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Han E, Van Horn L, Snetselaar L, Shepherd JA, Jung Park Y, Kim H, Jung S, Dorgan JF. The Associations between Intakes of One-Carbon Metabolism-Related Vitamins and Breast Density among Young Women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024; 33:567-575. [PMID: 38270539 PMCID: PMC11038423 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-23-1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folate is the primary methyl donor and B vitamins are cofactors for one-carbon metabolism that maintain DNA integrity and epigenetic signatures implicated in carcinogenesis. Breast tissue is particularly susceptible to stimuli in early life. Only limited data are available on associations of one-carbon metabolism-related vitamin intake during youth and young adulthood with breast density, a strong risk factor for breast cancer. METHODS Over 18 years in the DISC and DISC06 Follow-up Study, diets of 182 young women were assessed by three 24-hour recalls on five occasions at ages 8 to 18 years and once at 25 to 29 years. Multivariable-adjusted linear mixed-effects regression was used to examine associations of intakes of one-carbon metabolism-related vitamins with MRI-measured percent dense breast volume (%DBV) and absolute dense breast volume (ADBV) at ages 25 to 29 years. RESULTS Folate intake in youth was inversely associated with %DBV (Ptrend = 0.006) and ADBV (Ptrend = 0.02). These inverse associations were observed with intake during post-, though not premenarche. In contrast, premenarche vitamin B2 intake was positively associated with ADBV (Ptrend < 0.001). Young adult folate and vitamin B6 intakes were inversely associated with %DBV (all Ptrend ≤ 0.04), whereas vitamins B6 and B12 were inversely associated with ADBV (all Ptrend ≤ 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Among these DISC participants intakes of one-carbon metabolism-related vitamins were associated with breast density. Larger prospective studies among diverse populations are needed to replicate these findings. IMPACT Our results suggest the importance of one-carbon metabolism-related vitamin intakes early in life with development of breast density and thereby potentially breast cancer risk later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Han
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Linda Van Horn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Linda Snetselaar
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Yoon Jung Park
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesook Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyoun Jung
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joanne F. Dorgan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Hirko KA, Lucas DR, Pathak DR, Hamilton AS, Post LM, Ihenacho U, Carnegie NB, Houang RT, Schwartz K, Velie EM. Lifetime alcohol consumption patterns and young-onset breast cancer by subtype among Non-Hispanic Black and White women in the Young Women's Health History Study. Cancer Causes Control 2024; 35:377-391. [PMID: 37787924 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-023-01801-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of alcohol in young-onset breast cancer (YOBC) is unclear. We examined associations between lifetime alcohol consumption and YOBC in the Young Women's Health History Study, a population-based case-control study of breast cancer among Non-Hispanic Black and White women < 50 years of age. METHODS Breast cancer cases (n = 1,812) were diagnosed in the Metropolitan Detroit and Los Angeles County SEER registry areas, 2010-2015. Controls (n = 1,381) were identified through area-based sampling and were frequency-matched to cases by age, site, and race. Alcohol consumption and covariates were collected from in-person interviews. Weighted multivariable logistic regression was conducted to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between alcohol consumption and YOBC overall and by subtype (Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2, or triple negative). RESULTS Lifetime alcohol consumption was not associated with YOBC overall or with subtypes (all ptrend ≥ 0.13). Similarly, alcohol consumption in adolescence, young and middle adulthood was not associated with YOBC (all ptrend ≥ 0.09). An inverse association with triple-negative YOBC, however, was observed for younger age at alcohol use initiation (< 18 years vs. no consumption), aOR (95% CI) = 0.62 (0.42, 0.93). No evidence of statistical interaction by race or household poverty was observed. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest alcohol consumption has a different association with YOBC than postmenopausal breast cancer-lifetime consumption was not linked to increased risk and younger age at alcohol use initiation was associated with a decreased risk of triple-negative YOBC. Future studies on alcohol consumption in YOBC subtypes are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Hirko
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Darek R Lucas
- Epidemiology Program, Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Dorothy R Pathak
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Ann S Hamilton
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lydia M Post
- Epidemiology Program, Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ugonna Ihenacho
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Richard T Houang
- Department of Education, College of Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kendra Schwartz
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ellen M Velie
- Epidemiology Program, Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Cohen SY, Stoll CR, Anandarajah A, Doering M, Colditz GA. Modifiable risk factors in women at high risk of breast cancer: a systematic review. Breast Cancer Res 2023; 25:45. [PMID: 37095519 PMCID: PMC10123992 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-023-01636-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modifiable risk factors (alcohol, smoking, obesity, hormone use, and physical activity) affect a woman's breast cancer (BC) risk. Whether these factors affect BC risk in women with inherited risk (family history, BRCA1/2 mutations, or familial cancer syndrome) remains unclear. METHODS This review included studies on modifiable risk factors for BC in women with inherited risk. Pre-determined eligibility criteria were used and relevant data were extracted. RESULTS The literature search resulted in 93 eligible studies. For women with family history, most studies indicated that modifiable risk factors had no association with BC and some indicated decreased (physical activity) or increased risk (hormonal contraception (HC)/menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), smoking, alcohol). For women with BRCA mutations, most studies reported no association between modifiable risk factors and BC; however, some observed increased (smoking, MHT/HC, body mass index (BMI)/weight) and decreased risk (alcohol, smoking, MHT/HC, BMI/weight, physical activity). However, measurements varied widely among studies, sample sizes were often small, and a limited number of studies existed. CONCLUSIONS An increasing number of women will recognize their underlying inherited BC risk and seek to modify that risk. Due to heterogeneity and limited power of existing studies, further studies are needed to better understand how modifiable risk factors influence BC risk in women with inherited risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Y. Cohen
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Carolyn R. Stoll
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Akila Anandarajah
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Michelle Doering
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Graham A. Colditz
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
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Abstract
Drinking alcoholic beverages is associated with various health effects in the population. Generally speaking, the evidence from epidemiological studies suggest that moderate alcohol intake is associated with a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction; the risk of cancer, on the other hand, tends to rise; whether an increase in the incidence of cancer is observed also in association with moderate consumption levels is yet not definitively ascertained. All these effects seem primarily to be associated with the amount of alcohol consumed; the role of the different alcoholic beverages, and of their minor components, in this regard is in fact not clearly defined. Due to the opposite direction of the association between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular and cancer events, the association with all-cause mortality is complex, and J-shaped, with a consumption window theoretically associated with a reduction in all-cause mortality, up to 25 g alcohol per day. However, this issue is the subject of intense scientific debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Poli
- NFI—Nutrition Foundation of Italy , Milan , Italy
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Smolarz B, Nowak AZ, Romanowicz H. Breast Cancer-Epidemiology, Classification, Pathogenesis and Treatment (Review of Literature). Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2569. [PMID: 35626173 PMCID: PMC9139759 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most-commonly diagnosed malignant tumor in women in the world, as well as the first cause of death from malignant tumors. The incidence of breast cancer is constantly increasing in all regions of the world. For this reason, despite the progress in its detection and treatment, which translates into improved mortality rates, it seems necessary to look for new therapeutic methods, and predictive and prognostic factors. Treatment strategies vary depending on the molecular subtype. Breast cancer treatment is multidisciplinary; it includes approaches to locoregional therapy (surgery and radiation therapy) and systemic therapy. Systemic therapies include hormone therapy for hormone-positive disease, chemotherapy, anti-HER2 therapy for HER2-positive disease, and quite recently, immunotherapy. Triple negative breast cancer is responsible for more than 15-20% of all breast cancers. It is of particular research interest as it presents a therapeutic challenge, mainly due to its low response to treatment and its highly invasive nature. Future therapeutic concepts for breast cancer aim to individualize therapy and de-escalate and escalate treatment based on cancer biology and early response to therapy. The article presents a review of the literature on breast carcinoma-a disease affecting women in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Smolarz
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Anna Zadrożna Nowak
- Department of Chemotherapy, Medical University of Lodz, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, 93-513 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Hanna Romanowicz
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
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Risk factors for breast cancer and their association with molecular subtypes in a population of Northeast Brazil. Cancer Epidemiol 2022; 78:102166. [PMID: 35486969 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2022.102166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk factors for breast cancer (BC) among women in Brazilian populations are poorly understood. To date, few Brazilian studies have addressed the potential association between risk factors and molecular BC subtypes. This case-control study aimed to identify risk factors for BC in a population of Northeast Brazil. METHODS Data from 313 patients with invasive BC and 321 healthy controls were obtained from medical records from two cancer treatment centres and personal interviews. Of the 313 BC patients, 224 (71.6%) had reached menopause. The following distribution of subtypes was found among 301 patients: (1) Luminal A: 54 (17.9%); (2) Luminal B: 175 (58.1%); (3) HER2/neu: 29 (9.7%); and (4) triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC): 43 (14.3%). Odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) were determined using regression analysis. RESULTS Regression modelling indicated that family history, obesity (≥ 30.0 kg/m2), alcohol consumption and contraceptive use increased the overall risk of BC 1.78 (95% CI: 1.22-2.59), 1.69 (95% CI: 1.08-2.63), 2.21 (95% CI: 1.44-3.39) and 2.99 (95% CI: 2.09-4.28) times, respectively. After stratification for menopausal status, alcohol consumption increased the risk of BC 4.15 (95% CI: 2.13-8.11) times, and obesity, as a single variable, increased the risk of BC 2.02 (95% CI: 1.22-3.37) times, only among postmenopausal women. In a case-control analysis, the risk of TNBC and Luminal B breast cancer were 4.06 (95% CI: 1.58-10.42) and 1.87 times (95% CI: 1.13-3.11) higher, respectively, in obese women than in non-obese women. Furthermore, alcohol consumption increased the risk of Luminal A and B subtypes 7.08 (3.40-14.73) and 1.77 (1.07-2.92) times, respectively. CONCLUSION Family history, contraceptive use, obesity and alcohol consumption increased the risk of BC. Obesity and alcohol consumption differentially increased risk of TNBC and Luminal molecular subtypes.
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Dastjerd NT, Valibeik A, Rahimi Monfared S, Goodarzi G, Moradi Sarabi M, Hajabdollahi F, Maniati M, Amri J, Samavarchi Tehrani S. Gene therapy: A promising approach for breast cancer treatment. Cell Biochem Funct 2021; 40:28-48. [PMID: 34904722 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent malignancy and the second leading cause of death among women worldwide that is caused by numerous genetic and environmental factors. Hence, effective treatment for this type of cancer requires new therapeutic approaches. The traditional methods for treating this cancer have side effects, therefore so much research have been performed in last decade to find new methods to alleviate these problems. The study of the molecular basis of breast cancer has led to the introduction of gene therapy as an effective therapeutic approach for this cancer. Gene therapy involves sending genetic material through a vector into target cells, which is followed by a correction, addition, or suppression of the gene. In this technique, it is necessary to target tumour cells without affecting normal cells. In addition, clinical trial studies have shown that this approach is less toxic than traditional therapies. This study will review various aspects of breast cancer, gene therapy strategies, limitations, challenges and recent studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Tavakoli Dastjerd
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ali Valibeik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Sobhan Rahimi Monfared
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Golnaz Goodarzi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Moradi Sarabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Faezeh Hajabdollahi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahmood Maniati
- English Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Jamal Amri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadra Samavarchi Tehrani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Freeman JR, Whitcomb BW, Purdue-Smithe AC, Manson JE, Langton CR, Hankinson SE, Rosner BA, Bertone-Johnson ER. Is Alcohol Consumption Associated With Risk of Early Menopause? Am J Epidemiol 2021; 190:2612-2617. [PMID: 34216210 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwab182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier age at menopause is associated with increased long-term health risks. Moderate alcohol intake has been suggested to delay menopause onset, but it is unknown whether alcohol subtypes are associated with early menopause onset at age 45 years. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate risk of early natural menopause among 107,817 members of the Nurses' Health Study II who were followed from 1989 to 2011. Alcohol consumption overall and by subtypes, including beer, red wine, white wine, and liquor, was assessed throughout follow-up. We estimated hazard ratios in multivariable models that were adjusted for age, body mass index, parity, smoking, and other potential confounders. Women who reported moderate current alcohol consumption had lower risks of early menopause than did nondrinkers. Those who reported consuming 10.0-14.9 g/day had a lower risk of early menopause than did nondrinkers (hazard ratio = 0.81, 95% confidence interval: 0.68, 0.97). Among specific beverages, evidence of lower early menopause risk was confined to consumption of white wine and potentially red wine and liquor, but not to beer. Data from this large prospective study suggest a weak association of moderate alcohol intake with lower risk of early menopause, which was most pronounced for consumption of white and red wine and liquor. High consumption was not related to lower risk of early menopause.
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Dydjow-Bendek DA, Zagożdżon P. Early Alcohol Use Initiation, Obesity, Not Breastfeeding, and Residence in a Rural Area as Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13163925. [PMID: 34439080 PMCID: PMC8394787 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13163925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Breast cancer became the most common cancer globally in 2021, according to the World Health Organization. The aim of the study was to evaluate risk factors for breast cancer, such as early alcohol use initiation, obesity, breastfeeding, and place of residence. The effect of alcohol consumption by girls has been assessed in only a few studies and is not fully understood. In this study, it has been found to be associated with a higher risk of breast cancer. Our study also shed light on the incidence disparity—women were more at risk in the countryside than in the city. The results of this study should be included in the preparation of breast cancer prevention programs and also aimed at women in adolescence and early adulthood because exposures during childhood and adolescence can affect a woman’s long-term risk of breast cancer. Every effort should also be made to ensure that access to knowledge is open to all, regardless of where they live, giving all women equal opportunities. Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for breast cancer in the Polish population. In total, 201 Polish women newly diagnosed with breast cancer and 201 one-to-one age-matched healthy controls participated in this case-control study. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, reproductive and menstrual history, medical history, lifestyle factors, and anthropometric measurements were collected by the interviewers. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were obtained using multivariate unconditional logistic regression models controlling for potential confounders. Significant relationships were observed between BMI, alcohol use initiation, breastfeeding, education, and place of residence. Obese women had a higher risk of breast cancer than women with a BMI < 30 (OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.16 to 3.04). Early alcohol use initiation (≤15 years) was associated with an almost two-fold higher risk of breast cancer (OR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.06 to 3.69). Breastfeeding for less than 3 months (OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.52 to 3.5), receiving a basic and vocational education (OR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.49 to 4.19), and living in a rural area (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.05 to 2.9) increased the risk of breast cancer. Prevention activities for breast cancer are already needed in adolescents and young women. A much greater emphasis should also be placed on breast cancer prevention campaigns in rural areas in Poland.
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Fu H, Zeng J, Liu C, Gu Y, Zou Y, Chang H. Folate Intake and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Studies. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:2368-2379. [PMID: 32770489 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic cancer is one of the most fatal malignancies and primary prevention strategies are limited. Epidemiological studies focusing on the association between folate intake and pancreatic cancer risk have reported inconsistent findings. METHODS A systematic search of the literature was conducted using the PubMed and EMBASE databases. A systematic review and meta-analysis of eligible studies was performed to assess the association between folate intake and risk of pancreatic cancer. RESULTS A total of 16 studies involving 5654 cases and 1,009,374 individuals were included. The result showed a significant association of folate intake with a decreased risk of pancreatic cancer, with a pooled OR of 0.82 (95% CI: 0.69-0.97, P = 0.019) for the highest category of intake vs. the lowest. The data suggested that high intake of folate may contribute to the prevention of pancreatic cancer. However, the association was observed only in case-control studies (OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.65-0.93, P = 0.006), but not in cohort studies (RR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.66-1.09, P = 0.244). Dose-response meta-analysis showed that an increment of folate intake (100 μg/day) was marginally associated with the risk of pancreatic cancer, with a pooled OR of 0.97 (95% CI: 0.93-1.00, P = 0.053). CONCLUSION High folate intake might be inversely associated with pancreatic cancer risk, which needs to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Fu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jie Zeng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yi Gu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yixin Zou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Hui Chang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Berkey CS, Tamimi RM, Willett WC, Rosner B, Hickey M, Toriola AT, Frazier AL, Colditz GA. Adolescent alcohol, nuts, and fiber: combined effects on benign breast disease risk in young women. NPJ Breast Cancer 2020; 6:61. [PMID: 33298962 PMCID: PMC7683739 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-020-00206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent drinking is associated with higher risks of proliferative benign breast disease (BBD) and invasive breast cancer (BC). Furthermore, adolescent nut and fiber consumptions are associated with lower risks of benign lesions and premenopausal BC. We hypothesize that diet (nuts, fiber) may mitigate the elevated BBD risk associated with alcohol. A prospective cohort of 9031 females, 9-15 years at baseline, completed questionnaires in 1996-2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2010, 2013, and 2014. Participants completed food frequency questionnaires in 1996-2001. In 2005, participants (>=18 years) began reporting biopsy-confirmed BBD (N = 173 cases). Multivariable logistic regression estimated associations between BBD and cross-classified intakes (14-17 years) of alcohol and peanut butter/nuts (separately, total dietary fiber). Only 19% of participants drank in high school; drinking was associated with elevated BBD risk (OR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.20-2.56; p = 0.004) compared to nondrinkers. Participants consuming any nuts/butter had lower BBD risk (OR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.45-0.90; p = 0.01) compared to those consuming none. Participants in top 75% fiber intake had lower risk (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.40-0.81; p = 0.002) compared to bottom quartile. Testing our hypothesis that consuming nuts/butter mitigates the elevated alcohol risk, analyzing alcohol and nuts combined found that those who consumed both had lower risk (RR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.24-0.89; p = 0.02) compared to drinkers eating no nuts. Our analysis of alcohol and fiber together did not demonstrate risk mitigation by fiber. For high school females who drink, their BBD risk may be attenuated by consuming nuts. Due to modest numbers, future studies need to replicate our findings in adolescent/adult females. However, high school students may be encouraged to eat nuts and fiber, and to avoid alcohol, to reduce risk of BBD and for general health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S Berkey
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Rulla M Tamimi
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Walter C Willett
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernard Rosner
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martha Hickey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Adetunji T Toriola
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine and Alvin J Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - A Lindsay Frazier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Graham A Colditz
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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12
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Li X, Zhou C, Wu Y, Chen X. Relationship between formulaic breast volume and risk of breast cancer based on linear measurements. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:989. [PMID: 33046044 PMCID: PMC7552486 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07499-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether breast volume is a risk factor for breast cancer is controversial. This study aimed to evaluate whether a significant association between breast volume and risk of breast cancer, based on linear measurements, was present by applying propensity score matching (PSM). METHODS The study was designed as a hospital-based case-control study. Between March 2018 and May 2019, 208 cases and 340 controls were retrospectively reviewed. Information on menarche, smoking, feeding mode, oral contraceptives, reproductive history and family history was obtained through a structured questionnaire. Breast volume was calculated using a formula based on linear measurements of breast parameters. Cox regression and PSM were used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for breast cancer using risk factors adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS There was a significant difference in breast volume between the two groups before propensity score matching (P = 0.014). Binary logistic regression showed that the risk of breast cancer was slightly higher in the case group with larger breast volumes than in the control group(P = 0.009, OR = 1.002, 95%CI:1.000 ~ 1.003). However, there was no significant statistical difference between the two groups using an independent sample Mann-Whitney U test (P = 0.438) or conditional logistic regression (P = 0.446). CONCLUSIONS After PSM for potential confounding factors, there is no significant difference in breast volume estimated by BREAST-V formula between the case group and the control group. The risk of breast cancer may not be related to breast volume in Chinese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515 P. R. China
| | - Chunlan Zhou
- Department of Nursing, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515 P. R. China
| | - Yanni Wu
- Department of Nursing, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515 P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041 P. R. China
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13
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Francies FZ, Hull R, Khanyile R, Dlamini Z. Breast cancer in low-middle income countries: abnormality in splicing and lack of targeted treatment options. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:1568-1591. [PMID: 32509398 PMCID: PMC7269781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a common malignancy among women worldwide. Regardless of the economic status of a country, breast cancer poses a burden in prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Developed countries such as the U.S. have high incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer. Although low incidence rates are observed in developing countries, the mortality rate is on the rise implying that low- to middle-income countries lack the resources for preventative screening for early detection and adequate treatment resources. The differences in incidence between countries can be attributed to changes in exposure to environmental risk factors, behaviour and lifestyle factors of the different population groups. Genomic modifications are an important factor that significantly alters the risk profile of breast tumourigenesis. The incidence of early-onset breast cancer is increasing and evidence shows that early onset of breast cancer is far more aggressive than late onset of the disease; possibly due to the difference in genetic alterations or tumour biology. Alternative splicing is a pivotal factor in the progressions of breast cancer. It plays a significant role in tumour prognosis, survival and drug resistance; hence, it offers a valuable option as a therapeutic target. In this review, the differences in breast cancer incidence and mortality rates in developed countries will be compared to low- to middle-income countries. The review will also discuss environmental and lifestyle risk factors, and the underlying molecular mechanisms, genetic variations or mutations and alternative splicing that may contribute to the development and novel drug targets for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Zita Francies
- SA-MRC/UP Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Rodney Hull
- SA-MRC/UP Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Richard Khanyile
- SA-MRC/UP Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- SA-MRC/UP Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
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14
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Zeng J, Gu Y, Fu H, Liu C, Zou Y, Chang H. Association Between One-carbon Metabolism-related Vitamins and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies. Clin Breast Cancer 2020; 20:e469-e480. [PMID: 32241696 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies focusing on the association between 1-carbon metabolism-related vitamins (ie, folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B2, vitamin B12) and breast cancer risk have reported inconsistent findings. We conducted a systematic search of the reported data and performed a meta-analysis of prospective case-control and cohort studies to derive a more precise evaluation. The PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched to identify eligible studies. A total of 27 studies involving 49,707 cases and 1,274,060 individuals were included in the meta-analysis. The results indicated that a high intake of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B2 might decrease the risk of breast cancer. The corresponding pooled relative risks (RRs) for the highest intake compared with the lowest were 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88-0.99; P = .018), 0.94 (95% CI, 0.89-1.00; P = .037) and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.82-0.99; P = .026). No significant association between vitamin B12 and breast cancer risk was found (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.94-1.04; P = .604). Further study showed that folate and vitamin B6 might decrease the risk of estrogen receptor-negative (ER-)/progesterone receptor-negative (PR-) breast cancer but not ER+/PR+ breast cancer. The dose-response meta-analysis indicated a significant linearity relationship between folate intake and a reduced risk of ER-/PR- breast cancer. An increment of folate intake (100 μg/d) corresponded to a 7% deceased risk of ER-/PR- breast cancer (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.89-0.98; P = .007). In conclusion, a high intake of 1-carbon metabolism-related vitamins might contribute to the prevention of breast cancer, especially ER-/PR- breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Gu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjuan Fu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yixin Zou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Chang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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Coughlin SS. Epidemiology of Breast Cancer in Women. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1152:9-29. [PMID: 31456177 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-20301-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have contributed importantly to current knowledge of environmental and genetic risk factors for breast cancer. Worldwide, breast cancer is an important cause of human suffering and premature mortality among women. In the United States, breast cancer accounts for more cancer deaths in women than any site other than lung cancer. A variety of risk factors for breast cancer have been well-established by epidemiologic studies including race, ethnicity, family history of cancer, and genetic traits, as well as modifiable exposures such as increased alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, exogenous hormones, and certain female reproductive factors. Younger age at menarche, parity, and older age at first full-term pregnancy may influence breast cancer risk through long-term effects on sex hormone levels or by other biological mechanisms. Recent studies have suggested that triple negative breast cancers may have a distinct etiology. Genetic variants and mutations in genes that code for proteins having a role in DNA repair pathways and the homologous recombination of DNA double stranded breaks (APEX1, BRCA1, BRCA2, XRCC2, XRCC3, ATM, CHEK2, PALB2, RAD51, XPD), have been implicated in some cases of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Coughlin
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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16
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Zakhari S, Hoek JB. Epidemiology of Moderate Alcohol Consumption and Breast Cancer: Association or Causation? Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E349. [PMID: 30249004 PMCID: PMC6210419 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have been used to show associations between modifiable lifestyle habits and the incidence of breast cancer. Among such factors, a history of alcohol use has been reported in multiple studies and meta-analyses over the past decades. However, associative epidemiological studies that were interpreted as evidence that even moderate alcohol consumption increases breast cancer incidence have been controversial. In this review, we consider the literature on the relationship between moderate or heavy alcohol use, both in possible biological mechanisms and in variations in susceptibility due to genetic or epigenetic factors. We argue that there is a need to incorporate additional approaches to move beyond the associations that are reported in traditional epidemiological analyses and incorporate information on molecular pathologic signatures as a requirement to posit causal inferences. In particular, we point to the efforts of the transdisciplinary field of molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) to evaluate possible causal relationships, if any, of alcohol consumption and breast cancer. A wider application of the principles of MPE to this field would constitute a giant step that could enhance our understanding of breast cancer and multiple modifiable risk factors, a step that would be particularly suited to the era of "personalized medicine".
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Zakhari
- Science Office, Distilled Spirits Council, Washington, DC 20005, USA.
| | - Jan B Hoek
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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17
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Polivka J, Altun I, Golubnitschaja O. Pregnancy-associated breast cancer: the risky status quo and new concepts of predictive medicine. EPMA J 2018. [PMID: 29515683 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-018-0129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The paper is motivated by severe concerns regarding currently applied care of the pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) characterised by particularly poor outcomes of the disease. Psychological and ethical aspects play a crucial role in PABC: the highest priority not to damage the foetus significantly complicates any treatment generally, and it is quite usual that patients disclaim undergoing any breast cancer treatment during pregnancy. Although, due to global demographic trends, PABC is far from appearing rarely now, severe societal and economic consequences of the disease are still neglected by currently applied reactive medical approach. These actualities require creating new strategies which should be better adapted to the needs of the society at large by advancing the PABC care based on predictive diagnostic approaches specifically in premenopausal women, innovative screening programmes focused on young female populations, targeted prevention in high-risk groups, and optimised treatment concepts. The article summarises the facts and provides recommendations to advance the field-related research and medical services specifically dedicated to the PABC care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Polivka
- 1Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Plzen, Charles University, Plzen, Czech Republic
- 2Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Plzen, Charles University, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Irem Altun
- 3CEMBIO, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Olga Golubnitschaja
- 4Radiological Clinic, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
- 5Breast Cancer Research Centre, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- 6Centre for Integrated Oncology, Cologne-Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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