Neural Responses to the Implicit Processing of Emotional Facial Expressions in Binge Drinking

Effects of binge drinking and depression on cognitive-control processes during an emotional Go/No-Go task in emerging adults

INTRODUCTION

The goal of the current study was to examine differences in neurocognitive processes across groups marked by binge drinking and depression to identify patterns of cognitive and affective processing impairments.

METHODS

Undergraduate students (N = 104; 64% female) were recruited based on self-reported symptoms of depression and alcohol use. They completed an emotional Go/No-Go task while undergoing EEG. Mean amplitudes for N2 and P3 components were examined with 2 (Depressed/Non-depressed) X 2 (Binge/Non-binge drinkers) X 4 (Happy/Sad/Angry/Calm) X 3 (Left/Middle/Right) X 2 (Go/No-Go) repeated measures ANOVAs.

RESULTS

There were significant Trial Type X Valence X Depression X Binge Drinking interactions for N2 (F(3, 80) = 6.62, p < .01) and P3 (F(3, 80) = 4.65, p < .01) components. There was a significant Valence X Depression X Binge Drinking interaction for response bias (F(3, 65) = 3.11, p < .05).

LIMITATIONS

The source of our sample may be a limitation, as all participants were university students, potentially making the results less generalizable. Further, we cannot be certain that social desirability did not interfere with honest reporting of alcohol use in this population.

CONCLUSIONS

Differences in early inhibitory control were observed across emotions based on trial type among depressed non-binge drinkers, and these differences were attenuated in the presence of binge drinking. Further, the effects of depression on later inhibitory control were specific to non-binge drinkers. Results help to clarify the nature of underlying patterns of neurocognitive and affective risk processes that could be targeted by prevention and intervention programs.

[Binge drinking in the young population: Lost memory after initial ethanol exposure via neuroinflammation and epigenetic]

Binge drinking (BD) in young adults/adolescents can lead to cognitive deficits in the adult probably through neuroinflammation and epigenetic. However, the mode of action of alcohol during the initial exposure is less known while it may be the origin of the deficits seen in adults. Recent studies in adolescent rat hippocampus revealed that loss of memory occurred since the very first exposure to BD with similar mechanisms than those highlighted for longer alcohol exposure. Thus, initiation to BD in the young is responsible for cognitive deficits that will be probably entertained by repeated BD behavior. These kind of data may serve to reinforce the prevention campaigns towards the young population who practice BD.

Trajectories of brain development reveal times of risk and factors promoting resilience to alcohol use during adolescence

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is recognized as harmful for the developing brain. Numerous studies have sought environmental and genetic risk factors that predict the development of AUD, but recently identified resilience factors have emerged as protective. This chapter reviews normal processes of brain development in adolescence and emerging adulthood, delineates disturbed growth neurotrajectories related to heavy drinking, and identifies potential endogenous, experiential, and time-linked brain markers of resilience. For example, concurrent high dorsolateral prefrontal activation serving inhibitory control and low nucleus accumbens activation serving reward functions engender positive adaptation and low alcohol use. Also discussed is the role that moderating factors have in promoting risk for or resilience to AUD. Longitudinal research on the effects of all levels of alcohol drinking on the developing brain remains crucial and should be pursued in the context of resilience, which is a promising direction for identifying protective biomarkers against developing AUDs.