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Cartus AT, Lachenmeier DW, Guth S, Roth A, Baum M, Diel P, Eisenbrand G, Engeli B, Hellwig M, Humpf HU, Joost HG, Kulling SE, Lampen A, Marko D, Steinberg P, Wätjen W, Hengstler JG, Mally A. Acetaldehyde as a Food Flavoring Substance: Aspects of Risk Assessment. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200661. [PMID: 37840378 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The Senate Commission on Food Safety (SKLM) of the German Research Foundation (DFG) has reviewed the currently available data in order to assess the health risks associated with the use of acetaldehyde as a flavoring substance in foods. Acetaldehyde is genotoxic in vitro. Following oral intake of ethanol or inhalation exposure to acetaldehyde, systemic genotoxic effects of acetaldehyde in vivo cannot be ruled out (induction of DNA adducts and micronuclei). At present, the key question of whether acetaldehyde is genotoxic and mutagenic in vivo after oral exposure cannot be answered conclusively. There is also insufficient data on human exposure. Consequently, it is currently not possible to reliably assess the health risk associated with the use of acetaldehyde as a flavoring substance. However, considering the genotoxic potential of acetaldehyde as well as numerous data gaps that need to be filled to allow a comprehensive risk assessment, the SKLM considers that the use of acetaldehyde as a flavoring may pose a safety concern. For reasons of precautionary consumer protection, the SKLM recommends that the scientific base for approval of the intentional addition of acetaldehyde to foods as a flavoring substance should be reassessed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weißenburger Str. 3, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sabine Guth
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr, 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Angelika Roth
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr, 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Matthias Baum
- Solenis Germany Industries GmbH, Fütingsweg 20, 47805, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Patrick Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Engeli
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, Bern, 3003, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hellwig
- Chair of Special Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Joost
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Risk Assessment Strategies, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wim Wätjen
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystr, 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
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Ding L, Nishioka S, Obitsu T, Sugino T. Effect of ensiled total mixed rations containing sake lees on digestion, nitrogen use, and plasma metabolite concentrations in sheep. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13788. [PMID: 36460024 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Sake lees are a byproduct of Japanese rice wine and used as ruminant feed with high protein and ethanol contents. This study aimed to explore the effects of ensiled total mixed ration (TMR) containing sake lees on rumen fermentation, digestion, nitrogen (N) use, and plasma metabolites in sheep. Four mature wethers were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a factorial arrangement of ensiling treatment (non-ensiled or ensiled TMR) and types of sake lees (traditional or liquefied). Although dietary ethanol consumption was higher in sheep fed ensiled TMR, ruminal and plasma concentrations of methanol and ethanol increased after feeding in all dietary treatments, which was accompanied by the increased plasma concentrations of formate. The intake and digestion of dry matter and N were lower in sheep fed ensiled TMR than in those fed non-ensiled TMR. The plasma concentrations of most amino acids decreased in sheep fed ensiled TMR. Although plasma methionine, serine, and glycine concentrations were not altered by diet, homocysteine concentration was the highest in sheep fed ensiled TMR containing traditional sake lees. The negative impacts of ensiling treatment on N digestion and amino acid utilization should be considered for formulating ensiled TMR containing sake lees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Ding
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
- College of Grassland Science Qingdao Agricultural University Qingdao China
| | - Shinji Nishioka
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
| | - Taketo Obitsu
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
| | - Toshihisa Sugino
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
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Villalobos-García D, Ayhllon-Osorio CA, Hernández-Muñoz R. The fructose-dependent acceleration of ethanol metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 188:114498. [PMID: 33675773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to elucidate how fructose is able to increase the rate of ethanol metabolism in the liver, an observation previously termed the fructose effect. Previous studies suggest that an increase in ATP consumption driven by glucose synthesis from fructose stimulates the oxidation of NADH in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, allowing faster oxidation of ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase; however, this idea has been frequently challenged. We tested the effects of fructose, sorbose and tagatose both in vitro and in vivo. Both ethanol and each sugar were either added to isolated hepatocytes or injected intraperitoneally in the rat. In the in vitro experiments, samples were taken from the hepatocyte suspension in a time-dependent manner and deproteinized with perchloric acid. In the in vivo experiments, blood samples were taken every 15 min and the metabolites were determined in the plasma. These metabolites include ethanol, glucose, glycerol, sorbitol, lactate, fructose and sorbose. Ethanol oxidation by rat hepatocytes was increased by more than 50% with the addition of fructose. The stimulation was accompanied by increased glucose, glycerol, lactate and sorbitol production. A similar effect was observed with sorbose, while tagatose had no effect. The same pattern was observed in the in vivo experiments. This effect was abolished by inhibiting alcohol dehydrogenase with 4-methylpyrazole, whereas inhibition of the respiratory chain with cyanide did not affect the fructose effect. In conclusion, present results provide evidence that, by reducing glyceraldehyde and glycerol and fructose to sorbitol, respectively, NADH is consumed, allowing an increase in the elimination of ethanol. Hence, this effect is not linked to a stimulation of mitochondrial re-oxidation of NADH driven by ATP consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Villalobos-García
- Department of Cell Biology and Development, Institute of Cellular Physiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apdo. Postal 70-243, Coyoacán, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alberto Ayhllon-Osorio
- Department of Cell Biology and Development, Institute of Cellular Physiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apdo. Postal 70-243, Coyoacán, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rolando Hernández-Muñoz
- Department of Cell Biology and Development, Institute of Cellular Physiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apdo. Postal 70-243, Coyoacán, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
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Alwahsh SM, Xu M, Schultze FC, Wilting J, Mihm S, Raddatz D, Ramadori G. Combination of alcohol and fructose exacerbates metabolic imbalance in terms of hepatic damage, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104220. [PMID: 25101998 PMCID: PMC4125190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although both alcohol and fructose are particularly steatogenic, their long-term effect in the development of a metabolic syndrome has not been studied in vivo. Consumption of fructose generally leads to obesity, whereas ethanol can induce liver damage in the absence of overweight. Here, Sprague-Dawley rats were fed ad libitum for 28 days on five diets: chow (control), liquid Lieber-DeCarli (LDC) diet, LDC +30%J of ethanol (L-Et) or fructose (L-Fr), and LDC combined with 30%J ethanol and 30%J fructose (L-EF). Body weight (BW) and liver weight (LW) were measured. Blood and liver samples were harvested and subjected to biochemical tests, histopathological examinations, and RT-PCR. Alcohol-containing diets substantially reduced the food intake and BW (≤3rd week), whereas fructose-fed animals had higher LW than controls (P<0.05). Additionally, leukocytes, plasma AST and leptin levels were the highest in the fructose-administered rats. Compared to the chow and LDC diets, the L-EF diet significantly elevated blood glucose, insulin, and total-cholesterol levels (also vs. the L-Et group). The albumin and Quick-test levels were the lowest, whereas ALT activity was the highest in the L-EF group. Moreover, the L-EF diet aggravated plasma triglyceride and reduced HDL-cholesterol levels more than 2.7-fold compared to the sum of the effects of the L-Et and L-Fr diets. The decreased hepatic insulin clearance in the L-EF group vs. control and LDC groups was reflected by a significantly decreased C-peptide:insulin ratio. All diets except the control caused hepatosteatosis, as evidenced by Nile red and H&E staining. Hepatic transcription of insulin receptor substrate-1/2 was mainly suppressed by the L-Fr and L-EF diets. The L-EF diet did not enhance the mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids (Cpt1α and Ppar-α expressions) compared to the L-Et or L-Fr diet. Together, our data provide evidence for the coaction of ethanol and fructose with a high-fat-diet on dyslipidemia and insulin resistance-accompanied liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salamah Mohammad Alwahsh
- Department Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Min Xu
- Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Frank Christian Schultze
- Department Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Wilting
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Mihm
- Department Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Raddatz
- Department Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Giuliano Ramadori
- Department Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Evidence-based survey of the elimination rates of ethanol from blood with applications in forensic casework. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 200:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Portari GV, Marchini JS, Vannucchi H, Jordao AA. Antioxidant effect of thiamine on acutely alcoholized rats and lack of efficacy using thiamine or glucose to reduce blood alcohol content. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 103:482-6. [PMID: 18715237 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although there is no consensus about the use of glucose and thiamine for the treatment of acute ethanol intoxication, this is a routine practice in many countries. Our objective was to determine the efficacy of this treatment and the changes it causes in the antioxidant status of the liver. Male Wistar rats were intoxicated with an ethanol dose of 5 g/kg and divided into three groups: ethanol (EtOH; untreated), EtOH+G (treated with glucose), and EtOH+B1 (treated with thiamine). Blood and urinary ethanol as well as hepatic malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione and vitamin E were determined in all animals. Blood alcohol levels did not differ between groups, although urinary excretion was about four times higher in the group treated with thiamine (EtOH+B1). The malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione and vitamin E values used here as parameters of the antioxidant system of the liver showed improvement for the thiamine-treated group (EtOH+B1). Treatment with glucose or thiamine was ineffective in reducing blood alcohol levels in rats with acute ethanol intoxication. However, the beneficial effect of thiamine as an antioxidant for ethanol metabolism was demonstrated. Further investigations are necessary to clarify the urinary excretion of ethanol reported here for the first time and the possibility of using thiamine as an antioxidant in situations of chronic alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme V Portari
- Nutrition and Metabolism Course, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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Sánchez F, Kotler BP, Korine C, Pinshow B. Sugars are complementary resources to ethanol in foods consumed by Egyptian fruit bats. J Exp Biol 2008; 211:1475-81. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.013268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYFood resources are complementary for a forager if their contribution to fitness is higher when consumed together than when consumed independently,e.g. ingesting one may reduce the toxic effects of another. The concentration of potentially toxic ethanol, [EtOH], in fleshy fruit increases during ripening and affects food choices by Egyptian fruit bats, becoming deterrent at high concentrations (⩾1%). However, ethanol toxicity is apparently reduced when ingested along with some sugars; more with fructose than with sucrose or glucose. We predicted (1) that ingested ethanol is eliminated faster by bats eating fructose than by bats eating sucrose or glucose, (2)that the marginal value of fructose-containing food (food+fructose) increases with increasing [EtOH] more than the marginal value of sucrose- or glucose-containing food (food+sucrose, food+glucose), and (3) that by increasing [EtOH] the marginal value of food+sucose is incremented more than that of food+glucose. Ethanol in bat breath declined faster after they ate fructose than after eating sucrose or glucose. When food [EtOH] increased, the marginal value of food+fructose increased relative to food+glucose. However,the marginal value of food+sucrose increased with increasing [EtOH] more than food+fructose or food+glucose. Although fructose enhanced the rate at which ethanol declined in Egyptian fruit bat breath more than the other sugars, the bats treated both fructose and sucrose as complementary to ethanol. This suggests that in the wild, the amount of ethanol-containing fruit consumed or rejected by Egyptian fruit bats may be related to the fruit's own sugar content and composition, and/or the near-by availability of other sucrose- and fructose-containing fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sánchez
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84990 Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Burt P. Kotler
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84990 Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Carmi Korine
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84990 Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Berry Pinshow
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84990 Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
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Abstract
A 59-year-old man undergoing weight loss with very low calorie diets (VLCD) attempted to drive a car, which was fitted with an alcohol ignition interlock device, but the vehicle failed to start. Because the man was a teetotaller, he was surprised and upset by this result. VLCD treatment leads to ketonemia with high concentrations of acetone, acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate in the blood. The interlock device determines alcohol (ethanol) in breath by electrochemical oxidation, but acetone does not undergo oxidation with this detector. However, under certain circumstances acetone is reduced in the body to isopropanol by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). The ignition interlock device responds to other alcohols (e.g. methanol, n-propanol and isopropanol), which therefore explains the false-positive result. This 'side effect' of ketogenic diets needs further discussion by authorities when people engaged in safety-sensitive work (e.g. bus drivers and airline pilots) submit to random breath-alcohol tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Jones
- Department of Forensic Chemistry, National Board of Forensic Medicine and University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
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