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Kim M, Mahmood M, Estes LL, Wilson JW, Martin NJ, Marcus JE, Mittal A, O'Connell CR, Shah A. A narrative review on antimicrobial dosing in adult critically ill patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Crit Care 2024; 28:326. [PMID: 39367501 PMCID: PMC11453026 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-024-05101-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The optimal dosing strategy of antimicrobial agents in critically ill patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is unknown. We conducted comprehensive review of existing literature on effect of ECMO on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antimicrobials, including antibacterials, antifungals, and antivirals that are commonly used in critically ill patients. We aim to provide practical guidance to clinicians on empiric dosing strategy for these patients. Finally, we discuss importance of therapeutic drug monitoring, limitations of current literature, and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongji Kim
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Maryam Mahmood
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lynn L Estes
- Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - John W Wilson
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Joseph E Marcus
- Department of Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ankit Mittal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, AIG Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Aditya Shah
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Kovacevic P, Milakovic D, Kovacevic T, Barisic V, Dragic S, Zlojutro B, Miljkovic B, Vucicevic K, Rizwan Z. Thrombocytopenia risks in ARDS COVID-19 patients treated with high-dose linezolid during vvECMO therapy: an observational study. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:7747-7756. [PMID: 38713258 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Patients treated with ECMO are at great risk of nosocomial infections, and around 10% of isolates are gram-positive pathogens. Linezolid (LZD) is effective in the treatment of these infections but appropriate dosing is challenging. The aim was to evaluate the occurrence of thrombocytopenia during ECMO when treated with LZD. An LZD trough concentration of 8 mg/L was set as the cutoff value for thrombocytopenia occurrence among critically ill patients who received parenteral LZD therapy at a dose of 600 mg every 8 h during ECMO. Eleven patients were included in this prospective observational study. Median LZD trough concentrations were 7.85 (interquartile range (IQR), 1.95-11) mg/L. Thrombocytopenia was found in 81.8% of patients. Based on the median LZD trough concentrations cutoff value, patients were divided into two groups, 1.95 (IQR, 0.91-3.6) and 10.3 (IQR, 9.7-11.7) mg/L, respectively. Median platelet values differed significantly between groups on admission, ECMO day 0, ECMO day 1, and LZD sampling day [194 and 152.5, (p < 0.05)], [113 and 214, (p < 0.05)], [76 and 147.5, (p < 0.01)], and [26 and 96.5, (p < 0.01)], respectively. Duration of LZD therapy was similar between the groups. Significant platelet reduction was observed in both groups, emphasizing the need for closer monitoring to prevent LZD-associated thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedja Kovacevic
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska, Dvanaest Beba Bb, 78000, Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Dragana Milakovic
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska, Dvanaest Beba Bb, 78000, Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Tijana Kovacevic
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska, Dvanaest Beba Bb, 78000, Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Vedrana Barisic
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska, Dvanaest Beba Bb, 78000, Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sasa Dragic
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska, Dvanaest Beba Bb, 78000, Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Biljana Zlojutro
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska, Dvanaest Beba Bb, 78000, Banja Luka, The Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Branislava Miljkovic
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Belgrade Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 40, 11221, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Katarina Vucicevic
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Belgrade Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 40, 11221, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
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Cree ML, Abdul-Aziz MH, Schlapbach LJ, Roberts JA, Parker SL. The impact of extracorporeal support on antimicrobial pharmacokinetics in critically ill neonatal and paediatric patients: A systematic review. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2024; 64:107311. [PMID: 39197687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2024.107311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Infections represent a major risk for critically ill neonatal and paediatric patients requiring extracorporeal life-saving support such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and/or continuous renal replacement therapies (CRRT). Patient outcomes rely on achieving target antimicrobial concentrations. In critically ill adults on extracorporeal support, suboptimal antimicrobial concentrations have been shown to be common. Our objective was to systematically review antimicrobial pharmacokinetic studies in critically ill term neonatal and paediatric patients receiving ECMO and/or CRRT and compare them to similar cohorts of patients not receiving ECMO or CRRT. METHODS Studies published between 1990 and 2022 were identified through systematic searches in PUBMED, Embase, Web of Science, Medline, Google Scholar and CINAHL. Studies were included which provided antimicrobial pharmacokinetic parameters (volume of distribution and clearance) in the neonatal and paediatric patients receiving ECMO and/or CRRT. Studies were excluded if no antimicrobial pharmacokinetic parameters were described or could be calculated. RESULTS Forty-four pharmacokinetic studies were identified describing 737 patients, with neonatal patients recruited in 70% of the ECMO studies and <1% of the CRRT studies. Of all the studies, 50% were case reports or case series. The pharmacokinetics were altered for gentamicin, daptomycin, ceftolozane, micafungin, voriconazole, cefepime, fluconazole, piperacillin, and vancomycin, although considerable patient variability was described. CONCLUSION Significant gaps remain in our understanding of the pharmacokinetic alterations in neonatal and paediatric patients receiving ECMO and CRRT support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele L Cree
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Pharmacy Department, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Abdul-Aziz
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Luregn J Schlapbach
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Children's Health Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia; Department of Intensive Care and Neonatology, and Children`s Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jason A Roberts
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Translational Anti-infective Pharmacodynamics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Division of Anaesthesiology Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes, France; Pharmacy Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Suzanne L Parker
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Booke H, Friedrichson B, Draheim L, von Groote TC, Frey O, Röhr A, Zacharowski K, Adam EH. No Sequestration of Commonly Used Anti-Infectives in the Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) Circuit-An Ex Vivo Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:373. [PMID: 38667049 PMCID: PMC11047533 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13040373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) often require therapy with anti-infective drugs. The pharmacokinetics of these drugs may be altered during ECMO treatment due to pathophysiological changes in the drug metabolism of the critically ill and/or the ECMO therapy itself. This study investigates the latter aspect for commonly used anti-infective drugs in an ex vivo setting. A fully functional ECMO device circulated an albumin-electrolyte solution through the ECMO tubes and oxygenator. The antibiotic agents cefazolin, cefuroxim, cefepime, cefiderocol, linezolid and daptomycin and the antifungal agent anidulafungin were added. Blood samples were taken over a period of four hours and drug concentrations were measured via high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. Subsequently, the study analyzed the time course of anti-infective concentrations. The results showed no significant changes in the concentration of any tested anti-infectives throughout the study period. This ex vivo study demonstrates that the ECMO device itself has no impact on the concentration of commonly used anti-infectives. These findings suggest that ECMO therapy does not contribute to alterations in the concentrations of anti-infective medications in severely ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Booke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Straße 33, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Benjamin Friedrichson
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (B.F.); (L.D.); (K.Z.); (E.H.A.)
| | - Lena Draheim
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (B.F.); (L.D.); (K.Z.); (E.H.A.)
| | - Thilo Caspar von Groote
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Straße 33, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Otto Frey
- Department of Pharmacy, Heidenheim General Hospital, Schloßhaustraße 100, 89522 Heidenheim, Germany; (O.F.); (A.R.)
| | - Anka Röhr
- Department of Pharmacy, Heidenheim General Hospital, Schloßhaustraße 100, 89522 Heidenheim, Germany; (O.F.); (A.R.)
| | - Kai Zacharowski
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (B.F.); (L.D.); (K.Z.); (E.H.A.)
| | - Elisabeth Hannah Adam
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (B.F.); (L.D.); (K.Z.); (E.H.A.)
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Milaković D, Kovačević T, Kovačević P, Barišić V, Avram S, Dragić S, Zlojutro B, Momčičević D, Miljković B, Vučićević K. Population Pharmacokinetic Model of Linezolid and Probability of Target Attainment in Patients with COVID-19-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome on Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation-A Step toward Correct Dosing. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:253. [PMID: 38399307 PMCID: PMC10892643 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
During veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (vv ECMO) therapy, antimicrobial drugs are frequently used, and appropriate dosing is challenging due to there being limited data to support the dosage. Linezolid is effective against multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens frequently isolated in ECMO patients. In total, 53 steady-state linezolid levels were obtained following 600 mg intravenous (IV) injections every 8 h, and these were used to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model in patients with COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS) on vv ECMO. The data were analyzed using a nonlinear mixed-effects modelling approach. Monte Carlo simulation generated 5000 patients' individual PK parameters and corresponding concentration-time profiles using the PopPK model, following the administration of 600 mg/8 h (a higher-than-standard dosing) and 600 mg/12 h (standard). The probabilities of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) target attainment (PTA) and the cumulative fraction of responses (CFR) for three pathogens were calculated and compared between the two dosing scenarios. Linezolid 600 mg/8 h was predicted to achieve greater than or equal to 85%Tf>MIC in at least 90% of the patients with CARDS on vv ECMO compared to only approximately two thirds of the patients after dosing every 12 h at a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 mg/L. In addition, for the same MIC, fAUC24/MIC ≥ 80 was achieved in almost three times the number of patients following an 8-h versus a 12-h interval. PopPK simulation predicted that a significantly higher proportion of the patients with CARDS on vv ECMO would achieve the PK/PD targets following the 8-h dosing interval compared to standard linezolid dosing. Nevertheless, the safety concern, in particular, for thrombocytopenia, with higher-than-standard linezolid dosage is reasonable, and consequently, monitoring is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Milaković
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Thyroid Gland Diseases, University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Tijana Kovačević
- Pharmacy Department, University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (P.K.)
| | - Pedja Kovačević
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (P.K.)
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Vedrana Barišić
- Pharmacy Department, University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sanja Avram
- Institute of Laboratory Diagnostic, University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Saša Dragić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (P.K.)
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Biljana Zlojutro
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (P.K.)
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Danica Momčičević
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (P.K.)
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Branislava Miljković
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Vučićević
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
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Zhang H, Xu Y, Huang X, Yang S, Li R, Wu Y, Zou X, Yu Y, Shang Y. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adult patients with sepsis and septic shock: Why, how, when, and for whom. JOURNAL OF INTENSIVE MEDICINE 2024; 4:62-72. [PMID: 38263962 PMCID: PMC10800772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jointm.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis and septic shock remain the leading causes of death in intensive care units. Some patients with sepsis fail to respond to routine treatment and rapidly progress to refractory respiratory and circulatory failure, necessitating extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). However, the role of ECMO in adult patients with sepsis has not been fully established. According to existing studies, ECMO may be a viable salvage therapy in carefully selected adult patients with sepsis. The choice of venovenous, venoarterial, or hybrid ECMO modes is primarily determined by the patient's oxygenation and hemodynamics (distributive shock with preserved cardiac output, septic cardiomyopathy (left, right, or biventricular heart failure), or right ventricular failure caused by acute respiratory distress syndrome). Veno-venous ECMO can be used in patients with sepsis and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome when conventional mechanical ventilation fails, and early application of veno-arterial ECMO in patients with sepsis-induced refractory cardiogenic shock may be critical in improving their chances of survival. When ECMO is indicated, the choice of an appropriate mode and determination of the optimal timing of initiation and weaning are critical, particularly in an experienced ECMO center. Furthermore, some special issues, such as ECMO flow, anticoagulation, and antibiotic therapy, should be noted during the management of ECMO support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Lu'an Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Lu'an, Anhui, 237000, China
| | - Youdong Xu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Lu'an Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Lu'an, Anhui, 237000, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Lu'an Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Lu'an, Anhui, 237000, China
| | - Shunyin Yang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Lu'an Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Lu'an, Anhui, 237000, China
| | - Ruiting Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - Yongran Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - Xiaojing Zou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - You Shang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
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Shekar K, Abdul-Aziz MH, Cheng V, Burrows F, Buscher H, Cho YJ, Corley A, Diehl A, Gilder E, Jakob SM, Kim HS, Levkovich BJ, Lim SY, McGuinness S, Parke R, Pellegrino V, Que YA, Reynolds C, Rudham S, Wallis SC, Welch SA, Zacharias D, Fraser JF, Roberts JA. Antimicrobial Exposures in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 207:704-720. [PMID: 36215036 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202207-1393oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Data suggest that altered antimicrobial concentrations are likely during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Objectives: The primary aim of this analysis was to describe the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of antimicrobials in critically ill adult patients receiving ECMO. Our secondary aim was to determine whether current antimicrobial dosing regimens achieve effective and safe exposure. Methods: This study was a prospective, open-labeled, PK study in six ICUs in Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, and Switzerland. Serial blood samples were collected over a single dosing interval during ECMO for 11 antimicrobials. PK parameters were estimated using noncompartmental methods. Adequacy of antimicrobial dosing regimens were evaluated using predefined concentration exposures associated with maximal clinical outcomes and minimal toxicity risks. Measurements and Main Results: We included 993 blood samples from 85 patients. The mean age was 44.7 ± 14.4 years, and 61.2% were male. Thirty-eight patients (44.7%) were receiving renal replacement therapy during the first PK sampling. Large variations (coefficient of variation of ⩾30%) in antimicrobial concentrations were seen leading to more than fivefold variations in all PK parameters across all study antimicrobials. Overall, 70 (56.5%) concentration profiles achieved the predefined target concentration and exposure range. Target attainment rates were not significantly different between modes of ECMO and renal replacement therapy. Poor target attainment was observed across the most frequently used antimicrobials for ECMO recipients, including for oseltamivir (33.3%), piperacillin (44.4%), and vancomycin (27.3%). Conclusions: Antimicrobial PKs were highly variable in critically ill patients receiving ECMO, leading to poor target attainment rates. Clinical trial registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12612000559819).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Shekar
- Adult Intensive Care Services and Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mohd H Abdul-Aziz
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vesa Cheng
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Hergen Buscher
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Young-Jae Cho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Amanda Corley
- Adult Intensive Care Services and Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Arne Diehl
- Department of Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine and
| | - Eileen Gilder
- Experiential Development and Graduate Education and Centre for Medicines Use and Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephan M Jakob
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hyung-Sook Kim
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bianca J Levkovich
- Department of Pharmacy, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yoon Lim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Shay McGuinness
- School of Nursing, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rachael Parke
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Pharmacy, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
- Division of Anaesthesiology Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes, France
| | - Vincent Pellegrino
- Department of Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine and
| | - Yok-Ai Que
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Claire Reynolds
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sam Rudham
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Steven C Wallis
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - David Zacharias
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John F Fraser
- Adult Intensive Care Services and Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason A Roberts
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Pharmacy, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
- Division of Anaesthesiology Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes, France
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Ruiz-Ramos J, Gras-Martín L, Ramírez P. Antimicrobial Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Critical Care: Adjusting the Dose in Extracorporeal Circulation and to Prevent the Genesis of Multiresistant Bacteria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030475. [PMID: 36978342 PMCID: PMC10044431 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Critically ill patients suffering from severe infections are prone to pathophysiological pharmacokinetic changes that are frequently associated with inadequate antibiotic serum concentrations. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the causative pathogens tend to be higher in intensive care units. Both pharmacokinetic changes and high antibiotic resistance likely jeopardize the efficacy of treatment. The use of extracorporeal circulation devices to support hemodynamic, respiratory, or renal failure enables pharmacokinetic changes and makes it even more difficult to achieve an adequate antibiotic dose. Besides a clinical response, antibiotic pharmacokinetic optimization is important to reduce the selection of strains resistant to common antibiotics. In this review, we summarize the present knowledge regarding pharmacokinetic changes in critically ill patients and we discuss the effects of extra-corporeal devices on antibiotic treatment together with potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Ruiz-Ramos
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Gras-Martín
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Ramírez
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Heidari S, Khalili H. Linezolid pharmacokinetics: a systematic review for the best clinical practice. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 79:195-206. [PMID: 36565357 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-022-03446-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarize the pharmacokinetics of linezolid to optimize the dosing regimen in special populations. METHODS A literature search was performed in three largest medical databases, including Embase, Scopus, and PubMed. The main applied keywords were linezolid and pharmacokinetics. Of 3663 retrieved publications in the English language, 35 original research articles, clinical studies, and case reports about linezolid pharmacokinetics in different populations such as pregnant women, pediatrics, elderly subjects, obese people, individuals with organ dysfunction, and critically ill patients were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Dose adjustment is not currently recommended for linezolid in patients with mild to moderate renal or hepatic impairment, older adults, and pregnant women. Although dose adjustment is not recommended in patients with severe renal or hepatic impairment, it should be considered that these patients are more vulnerable to linezolid adverse effects and drug interactions. In pediatrics, reducing the linezolid dosing interval to 8 h is suggested. Despite the lack of sufficient information in obese individuals, dosing based on body weight or use of higher dose seems to be justifiable to prevent sub-therapeutic concentrations. Although dose adjustment of linezolid is not recommended in critically ill patients, administration of linezolid as continuous intravenous infusion is suggested in this population. Blood level monitoring should be considered in populations that are vulnerable to linezolid underexposure (such as critically ill patients with augmented renal clearance, pediatrics, overweight, and obese patients) or overexposure (such as elderly, patients with hepatic and renal impairment). To assess the efficacy and safety of linezolid, the area under the concentration-time curve over 24 h to minimum inhibitory concentration (AUC0-24 h/MIC) equal to 80-120, percentage of time above the MIC ≥ 85%, and serum trough concentration between 2 and 7 mg/L are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Heidari
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Khalili
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Center for Antibiotic Stewardship and Antimicrobial Resistance, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Zoller M, Paal M, Greimel A, Kallee S, Vogeser M, Irlbeck M, Schroeder I, Liebchen U, Scharf C. Serum linezolid concentrations are reduced in critically ill patients with pulmonary infections: A prospective observational study. J Crit Care 2022; 71:154100. [PMID: 35780622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2022.154100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The concentration-time profile of linezolid varies considerably in critically ill patients. Question of interest is, if the site of infection influences linezolid serum concentrations. METHODS 68 critically ill patients, treated with linezolid, were included. The concentration-time-profile for linezolid was determined using maximum a-posteriori predictions. A trough concentration (Cmin) between 2 and 10 mg/L was defined as the target. A generalized linear model (GLM) was established to evaluate potential covariates. RESULTS The indications for linezolid therapy were in descending order: peritonitis (38.2%), pneumonia (25.0%), infectious acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (19.1%), and other non-pulmonary infection (17.7%). 27.2 and 7.9% of Cmin were subtherapeutic and toxic, respectively. In the GLM, ARDS (mean: -2.1 mg/L, CI: -3.0 to -1.2 mg/L) and pneumonia (mean: -2.2 mg/L, CI: -2.8 to -1.6 mg/L) were significant (p < 0.001) determinants of Cmin. Patients with ARDS (mean: 2.3 mg/L, 51.2% subtherapeutic, 0.0% toxic) and pneumonia (mean: 3.5 mg/L, 41.5% subtherapeutic, 7.7% toxic) had significantly (p < 0.001) lower Cmin than those with peritonitis (mean: 5.5 mg/L, 14.4% subtherapeutic, 9.3% toxic) and other non-pulmonary infection (mean: 5.2 mg/L, 3.3% subtherapeutic, 16.5% toxic). CONCLUSION Linezolid serum concentrations are reduced in patients with pulmonary infections. Future studies should investigate if other linezolid thresholds are needed in those patients due to linezolid pooling in patients´ lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zoller
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Paal
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Antonia Greimel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Kallee
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Vogeser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Irlbeck
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Ines Schroeder
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Liebchen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Scharf
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.
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11
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Zou D, Ji M, Du T, Wang Q, Zhang H, Yu H, Hou N. The application of antimicrobials in VAP patients requiring ECMO supportive treatment. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:918175. [PMID: 36210821 PMCID: PMC9538395 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.918175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dongna Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Ji
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Tingting Du
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Second People's Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Haiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Hengcai Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ning Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Ning Hou,
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12
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Lin B, Hu Y, Xu P, Xu T, Chen C, He L, Zhou M, Chen Z, Zhang C, Yu X, Fang L, Zhu J, Ji Y, Lin Q, Cao H, Dai Y, Lu X, Shi C, Li L, Wang C, Li X, Fang Q, Miao J, Zhu Z, Lin G, Zhan H, Lv S, Zhu Y, Cai X, Ying Y, Chen M, Xu Q, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Federico P, Jiang S, Dai H. Expert consensus statement on therapeutic drug monitoring and individualization of linezolid. Front Public Health 2022; 10:967311. [PMID: 36033811 PMCID: PMC9399604 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.967311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Linezolid is an oxazolidinone antibacterial drug, and its therapeutic drug monitoring and individualized treatment have been challenged since its approval. With the in-depth clinical research of linezolid, we have changed our attitude toward its therapeutic drug monitoring and our view of individualized treatment. On the basis of summarizing the existing clinical studies, and based on the practical experience of each expert in their respective professional fields, we have formed this expert consensus. Our team of specialists is a multidisciplinary team that includes pharmacotherapists, clinical pharmacology specialists, critical care medicine specialists, respiratory specialists, infectious disease specialists, emergency medicine specialists and more. We are committed to the safe and effective use of linezolid in patients in need, and the promotion of its therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Changxing People's Hospital, Changxing Branch, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Intelligent Pharmacy and Individualized Therapy of Huzhou, Huzhou, China
| | - Yangmin Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Chunyan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Le He
- Department of Pharmacy, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhangzhang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuben Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Luo Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junfeng Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanlan Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Deqing People's Hospital, Huzhou, China
| | - Qun Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Tiantai People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Hengbin Cao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, China
| | - Youqin Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Changcheng Shi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changjiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xumei Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Qiongyan Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan, China
| | - Jing Miao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengyi Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangyong Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haichao Zhan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Shiwen Lv
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Yalan Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Xinjun Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hangzhou Chest Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin Ying
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Qiong Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Putuo Hospital, Zhoushan, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yubin Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Pea Federico
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,SSD Clinical Pharmacology, Department for Integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Saiping Jiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,Saiping Jiang
| | - Haibin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Pharmacy and Individualized Therapy of Huzhou, Huzhou, China,Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Haibin Dai
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13
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Kühn D, Metz C, Seiler F, Wehrfritz H, Roth S, Alqudrah M, Becker A, Bracht H, Wagenpfeil S, Hoffmann M, Bals R, Hübner U, Geisel J, Lepper PM, Becker SL. Antibiotic therapeutic drug monitoring in intensive care patients treated with different modalities of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and renal replacement therapy: a prospective, observational single-center study. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2020; 24:664. [PMID: 33239110 PMCID: PMC7689974 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03397-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective antimicrobial treatment is key to reduce mortality associated with bacterial sepsis in patients on intensive care units (ICUs). Dose adjustments are often necessary to account for pathophysiological changes or renal replacement therapy. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is increasingly being used for the treatment of respiratory and/or cardiac failure. However, it remains unclear whether dose adjustments are necessary to avoid subtherapeutic drug levels in septic patients on ECMO support. Here, we aimed to evaluate and comparatively assess serum concentrations of continuously applied antibiotics in intensive care patients being treated with and without ECMO. METHODS Between October 2018 and December 2019, we prospectively enrolled patients on a pneumological ICU in southwest Germany who received antibiotic treatment with piperacillin/tazobactam, ceftazidime, meropenem, or linezolid. All antibiotics were applied using continuous infusion, and therapeutic drug monitoring of serum concentrations (expressed as mg/L) was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography. Target concentrations were defined as fourfold above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of susceptible bacterial isolates, according to EUCAST breakpoints. RESULTS The final cohort comprised 105 ICU patients, of whom 30 were treated with ECMO. ECMO patients were significantly younger (mean age: 47.7 vs. 61.2 years; p < 0.001), required renal replacement therapy more frequently (53.3% vs. 32.0%; p = 0.048) and had an elevated ICU mortality (60.0% vs. 22.7%; p < 0.001). Data on antibiotic serum concentrations derived from 112 measurements among ECMO and 186 measurements from non-ECMO patients showed significantly lower median serum concentrations for piperacillin (32.3 vs. 52.9; p = 0.029) and standard-dose meropenem (15.0 vs. 17.8; p = 0.020) in the ECMO group. We found high rates of insufficient antibiotic serum concentrations below the pre-specified MIC target among ECMO patients (piperacillin: 48% vs. 13% in non-ECMO; linezolid: 35% vs. 15% in non-ECMO), whereas no such difference was observed for ceftazidime and meropenem. CONCLUSIONS ECMO treatment was associated with significantly reduced serum concentrations of specific antibiotics. Future studies are needed to assess the pharmacokinetic characteristics of antibiotics in ICU patients on ECMO support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Kühn
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine V - Pneumology, Allergology and Intensive Care Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Carlos Metz
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pneumology, Allergology and Intensive Care Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frederik Seiler
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pneumology, Allergology and Intensive Care Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Holger Wehrfritz
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pneumology, Allergology and Intensive Care Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sophie Roth
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Alqudrah
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pneumology, Allergology and Intensive Care Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - André Becker
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pneumology, Allergology and Intensive Care Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bracht
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Wagenpfeil
- Department of Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Hoffmann
- Hospital Pharmacy, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Robert Bals
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pneumology, Allergology and Intensive Care Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hübner
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Geisel
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Philipp M Lepper
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pneumology, Allergology and Intensive Care Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Sören L Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
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