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Zhang H, Zhu Z, Ma WX, Kong LX, Yuan PC, Bu LF, Han J, Huang ZL, Wang YQ. The contribution of periaqueductal gray in the regulation of physiological and pathological behaviors. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1380171. [PMID: 38650618 PMCID: PMC11034386 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1380171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Periaqueductal gray (PAG), an integration center for neuronal signals, is located in the midbrain and regulates multiple physiological and pathological behaviors, including pain, defensive and aggressive behaviors, anxiety and depression, cardiovascular response, respiration, and sleep-wake behaviors. Due to the different neuroanatomical connections and functional characteristics of the four functional columns of PAG, different subregions of PAG synergistically regulate various instinctual behaviors. In the current review, we summarized the role and possible neurobiological mechanism of different subregions of PAG in the regulation of pain, defensive and aggressive behaviors, anxiety, and depression from the perspective of the up-down neuronal circuits of PAG. Furthermore, we proposed the potential clinical applications of PAG. Knowledge of these aspects will give us a better understanding of the key role of PAG in physiological and pathological behaviors and provide directions for future clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Sleep, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re-evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Sleep, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Xiang Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Sleep, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Xi Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Sleep, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping-Chuan Yuan
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re-evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Li-Fang Bu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Sleep, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Han
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re-evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Sleep, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Qun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Sleep, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Lauar MR, Colombari DSA, De Paula PM, Colombari E, Andrade CAF, De Luca LA, Menani JV. Chronic administration of catalase inhibitor attenuates hypertension in renovascular hypertensive rats. Life Sci 2023; 319:121538. [PMID: 36868399 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Reactive oxygen species like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are produced endogenously and may participate in intra- and extracellular signaling, including modulation of angiotensin II responses. In the present study, we investigated the effects of chronic subcutaneous (sc) administration of the catalase inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (ATZ) on arterial pressure, autonomic modulation of arterial pressure, hypothalamic expression of AT1 receptors and neuroinflammatory markers and fluid balance in 2-kidney, 1clip (2K1C) renovascular hypertensive rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Holtzman rats with a clip occluding partially the left renal artery and chronic sc injections of ATZ were used. KEY FINDINGS Subcutaneous injections of ATZ (600 mg/kg of body weight/day) for 9 days in 2K1C rats reduced arterial pressure (137 ± 8, vs. saline: 182 ± 8 mmHg). ATZ also reduced the sympathetic modulation and enhanced the parasympathetic modulation of pulse interval, reducing the sympatho-vagal balance. Additionally, ATZ reduced mRNA expression for interleukins 6 and IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, AT1 receptor (0.77 ± 0.06, vs. saline: 1.47 ± 0.26 fold change), NOX 2 (0.85 ± 0.13, vs. saline: 1.75 ± 0.15 fold change) and the marker of microglial activation, CD 11 (0.47 ± 0.07, vs. saline, 1.34 ± 0.15 fold change) in the hypothalamus of 2K1C rats. Daily water and food intake and renal excretion were only slightly modified by ATZ. SIGNIFICANCE The results suggest that the increase of endogenous H2O2 availability with chronic treatment with ATZ had an anti-hypertensive effect in 2K1C hypertensive rats. This effect depends on decreased activity of sympathetic pressor mechanisms and mRNA expression of AT1 receptors and neuroinflammatory markers possibly due to reduced angiotensin II action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana R Lauar
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora S A Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia M De Paula
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Carina A F Andrade
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Laurival A De Luca
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - José V Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Lucera GM, Menani JV, Colombari E, Colombari DSA. ANG II and Aldosterone Acting Centrally Participate in the Enhanced Sodium Intake in Water-Deprived Renovascular Hypertensive Rats. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:679985. [PMID: 34113255 PMCID: PMC8186501 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.679985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Renovascular hypertension is a type of secondary hypertension caused by renal artery stenosis, leading to an increase in the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS). Two-kidney, 1-clip (2K1C) is a model of renovascular hypertension in which rats have an increased sodium intake induced by water deprivation (WD), a common situation found in the nature. In addition, a high-sodium diet in 2K1C rats induces glomerular lesion. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether angiotensin II (ANG II) and/or aldosterone participates in the increased sodium intake in 2K1C rats under WD. In addition, we also verified if central AT1 and mineralocorticoid receptor blockade would change the high levels of arterial pressure in water-replete (WR) and WD 2K1C rats, because blood pressure changes can facilitate or inhibit water and sodium intake. Finally, possible central areas activated during WD or WD followed by partial rehydration (PR) in 2K1C rats were also investigated. Male Holtzman rats (150–180 g) received a silver clip around the left renal artery to induce renovascular hypertension. Six weeks after renal surgery, a stainless-steel cannula was implanted in the lateral ventricle, followed by 5–7 days of recovery before starting tests. Losartan (AT1 receptor antagonist) injected intracerebroventricularly attenuated water intake during the thirst test. Either icv losartan or RU28318 (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist) reduced 0.3 M NaCl intake, whereas the combination of losartan and RU28318 icv totally blocked 0.3 M NaCl intake induced by WD in 2K1C rats. Losartan and RU28318 icv did not change hypertension levels of normohydrated 2K1C rats, but reduced the increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) produced by WD. c-Fos expression increased in the lamina terminalis and in the NTS in WD condition, and increased even more after WD-PR. These results suggest the participation of ANG II and aldosterone acting centrally in the enhanced sodium intake in WD 2K1C rats, and not in the maintenance of hypertension in satiated and fluid-replete 2K1C rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Maria Lucera
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - José Vanderlei Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
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Lu J, Bai Z, Kuang X, Li L. [High-salt exposure induces macrophage polarization to promote proliferation and phenotypic transformation of co-cultured renal fibroblasts]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:1472-1479. [PMID: 33118503 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.10.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate high-salt exposure-induced polarization of mononuclear macrophages and the changes in proliferation and phenotypic transformation of renal fibroblasts in a co-culture system. METHODS Cultured mononuclear macrophages were exposed to high salt (161 mmol/L Na +) for 2 h and the surface markers of M0, M1 and M2-type macrophages were detected with RT-qPCR. The culture medium of the macrophages in normal and high-salt groups was collected for detection of the mRNA and protein levels of IL-6 and TGF-β1 using RT-qPCR and ELISA. A co-culture system of high salt-exposed macrophages and renal fibroblasts (NRK-49F) was established using a Transwell chamber, and the changes in proliferation and migration of NRK-49F cells were examined using EdU assay and Transwell assay, respectively. Western blotting was performed to detect the expressions of collagen I, collagen III and collagen α-SMA in NRK-49F cells. RESULTS The high salt-exposed macrophages showed significantly increased mRNA levels of M2-type macrophage surface markers mannose receptor and arginase (P < 0.05). The results of EdU and Transwell assays showed that NRK-49F cells co-cultured with high salt-exposed macrophages exhibited significantly increased proliferation and migration ability (P < 0.05). Co-culture with high salt-exposed macrophages resulted in significantly enhanced protein expressions of collagen I, collagen III and α-SMA in NRK-49F cells (P < 0.05) and significantly increased levels of IL-6 and TGF-β1 in the culture medium (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS High-salt exposure induces polarization of mononuclear macrophages into M2-type macrophages and promotes secretion of IL-6 and TGF-β1 by the macrophages to induce the proliferation and phenotypic transformation of NRK-49F cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Department of Pathology, Zunyi Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Zhixun Bai
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Kuang
- Department of Pathology, Zunyi Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Pathology, Zunyi Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Zunyi 563000, China
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Batschauer T, Cordeiro JM, Simas BB, Brunetta HS, Souza RM, Nunes EA, Reis WL, Moreira ELG, Crestani CC, Santos ARS, Speretta GF. Behavioral, cardiovascular and endocrine alterations induced by chronic stress in rats fed a high-fat diet. Physiol Behav 2020; 223:113013. [PMID: 32540332 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and anxiety disorders (AD). Obesity also increases the risk of CVD and AD. The modern lifestyle commonly includes high-fat diet (HFD) intake and daily exposure to stressful events. However, it is not completely understood whether chronic stress exacerbates HFD-induced behavioral and physiological changes. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of the exposure to chronic variable stress (CVS) on behavioral, cardiovascular, and endocrine parameters in rats fed an HFD. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control-standard chow diet (control-SD), control-HFD, CVS-SD, and CVS-HFD. The control-HFD and CVS-HFD groups were fed with HFD for six weeks. The CVS-HFD and CVS-SD groups were exposed to a CVS protocol in the last ten days of the six weeks. The behavioral analysis revealed that CVS decreased the open-arm exploration time during the elevated plus-maze test (p < 0.05). HFD promoted metabolic disorders and increased angiotensin II and leptin blood levels (p < 0.05). CVS or HFD increased blood pressure and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) modulation of the heart and vessels and decreased baroreflex activity (p < 0.05). Combining CVS and HFD exacerbated the cardiac SNS response and increased basal heart rate (HR) (p < 0.05). CVS or HFD did not affect vascular function and aorta nitrate (p > 0.05). Taken together, these data indicate a synergism between HFD and CVS on the HR and cardiac SNS responses, suggesting an increased cardiovascular risk. Besides, neuroendocrine and anxiogenic disturbers may contribute to the cardiovascular changes induced by HFD and CVS, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Batschauer
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Neuroscience, Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Júlio M Cordeiro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Bruna B Simas
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Henver S Brunetta
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Raul M Souza
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Neuroscience, Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Everson A Nunes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Reis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Eduardo L G Moreira
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Neuroscience, Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Crestani
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Adair R S Santos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Neuroscience, Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Guilherme F Speretta
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Neuroscience, Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Silva TMD, Lima WG, Marques-Oliveira GH, Dias DPM, Granjeiro ÉM, Silva LEV, Fazan R, Chaves VE. Cardiac sympathetic drive is increased in cafeteria diet-fed rats independent of impairment in peripheral baroreflex and chemoreflex functions. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:1023-1031. [PMID: 32249140 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Consumption of a high caloric diet induces autonomic imbalance, which can lead to cardiovascular disease. Impaired arterial baroreflex control is suggested to play an important role in cardiovascular autonomic imbalance, often seen in obesity. We previously demonstrated that cafeteria diets increase the sympathetic drive to white and brown adipose tissue. METHODS AND RESULTS After feeding a cafeteria diet to rats for 26 days, we evaluated: (i)heart rate (HR) and arterial pressure (AP); (ii)baroreflex and chemoreflex function; and (iii) autonomic modulation of the heart and vessels, measured through pulse interval (PI) and systolic arterial pressure (SAP) variability analyses and following administration of autonomic blockers. The cafeteria diet increased body fat mass and serum insulin, leptin, triacylglycerol and cholesterol levels. Baseline HR (15%) was also increased, accompanied by increased power in the low frequency band (60%) and in the low frequency/high frequency ratio (104%) in the PI spectra. Nonlinear analysis revealed an increased occurrence of 0V (39%) and decreased occurrence of 2UV (18%) patterns. Following administration of autonomic blockers, we observed an increase in cardiac sympathetic tone (425%) in cafeteria diet-fed rats. The cafeteria diet had no effect on AP, SAP variability, baroreflex and chemoreflex control. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that consumption of a cafeteria diet increases sympathetic drive to the heart but not to the blood vessels, independent of impairment in baroreflex and chemoreflex functions. Other mechanisms may be involved in the increased cardiac sympathetic drive, and compensatory vascular mechanisms may prevent the development of hypertension in this model of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Marques da Silva
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - William Gustavo Lima
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Érica Maria Granjeiro
- Biological Sciences Department, State University of Feira de Santana, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luiz E Virgílio Silva
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rubens Fazan
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valéria Ernestânia Chaves
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Melo MR, Gasparini S, Silva EF, Karlen-Amarante M, Speretta GF, Lauar MR, Pedrino GR, Menani JV, Colombari DSA, Zoccal DB, Colombari E. Renovascular hypertension elevates pulmonary ventilation in rats by carotid body-dependent mechanisms. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R730-R742. [PMID: 32022595 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00134.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The two kidney-one clip (2K1C) renovascular hypertension depends on the renin-angiotensin system and sympathetic overactivity. The maintenance of 2K1C hypertension also depends on inputs from the carotid bodies (CB), which when activated stimulate the respiratory activity. In the present study, we investigated the importance of CB afferent activity for the ventilatory responses in 2K1C hypertensive rats and for phrenic and hypoglossal activities in in situ preparations of normotensive rats treated with angiotensin II. Silver clips were implanted around the left renal artery of male Holtzman rats (150 g) to induce renovascular hypertension. Six weeks after clipping, hypertensive 2K1C rats showed, in conscious state, elevated resting tidal volume and minute ventilation compared with the normotensive group. 2K1C rats also presented arterial alkalosis, urinary acidification, and amplified hypoxic ventilatory response. Carotid body removal (CBR), 2 wk before the experiments (4th week after clipping), significantly reduced arterial pressure and pulmonary ventilation in 2K1C rats but not in normotensive rats. Intra-arterial administration of angiotensin II in the in situ preparation of normotensive rats increased phrenic and hypoglossal activities, responses that were also reduced after CBR. Results show that renovascular hypertensive rats exhibit increased resting ventilation that depends on CB inputs. Similarly, angiotensin II increases phrenic and hypoglossal activities in in situ preparations of normotensive rats, responses that also depend on CB inputs. Results suggest that mechanisms that depend on CB inputs in renovascular hypertensive rats or during angiotensin II administration in normotensive animals increase respiratory drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Rosso Melo
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Silvia Gasparini
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Elaine F Silva
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.,Center for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Marlusa Karlen-Amarante
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Guilherme F Speretta
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Mariana R Lauar
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Pedrino
- Center for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Jose V Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Debora S A Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Daniel B Zoccal
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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Abstract
Hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and for events such as myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure and chronic kidney disease and is a major determinant of disability-adjusted life-years. Despite the importance of hypertension, the pathogenesis of essential hypertension, which involves the complex interaction of several mechanisms, is still poorly understood. Evidence suggests that interplay between bone marrow, microglia and immune mediators underlies the development of arterial hypertension, in particular through mechanisms involving cytokines and peptides, such as neuropeptide Y, substance P, angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1-7). Chronic psychological stress also seems to have a role in increasing the risk of hypertension, probably through the activation of neuroimmune pathways. In this Review, we summarize the available data on the possible role of neuroimmune crosstalk in the origin and maintenance of arterial hypertension and discuss the implications of this crosstalk for recovery and rehabilitation after cardiac and cerebral injuries.
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Li Y, Wei B, Liu X, Shen XZ, Shi P. Microglia, autonomic nervous system, immunity and hypertension: Is there a link? Pharmacol Res 2019; 155:104451. [PMID: 31557524 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension ranks the most common risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, and it affects almost one third of adult population globally. Emerging evidence indicates that immune activation is highly involved in the entire progress of hypertension and end organ damage. In addition to immunity, autonomic nervous system, particularly sympathetic nervous system, is one of the most conserved systems to maintain body homeostasis. Immune and sympathetic activities are found simultaneously increased in hypertension, suggesting a synergistic action of these two systems in the progression of this disease. Microglia, the primary immune cells in the central nervous system, have been suggested in the regulation of sympathetic outflow; depletion of microglia alters neuroinflammation and pressor responses in hypertensive models. In this review, we firstly updated the current understanding on microglial ontogeny and functions in both steady state and diseases. Then we reviewed on the interaction between autonomic nervous system and peripheral immunity in hypertension. Microglia bridge the central and peripheral inflammation via regulating the sympathetic nerve activity in hypertension. Future exploration of the molecular linkage of this pathway may provide novel therapeutic angel for hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Li
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Z Shen
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Shi
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Importance of AT1 and AT2 receptors in the nucleus of the solitary tract in cardiovascular responses induced by a high-fat diet. Hypertens Res 2019; 42:439-449. [PMID: 30631157 PMCID: PMC7092339 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-018-0196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A high-fat diet (HFD) induces an increase in arterial pressure and a decrease in baroreflex function, which may be associated with increased expression of angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) and pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and reduced expression of the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) gene within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), a key area of the brainstem involved in cardiovascular control. Thus, in the present study, we evaluated the changes in arterial pressure and gene expression of components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and neuroinflammatory markers in the NTS of rats fed a HFD and treated with either an AT1R blocker or with virus-mediated AT2R overexpression in the NTS. Male Holtzman rats (300-320 g) were fed either a standard rat chow diet (SD) or HFD for 6 weeks before commencing the tests. AT1R blockade in the NTS of HFD-fed rats attenuated the increase in arterial pressure and the impairment of reflex bradycardia, whereas AT2R overexpression in the NTS only improved the baroreflex function. The HFD also increased the hypertensive and decreased the protective axis of the RAS and was associated with neuroinflammation within the NTS. The expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme and neuroinflammatory components, but not AT1R, in the NTS was reduced by AT2R overexpression in this site. Based on these data, AT1R and AT2R in the NTS are differentially involved in the cardiovascular changes induced by a HFD. Chronic inflammation and changes in the RAS in the NTS may also account for the cardiovascular responses observed in HFD-fed rats.
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11
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Importance of the commissural nucleus of the solitary tract in renovascular hypertension. Hypertens Res 2019; 42:587-597. [PMID: 30622315 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-018-0190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rodent renovascular hypertension model has been used to investigate the mechanisms promoting hypertension. The importance of the carotid body for renovascular hypertension has been demonstrated. As the commissural NTS (cNTS) is the first synaptic site in the central nervous system that receives information from carotid body chemoreceptors, we evaluated the contribution of cNTS to renovascular hypertension in the present study. Normotensive male Holtzman rats were implanted with a silver clip around the left renal artery to induce two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) hypertension. Six weeks later, isoguvacine (a GABAA agonist) or losartan (an AT1 antagonist) was injected into the cNTS, and the effects were compared with carotid body removal. Immunohistochemistry for Iba-1 and GFAP to label microglia and astrocytes, respectively, and RT-PCR for components of the renin-angiotensin system and cytokines in the NTS were also performed 6 weeks after renal surgery. The inhibition of cNTS with isoguvacine or the blockade of AT1 receptors with losartan in the cNTS decreased the blood pressure and heart rate of 2K1C rats even more than carotid body removal did. The mRNA expression of NOX2, TNF-α and IL-6, microglia, and astrocytes also increased in the cNTS of 2K1C rats compared to that of normotensive rats. These results indicate that tonically active neurons within the cNTS are essential for the maintenance of hypertension in 2K1C rats. In addition to signals from the carotid body, the present results suggest that angiotensin II directly activates the cNTS and may also induce microgliosis and astrogliosis within the NTS, which, in turn, cause oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
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Roncari CF, Barbosa RM, Vendramini RC, De Luca LA, Menani JV, Colombari E, Colombari DSA. Enhanced angiotensin II induced sodium appetite in renovascular hypertensive rats. Peptides 2018; 101:82-88. [PMID: 29305157 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Renovascular hypertensive 2-kidney, 1-clip (2K1C) rats have an increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system and an initial transitory increase in daily water and NaCl intake. However, the dipsogenic and natriorexigenic responses to angiotensin II (ANG II) have not been tested yet in 2K1C rats. Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated water and 0.3 M NaCl intake induced by water deprivation (WD)-partial rehydration (PR) or intracerebroventricular (icv) ANG II in 2K1C rats. In addition, the cardiovascular changes to these treatments were also evaluated. Male Holtzman rats received a silver clip around the left renal artery to induce 2K1C renovascular hypertension. In the 5th week, a group of animals received a guide cannula in the lateral ventricle for icv injections. Daily water intake increased from the 3rd week after surgery and remained elevated until the 6th week (last recording week), whereas daily 0.3 M NaCl intake transiently increased from the 2nd to the 5th week after surgery. On the 6th week, in spite of comparable daily 0.3 M NaCl intake between 2K1C and sham rats, WD-PR and icv ANG II induced an increased 0.3 M NaCl intake in 2K1C rats. Water intake induced by WD-PR, not by icv ANG II, also increased in 2K1C rats. The increase in arterial pressure to WD-PR or icv ANG II was similar in sham and 2K1C rats. Therefore, these results suggest that 2K1C rats are more responsive to the natriorexigenic effects of ANG II, whereas other responses to ANG II are not modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila F Roncari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rafaela M Barbosa
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Regina C Vendramini
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Laurival A De Luca
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - José V Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora S A Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Haspula D, Clark MA. Neuroinflammation and sympathetic overactivity: Mechanisms and implications in hypertension. Auton Neurosci 2018; 210:10-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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