectively, which indicates a low risk for cancer. Therefore, a risk assessment of AFM1 in children should be investigated further as they consume more milk than adults.
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Risk assessments for the dietary intake aflatoxins in food: A systematic review (2016–2022). Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Mycotoxin risks are lower in biotech corn. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102792. [PMID: 36088737 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are food contaminants that occur when toxigenic fungi colonize crops. Unfortunately, corn, a major staple crop worldwide, is highly susceptible to mycotoxin contamination. Some mycotoxins, most notably aflatoxin, cause human cancer and other harmful effects such as immunotoxicity and growth impairment. Hence, many nations have set food-safety standards on mycotoxins. Aside from regulations, good agricultural and manufacturing practices lower mycotoxin risks. Agricultural biotechnology has made notable advances in reducing mycotoxins recently. While transgenic Bt corn has been known for years to reduce the mycotoxin fumonisin, new studies have shown its benefit in reducing aflatoxin as well. Other transgenic and RNA-interference corn hybrids target mycotoxin reduction specifically, and gene editing through clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat systems has focused on preventing mycotoxin biosynthesis.
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Farkas Z, Kerekes K, Ambrus Á, Süth M, Peles F, Pusztahelyi T, Pócsi I, Nagy A, Sipos P, Miklós G, Lőrincz A, Csorba S, Jóźwiak ÁB. Probabilistic modeling and risk characterization of the chronic aflatoxin M1 exposure of Hungarian consumers. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1000688. [PMID: 36118212 PMCID: PMC9478333 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1000688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination can appear in various points of the food chain. If animals are fed with contaminated feed, AFB1 is transformed-among others-to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) metabolite. AFM1 is less toxic than AFB1, but it is still genotoxic and carcinogenic and it is present in raw and processed milk and all kinds of milk products. In this article, the chronic exposure estimation and risk characterization of Hungarian consumers are presented, based on the AFM1 contamination of milk and dairy products, and calculated with a probabilistic method, the two-dimensional Monte-Carlo model. The calculations were performed using the R plugin (mc2d package) integrated into the KNIME (Konstanz Information Miner) software. The simulations were performed using data from the 2018-2020 food consumption survey. The AFM1 analytical data were derived from the Hungarian monitoring survey and 1,985 milk samples were analyzed within the framework of the joint project of the University of Debrecen and the National Food Chain Safety Office of Hungary (NÉBIH). Limited AFM1 concentrations were available for processed dairy products; therefore, a database of AFM1 processing factors for sour milk products and various cheeses was produced based on the latest literature data, and consumer exposure was calculated with the milk equivalent of the consumed quantities of these products. For risk characterization, the calculation of hazard index (HI), Margin of Exposure, and the hepatocellular carcinoma incidence were used. The results indicate that the group of toddlers that consume a large amount of milk and milk products are exposed to a certain level of health risk. The mean estimated daily intake of toddlers is in the range of 0.008-0.221 ng kg-1 bw day-1; the 97.5th percentile exposure of toddlers is between 0.013 ng kg-1 bw day-1 and 0.379 ng kg-1 bw day-1, resulting in a HI above 1. According to our study, the exposure of older age groups does not pose an emergent health risk. Nevertheless, the presence of carcinogenic compounds should be kept to a minimum in the whole population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Farkas
- Digital Food Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kata Kerekes
- System Management and Supervision Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Árpád Ambrus
- Doctoral School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miklós Süth
- Digital Food Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Peles
- Institute of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Pusztahelyi
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen. Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Nagy
- Food Chain Safety Laboratory Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Sipos
- Institute of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Miklós
- Analytical National Reference Laboratory, Food Chain Safety Laboratory Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Székesfehérvár, Hungary
| | - Anna Lőrincz
- Analytical National Reference Laboratory, Food Chain Safety Laboratory Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilveszter Csorba
- Digital Food Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Bernard Jóźwiak
- Digital Food Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
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