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Xu J, Zhang Q, Su Z, Liu Y, Yan T, Zhang Y, Wang T, Wei X, Chen Z, Hu G, Chen T, Jia G. Genetic damage and potential mechanism exploration under different air pollution patterns by multi-omics. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107636. [PMID: 36423397 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air pollution was classified as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) for lung cancer. DNA damage was an important first step in the process of carcinogenesis, and could also be induced by air pollution. In this study, intratracheal instillation and real-time air exposure system were combined to establish SHP (short-term high-level PM2.5) and LLPO (long-term low-level PM2.5 and O3) exposure patterns, respectively. Hierarchical levels of genetic biomarkers were analyzed to explore DNA damage effects in rats. Representative DNA repair genes from different repair pathways were selected to explore the relative expression levels. The methylation level of differentially expressed repair genes were also determined. Besides, miRNA sequencing and non-targeted metabolomic analysis were performed in rat lungs. KEGG and multi-omics analysis were used to explore the potential mechanism of genetic damage under different air pollution patterns. We found that LLPO exposure induced DSBs and chromosome damage. SHP exposure could induce DSBs and DNA oxidative damage, and the effects of genetic damage under this pollution pattern could be repaired by natural repair. Repair genes involved in two pattern were different. SHP exposure could induce higher methylation levels of RAD51, which might be a potential epigenetic mechanism for high-level PM2.5 induced down-regulated expression of RAD51 and DSBs. Besides, 29 overlapped alterations in metabolic pathways were identified by metabolomic and miRNA sequencing, including purine metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism after LLPO exposure. Differential miRNAs expression in lung tissue were associated with apoptosis, DNA damage and damage repair. We concluded that under different air pollution patterns, DNA damage biomarkers and activated targets of DNA damage repair network were both different. The genetic damage effects caused by high-level short-term PM2.5 can be alleviated by natural repair. We provided possible mechanisms by multi-omics which could explain the increased carcinogenic risk caused by air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiaojian Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zekang Su
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tenglong Yan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tiancheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Third Hospital of Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xuetao Wei
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhangjian Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guiping Hu
- School of Medical Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tian Chen
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Guang Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Pavlov YI, Zhuk AS, Stepchenkova EI. DNA Polymerases at the Eukaryotic Replication Fork Thirty Years after: Connection to Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3489. [PMID: 33255191 PMCID: PMC7760166 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on tumor genomes revealed that mutations in genes of replicative DNA polymerases cause a predisposition for cancer by increasing genome instability. The past 10 years have uncovered exciting details about the structure and function of replicative DNA polymerases and the replication fork organization. The principal idea of participation of different polymerases in specific transactions at the fork proposed by Morrison and coauthors 30 years ago and later named "division of labor," remains standing, with an amendment of the broader role of polymerase δ in the replication of both the lagging and leading DNA strands. However, cancer-associated mutations predominantly affect the catalytic subunit of polymerase ε that participates in leading strand DNA synthesis. We analyze how new findings in the DNA replication field help elucidate the polymerase variants' effects on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youri I. Pavlov
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Anna S. Zhuk
- International Laboratory of Computer Technologies, ITMO University, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Elena I. Stepchenkova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Genetic Toxicology, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Saint-Petersburg Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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DNA Mismatch Repair Gene Variants in Sporadic Solid Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155561. [PMID: 32756484 PMCID: PMC7432688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the development of sporadic solid cancers are still scarce. The aim of this review was to summarise and analyse published data on the associations between SNPs in mismatch repair genes and various cancers. The mismatch repair system plays a unique role in the control of the genetic integrity and it is often inactivated (germline and somatic mutations and hypermethylation) in cancer patients. Here, we focused on germline variants in mismatch repair genes and found the outcomes rather controversial: some SNPs are sometimes ascribed as protective, while other studies reported their pathological effects. Regarding the complexity of cancer as one disease, we attempted to ascertain if particular polymorphisms exert the effect in the same direction in the development and treatment of different malignancies, although it is still not straightforward to conclude whether polymorphisms always play a clear positive role or a negative one. Most recent and robust genome-wide studies suggest that risk of cancer is modulated by variants in mismatch repair genes, for example in colorectal cancer. Our study shows that rs1800734 in MLH1 or rs2303428 in MSH2 may influence the development of different malignancies. The lack of functional studies on many DNA mismatch repair SNPs as well as their interactions are not explored yet. Notably, the concerted action of more variants in one individual may be protective or harmful. Further, complex interactions of DNA mismatch repair variations with both the environment and microenvironment in the cancer pathogenesis will deserve further attention.
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Wang SM, Jiang B, Deng Y, Huang SL, Fang MZ, Wang Y. Clinical significance of MLH1/ MSH2 for stage II/III sporadic colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2019; 11:1065-1080. [PMID: 31798786 PMCID: PMC6883179 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v11.i11.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of colorectal cancer (CRC) is a complicated multistep process that involves an accumulation of mutations in tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. In the process of DNA replication, base mismatch often occurs due to various factors leading to abnormal expression of mismatch repair genes (MMR), among which MLH1 and MSH2 are the most important. Recently, numerous studies indicated that MLH1/MSH2 phenotype is associated with CRC. We wanted to elucidate the role of MLH1/MSH2 in the prediction and prognosis of CRC through long-term clinical observation.
AIM To evaluate the prognostic and predictive significance of MLH1/MSH2 in patients with stage II-III CRC using immunohistochemical analysis and GeneScan.
METHODS Specimens from 681 patients with CRC (395 stage II and 286 stage III, 387 males and 294 females) who underwent curative surgical resection from 2013 to 2016 were tested. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze MMR status and the microsatellite status of 133 patients was determined by GeneScan analysis.
RESULTS Five hundred and fifty (80.76%) patients were MLH1/MSH2 positive and 131 (19.24%) were negative by immunohistochemistry. MLH1/MSH2-positive tumors were significantly more frequent in the colon than in the rectum, and had poor differentiation and less mucin production (P < 0.05). Patients of different groups did not differ in terms of age, gender, tumor size, tumor stage, lymphocytic infiltration, or circumscribed margin. MLH1/MSH2-negative patients had a more favorable OS than MLH1/MSH2-positive patients (P < 0.001). Univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated MLH1/MSH2 expression as an independent prognostic and predictive factor for stage II/III CRC. MLH1/MSH2 expression was a strong prognostic factor in all patients [P < 0.001, hazard ratio (HR) = 4.064, 95%CI: 2.241–7.369]. Adjuvant chemotherapy had a greater correlation with survival advantage in MLH1/MSH2-negative patients with stage III disease (P < 0.001, HR = 7.660, 95%CI: 2.974–15.883). However, patients with stage II disease or MLH1/MSH2-positive patients with stage III disease did not benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. GeneScan analysis demonstrated that among 133 patients, 105 (78.95%) were microsatellite stable, and 28 (21.05%) had microsatellite instability (MSI), including 18 (13.53%) with high MSI and 10 (7.52%) with low MSI. This is consistent with the immunohistochemical results.
CONCLUSION MLH1/MSH2 phenotype constitutes a pathologically and clinically distinct subtype of sporadic CRC. MLH1/MSH2 is an independent prognostic and predictive factor for outcome of stage II-III CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Ming Wang
- National Center of Colorectal Disease, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210022, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- National Center of Colorectal Disease, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210022, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Youping Deng
- Bioinformatics Core, Department of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States
| | - Shu-Liang Huang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210022, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Fang
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210022, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Bioinformatics Core, Department of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210022, Jiangsu Province, China
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Vasan K, Satgunaseelan L, Anand S, Asher R, Selinger C, Low THH, Palme CE, Clark JR, Gupta R. Tumour mismatch repair protein loss is associated with advanced stage in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Pathology 2019; 51:688-695. [PMID: 31630878 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An unexplained increase in the incidence of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (oSCC) has been observed despite decreasing smoking rates, particularly in younger patients. Links to defects in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system are well established in early onset colorectal, urothelial and gynaecological malignancies. MMR deficient patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated improved response rates. Studies exploring MMR status in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) demonstrate conflicting results. This study explores the incidence of MMR protein loss and its association with clinicopathological features and outcome in oSCC. Immunohistochemical staining using tissue microarrays to assess the expression of MMR proteins (hMLH1, hMSH2, hMSH6, and hPMS2) was performed on 285 consecutive oSCC cases between 2000 and 2016. Data on smoking, alcohol and metachronous malignancies were retrospectively collected. Proportional hazards regression models were used to compare survival in MMR intact and deficient patients. MMR deficiency was seen in 21 patients (7.4%). MMR deficient tumours were associated with bone invasion (52% vs 32%, p=0.05), higher pT stage (pT4 in 57% vs 35%, p<0.001) and a higher number of metachronous malignancies (p=0.05). MMR deficiency was not associated with younger age at presentation or absence of smoking or alcohol. There was no significant association between MMR status and survival (overall survival hazard ratio 1.36; p=0.32). The incidence of MMR loss in oSCC is low and is not associated with young age at presentation. MMR deficiency in oSCC is associated with an increase in the number of metachronous malignancies and more advanced primary tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Vasan
- Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Laveniya Satgunaseelan
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sunaina Anand
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebecca Asher
- Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christina Selinger
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tsu-Hui Hubert Low
- Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carsten E Palme
- Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan R Clark
- Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruta Gupta
- Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Kwan AK, Um CY, Rutherford RE, Seabrook ME, Barry EL, Fedirko V, Baron JA, Bostick RM. Effects of vitamin D and calcium on expression of MSH2 and transforming growth factors in normal-appearing colorectal mucosa of sporadic colorectal adenoma patients: A randomized clinical trial. Mol Carcinog 2018; 58:511-523. [PMID: 30499618 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal expression of the DNA mismatch repair protein MSH2 and autocrine/paracrine transforming growth factors TGFα (growth promoter) and TGFβ1 (growth inhibitor) is common during colorectal carcinogenesis. To estimate vitamin D and calcium effects on these biomarkers in the normal-appearing colorectal mucosa of sporadic colorectal adenoma patients, we conducted a pilot, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, modified 2 × 2 factorial chemoprevention clinical trial (N = 104) of supplemental vitamin D3 (1000 IU daily) and calcium (1200 mg daily), alone and in combination, versus placebo over 1 year. The expression of the three biomarkers and Ki-67/mib-1 in colorectal crypts in biopsies of normal-appearing rectal mucosa were detected using automated immunohistochemistry and quantified using image analysis. In the vitamin D3 and vitamin D3 plus calcium groups, relative to their reference groups, in the upper 40% (differentiation zone) of crypts, it was estimated that, respectively, the MSH2/mib-1 ratio increased by 47% (P = 0.14) and 62% (P = 0.08), TGFβ1 expression increased by 41% (P = 0.25) and 78% (P = 0.14), and the TGFα/TGFβ1 ratio decreased by 25% (P = 0.31) and 44% (P = 0.13). Although not statistically significant, these results support further research into (i) whether supplemental vitamin D3 , alone or in combination with calcium, may increase DNA mismatch repair relative to proliferation, increase TGFβ1 expression, and decrease autocrine/paracrine growth promotion relative to growth inhibition in the colorectal epithelium, all hypothesized to reduce risk for colorectal carcinogenesis; and (ii) the expression of MSH2 relative to mib-1, TGFβ1 alone, and TGFα relative to TGFβ1 in the normal-appearing rectal mucosa as potential modifiable, pre-neoplastic markers of risk for colorectal neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert K Kwan
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Caroline Y Um
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robin E Rutherford
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Elizabeth L Barry
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Veronika Fedirko
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John A Baron
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Roberd M Bostick
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Markoš P, Brčić I, Brčić L, Jakić-Razumović J, Pulanić R. Microsatellite instability in metaplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence of Barrett esophagus: a retrospective study. Croat Med J 2018; 59:100-107. [PMID: 29972732 PMCID: PMC6045894 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2018.59.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To analyze the loss of mismatch repair (MMR) system protein expression in metaplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence of Barrett esophagus (BE). Methods This study retrospectively analyzed the data from 70 patients with pathohistological diagnosis of BE or esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) treated at the Clinical Department of Pathology and Cytology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, from January 2009 to January 2011. Patients were divided into three groups: BE without dysplasia (22 patients), BE with dysplasia (37 patients), and EAC (11 patients). Immunohistochemical expression of MutL homologue 1 (MLH1), MutS homologue 2 (MSH2), postmeiotic segregation increased 2 (PMS2), and MutS homologue 6 (MSH6) of DNA MMR system was measured and compared with tumor protein p53 expression. Results A total of 81.8% and 81.8% patients with EAC, 32.4% and 35.1% patients with dysplasia, and 50% and 54.5% patients without dysplasia had loss of MLH1 and PMS2 expression, respectively. Patients with EAC and patients with dysplasia did not have loss of MSH2 and MSH6 expression, and 18.2% patients without dysplasia had loss of MSH2 and MSH6 expression. There was a strong positive correlation between MLH1 and PMS2 expression (Spearman ρ 0.97; P < 0.001) and between MSH2 and MSH6 expression (Spearman ρ 0.90, P < 0.001) in the entire sample and in all BE groups. No significant correlations of MLH1 and PMS2 with p53 expression were found, except in dysplasia group (φ 0.402, P = 0.030 for MSH1; φ 0.371, P = 0.042 for PMS2). Conclusion Although we demonstrated considerable loss of MLH1 and PMS2 expression in BE-associated carcinoma sequence, due to the retrospective study design and low number of patients we cannot conclude that MLH1 and PMS2 can be used as biomarkers for patient surveillance and therapy-making decisions. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine level of evidence: 3
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Affiliation(s)
- Pave Markoš
- Pave Markoš, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Kišpatićeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia,
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Ye P, Shi Y, Li A. Association Between hMLH1 Promoter Methylation and Risk of Gastric Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:368. [PMID: 29719511 PMCID: PMC5914280 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human mutL homolog 1 (hMLH1) is located on chromosome 3q21-23. As a classic tumor suppressor gene, many researchers have studied the association between hMLH1 promoter methylation and gastric cancer, but their conclusions were not always consistent. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to make a more integrated and precise estimate of the associations. Method: PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were retrieved without language restrictions. Data were analyzed by Review Manager 5.2 and Stata 12.0 software. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was used to assess the statistical associations. Result: A total of 39 studies published before January 20, 2018 were included in this study. The results indicated that the frequency of hMLH1 promoter methylation in gastric cancers was substantially higher than that in non-cancer controls (OR = 7.94, 95%CI = 4.32–14.58, P < 0.001). Furthermore, hMLH1 promoter methylation had considerable associations with lymph node metastasis, microsatellite instability (MSI), and low expression of hMLH1 protein (OR = 1.53, 95%CI = 1.04–2.26, P = 0.03; OR = 15.33, 95%CI = 9.26–25.36, P < 0.001; OR = 37.86, 95%CI = 18.03–79.50, P < 0.001, respectively). No association was found between hMLH1 promoter methylation and Lauren classification or Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection status. Conclusion: The present study provides evidence that promoter methylation of hMLH1 is a major causative event in the occurrence and development of human gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Anling Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Miguchi M, Hinoi T, Tanakaya K, Yamaguchi T, Furukawa Y, Yoshida T, Tamura K, Sugano K, Ishioka C, Matsubara N, Tomita N, Arai M, Ishikawa H, Hirata K, Saida Y, Ishida H, Sugihara K. Alcohol consumption and early-onset risk of colorectal cancer in Japanese patients with Lynch syndrome: a cross-sectional study conducted by the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum. Surg Today 2018; 48:810-814. [PMID: 29574523 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-018-1654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We conducted this study to establish whether drinking alcohol alters the risk of early-onset colorectal cancer (CRC) in Japanese patients with Lynch syndrome (LS). The subjects were 66 LS patients with pathogenic mutation of mismatch repair genes (MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6) from the nationwide Japanese retrospective multicenter study. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to investigate the factors correlating with early-onset CRC diagnosis, using clinical data such as gender, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, body mass index, gene mutation (MLH1, MSH2 vs MSH6), and family cancer history. Alcohol was significantly correlated with an increased risk of early-onset CRC [HR 2.44, 95% CI 1.13-5.16 (p = 0.02)], but tobacco use was not [HR 0.8, 95%CI 0.38-1.62 (p = 0.53)]. These findings suggest that alcohol consumption is correlated with an earlier onset of CRC in Japanese patients with LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Miguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, 7348551, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takao Hinoi
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, 7348551, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Kohji Tanakaya
- Department of Surgery, Iwakuni Clinical Center, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Yamaguchi
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Furukawa
- Division of Clinical Genome Research, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Yoshida
- Division of Genetics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tamura
- Major in Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering Research, Kinki University, Higashiosaka, Japan
| | - Kokichi Sugano
- Oncogene Research Unit/Cancer Prevention Unit, Tochigi Cancer Center Research Institute, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Chikashi Ishioka
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Naohiro Tomita
- Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Masami Arai
- Clinical Genetic Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Cancer Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiji Hirata
- Department of Surgery 1, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Saida
- Department of Surgery, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ishida
- Department of Digestive Tract and General Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Japan
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Vrieling A, Visser A, Hoedjes M, Hurks M, Gómez García E, Hoogerbrugge N, Kampman E. Increasing awareness and knowledge of lifestyle recommendations for cancer prevention in Lynch syndrome carriers: Randomized controlled trial. Clin Genet 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Vrieling
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences; Radboud university medical center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - A. Visser
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences; Radboud university medical center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - M. Hoedjes
- Department of Health Sciences; VU Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - M. Hurks
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences; Radboud university medical center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - E. Gómez García
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - N. Hoogerbrugge
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - E. Kampman
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences; Radboud university medical center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
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Ma SSQ, Srivastava S, Llamosas E, Hawkins NJ, Hesson LB, Ward RL, Ford CE. ROR2 is epigenetically inactivated in the early stages of colorectal neoplasia and is associated with proliferation and migration. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:508. [PMID: 27440078 PMCID: PMC4955198 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2576-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is closely linked to Wnt signalling, with 94 % of cases exhibiting a Wnt related mutation. ROR2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is thought to repress β-catenin dependent Wnt signalling. Our study aims to determine if ROR2 is epigenetically silenced in CRC and determine if in vitro silencing of ROR2 potentiates Wnt signalling, and alters the proliferative, migratory or invasive potential of cells. METHODS ROR2 expression was examined in CRC cell lines and patient adenomas using qRT-PCR, while COBRA and bisulphite sequencing was used to analyse ROR2 promoter methylation. 258 patient primary tumour samples from publicly available databases were also examined for ROR2 expression and methylation. In addition, the functional effects of ROR2 modulation were investigated in HCT116 cells following ROR2 siRNA knockdown and in RKO and SW620 cells following ectopic ROR2 expression. RESULTS Reduced ROR2 expression was found to correlate with ROR2 promoter hypermethylation in colorectal cancer cell lines, carcinomas and adenomas. ROR2 expression was downregulated in 76.7 % (23/30) of CRC cell lines with increasing ROR2 promoter hypermethylation correlating with progressively lower expression. Analysis of 239 primary tumour samples from a publicly available cohort also found a significant correlation between reduced ROR2 expression and increased promoter methylation. Methylation analysis of 88 adenomas and 47 normal mucosa samples found greater percentage of adenoma samples to be methylated. Additional analysis also revealed that adenoma samples with reduced ROR2 expression also possessed ROR2 promoter hypermethylation. ROR2 knockdown in the CRC cell line HCT116 significantly decreased expression of the β-catenin independent Wnt targets genes JNK and NFATC1, increased cellular proliferation and migration but decreased invasion. When ROR2 was ectopically expressed in RKO and SW620 cells, there was no significant change to either cellular proliferation or migration. CONCLUSION ROR2 is frequently epigenetically inactivated by promoter hypermethylation in the early stages of colorectal neoplasia and this may contribute to colorectal cancer progression by increasing cellular proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean S. Q. Ma
- />Metastasis Research Group, Adult Cancer Program, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Sameer Srivastava
- />Colorectal Cancer Group, Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
- />Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211004 India
| | - Estelle Llamosas
- />Metastasis Research Group, Adult Cancer Program, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Nicholas J. Hawkins
- />Mayne Medical School, University of Queensland, 288 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane St Lucia, Qld 4072 Australia
| | - Luke B. Hesson
- />Colorectal Cancer Group, Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Robyn L. Ward
- />Colorectal Cancer Group, Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Caroline E. Ford
- />Metastasis Research Group, Adult Cancer Program, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
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Mascelli S, Nozza P, Sak K, Joost K, Cama A, Capra V, Garrè ML, Raso A. Distinctive Genetic Profile With IDH1, TP53, and MLH1 Mutations in a Radiation-Induced Anaplastic Astrocytoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:179. [PMID: 26185030 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Nozza
- Istituto Giannina Gaslini, via G. Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Katrin Sak
- Asper Biotechnology, Ltd., Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Armando Cama
- Istituto Giannina Gaslini, via G. Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Valeria Capra
- Istituto Giannina Gaslini, via G. Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Raso
- Istituto Giannina Gaslini, via G. Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
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Voisin S, Eynon N, Yan X, Bishop DJ. Exercise training and DNA methylation in humans. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:39-59. [PMID: 25345837 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The response to exercise training (trainability) has been shown to have a strong heritable component. There is growing evidence suggesting that traits such as trainability do not only depend on the genetic code, but also on epigenetic signals. Epigenetic signals play an important role in the modulation of gene expression, through mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modifications. There is an emerging evidence to show that physical activity influences DNA methylation in humans. The present review aims to summarize current knowledge on the link between DNA methylation and physical activity in humans. We have critically reviewed the literature and only papers focused on physical activity and its influence on DNA methylation status were included; a total of 25 papers were selected. We concluded that both acute and chronic exercises significantly impact DNA methylation, in a highly tissue- and gene-specific manner. This review also provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of exercise-induced DNA methylation changes, and recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Voisin
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL); Victoria University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - N. Eynon
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL); Victoria University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Royal Children's Hospital; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - X. Yan
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL); Victoria University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Royal Children's Hospital; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - D. J. Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL); Victoria University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
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Seneviratne D, Ma J, Tan X, Kwon YK, Muhammad E, Melhem M, DeFrances MC, Zarnegar R. Genomic instability causes HGF gene activation in colon cancer cells, promoting their resistance to necroptosis. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:181-191.e17. [PMID: 25244939 PMCID: PMC4274190 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Genomic instability promotes colon carcinogenesis by inducing genetic mutations, but not all genes affected by this process have been identified. We investigated whether genomic instability in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells produces mutations in the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) gene. METHODS We genotyped human colon tumor tissues and adjacent nontumor tissues collected from 78 patients University of Pittsburgh Health Sciences and Veterans Hospital, along with 40 human CRC and adjacent nontumor tissues in a commercial microarray. We used cellular, biochemical, and molecular biological techniques to investigate the factors that alter HGF signaling in colon cancer cells and its effects on cell proliferation and survival. RESULTS All tested human CRC tissues and cell lines that had microsatellite instability contained truncations in the regulatory deoxyadenosine tract element (DATE) of the HGF gene promoter. The DATE was unstable in 14% (11 of 78) of CRC samples; DATE truncation was also polymorphic and detected in 18% (13 of 78) of CRC tissues without microsatellite instability. In CRC cell lines, truncation of DATE activated expression of HGF, resulting in its autocrine signaling via MET. This promoted cell proliferation and resistance to necroptosis. HGF signaling via MET reduced levels of the receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1, a mediator of necroptosis, in CRC cells. High levels of HGF protein in tumor tissues correlated with lower levels of receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1 and shorter survival times of patients. CONCLUSIONS Thirty-one percent of CRC samples contain alterations in the DATE of the HGF promoter. Disruption of the DATE increased HGF signaling via MET and reduced levels of receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1 and CRC cell necroptosis. DATE alteration might be used as a prognostic factor or to select patients for therapies that target HGF-MET signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Reza Zarnegar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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15
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Bardia A, Tiwari SK, Vishwakarma SK, Habeeb MA, Nallari P, Sultana SA, Pasha SA, Reddy YP, Khan AA. Haplotype analyses of DNA repair gene polymorphisms and their role in ulcerative colitis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108562. [PMID: 25247297 PMCID: PMC4172686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a major clinical form of inflammatory bowel disease. UC is characterized by mucosal inflammation limited to the colon, always involving the rectum and a variable extent of the more proximal colon in a continuous manner. Genetic variations in DNA repair genes may influence the extent of repair functions, DNA damage, and thus the manifestations of UC. This study thus evaluated the role of polymorphisms of the genes involved in DNA repair mechanisms. A total of 171 patients and 213 controls were included. Genotyping was carried out by ARMS PCR and PCR-RFLP analyses for RAD51, XRCC3 and hMSH2 gene polymorphisms. Allelic and genotypic frequencies were computed in both control & patient groups and data was analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. The frequency of ‘A’ allele of hMSH2 in the UC group caused statistically significant increased risk for UC compared to controls (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.16–2.31, p = 0.004). Similarly, the CT genotype of XRCC3 gene was predominant in the UC group and increased the risk for UC by 1.75 fold compared to controls (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.15–2.67, p = 0.03), further confirming the risk of ‘T’ allele in UC. The GC genotype frequency of RAD51 gene was significantly increased (p = 0.02) in the UC group (50.3%) compared to controls (38%). The GC genotype significantly increased the risk for UC compared to GG genotype by 1.73 fold (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.14–2.62, p = 0.02) confirming the strong association of ‘C’ allele with UC. Among the controls, the SNP loci combination of hMSH2:XRCC3 were in perfect linkage. The GTC and ACC haplotypes were found to be predominant in UC than controls with a 2.28 and 2.93 fold significant increase risk of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Bardia
- Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Santosh K. Tiwari
- Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep K. Vishwakarma
- Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Md. Aejaz Habeeb
- Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Pratibha Nallari
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Shaik A. Sultana
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaik A. Pasha
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yugandhar P. Reddy
- Neurobiology lab, Department of Zoology, University College of Sciences, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Aleem A. Khan
- Centre for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
- * E-mail:
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Robinson KM, Dunning Hotopp JC. Mobile elements and viral integrations prompt considerations for bacterial DNA integration as a novel carcinogen. Cancer Lett 2014; 352:137-44. [PMID: 24956175 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insertional mutagenesis has been repeatedly demonstrated in cancer genomes and has a role in oncogenesis. Mobile genetic elements can induce cancer development by random insertion into cancer related genes or by inducing translocations. L1s are typically implicated in cancers of an epithelial cell origin, while Alu elements have been implicated in leukemia as well as epithelial cell cancers. Likewise, viral infections have a significant role in cancer development predominantly through integration into the human genome and mutating or deregulating cancer related genes. Human papilloma virus is the best-known example of viral integrations contributing to carcinogenesis. However, hepatitis B virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Merkel cell polyomavirus also integrate into the human genome and disrupt cancer related genes. Thus far, the role of microbes in cancer has primarily been attributed to mutations induced through chronic inflammation or toxins, as is the case with Helicobacter pylori and enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis. We hypothesize that like mobile elements and viral DNA, bacterial and parasitic DNA may also integrate into the human somatic genome and be oncogenic. Until recently it was believed that bacterial DNA could not integrate into the human genome, but new evidence demonstrates that bacterial insertional mutagenesis may occur in cancer cells. Although this work does not show causation between bacterial insertions and cancer, it prompts more research in this area. Promising new sequencing technologies may reduce the risk of artifactual chimeric sequences, thus diminishing some of the challenges of identifying novel insertions in the somatic human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Robinson
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julie C Dunning Hotopp
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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17
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Lowery JT, Horick N, Kinney AY, Finkelstein DM, Garrett K, Haile RW, Lindor NM, Newcomb PA, Sandler RS, Burke C, Hill DA, Ahnen DJ. A randomized trial to increase colonoscopy screening in members of high-risk families in the colorectal cancer family registry and cancer genetics network. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:601-10. [PMID: 24501379 PMCID: PMC3976708 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with a strong family history of colorectal cancer have significant risk for colorectal cancer, although adherence to colonoscopy screening in these groups remains low. This study assessed whether a tailored telephone counseling intervention can increase adherence to colonoscopy in members of high-risk families in a randomized, controlled trial. METHODS Eligible participants were recruited from two national cancer registries if they had a first-degree relative with colorectal cancer under age 60 or multiple affected family members, which included families that met the Amsterdam criteria for hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC), and if they were due for colonoscopy within 24 months. Participants were randomized to receive a tailored telephone intervention grounded in behavioral theory or a mailed packet with general information about screening. Colonoscopy status was assessed through follow-up surveys and endoscopy reports. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess intervention effect. RESULTS Of the 632 participants (ages 25-80), 60% were female, the majority were White, non-Hispanic, educated, and had health insurance. Colonoscopy adherence increased 11 percentage points in the tailored telephone intervention group, compared with no significant change in the mailed group. The telephone intervention was associated with a 32% increase in screening adherence compared with the mailed intervention (HR, 1.32; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS A tailored telephone intervention can effectively increase colonoscopy adherence in high-risk persons. This intervention has the potential for broad dissemination to healthcare organizations or other high-risk populations. IMPACT Increasing adherence to colonoscopy among persons with increased colorectal cancer risk could effectively reduce incidence and mortality from this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan T Lowery
- Authors' Affiliations: Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Aurora; Department of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado; Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center; Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Prevention, Department of Internal Medicine; Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Stanford University, Population Sciences, Stanford, California; Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona; Cancer Prevention Program, Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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Tumeurs du haut appareil urinaire et syndrome de Lynch : doit-on proposer un dépistage systématique ? Bull Cancer 2014; 101:144-50. [DOI: 10.1684/bdc.2014.1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Huang S, Li J, Xu A, Huang G, You L. Small Insertions Are More Deleterious than Small Deletions in Human Genomes. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:1642-9. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengfeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes; College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510275 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes; College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510275 People's Republic of China
| | - Anlong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes; College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510275 People's Republic of China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chao-yang District; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Guangrui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes; College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510275 People's Republic of China
| | - Leiming You
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes; College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510275 People's Republic of China
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20
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Masson AL, Talseth-Palmer BA, Evans TJ, Grice DM, Duesing K, Hannan GN, Scott RJ. Copy number variation in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. Genes (Basel) 2013; 4:536-55. [PMID: 24705261 PMCID: PMC3927572 DOI: 10.3390/genes4040536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is the commonest form of inherited colorectal cancer (CRC) predisposition and by definition describes families which conform to the Amsterdam Criteria or reiterations thereof. In ~50% of patients adhering to the Amsterdam criteria germline variants are identified in one of four DNA Mismatch repair (MMR) genes MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2. Loss of function of any one of these genes results in a failure to repair DNA errors occurring during replication which can be most easily observed as DNA microsatellite instability (MSI)—a hallmark feature of this disease. The remaining 50% of patients without a genetic diagnosis of disease may harbour more cryptic changes within or adjacent to MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 or PMS2 or elsewhere in the genome. We used a high density cytogenetic array to screen for deletions or duplications in a series of patients, all of whom adhered to the Amsterdam/Bethesda criteria, to determine if genomic re-arrangements could account for a proportion of patients that had been shown not to harbour causative mutations as assessed by standard diagnostic techniques. The study has revealed some associations between copy number variants (CNVs) and HNPCC mutation negative cases and further highlights difficulties associated with CNV analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Masson
- Information Based Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2305, Australia; E-Mails: (A.L.M.); (B.A.T.-P.); (T.-J.E.); (D.M.G.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
| | - Bente A. Talseth-Palmer
- Information Based Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2305, Australia; E-Mails: (A.L.M.); (B.A.T.-P.); (T.-J.E.); (D.M.G.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
| | - Tiffany-Jane Evans
- Information Based Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2305, Australia; E-Mails: (A.L.M.); (B.A.T.-P.); (T.-J.E.); (D.M.G.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
| | - Desma M. Grice
- Information Based Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2305, Australia; E-Mails: (A.L.M.); (B.A.T.-P.); (T.-J.E.); (D.M.G.)
- CSIRO Preventative Health Flagship and Division of Animal, Food and Health Sciences, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2113, Australia; E-Mails: (K.D.); (G.N.H.)
| | - Konsta Duesing
- CSIRO Preventative Health Flagship and Division of Animal, Food and Health Sciences, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2113, Australia; E-Mails: (K.D.); (G.N.H.)
| | - Garry N. Hannan
- CSIRO Preventative Health Flagship and Division of Animal, Food and Health Sciences, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2113, Australia; E-Mails: (K.D.); (G.N.H.)
| | - Rodney J. Scott
- Information Based Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2305, Australia; E-Mails: (A.L.M.); (B.A.T.-P.); (T.-J.E.); (D.M.G.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hunter Area Pathology Service, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2305, Australia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +61-2-4921-4974; Fax: +61-2-4921-4253
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Pujol P, Lyonnet DS, Frebourg T, Blin J, Picot MC, Lasset C, Dugast C, Berthet P, de Paillerets BB, Sobol H, Grandjouan S, Soubrier F, Buecher B, Guimbaud R, Lidereau R, Jonveaux P, Houdayer C, Giraud S, Olschwang S, Nogue E, Galibert V, Bara C, Nowak F, Khayat D, Nogues C. Lack of referral for genetic counseling and testing in BRCA1/2 and Lynch syndromes: a nationwide study based on 240,134 consultations and 134,652 genetic tests. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 141:135-44. [PMID: 23974829 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2669-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on nationwide data from the French national cancer institute (INCa), we analyzed the evolution of cancer genetics consultations and testing over time, and the uptake of targeted tests in relatives of families with BRCA1/2 or MMR genes mutation. Genetic testing and consultations for familial high-risk individuals are exclusively funded and monitored by the INCa in France. All nationwide cancer genetics centers reported annually standardized parameters of activity from 2003 to 2011. The analysis included a total of 240,134 consultations and 134,652 genetic tests enabling to identify 32,494 mutation carriers. Referral for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) or colorectal cancer predisposition syndromes represented 59 % (141,639) and 23.2 % (55,698) consultations, respectively. From 2003 to 2011, we found a dramatic and steady increase of tests performed for BRCA1/2 (from 2,095 to 7,393 tests/year, P < 0.0001) but not for MMR genes (from 1,144 to 1,635/year, P = NS). The overall percentage of deleterious mutations identified in the probands tested was 13.8 and 20.9 % in HBOC and Lynch syndromes, respectively. Pooled analysis for BRCA1/2 and Lynch syndrome tests showed an inverse relationship between the percentage of mutation detected and the absolute number of tests performed over the time (overall Cochran-Armitage test for trend: P < 0.001). In families with BRCA1/2 or MMR identified mutations, there was an average number of 2.94 and 3.28 relatives performing targeted tests, respectively. This nationwide study shows a lack of referral and genetic testing in Lynch as compared to HBOC syndromes. Only a third of relatives of a proband with a predisposing mutation performed a targeted test. Enhanced information about benefit of genetic testing should be given to clinicians and patients for Lynch syndrome and relatives of a proband carrying an identified predisposing mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pujol
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Jha R, Gaur P, Sharma SC, Das SN. Single nucleotide polymorphism in hMLH1 promoter and risk of tobacco-related oral carcinoma in high-risk Asian Indians. Gene 2013; 526:223-7. [PMID: 23727610 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
hMLH1 is a member of mismatch repair genes (MMR) that plays a crucial role in correcting replication errors, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and oxidative stress. We explored the risk associated with hMLH1 -93 A>G (rs 1800734) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with the oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in Asian Indians. We genotyped 242 patients with tobacco-related OSCC and 205 healthy controls by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. The frequency of AA genotype was found to be significantly (Pc<0.0006) lower in patients as compared to the controls (21.49% vs. 47.8%) while GG genotype showed significantly higher (Pc<0.0006) prevalence in patients as compared to the healthy controls (41.32% vs. 13.66%). In logistic regression analysis AG (adjusted OR=1.95, 95% CI=0.72-5.26) and GG genotype (adjusted OR=4.5, 95% CI=1.54-13.16, P=0.006) appeared susceptible when compared with the wild-type AA genotype. The allelic distribution showed that variant G allele is significantly higher (Pc<0.0004) in patients and associated with increased risk (adjusted OR=2.36, 95% CI=1.33-4.19, P=0.003) as compared to the wild-type A allele. Altogether, our results suggest that the hMLH1 -93 A>G polymorphism is associated with the higher risk of tobacco-related OSCC in Asian Indians and could be useful in screening population at a higher risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India.
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Fu L, Sheng JQ, Li XO, Jin P, Mu H, Han M, Huang JS, Sun ZQ, Li AQ, Wu ZT, Li SR. Mismatch repair gene mutation analysis and colonoscopy surveillance in Chinese Lynch syndrome families. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2013; 36:225-31. [PMID: 23640085 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-013-0130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lynch syndrome (or HNPCC) is a colorectal cancer syndrome caused by germline mutations in either one of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes hMLH1, hMSH2, hMSH6 or hPMS2. Mutations in hMLH1 and hMSH2 are most prevalent. Here we aimed to determine the cancer risk of MMR gene mutation carriers and, in addition, the efficacy of colonoscopy surveillance in Chinese Lynch syndrome family members with and without MMR gene mutations. METHODS A Lynch syndrome family registry encompassing 106 families in Northern China was recently established. Detailed pedigree data for each family were collected and hMLH1 and hMSH2 gene mutation analyses were performed. Germ-line mutations were identified in probands from 42 of these families, and additional genetic analyses were performed in each member of these 42 families to identify mutation and non-mutation carriers. Among the family members included, 180 received colonoscopy and the remaining cases were followed without colonoscopy. RESULTS Overall 54.8 % of the Lynch syndrome family members carried MMR gene mutations, and these mutation carriers exhibited significantly higher colorectal cancer and other Lynch syndrome-associated cancer risks as compared to non-mutation carriers. The cumulative risk for all Lynch syndrome-related cancers at age 70 was 93.8 % for both hMLH1 and hMSH2 mutation carriers, and 81.7 % and 93.1 % for colorectal cancer at this age, respectively. Whereas 43 of 102 (42.2 %) mutation carriers exhibited significant colonoscopy findings, including 10 colorectal cancers, none of 78 non-mutation carriers exhibited significant findings, and no cancers were detected. In addition, in the mutation carriers, colonoscopy surveillance led to the detection of more early stage cancers than in the non-surveillance group (70.0 % versus 36.5 %, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION In Lynch syndrome family members, we recommend pre-symptomatic MMR gene mutation analysis in order to identify high risk individuals for colonoscopy surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Military Medical University and General Hospital of Beijing Military Region, Chongqing, 400038, China
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Smith MJ, O'Sullivan J, Bhaskar SS, Hadfield KD, Poke G, Caird J, Sharif S, Eccles D, Fitzpatrick D, Rawluk D, du Plessis D, Newman WG, Evans DG. Loss-of-function mutations in SMARCE1 cause an inherited disorder of multiple spinal meningiomas. Nat Genet 2013; 45:295-8. [PMID: 23377182 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
One-third of all primary central nervous system tumors in adults are meningiomas. Rarely, meningiomas occur at multiple sites, usually occurring in individuals with type 2 neurofibromatosis (NF2). We sequenced the exomes of three unrelated individuals with familial multiple spinal meningiomas without NF2 mutations. We identified two individuals with heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex subunit gene SMARCE1. Sequencing of SMARCE1 in six further individuals with spinal meningiomas identified two additional heterozygous loss-of-function mutations. Tumors from individuals with SMARCE1 mutations were of clear-cell histological subtype, and all had loss of SMARCE1 protein, consistent with a tumor suppressor mechanism. Our findings identify multiple-spinal-meningioma disease as a new discrete entity and establish a key role for the SWI/SNF complex in the pathogenesis of both meningiomas and tumors with clear-cell histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam J Smith
- Genetic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre (MAHSC), St. Mary's Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Botma A, Vasen HFA, van Duijnhoven FJB, Kleibeuker JH, Nagengast FM, Kampman E. Dietary patterns and colorectal adenomas in Lynch syndrome: the GEOLynch cohort study. Cancer 2012; 119:512-21. [PMID: 23254892 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Lynch syndrome (LS) have a high risk of developing colorectal cancer due to mutations in mismatch repair genes. Because dietary factors, alone and in combination, influence sporadic colorectal carcinogenesis, the association of dietary patterns with colorectal adenomas in LS patients was assessed. METHODS In the GEOLynch cohort of 486 persons with LS, dietary information was collected, using a food frequency questionnaire. Dietary pattern scores were obtained by principal components analysis. Hazard ratios (HR) between dietary patterns and colorectal adenomas were calculated using Cox regression models. Robust sandwich variance estimates were used to control for dependency within families. Final models were adjusted for age, sex, smoking habits, colorectal adenoma history, and extent of colon resection. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 20 months, colorectal adenomas were detected in 58 persons. Four dietary patterns were identified: a "Prudent," "Meat," "Snack," and "Cosmopolitan" pattern. Individuals within the highest tertile of the "Prudent" pattern had a HR of 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.32-1.66) for colorectal adenomas, compared with the lowest tertile. Those with high "Meat" pattern scores had a HR of 1.70 (95% CI, 0.83-3.52). A high "Snack" pattern was associated with an increased risk of colorectal adenomas (HR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.03-4.49). A HR of 1.25 (95% CI, 0.61-2.55) was observed for persons in the highest tertile of the "Cosmopolitan" pattern. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that dietary patterns may be associated with development of colorectal adenoma in patients with Lynch syndrome. The directions of these findings are corroborative with those observed in studies investigating sporadic colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akke Botma
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Lu JT, Wang Y, Gibbs RA, Yu F. Characterizing linkage disequilibrium and evaluating imputation power of human genomic insertion-deletion polymorphisms. Genome Biol 2012; 13:R15. [PMID: 22377349 PMCID: PMC3334570 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2012-13-2-r15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Indels are an important cause of human variation and central to the study of human disease. The 1000 Genomes Project Low-Coverage Pilot identified over 1.3 million indels shorter than 50 bp, of which over 890 were identified as potentially disruptive variants. Yet, despite their ubiquity, the local genomic characteristics of indels remain unexplored. Results Herein we describe population- and minor allele frequency-based differences in linkage disequilibrium and imputation characteristics for indels included in the 1000 Genomes Project Low-Coverage Pilot for the CEU, YRI and CHB+JPT populations. Common indels were well tagged by nearby SNPs in all studied populations, and were also tagged at a similar rate to common SNPs. Both neutral and functionally deleterious common indels were imputed with greater than 95% concordance from HapMap Phase 3 and OMNI SNP sites. Further, 38 to 56% of low frequency indels were tagged by low frequency SNPs. We were able to impute heterozygous low frequency indels with over 50% concordance. Lastly, our analysis also revealed evidence of ascertainment bias. This bias prevents us from extending the applicability of our results to highly polymorphic indels that could not be identified in the Low-Coverage Pilot. Conclusions Although further scope exists to improve the imputation of low frequency indels, our study demonstrates that there are already ample opportunities to retrospectively impute indels for prior genome-wide association studies and to incorporate indel imputation into future case/control studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Lu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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A novel exonic rearrangement affecting MLH1 and the contiguous LRRFIP2 is a founder mutation in Portuguese Lynch syndrome families. Genet Med 2011; 13:895-902. [DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e31821dd525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Two novel mutations in hMLH1 gene in Iranian hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer patients. Fam Cancer 2011; 11:13-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10689-011-9478-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Demokan S, Suoglu Y, Ulusan M, Dalay N. Analysis of the hMSH2 gene variants in head and neck cancer. DNA Cell Biol 2010; 29:449-57. [PMID: 20438357 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2009.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hMSH2 (human MutS homolog 2) gene plays a central role in DNA mismatch repair. Structural variations in the gene may lead to protein instability and deficient mismatch repair. However, the role of polymorphic variants of the hMSH2 gene have not been defined in head and neck cancer. In this study, the roles of three polymorphic variants in the functional domains of the gene were investigated in 166 patients with head and neck cancer by allele-specific PCR, electronical array addressing, and PCR/RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism). This is the first study to investigate the gIVS12-6T --> C polymorphism in head and neck cancer. A significant association between the CC genotype and reduced risk of disease suggests that the gIVS12-6T --> C substitution at the splice-acceptor site may affect the risk of head and neck cancer. We did not observe an association between the Asn127Ser and Gly322Asp polymorphisms and cancer risk. A possible role of the gIVS12-6T --> C substitution warrants further validation in larger cohorts because of low allele frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semra Demokan
- Department of Basic Oncology, Oncology Institute, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Sareeboot T, Punyarit P, Petmitr S. DNA amplification on chromosome 13q31.1 correlated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Clin Exp Med 2010; 11:97-103. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-010-0107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Sidelnikov E, Bostick RM, Flanders WD, Long Q, Fedirko V, Shaukat A, Daniel CR, Rutherford RE. Effects of calcium and vitamin D on MLH1 and MSH2 expression in rectal mucosa of sporadic colorectal adenoma patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:1022-32. [PMID: 20332274 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To further clarify and develop calcium and vitamin D as chemopreventive agents against colorectal cancer in humans and develop modifiable biomarkers of risk for colorectal cancer, we conducted a pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2 x 2 factorial clinical trial to test the effects of calcium and vitamin D(3), alone and in combination, on key DNA mismatch repair proteins in the normal colorectal mucosa. Ninety-two men and women with at least one pathology-confirmed colorectal adenoma were treated with 2.0 g/d calcium or 800 IU/d vitamin D(3), alone or in combination, versus placebo over 6 months. Colorectal crypt overall expression and distribution of MSH2 and MLH1 proteins in biopsies of normal-appearing rectal mucosa were detected by automated immunohistochemistry and quantified by image analysis. After 6 months of treatment, MSH2 expression along the full lengths of crypts increased by 61% (P = 0.11) and 30% (P = 0.36) in the vitamin D and calcium groups, respectively, relative to the placebo group. The estimated calcium and vitamin D treatment effects were more pronounced in the upper 40% of crypts (differentiation zone) in which MSH2 expression increased by 169% (P = 0.04) and 107% (P = 0.13) in the vitamin D and calcium groups, respectively. These findings suggest that higher calcium and vitamin D intakes may result in increased DNA MMR system activity in the normal colorectal mucosa of sporadic adenoma patients and that the strongest effects may be vitamin D related and in the differentiation zone of the colorectal crypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Sidelnikov
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Konkel MK, Batzer MA. A mobile threat to genome stability: The impact of non-LTR retrotransposons upon the human genome. Semin Cancer Biol 2010; 20:211-21. [PMID: 20307669 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is now commonly agreed that the human genome is not the stable entity originally presumed. Deletions, duplications, inversions, and insertions are common, and contribute significantly to genomic structural variations (SVs). Their collective impact generates much of the inter-individual genomic diversity observed among humans. Not only do these variations change the structure of the genome; they may also have functional implications, e.g. altered gene expression. Some SVs have been identified as the cause of genetic disorders, including cancer predisposition. Cancer cells are notorious for their genomic instability, and often show genomic rearrangements at the microscopic and submicroscopic level to which transposable elements (TEs) contribute. Here, we review the role of TEs in genome instability, with particular focus on non-LTR retrotransposons. Currently, three non-LTR retrotransposon families - long interspersed element 1 (L1), SVA (short interspersed element (SINE-R), variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR), and Alu), and Alu (a SINE) elements - mobilize in the human genome, and cause genomic instability through both insertion- and post-insertion-based mutagenesis. Due to the abundance and high sequence identity of TEs, they frequently mislead the homologous recombination repair pathway into non-allelic homologous recombination, causing deletions, duplications, and inversions. While less comprehensively studied, non-LTR retrotransposon insertions and TE-mediated rearrangements are probably more common in cancer cells than in healthy tissue. This may be at least partially attributed to the commonly seen global hypomethylation as well as general epigenetic dysfunction of cancer cells. Where possible, we provide examples that impact cancer predisposition and/or development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam K Konkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biological Computation and Visualization Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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33
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Al Fares A, Millington GWM, Tischkowitz M. Dermatological features of inherited cancer syndromes in adults. Clin Exp Dermatol 2010; 35:462-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2010.03811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Sidelnikov E, Bostick RM, Flanders WD, Long Q, Seabrook ME. Colorectal mucosal expression of MSH2 as a potential biomarker of risk for colorectal neoplasms. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:2965-73. [PMID: 19861524 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize the expression of the mismatch repair gene MSH2 in normal colorectal crypts in humans and assess parameters of its expression as a potential modifiable biomarker of risk for colorectal neoplasms, we conducted a pilot, colonoscopy-based case-control study (51 cases and 154 controls) of incident, sporadic colorectal adenoma. Biopsies of normal-appearing rectal, sigmoid, and ascending colon mucosa were procured, immunohistochemically processed for MSH2 protein, and analyzed using custom quantitative image analysis procedures. MSH2 expression in adenoma cases was lower than in controls by 49% (P = 0.01) and 23% (P = 0.06) in the ascending colon and rectum, respectively, but not in the sigmoid colon. MSH2 expression in the rectum was 39% (P = 0.04) higher in subjects who regularly took a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug than in those who did not, and it tended to be lower in those with adenomas in the right colon and those who had an adenoma with more advanced characteristics. These preliminary data suggest that lower MSH2 expression in the normal colonic mucosa, at least in the ascending colon and rectum, may be associated with increased risk of incident, sporadic colorectal adenoma as well as with modifiable risk factors for colorectal neoplasms, thus supporting further investigation of MSH2 expression as a potential modifiable biomarker of risk for colorectal neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Sidelnikov
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road Northeast, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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35
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Cancer risk in a cohort of subjects carrying a single mismatch repair gene mutation. Fam Cancer 2009; 8:519-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s10689-009-9281-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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36
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Vietri MT, Riegler G, De Paola M, Simeone S, Boggia M, Improta A, Parisi M, Molinari AM, Cioffi M. I219V polymorphism in hMLH1 gene in patients affected with ulcerative colitis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2009; 13:193-7. [PMID: 19371218 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2008.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION hMLH1 gene, lying on chromosome 3p21-23, is a key factor of the mismatch repair (MMR) complex, which amends DNA replication errors. MMR alterations are involved in the development of both hereditary and sporadic forms of colorectal carcinoma related to ulcerative colitis (UC). I219V Polymorphism is located on exon 8 of hMLH1 and provides an aminoacidic substitution of isoleucine to valine, on the protein codon 219. This may affect the speed and fidelity of protein synthesis because of a tRNA paucity or changes in the mRNA secondary structure. Most of the hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer-associated missense mutations of hMLH1 cause structural changes of the amino- or carboxy-terminal regions, involving the domains that interact with ATP and hPMS2. AIMS AND METHODS In this study, we analyzed the hMLH1 I219V polymorphism frequency in colectomized patients with UC. Venous blood from 100 ulcerative patients and 97 apparently healthy subjects has been collected. Out of 100 patients affected with UC, 75 noncolectomized showed an alternating course of disease, while 25 did not respond to the common drugs, and underwent colectomy. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction and following enzymatic digestion by BccI. RESULTS No significant differences were found between patients with UC and controls both for genotype and allele frequencies. However, our data show a significant association when colectomized and noncolectomized patients are compared. The frequencies of G homozygosity were 28% in colectomized and 10.7% in noncolectomized patients (p < 0.05, chi(2) = 4.4, Odds ratio = 3.3). The allele frequencies of allele A were 52% in colectomized and 68% in noncolectomized patients; while those of allele G were 48% and 32%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS I219V polymorphism in hMLH1 could influence the clinical course of the disease and lead to resistance to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Vietri
- Dipartimento di Patologia generale, Cattedra di Patologia clinica, Seconda Università degli studi Napoli, Naples, Italy
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Sidelnikov E, Bostick RM, Flanders WD, Long Q, Cohen VL, Dash C, Seabrook ME, Fedirko V. MutL-homolog 1 expression and risk of incident, sporadic colorectal adenoma: search for prospective biomarkers of risk for colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:1599-609. [PMID: 19423536 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize the expression of the mismatch repair gene MutL-homolog 1 (MLH1) in normal colorectal crypts in humans, and assess parameters of its expression as a potential biomarker of risk for colorectal neoplasms, we conducted a pilot, colonoscopy-based case-control study (51 cases, 154 controls) of incident, sporadic colorectal adenoma. Biopsies of normal-appearing rectal, sigmoid, and ascending colon mucosa were procured, immunohistochemically processed for MLH1 protein, and analyzed using custom quantitative image analysis procedures. MLH1 expression in the ascending colon was, on average, 49% proportionally lower in cases than controls (P = 0.03), but there was little evidence for case-control differences in the rectum and sigmoid colon. In cases and controls, average MLH1 expression in the ascending colon tended to be lower with increased age [by 56% (P = 0.02) and 25% (P = 0.16), respectively, for those > or =55 years], and with a history of colorectal cancer in a first-degree relative (by 22% [P = 0.56] and 34% [P = 0.16], respectively). Among cases, but not controls, average MLH1 expression tended to be higher with current alcohol consumption, regular aspirin use, and higher total intakes of calcium, vitamin D, and folate. There was little indication of similar differences in the rectum. These preliminary data suggest that lower MLH1 expression in the normal colonic mucosa, at least in the ascending colon, may be associated with increased risk of incident, sporadic colorectal adenoma, as well as with modifiable risk factors for colorectal neoplasms, thus supporting further investigation of MLH1 expression as a potential "treatable" biomarker of risk for colorectal neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Sidelnikov
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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EGAPP supplementary evidence review: DNA testing strategies aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality from Lynch syndrome. Genet Med 2009; 11:42-65. [PMID: 19125127 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e31818fa2db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Floer M, Binion DG, Nelson VM, Manley S, Wellner M, Sadeghi S, Behmaram B, Sewell C, Otterson MF, Kucharzik T, Rafiee P. Role of MutS homolog 2 (MSH2) in intestinal myofibroblast proliferation during Crohn's disease stricture formation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G581-90. [PMID: 18635600 PMCID: PMC2536780 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90311.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Tissue remodeling and mesenchymal cell accumulation accompanies chronic inflammatory disorders involving joints, lung, vasculature, and bowel. Chronic inflammation may alter DNA-mismatch repair (MMR) systems in mesenchymal cells, but is not defined in Crohn's disease (CD) and its associated intestinal remodeling and stricture formation. We determined whether DNA-MMR alteration plays a role in the pathogenesis of CD tissue remodeling. Control and CD bowel tissues were used to generate primary cultures of muscularis mucosa myofibroblasts, which were assessed directly or following stimulation with TNF-alpha/LPS or H2O2. MutS homolog (MSH)2, MSH3, and MSH6 expression in tissues and myofibroblasts was determined. Immunohistochemical staining revealed an increased expression of MSH2 in CD muscularis mucosa and submucosal tissues compared with controls or uninvolved CD tissue, and MSH2 expression was increased in CD myofibroblasts compared with control cells. TNF-alpha/LPS and H2O2 further enhanced MSH2 expression in both control and CD cells, which were decreased by simvastatin. There were no significant changes in MSH3 and MSH6 expression. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki67 staining of CD tissue revealed increased proliferation in the muscularis mucosa and submucosa of chronically inflamed tissues, and enhanced proliferation was seen in CD myofibroblasts compared with controls. Simvastatin reversed the effects of inflammatory stress on the DNA-MMR and inhibited proliferation of control and CD myofibroblasts. Gene silencing with MSH2 siRNA selectively decreased CD myofibroblast proliferation. These data demonstrate a potential role for MSH2 in the pathogenesis of nonneoplastic mesenchymal cell accumulation and intestinal remodeling in CD chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Floer
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Medicine B, University Hospital Muenster, Germany
| | - David G. Binion
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Medicine B, University Hospital Muenster, Germany
| | - Victoria M. Nelson
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Medicine B, University Hospital Muenster, Germany
| | - Sharon Manley
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Medicine B, University Hospital Muenster, Germany
| | - Michael Wellner
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Medicine B, University Hospital Muenster, Germany
| | - Saba Sadeghi
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Medicine B, University Hospital Muenster, Germany
| | - Behnaz Behmaram
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Medicine B, University Hospital Muenster, Germany
| | - Chloe Sewell
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Medicine B, University Hospital Muenster, Germany
| | - Mary F. Otterson
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Medicine B, University Hospital Muenster, Germany
| | - Torsten Kucharzik
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Medicine B, University Hospital Muenster, Germany
| | - Parvaneh Rafiee
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Medicine B, University Hospital Muenster, Germany
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The cellular, developmental and population-genetic determinants of mutation-rate evolution. Genetics 2008; 180:933-43. [PMID: 18757919 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.108.090456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the matter has been subject to considerable theoretical study, there are numerous open questions regarding the mechanisms driving the mutation rate in various phylogenetic lineages. Most notably, empirical evidence indicates that mutation rates are elevated in multicellular species relative to unicellular eukaryotes and prokaryotes, even on a per-cell division basis, despite the need for the avoidance of somatic damage and the accumulation of germline mutations. Here it is suggested that multicellularity discourages selection against weak mutator alleles for reasons associated with both the cellular and the population-genetic environments, thereby magnifying the vulnerability to somatic mutations (cancer) and increasing the risk of extinction from the accumulation of germline mutations. Moreover, contrary to common belief, a cost of fidelity need not be invoked to explain the lower bound to observed mutation rates, which instead may simply be set by the inability of selection to advance very weakly advantageous antimutator alleles in finite populations.
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Nilbert M, Wikman FP, Hansen TVO, Krarup HB, Orntoft TF, Nielsen FC, Sunde L, Gerdes AM, Cruger D, Timshel S, Bisgaard ML, Bernstein I, Okkels H. Major contribution from recurrent alterations and MSH6 mutations in the Danish Lynch syndrome population. Fam Cancer 2008; 8:75-83. [PMID: 18566915 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-008-9199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of mismatch-repair (MMR) gene mutations have been identified in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) or Lynch syndrome. This study presents the population-based Danish MMR gene mutation profile, which contains 138 different MMR gene alterations. Among these, 88 mutations in 164 families are considered pathogenic and an additional 50 variants from 76 families are considered to represent variants of unknown pathogenicity. The different MMR genes contribute to 40% (MSH2), 29% (MLH1), and 22% (MSH6) of the mutations and the Danish population thus shows a considerably higher frequency of MSH6 mutations than previously described. Although 69/88 (78%) pathogenic mutations were present in a single family, previously recognized recurrent/founder mutations were causative in 75/137 (55%) MLH1/MSH2 mutant families. In addition, the Danish MLH1 founder mutation c.1667+2_1667_+8TAAATCAdelinsATTT was identified in 14/58 (24%) MLH1 mutant families. The Danish Lynch syndrome population thus demonstrates that MSH6 mutations and recurrent/founder mutations have a larger contribution than previously recognized, which implies that the MSH6 gene should be included in routine diagnostics and suggests that directed analysis of recurrent/founder mutations may be feasible e.g. in families were diagnostic material is restricted to archival tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mef Nilbert
- Clinical Research Centre and HNPCC-Register, Copenhagen University, Hvidovre University Hospital, Kettegård Allé 30, Hvidovre, 2650, Denmark.
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Ericson K, Engellau J, Persson A, Lindblom A, Domanski H, Akerman M, Nilbert M. Immunohistochemical Loss of the DNA Mismatch Repair Proteins MSH2 and MSH6 in Malignant Fibrous Histiocytomas. Sarcoma 2008; 8:123-7. [PMID: 18521406 DOI: 10.1080/13577140400010856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) account for less than 1% of all malignancies and constitute a heterogeneous tumor entity in which malignant fibrous histiocytomas (MFH) represent one-third and are characterized by a lack of type-specific differentiation. A defective mismatch repair (MMR) system cause the familial cancer syndrome hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), and since occasional MFH have been described in HNPCC patients we assessed the contribution of defective MMR to the development of MFH. METHODS MMR status was characterized in a series of 209 histopathologically reviewed MFH. Tissue microarray sections from the tumors were immunohistochemically stained for the MMR proteins MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6, and cases with aberrant staining were further characterized for microsatellite instability. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Two of the 209 STS-a storiform-pleomorphic MFH and a myxofibrosarcoma-showed concomitant loss of MSH2 and MSH6, but retained staining for MLH1 on both cases. The myxoid tumor also had a microsatellite unstable phenotype. These findings, together with previous observations of defective MMR in pleomorphic STS, indicate that these tumors may be part of the HNPCC-associated tumor spectrum and demonstrate that MMR defects occur in a small subset of STS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajsa Ericson
- Department of Oncology the Jubileum Institution University Hospital Lund SE-221 85 Sweden
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Chen H, He X, Wang Z, Wu D, Zhang H, Xu C, He H, Cui L, Ba D, He W. Identification of Human T Cell Receptor γδ-recognized Epitopes/Proteins via CDR3δ Peptide-based Immunobiochemical Strategy. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:12528-37. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708067200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Mitchell RJ, Ferguson RK, Macdonald A, Dunlop MG, Campbell H, Porteous ME. Cascade genetic testing for mismatch repair gene mutations. Fam Cancer 2008; 7:293-301. [PMID: 18389387 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-008-9192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mismatch repair gene mutation carriers have a high risk of developing colorectal cancer, and can benefit from appropriate surveillance. A combined population based ascertainment cascade genetic testing approach provides a systematic and potentially effective strategy for identifying such carriers. We have developed a Markov Chain computer model system which simulates various factors influencing cascade genetic testing; including demographics, uptake, genetic epidemiology and family size. This was used to evaluate cascade genetic testing for mismatch repair gene mutations in theory and practice. Simulations focussed on the population of Scotland by way of illustration, and were based on a 20-year programme in which index cases were ascertained from colorectal cancer cases aged<55 years at onset. Results indicated that without practical barriers to cascade genetic testing, 545 (95% CI=522, 568) carriers could be identified; 42% of the population total. This comprised approximately 140 index cases, 302 asymptomatic relatives and 104 previously affected relatives. However, when realistic ascertainment and acceptance rates were used to inform simulations, only 257 (95% CI=246, 268) carriers, about 20% of the carrier population, were identifiable. Of these approximately 112 were index cases, 108 were asymptomatic relatives, and 37 were previously affected relatives. This contrast emphasises the importance of ascertainment and acceptance rates. Likewise the low number of index cases shows that case identification is a limiting factor. In the absence of robust data from epidemiological studies, these findings can inform decisions about the use of cascade genetic testing for mismatch repair gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Mitchell
- Public Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH89AG, UK.
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Humanizing mismatch repair in yeast: towards effective identification of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer alleles. Biochem Soc Trans 2008; 35:1525-8. [PMID: 18031259 DOI: 10.1042/bst0351525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The correction of replication errors is an essential component of genetic stability. This is clearly demonstrated in humans by the observation that mutations in mismatch repair genes lead to HNPCC (hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer). This disease accounts for as many as 2-3% of colon cancers. Of these, most of them are in the two central components of mismatch repair, MLH1 (mutL homologue 1) and MSH2 (mutS homologue 2). MLH1 and MSH2 function as a complex with two other genes PMS2 and MSH6. Mismatch repair genes, and the mechanism that ensures that incorrectly paired bases are removed, are conserved from prokaryotes to human. Thus yeast can serve as a model organism for analysing mutations/polymorphisms found in human mismatch repair genes for their effect on post-replicative repair. To date, this has predominantly been accomplished by making the analogous mutations in yeast genes. However, this approach is only useful for the most highly conserved regions. Here, we discuss some of the benefits and technical difficulties involved in expressing human genes in yeast. Modelling human mismatch repair in yeast will allow the assessment of any functional effect of novel polymorphisms found in patients diagnosed with colon cancers.
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Rubio-Del-Campo A, Salinas-Sánchez AS, Sánchez-Sánchez F, Giménez-Bachs JM, Donate-Moreno MJ, Pastor-Navarro H, Carrión-López P, Escribano J. Implications of mismatch repair genes hMLH1 and hMSH2 in patients with sporadic renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int 2008; 102:504-9. [PMID: 18325052 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2008.07581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse the implications of DNA mismatch repair genes hMLH1 and hMSH2 in sporadic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens of tumour and healthy renal tissue were collected from 89 patients treated for sporadic RCC. Another 95 blood samples taken from individuals with no history of cancer were also analysed. After DNA extraction and PCR amplification, microsatellite instability (MSI) was determined using the Bethesda microsatellite panel, two exonic microsatellites of the TGFbRII and BAX genes, and the microsatellite D3S1611. The promoter methylation status of hMLH1 was investigated using the HpaII and MspI restriction enzymes. In addition, a sequencing analysis of complete coding region of hMLH1 and hMSH2 genes was performed. RESULTS MSI and promoter hypermethylation of hMLH1 were not detected. Interestingly, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was common among patients with RCC, particularly in microsatellite D3S1611 (34.9%). Mutations were identified in eight patients: K618A and V716M in gene hMLH1; and I145V, G322D, and the novel mutation P349A, in gene hMSH2. The mutations also appeared in healthy renal tissue and therefore, were considered as germline DNA sequence variations. There were G322D and K618A changes in >1% of the healthy control subjects, suggesting that they are DNA polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that loss of function of both hMLH1 and hMSH2 is not involved in sporadic RCC, either by promoter methylation or mutation in their exons. However, LOH indicated that chromosomal instability affecting large fragments of DNA was the main genetic alteration we detected associated with RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rubio-Del-Campo
- Research Department, Hospital and University Complex, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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Shahrzad S, Shirasawa S, Sasazuki T, Rak JW, Coomber BL. Low-dose metronomic cyclophosphamide treatment mediates ischemia-dependent K-ras mutation in colorectal carcinoma xenografts. Oncogene 2008; 27:3729-38. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1211031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zhang CH, He YL, Wang FJ, Song W, Yuan XY, Yang DJ, Chen CQ, Cai SR, Zhan WH. Detection of hMSH2 and hMLH1 mutations in Chinese hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer kindreds. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:298-302. [PMID: 18186571 PMCID: PMC2675130 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To establish and validate the mutation testing for identification and characterization of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) in suspected Chinese patients.
METHODS: Five independent Chinese kindreds with HNPCC fulfilling the classical Amsterdam criteria were collected. Genomic DNA was extracted after informed consent was obtained. The coding region of hMSH2 and hMLH1 genes was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). Mutations identified in the proband by DHPLC were directly sequenced using a 377 DNA sequencer, analyzed with a basic local alignment tool (BLAST), and tested in the corresponding family members by direct DNA sequencing.
RESULTS: Mutations were identified in two Chinese HNPCC kindreds. One was the missense mutation of hMSH2 c.1808A→G resulting in Asp 603 Gly identified in the proband of the fifth HNPCC (HNPCC5) kindred. In the HNP5 kindred, three family members were found to have this mutation and two of them had colorectal cancer. The other mutation of hMLH1 c.1882A→G was identified in the HNP2 kindred’s proband, which might be the nonsense mutation analyzed by BLAST.
CONCLUSION: Pedigree investigation and mutation testing of hMSH2 and hMLH1 are the practical methods to identify high-risk HNPCC patients in China.
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Mrkonjic M, Raptis S, Green RC, Monga N, Daftary D, Dicks E, Younghusband HB, Parfrey PS, Gallinger SS, McLaughlin JR, Knight JA, Bapat B. MSH2 118T>C and MSH6 159C>T promoter polymorphisms and the risk of colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis 2007; 28:2575-80. [PMID: 17942459 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The most important indicator of colorectal cancer (CRC) risk is the presence of family history of the disease. Inherited genetic changes, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, in key candidate genes may contribute to CRC risk. We investigated whether promoter polymorphisms in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes MSH2 and MSH6 are associated with the risk of CRC. We genotyped 929 CRC patients and 1098 control subjects from Ontario, and 467 patients and 344 controls from Newfoundland and Labrador, for two promoter polymorphisms in the MMR genes MSH2 and MSH6 using the fluorogenic 5' nuclease assay. We used unconditional logistic regression to evaluate the association between each polymorphism and CRC after adjusting for age and sex. The associations between polymorphisms and tumor clinicopathological features were evaluated with a Pearson's chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test. All statistical tests were two sided. We observed strong associations between the MSH2 -118T>C polymorphism and family history of CRC based on the Amsterdam criteria I (P = 0.005) and Amsterdam criteria I and II (P = 0.036) among cases from Ontario. This association was especially evident among female CRC patients in Ontario (for Amsterdam criteria I, and I and II combined, P = 0.003 and P = 0.0001, respectively). The MSH2 -118T>C polymorphism was associated with strong family history of CRC in Ontario patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miralem Mrkonjic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada
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Smith JA, Bannister LA, Bhattacharjee V, Wang Y, Waldman BC, Waldman AS. Accurate homologous recombination is a prominent double-strand break repair pathway in mammalian chromosomes and is modulated by mismatch repair protein Msh2. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:7816-27. [PMID: 17846123 PMCID: PMC2169143 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00455-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We designed DNA substrates to study intrachromosomal recombination in mammalian chromosomes. Each substrate contains a thymidine kinase (tk) gene fused to a neomycin resistance (neo) gene. The fusion gene is disrupted by an oligonucleotide containing the 18-bp recognition site for endonuclease I-SceI. Substrates also contain a "donor" tk sequence that displays 1% or 19% sequence divergence relative to the tk portion of the fusion gene. Each donor serves as a potential recombination partner for the fusion gene. After stably transfecting substrates into mammalian cell lines, we investigated spontaneous recombination and double-strand break (DSB)-induced recombination following I-SceI expression. No recombination events between sequences with 19% divergence were recovered. Strikingly, even though no selection for accurate repair was imposed, accurate conservative homologous recombination was the predominant DSB repair event recovered from rodent and human cell lines transfected with the substrate containing sequences displaying 1% divergence. Our work is the first unequivocal demonstration that homologous recombination can serve as a major DSB repair pathway in mammalian chromosomes. We also found that Msh2 can modulate homologous recombination in that Msh2 deficiency promoted discontinuity and increased length of gene conversion tracts and brought about a severalfold increase in the overall frequency of DSB-induced recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 700 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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