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Ranpara A, LeBouf RF, Nurkiewicz TR, Yi J, Cumpston JL, Stefaniak AB. Multi-instrument assessment of fine and ultrafine titanium dioxide aerosols. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2023; 86:1-22. [PMID: 36444639 PMCID: PMC10663951 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2022.2150730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of fine (diameter: 100 nanometers-2.5 micrometers) and ultrafine (UF: < 100 nanometers) titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles is instrument dependent. Differences in measurements exist between toxicological and field investigations for the same exposure metric such as mass, number, or surface area because of variations in instruments used, operating parameters, or particle-size measurement ranges. Without appropriate comparison, instrument measurements create a disconnect between toxicological and field investigations for a given exposure metric. Our objective was to compare a variety of instruments including multiple metrics including mass, number, and surface area (SA) concentrations for assessing different concentrations of separately aerosolized fine and UF TiO2 particles. The instruments studied were (1) DustTrak™ DRX, (2) personal DataRAMs™ (PDR), (3) GRIMMTM, and (4) diffusion charger (DC). Two devices of each field-study instrument (DRX, PDR, GRIMM, and DC) were used to measure various metrics while adjusting for gravimetric mass concentrations of fine and UF TiO2 particles in controlled chamber tests. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to apportion the variance to inter-instrument (between different instrument-types), inter-device (within instrument), and intra-device components. Performance of each instrument-device was calculated using root mean squared error compared to reference methods: close-faced cassette and gravimetric analysis for mass and scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) real-time monitoring for number and SA concentrations. Generally, inter-instrument variability accounted for the greatest (62.6% or more) source of variance for mass, and SA-based concentrations of fine and UF TiO2 particles. However, higher intra-device variability (53.7%) was observed for number concentrations measurements with fine particles compared to inter-instrument variability (40.8%). Inter-device variance range(0.5-5.5%) was similar for all exposure metrics. DRX performed better in measuring mass closer to gravimetric than PDRs for fine and UF TiO2. Number concentrations measured by GRIMMs and SA measurements by DCs were considerably (40.8-86.9%) different from the reference (SMPS) method for comparable size ranges of fine and UF TiO2. This information may serve to aid in interpreting assessments in risk models, epidemiologic studies, and development of occupational exposure limits, relating to health effect endpoints identified in toxicological studies considering similar instruments evaluated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Ranpara
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ryan F. LeBouf
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Timothy R. Nurkiewicz
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jinghai Yi
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jared L. Cumpston
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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On the Role of Atmospheric Weathering on Paint Dust Aerosol Generated by Mechanical Abrasion of TiO 2 Containing Paints. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031265. [PMID: 35162289 PMCID: PMC8834889 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the introduction and use of new nanomaterials in construction has increased at a rapid rate. Exterior surface paints have been a product that have had these nanomaterials added to them. In this study, the effects of natural weathering and exposure to atmospheric agents was examined to determine the detrimental effects on outdoor paint that has been created with nanomaterials. Data collected over the course of the yearlong study indicate that the nanoparticles of the titanium dioxide were eliminated rapidly. Further testing indicated that various elements of weathering were affecting the physical integrity of the paint. The weathering agents that appeared to have the greatest effect on the samples were acid deposition and total precipitation. There was a strong association between carbon monoxide and the effects on the panels. These results can lead to new plans for assessments involving the synergistic effects of all weathering agents.
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Singh D, Marrocco A, Wohlleben W, Park HR, Diwadkar AR, Himes BE, Lu Q, Christiani DC, Demokritou P. Release of particulate matter from nano-enabled building materials (NEBMs) across their lifecycle: Potential occupational health and safety implications. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 422:126771. [PMID: 34391975 PMCID: PMC8595827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates potential nanomaterial releases and occupational health risks across the lifecycle of nano-enabled building materials (NEBMs), namely, insulations and coatings. We utilized real-world degradation scenarios of a) sanding (mechanical), b) incineration (thermal), and c) accelerated UV-aging (environmental) followed by incineration. Extensive physicochemical characterization of the released lifecycle particulate matter (LCPM) was performed. The LCPM2.5 aerosol size fraction was used to assess the acute biological, cytotoxic and inflammatory effects on Calu-3 human lung epithelial cells. RNA-Seq analysis of exposed cells was performed to assess potential for systemic disease. Findings indicated that release dynamics and characteristics of LCPM depended on both the NEBM composition and the degradation scenario(s). Incineration emitted a much higher nanoparticle number concentration than sanding (nearly 4 orders of magnitude), which did not change with prior UV-aging. Released nanofillers during sanding were largely part of the matrix fragments, whereas those during incineration were likely physicochemically transformed. The LCPM from incineration showed higher bioactivity and inflammogenicity compared to sanding or sequential UV-aging and incineration, and more so when metallic nanofillers were present (such as Fe2O3). Overall, the study highlights the need for considering real-world exposure and toxicological data across the NEBM lifecycle to perform adequate risk assessments and to ensure workplace health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilpreet Singh
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Antonella Marrocco
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Hae-Ryung Park
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Avantika R Diwadkar
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Blanca E Himes
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Quan Lu
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David C Christiani
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Bossa N, Sipe JM, Berger W, Scott K, Kennedy A, Thomas T, Hendren CO, Wiesner MR. Quantifying Mechanical Abrasion of MWCNT Nanocomposites Used in 3D Printing: Influence of CNT Content on Abrasion Products and Rate of Microplastic Production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10332-10342. [PMID: 34264058 PMCID: PMC10084403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) are incorporated as "nanofillers" into consumer products to enhance properties of interest. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are known for their unique properties and have many applications in polymers. However, the release of MWCNTs during the nanoenabled product life cycle is concerning. During the use phase, mechanical stresses can produce fragmented materials containing MNMs. The degree of MNM release, the resulting exposure to these materials, and the potential impacts of their release are active research topics. In this study, we describe methodological improvements to study the abrasion of plastics containing MNMs (nanocomposites) and report on characteristics of abrasion products produced and rates of microplastic production. The abrasion device developed for this work allows for the measurement of power inputs to determine scaled release rates. Abrasion rates for plastics used in 3D printing were found to be 0.27 g/m2/s for the PETG polymer and 0.3 g/m2/s for the 2% MWCNT-PETG nanocomposite. Embedded and protuberant MWCNTs appeared to impact the particle size, shape, hydrophobicity, and surface charge of the microplastics, while the inclusion of MWCNTs had a small effect on microplastic production. Measurements of power input to the abrasion process provided a basis for estimating microplastic production rates for these nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Bossa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Human & Environmental Health &Safety Group Materials Safety Unit, Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació, 2, 08225, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Joana Marie Sipe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - William Berger
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Keana Scott
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, MS-8372 Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Alan Kennedy
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd. Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Treye Thomas
- United States Consumer Product Safety Commission, 4330 East-West Highway, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Christine Ogilvie Hendren
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Appalachian State University, 287 Rivers St, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Mark R. Wiesner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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Hadrup N, Bengtson S, Jacobsen NR, Jackson P, Nocun M, Saber AT, Jensen KA, Wallin H, Vogel U. Influence of dispersion medium on nanomaterial-induced pulmonary inflammation and DNA strand breaks: investigation of carbon black, carbon nanotubes and three titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Mutagenesis 2018; 32:581-597. [PMID: 29301028 PMCID: PMC5907907 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gex042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intratracheal instillation serves as a model for inhalation exposure. However, for this, materials are dispersed in appropriate media that may influence toxicity. We tested whether different intratracheal instillation dispersion media influence the pulmonary toxicity of different nanomaterials. Rodents were intratracheally instilled with 162 µg/mouse/1620 µg/rat carbon black (CB), 67 µg/mouse titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2) or 54 µg/mouse carbon nanotubes (CNT). The dispersion media were as follows: water (CB, TiO2); 2% serum in water (CB, CNT, TiO2); 0.05% serum albumin in water (CB, CNT, TiO2); 10% bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in 0.9% NaCl (CB), 10% bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in water (CB) or 0.1% Tween-80 in water (CB). Inflammation was measured as pulmonary influx of neutrophils into bronchoalveolar fluid, and DNA damage as DNA strand breaks in BAL cells by comet assay. Inflammation was observed for all nanomaterials (except 38-nm TiO2) in all dispersion media. For CB, inflammation was dispersion medium dependent. Increased levels of DNA strand breaks for CB were observed only in water, 2% serum and 10% BAL fluid in 0.9% NaCl. No dispersion medium-dependent effects on genotoxicity were observed for TiO2, whereas CNT in 2% serum induced higher DNA strand break levels than in 0.05% serum albumin. In conclusion, the dispersion medium was a determinant of CB-induced inflammation and genotoxicity. Water seemed to be the best dispersion medium to mimic CB inhalation, exhibiting DNA strand breaks with only limited inflammation. The influence of dispersion media on nanomaterial toxicity should be considered in the planning of intratracheal investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hadrup
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, DK Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefan Bengtson
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, DK Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicklas R Jacobsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, DK Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Petra Jackson
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, DK Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marek Nocun
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anne T Saber
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, DK Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Keld A Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, DK Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Håkan Wallin
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, DK Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biological and Chemical Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Gydas vei, Majorstuen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, DK Copenhagen, Denmark
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Deep Airway Inflammation and Respiratory Disorders in Nanocomposite Workers. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8090731. [PMID: 30223600 PMCID: PMC6164906 DOI: 10.3390/nano8090731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of researchers and workers worldwide are employed in nanocomposites manufacturing, yet little is known about their respiratory health. Aerosol exposures were characterized using real time and integrated instruments. Aerosol mass concentration ranged from 0.120 mg/m3 to 1.840 mg/m3 during nanocomposite machining processes; median particle number concentration ranged from 4.8 × 104 to 5.4 × 105 particles/cm3. The proportion of nanoparticles varied by process from 40 to 95%. Twenty employees, working in nanocomposite materials research were examined pre-shift and post-shift using spirometry and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in parallel with 21 controls. Pro-inflammatory leukotrienes (LT) type B4, C4, D4, and E4; tumor necrosis factor (TNF); interleukins; and anti-inflammatory lipoxins (LXA4 and LXB4) were analyzed in their exhaled breath condensate (EBC). Chronic bronchitis was present in 20% of researchers, but not in controls. A significant decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) was found in researchers post-shift (p ˂ 0.05). Post-shift EBC samples were higher for TNF (p ˂ 0.001), LTB4 (p ˂ 0.001), and LTE4 (p ˂ 0.01) compared with controls. Nanocomposites production was associated with LTB4 (p ˂ 0.001), LTE4 (p ˂ 0.05), and TNF (p ˂ 0.001), in addition to pre-shift LTD4 and LXB4 (both p ˂ 0.05). Spirometry documented minor, but significant, post-shift lung impairment. TNF and LTB4 were the most robust markers of biological effects. Proper ventilation and respiratory protection are required during nanocomposites processing.
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Nored AW, Chalbot MCG, Kavouras IG. Characterization of paint dust aerosol generated from mechanical abrasion of TiO 2-containing paints. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2018; 15:629-640. [PMID: 29856686 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2018.1484126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine the potential for release of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in paint dust. The coatings aerosol resuspension system was developed and used for testing the generation and physical, chemical, and morphological properties of paint dust particles from mechanical abrasion (i.e., sanding) of coated wood surfaces. The paint dust emissions from bare and coated wood surfaces with multiple coatings using variable sandpaper grits were evaluated. Substantially higher particle number concentrations were measured for paint dust containing particles in the nano range (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 100 nm) than those measured for wood dust. The variability of particle number concentration and size distribution of paint dust derived under different conditions indicated that considerable quantities of nanoparticles might be released from mechanical abrasion of painted surfaces that may induce unhealthy exposure conditions. Moreover, spectroscopic and microscopic analysis identified the presence of paint and wood components in paint dust, including titanium dioxide agglomerates that were originally embedded in the paint. The agglomerates were mostly attached to particles with sizes <100 nm, enabling them to potentially penetrate into the lower respiratory tract. These results demonstrated that the paint dust exposure generation system can provide qualitative and quantitative information on particle emissions and the abundance of nanoparticles from paint sanding in realistic conditions and they may be used to assess occupational and environmental exposures and risks. Furthermore, the prevalence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in paint dust highlights the potential for exposures of painters and other occupational groups to hazardous paint dust and the need for protective devices and strategies aiming to reduce exposures to nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Nored
- a Interdisciplinary Engineering Program , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama
| | | | - Ilias G Kavouras
- c Department of Environmental, Occupational and Geospatial Health Sciences , City University of New York , New York , New York
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Amorim MJB, Lin S, Schlich K, Navas JM, Brunelli A, Neubauer N, Vilsmeier K, Costa AL, Gondikas A, Xia T, Galbis L, Badetti E, Marcomini A, Hristozov D, Kammer FVD, Hund-Rinke K, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Nel A, Wohlleben W. Environmental Impacts by Fragments Released from Nanoenabled Products: A Multiassay, Multimaterial Exploration by the SUN Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:1514-1524. [PMID: 29376638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoenabled products (NEPs) have numerous outdoor uses in construction, transportation or consumer scenarios, and there is evidence that their fragments are released in the environment at low rates. We hypothesized that the lower surface availability of NEPs fragment reduced their environmental effects with respect to pristine nanomaterials. This hypothesis was explored by testing fragments generated by intentional micronisation ("the SUN approach"; Nowack et al. Meeting the Needs for Released Nanomaterials Required for Further Testing: The SUN Approach. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016 (50), 2747). The NEPs were composed of four matrices (epoxy, polyolefin, polyoxymethylene, and cement) with up to 5% content of three nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, iron oxide, and organic pigment). Regardless of the type of nanomaterial or matrix used, it was observed that nanomaterials were only partially exposed at the NEP fragment surface, indicating that mostly the intrinsic and extrinsic properties of the matrix drove the NEP fragment toxicity. Ecotoxicity in multiple assays was done covering relevant media from terrestrial to aquatic, including sewage treatment plant (biological activity), soil worms (Enchytraeus crypticus), and fish (zebrafish embryo and larvae and trout cell lines). We designed the studies to explore the possible modulation of ecotoxicity by nanomaterial additives in plastics/polymer/cement, finding none. The results support NEPs grouping by the matrix material regarding ecotoxicological effect during the use phase. Furthermore, control results on nanomaterial-free polymer fragments representing microplastic had no significant adverse effects up to the highest concentration tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro , 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sijie Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University , Shanghai 200092, China
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Karsten Schlich
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology , Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - José M Navas
- Department of Environment, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) , Centra De la Coruña Km 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Brunelli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), University Ca' Foscari of Venice , Via Torino 155, 30170 Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - Nicole Neubauer
- Department of Material Physics, BASF SE , Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Klaus Vilsmeier
- Department of Material Physics, BASF SE , Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Anna L Costa
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (CNR-ISTEC) , Via Granarolo, 64, I-48018 Faenza, Italy
| | - Andreas Gondikas
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna , 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tian Xia
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Liliana Galbis
- Department of Environment, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) , Centra De la Coruña Km 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Badetti
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), University Ca' Foscari of Venice , Via Torino 155, 30170 Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - Antonio Marcomini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), University Ca' Foscari of Venice , Via Torino 155, 30170 Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - Danail Hristozov
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), University Ca' Foscari of Venice , Via Torino 155, 30170 Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - Frank von der Kammer
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna , 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin Hund-Rinke
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology , Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | | | - André Nel
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Department of Material Physics, BASF SE , Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE , D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Cooper MR, West GH, Burrelli LG, Dresser D, Griffin KN, Segrave AM, Perrenoud J, Lippy BE. Inhalation exposure during spray application and subsequent sanding of a wood sealant containing zinc oxide nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2017; 14:510-522. [PMID: 28406371 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2017.1296237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nano-enabled construction products have entered into commerce. There are concerns about the safety of manufactured nanomaterials, and exposure assessments are needed for a more complete understanding of risk. This study assessed potential inhalation exposure to ZnO nanoparticles during spray application and power sanding of a commercially available wood sealant and evaluated the effectiveness of local exhaust ventilation in reducing exposure. A tradesperson performed the spraying and sanding inside an environmentally-controlled chamber. Dust control methods during sanding were compared. Filter-based sampling, electron microscopy, and real-time particle counters provided measures of exposure. Airborne nanoparticles above background levels were detected by particle counters for all exposure scenarios. Nanoparticle number concentrations and particle size distributions were similar for sanding of treated versus untreated wood. Very few unbound nanoparticles were detected in aerosol samples via electron microscopy, rather nano-sized ZnO was contained within, or on the surface of larger airborne particles. Whether the presence of nanoscale ZnO in these aerosols affects toxicity merits further investigation. Mass-based exposure measurements were below the NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit for Zn, although there are no established exposure limits for nanoscale ZnO. Local exhaust ventilation was effective, reducing airborne nanoparticle number concentrations by up to 92% and reducing personal exposure to total dust by at least 80% in terms of mass. Given the discrepancies between the particle count data and electron microscopy observations, the chemical identity of the airborne nanoparticles detected by the particle counters remains uncertain. Prior studies attributed the main source of nanoparticle emissions during sanding to copper nanoparticles generated from electric sander motors. Potentially contrary results are presented suggesting the sander motor may not have been the primary source of nanoparticle emissions in this study. Further research is needed to understand potential risks faced by construction workers exposed to mixed aerosols containing manufactured nanomaterials. Until these risks are better understood, this study demonstrates that engineering controls can reduce exposure to manufactured nanomaterials; doing so may be prudent for protecting worker health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Cooper
- a The Center for Construction Research and Training (CPWR) , Silver Spring , Maryland
| | - Gavin H West
- a The Center for Construction Research and Training (CPWR) , Silver Spring , Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Alan M Segrave
- c Bureau Veritas North America, Inc. , Kennesaw , Georgia
| | - Jon Perrenoud
- c Bureau Veritas North America, Inc. , Kennesaw , Georgia
| | - Bruce E Lippy
- a The Center for Construction Research and Training (CPWR) , Silver Spring , Maryland
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Saber AT, Mortensen A, Szarek J, Koponen IK, Levin M, Jacobsen NR, Pozzebon ME, Mucelli SP, Rickerby DG, Kling K, Atluri R, Madsen AM, Jackson P, Kyjovska ZO, Vogel U, Jensen KA, Wallin H. Epoxy composite dusts with and without carbon nanotubes cause similar pulmonary responses, but differences in liver histology in mice following pulmonary deposition. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:37. [PMID: 27357593 PMCID: PMC4928277 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The toxicity of dusts from mechanical abrasion of multi-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) epoxy nanocomposites is unknown. We compared the toxic effects of dusts generated by sanding of epoxy composites with and without CNT. The used CNT type was included for comparison. Methods Mice received a single intratracheal instillation of 18, 54 and 162 μg of CNT or 54, 162 and 486 μg of the sanding dust from epoxy composite with and without CNT. DNA damage in lung and liver, lung inflammation and liver histology were evaluated 1, 3 and 28 days after intratracheal instillation. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of interleukin 6 and heme oxygenase 1 was measured in the lungs and serum amyloid A1 in the liver. Printex 90 carbon black was included as a reference particle. Results Pulmonary exposure to CNT and all dusts obtained by sanding epoxy composite boards resulted in recruitment of inflammatory cells into lung lumen: On day 1 after instillation these cells were primarily neutrophils but on day 3, eosinophils contributed significantly to the cell population. There were still increased numbers of neutrophils 28 days after intratracheal instillation of the highest dose of the epoxy dusts. Both CNT and epoxy dusts induced DNA damage in lung tissue up to 3 days after intratracheal instillation but not in liver tissue. There was no additive effect of adding CNT to epoxy resins for any of the pulmonary endpoints. In livers of mice instilled with CNT and epoxy dust with CNTs inflammatory and necrotic histological changes were observed, however, not in mice instilled with epoxy dust without CNT. Conclusions Pulmonary deposition of epoxy dusts with and without CNT induced inflammation and DNA damage in lung tissue. There was no additive effect of adding CNT to epoxies for any of the pulmonary endpoints. However, hepatic inflammatory and necrotic histopathological changes were seen in mice instilled with sanding dust from CNT-containing epoxy but not in mice instilled with reference epoxy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0148-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Thoustrup Saber
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Alicja Mortensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Józef Szarek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ismo Kalevi Koponen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Marcus Levin
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Nicklas Raun Jacobsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Maria Elena Pozzebon
- Veneto Nanotech SCpA, ECSIN - European Centre for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, I-45100, Rovigo, Italy
| | - Stefano Pozzi Mucelli
- Veneto Nanotech SCpA, ECSIN - European Centre for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, I-45100, Rovigo, Italy.,Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - David George Rickerby
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, I-21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Kirsten Kling
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Rambabu Atluri
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Nanologica AB, SE-114 28, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne Mette Madsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Petra Jackson
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Zdenka Orabi Kyjovska
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Keld Alstrup Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Håkan Wallin
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark
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11
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Ham S, Kim S, Lee N, Kim P, Eom I, Lee B, Tsai PJ, Lee K, Yoon C. Comparison of data analysis procedures for real-time nanoparticle sampling data using classical regression and ARIMA models. J Appl Stat 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/02664763.2016.1182132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seunghon Ham
- Department of Environmental Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunju Kim
- Department of Environmental Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Naroo Lee
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilje Kim
- Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Igchun Eom
- Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungcheun Lee
- Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Perng-Jy Tsai
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kiyoung Lee
- Department of Environmental Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungsik Yoon
- Department of Environmental Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Mackevica A, Foss Hansen S. Release of nanomaterials from solid nanocomposites and consumer exposure assessment - a forward-looking review. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:641-53. [PMID: 26667577 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2015.1132346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The European chemical legislation requires manufacturers and importers of chemicals to do consumer exposure assessment when the chemical has certain hazards associated to it (e.g. explosive, carcinogenicity, and hazardous to the aquatic environment), but the question is how this obligation can be met in light of the scientific uncertainty and technical challenges related to exposure assessment of nanomaterials. In this paper, we investigate to what extent the information and data in the literature can be used to perform consumer exposure assessment according to the REACH requirements and we identify and discuss the key data needs and provide recommendations for consumer exposure assessment of nanomaterials. In total, we identified 76 studies of relevance. Most studies have analyzed the release of Ag and TiO2 from textiles and paints, and CNT and SiO2 from nanocomposites. Less than half of the studies report their findings in a format that can be used for exposure assessment under REACH, and most do not include characterization of the released particles. Although inhalation, dermal, and oral exposures can be derived using the guidelines on how to complete consumer exposure assessments under REACH, it is clear that the equations are not developed to take the unique properties of nanomaterials into consideration. Future research is therefore needed on developing more generalized methods for representing nanomaterial release from different product groups at relevant environmental conditions. This includes improving the analytical methods for determining nanomaterial alteration and transformation, as well as quantification, which could subsequently lead to more nano-specific consumer exposure assessment models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiga Mackevica
- a Department of Environmental Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Steffen Foss Hansen
- a Department of Environmental Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby , Denmark
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13
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Riebeling C, Luch A, Götz ME. Comparative modeling of exposure to airborne nanoparticles released by consumer spray products. Nanotoxicology 2015; 10:343-51. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2015.1071446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Riebeling
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Enrico Götz
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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14
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Halappanavar S, Saber AT, Decan N, Jensen KA, Wu D, Jacobsen NR, Guo C, Rogowski J, Koponen IK, Levin M, Madsen AM, Atluri R, Snitka V, Birkedal RK, Rickerby D, Williams A, Wallin H, Yauk CL, Vogel U. Transcriptional profiling identifies physicochemical properties of nanomaterials that are determinants of the in vivo pulmonary response. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2015; 56:245-64. [PMID: 25504612 DOI: 10.1002/em.21936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We applied transcriptional profiling to elucidate the mechanisms associated with pulmonary responses to titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) nanoparticles (NPs) of different sizes and surface coatings, and to determine if these responses are modified by NP size, surface area, surface modification, and embedding in paint matrices. Adult C57BL/6 mice were exposed via single intratracheal instillations to free forms of TiO2 NPs (10, 20.6, or 38 nm in diameter) with different surface coatings, or TiO2 NPs embedded in paint matrices. Controls were exposed to dispersion medium devoid of NPs. TiO2 NPs were characterized for size, surface area, chemical impurities, and agglomeration state in the exposure medium. Pulmonary transcriptional profiles were generated using microarrays from tissues collected one and 28 d postexposure. Property-specific pathway effects were identified. Pulmonary protein levels of specific inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were confirmed by ELISA. The data were collapsed to 659 differentially expressed genes (P ≤ 0.05; fold change ≥ 1.5). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of these genes revealed that TiO2 NPs clustered mainly by postexposure timepoint followed by particle type. A pathway-based meta-analysis showed that the combination of smaller size, large deposited surface area, and surface amidation contributes to TiO2 NP gene expression response. Embedding of TiO2 NP in paint dampens the overall transcriptional effects. The magnitude of the expression changes associated with pulmonary inflammation differed across all particles; however, the underlying pathway perturbations leading to inflammation were similar, suggesting a generalized mechanism-of-action for all TiO2 NPs. Thus, transcriptional profiling is an effective tool to determine the property-specific biological/toxicity responses induced by nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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