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Renu K, Mukherjee AG, Gopalakrishnan AV, Wanjari UR, Kannampuzha S, Murali R, Veeraraghavan VP, Vinayagam S, Paz-Montelongo S, George A, Vellingiri B, Madhyastha H. Protective effects of macromolecular polyphenols, metals (zinc, selenium, and copper) - Polyphenol complexes, and different organs with an emphasis on arsenic poisoning: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126715. [PMID: 37673136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
For the potential health benefits and nutritional value, polyphenols are one of the secondary metabolites of plants that have received extensive research. It has anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity-reducing properties in addition to a high antioxidant content. Macromolecular polyphenols and polysaccharides are biologically active natural polymers with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Arsenic is an ecologically toxic metalloid. Arsenic in drinking water is the most common way people come into contact with this metalloid. While arsenic is known to cause cancer, it is also used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). The treatment's effectiveness is hampered by the adverse effects it can cause on the body. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and the inability to regulate cell death cause the most adverse effects. Polyphenols and other macromolecules like polysaccharides act as neuroprotectants by mitigating free radical damage, inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production, lowering A42 fibril formation, boosting antioxidant levels, and controlling apoptosis and inflammation. To prevent the harmful effects of toxins, polyphenols and pectin lower oxidative stress, boost antioxidant levels, improve mitochondrial function, control apoptosis, and suppress inflammation. Therefore, it prevents damage to the heart, liver, kidneys, and reproductive system. This review aims to identify the effects of the polyphenols in conjugation with polysaccharides as an ameliorative strategy for arsenic-induced toxicity in various organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaviyarasi Renu
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
| | - Sandra Kannampuzha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
| | - Reshma Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sathishkumar Vinayagam
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Centre for Postgraduate and Research Studies, Dharmapuri 635205, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Soraya Paz-Montelongo
- Area de Toxicologia, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain; Grupo interuniversitario de Toxicología Alimentaria y Ambiental, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain.
| | - Alex George
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India.
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India.
| | - Harishkumar Madhyastha
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889 1692, Japan.
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Challenging Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: What Animal Models Tell us So Far. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:1533-1540. [PMID: 35000751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas are characterized by heterogeneity of clinical variants, further complicated by genomic and microenvironmental variables. Furthermore, in vitro experiments are hampered by the low culture efficiency of these malignant cells. Animal models are essential for understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying malignancy and for discovering new anticancer treatments. They are divided into two main categories: those in which tumors arise in the host owing to genetic modifications and those that use tumor cell transplantation. In this review, we summarize the attempts to decipher the complexity of the pathogenesis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma by exploiting genetically modified and xenograft models.
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Hasanzadeh F, Ghafouri H, Ahmadi S, Zarei S, Aghamaali MR, Mohammadi A. Inhibition of NF-кB Expression in LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Macrophage Cells by a Thiazolidinone Derivative (TZDOCH 2CH 3). AVICENNA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.34172/ajmb.2021.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, various derivatives of thiazolidinone in a variety of cell lines have been investigated. The present study aimed to evaluate the toxicity and inhibitory effects of a thiazolidinone derivative called 5-(2,4-bis-4-ethoxy-phenyl azo)-3-hydroxy-benzylidine)-2,4-thiazolidinone (TZD-OCH2CH3) on the expression of NF-кB in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cell lines. Different concentrations of the MTT assay(0-120 μg/mL) were performed to estimate the biological rate of the cells. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of TZD-OCH2CH3-treated RAW264.7 cells was found to be 115 μg/mL. To determine the inhibitory effect of the synthesized compound on the expression changes of NF-кB, the RAW264.7cells were initially induced with LPS and then treated by 15, 30 and 60 μg/mL of TZD-OCH2CH3. Realtime PCR results confirmed a strong inhibitory effect of TZD-OCH2CH3 on the expression of NF-кB inLPS-induced RAW264.7 cells (IC50 = 48 μg/mL). Overall, these findings suggested that the derivative TZDOCH2CH3 had a significant anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Hasanzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Guilan, University Campus 2, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghafouri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Marine Sciences, The Caspian Sea Basin Research Center, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Salman Ahmadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Sevda Zarei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Asadollah Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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Medda N, De SK, Maiti S. Different mechanisms of arsenic related signaling in cellular proliferation, apoptosis and neo-plastic transformation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111752. [PMID: 33396077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a toxic heavy metal vastly dispersed all over the earth crust. It manifests several major adverse health issues to millions of arsenic exposed populations. Arsenic is associated with different types of cancer, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, hypertension and many other diseases. On the contrary, arsenic (arsenic trioxide, As2O3) is used as a chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Balance between arsenic induced cellular proliferations and apoptosis finally decide the outcome of its transformation rate. Arsenic propagates signals via cellular and nuclear pathways depending upon the chemical nature, and metabolic-fates of the arsenical compounds. Arsenic toxicity is propagated via ROS induced stress to DNA-repair mechanism and mitochondrial stability in the cell. ROS induced alteration in p53 regulation and some mitogen/ oncogenic functions determine the transformation outcome influencing cyclin-cdk complexes. Growth factor regulator proteins such as c-Jun, c-fos and c-myc are influenced by chronic arsenic exposure. In this review we have delineated arsenic induced ROS regulations of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), NF-ĸβ, MAP kinase, matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs). The role of these signaling molecules has been discussed in relation to cellular apoptosis, cellular proliferation and neoplastic transformation. The arsenic stimulated pathways which help in proliferation and neoplastic transformation ultimately resulted in cancer manifestation whereas apoptotic pathways inhibited carcinogenesis. Therapeutic strategies against arsenic should be designed taking into account all these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Medda
- Center for Life Sciences, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721102, West Bengal, India; Post Graduate Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Cell and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Midnapore-721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Subrata Kumar De
- Professor, Dept. of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721102, West Bengal, India; (on lien) Vice Chancellor, Mahatma Gandhi University, Purba Medinipur, 721628, West Bengal, India.
| | - Smarajit Maiti
- Post Graduate Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Cell and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Midnapore-721102, West Bengal, India.
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Li Y, Wang X, Li Y, Ma R, Zhao Z, Ren J, Men J. Early changes in gene expression of the entire pathological process in Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:17472-17480. [PMID: 31106473 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to explore the time-course relating to the pathological progression of Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and to identify the early changes in gene expression. The raw microarray data of CTCL was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and a weighted gene coexpression network analysis was performed. A total of 2183 genes that positively correlated with the time course of CTCL development were identified in as part of the turquoise module as well as 1096 genes negatively correlated with the time course of CTCL development, which was identified in the blue module. To better understand the effects of these genes on prognosis, we further performed the Spearman correlation analysis, univariate Cox regression analysis, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. We identified 10 differentially expressed genes whose expression was significantly associated with prognosis in patients with CTCL. Our findings can help our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of CTCL as well as the development of novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Precision Medicine Center, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Precision Medicine Center, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yonggang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Precision Medicine Center, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zilong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Ren
- Precision Medicine Center, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianlong Men
- Precision Medicine Center, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Chen M, Xie S. Therapeutic targeting of cellular stress responses in cancer. Thorac Cancer 2018; 9:1575-1582. [PMID: 30312004 PMCID: PMC6275842 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to bacteria, yeast, and other organisms that have evolved pathways to respond to environmental stresses, cancer cells develop mechanisms that increase genetic diversity to facilitate adaptation to a variety of stressful conditions, including hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, exposure to DNA-damaging agents, and immune responses. To survive, cancer cells trigger mechanisms that drive genomic instability and mutation, alter gene expression programs, and reprogram the metabolic pathways to evade growth inhibition signaling and immune surveillance. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the pathways used by cancer cells to overcome stresses will allow us to develop more efficacious strategies for cancer therapy. Herein, we overview several key stresses imposed on cancer cells, including oxidative, metabolic, mechanical, and genotoxic, and discuss the mechanisms that drive cancer cell responses. The therapeutic implications of these responses are also considered, as these factors pave the way for the targeting of stress adaption pathways in order to slow cancer progression and block resistance to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Institute of Biomedical SciencesShandong Normal UniversityJinanChina
| | - Songbo Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Institute of Biomedical SciencesShandong Normal UniversityJinanChina
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Andrique L, Poglio S, Prochazkova-Carlotti M, Kadin ME, Giese A, Idrissi Y, Beylot-Barry M, Merlio JP, Chevret E. Intrahepatic Xenograft of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Cell Lines: A Useful Model for Rapid Biological and Therapeutic Evaluation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1775-1785. [PMID: 27181405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are a heterogeneous group of diseases primarily involving the skin that could have an aggressive course with circulating blood cells, especially in Sézary syndrome and transformed mycosis fungoides. So far, few CTCL cell lines have been adapted for in vivo experiments and their tumorigenicity has not been adequately assessed, hampering the use of a reproducible model for CTCL biological evaluation. In fact, both patient-derived xenografts and cell line xenografts at subcutaneous sites failed to provide a robust tool, because engraftment was dependent on mice strain and cell line subtype. Herein, we describe an original method of intrahepatic injection into adult NOD.Cg-Prkdc(scid)Il2rg(tm1Wjl)/SzJ mice liver of both aggressive (My-La, HUT78, HH, MAC2A, and MAC2B) and indolent (FE-PD and MAC1) CTCL cell lines. Six of the seven CTCL cell lines were grafted with a high rate of success (80%). Moreover, this model provided a quick (15 days) and robust assay for in vivo evaluation of CTCL cell lines tumorigenicity and therapeutic response in preclinical studies. Such a reproducible model can be therefore used for further functional studies and in vivo drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Andrique
- Cutaneous Lymphoma Oncogenesis Team, INSERM U1053 BordeAux Research in Translational Oncology, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sandrine Poglio
- Cutaneous Lymphoma Oncogenesis Team, INSERM U1053 BordeAux Research in Translational Oncology, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Martina Prochazkova-Carlotti
- Cutaneous Lymphoma Oncogenesis Team, INSERM U1053 BordeAux Research in Translational Oncology, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marshall Edward Kadin
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University and Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Alban Giese
- Histology Platform Service Mixed Unit TransBioMed Core, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yamina Idrissi
- Cutaneous Lymphoma Oncogenesis Team, INSERM U1053 BordeAux Research in Translational Oncology, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie Beylot-Barry
- Cutaneous Lymphoma Oncogenesis Team, INSERM U1053 BordeAux Research in Translational Oncology, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Center Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Merlio
- Cutaneous Lymphoma Oncogenesis Team, INSERM U1053 BordeAux Research in Translational Oncology, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France; Tumor Bank and Tumor Biology Laboratory, University Hospital Center Bordeaux, Pessac, France.
| | - Edith Chevret
- Cutaneous Lymphoma Oncogenesis Team, INSERM U1053 BordeAux Research in Translational Oncology, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
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Beyer M, Vandersee S, Cosagarea I, Touba R, Möbs M, Assaf C. The Effects of Arsenic Trioxide in Combination with Retinoic Acids on Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Cell Lines. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 29:63-70. [DOI: 10.1159/000443840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Arsenic trioxide suppresses transcription of hTERT through down-regulation of multiple transcription factors in HL-60 leukemia cells. Toxicol Lett 2015; 232:481-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Li X, Liu X, Wang L, Lv X, Li P, Lu K, Wang X. Effects of arsenic sulfide (As 2S 2) on B and T lymphoma cell lines and possible underlying mechanisms. Biomed Rep 2014; 1:583-588. [PMID: 24648990 DOI: 10.3892/br.2013.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma is a hematological malignancy that originates from lymph nodes and lymphoid tissues and is divided into Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), based on its histopathological characteristics. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of arsenic sulfide (As2S2), the main ingredient of realgar, on the proliferation and apoptosis of the Raji B-cell lymphoma and Jurkat T-cell lymphoma lines, comparing the sensitivity between the two cell lines and investigating the possible underlying mechanisms. The two lymphoma cell lines were cultured in vitro, using different concentrations of As2S2 for different time periods. The cell proliferation was detected using the Cell Counting kit-8 (CCK-8). Apoptosis was assessed via flow cytometry. Expression levels of the apoptosis-associated genes [Homo sapiens Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX), Homo sapiens B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Homo sapiens Bcl-2-like protein 1 (BCL2L1, Bcl-xL), Homo sapiens v-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (avian) (MYC, c-Myc) and Homo sapiens pim-1 oncogene (PIM)] were measured via the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. The results demonstrated that As2S2 inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in the two lymphoma cell lines in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, with the Raji cells being more sensitive to As2S2 compared to Jurkat cells. As2S2 may also alter the expression levels of different apoptosis-associated genes, with the alterations of the mRNA expression levels being different between Raji and Jurkat cells. These findings indicated that As2S2 may inhibit the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cell lines and that B-cell lymphoma cell lines are more sensitive compared to T-cell lymphoma cell lines. The possible underlying mechanism is that As2S2 alters the expression levels of the apoptosis-associated genes and activates apoptosis-associated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglu Li
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, P.R. China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Lv
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, P.R. China
| | - Peipei Li
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, P.R. China
| | - Kang Lu
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, P.R. China
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Guenova E, Hoetzenecker W, Rozati S, Levesque MP, Dummer R, Cozzio A. Novel therapies for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: what does the future hold? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:457-67. [PMID: 24397291 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.876407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) represent a group of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas, of which mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most frequent. Standard therapeutic approaches are well established and often achieve stable disease. However, cure for MF is rare and thus novel therapies are needed. AREAS COVERED This review provides a discussion of the most promising new therapeutic approaches in the management of MF and other rare CTCLs. It includes targeted therapies with antibodies against surface molecules on malignant T cells (e.g., brentuximab), novel chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., pralatrexate), small-molecule compounds (e.g., panobinostat) and evidence of emerging targets in CTCLs (e.g., anti-IL-31). It also provides discussion of immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-PD1 that are worth considering in the treatment of leukaemic CTCL variants. Finally, it gives a brief overview of the possible use of stem-cell transplantation. EXPERT OPINION There is no doubt that progress has been made in the treatment of CTCLs with new, innovative and promising therapies approaching. However, there is still an urgent need to identify and test additional targets in well-designed clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuella Guenova
- University Hospital of Zürich, Department of Dermatology , Gloriastrasse 31, 8091 Zürich , Switzerland +41 44 255 5528 ;
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van der Fits L, Rebel HG, Out-Luiting JJ, Pouw SM, Smit F, Vermeer KG, van Zijl L, Tensen CP, Weijer K, Vermeer MH. A novel mouse model for Sézary syndrome using xenotransplantation of Sézary cells into immunodeficient RAG2(-/-) γc(-/-) mice. Exp Dermatol 2013; 21:706-9. [PMID: 22897578 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sézary syndrome (SS) is an aggressive cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with CD4+ tumor cells localized in the skin, lymph nodes and peripheral blood. Characteristic molecular aberrancies in SS have been identified; however, paucity of functional models severely hampered the translation of these observations into pathogenic mechanisms, and subsequent validation of novel therapeutic targets. We therefore developed a mouse model for SS using intrahepatic injection of SS cells in newborn immunodeficient RAG2(-/-) γc(-/-) mice that are completely devoid of T-, B- and NK-cell activity. Injection of the SS cell line SeAx led to long-term and reproducible systemic repopulation of the mice. Injection of mice with the SS cell line HuT-78 led to the death of the mice owing to massive growth of internal tumors. Four weeks after injection of primary SS cells, human CD3+ T cells could be tracked back in the liver, peripheral blood, lymph nodes, spleen and skin of the mice, although the engraftment rate varied when using cells from different patients. In conclusion, we demonstrate that injection of SS cell lines or primary cells in newborn RAG2(-/-) γc(-/-) mice results in long-term systemic repopulation of the mice, thereby providing a novel mouse model for Sézary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie van der Fits
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Liu Q, Zhang H, Smeester L, Zou F, Kesic M, Jaspers I, Pi J, Fry RC. The NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response pathway is associated with tumor cell resistance to arsenic trioxide across the NCI-60 panel. BMC Med Genomics 2010; 3:37. [PMID: 20707922 PMCID: PMC2939609 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-3-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Drinking water contaminated with inorganic arsenic is associated with increased risk for different types of cancer. Paradoxically, arsenic trioxide can also be used to induce remission in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with a success rate of approximately 80%. A comprehensive study examining the mechanisms and potential signaling pathways contributing to the anti-tumor properties of arsenic trioxide has not been carried out. Methods Here we applied a systems biology approach to identify gene biomarkers that underlie tumor cell responses to arsenic-induced cytotoxicity. The baseline gene expression levels of 14,500 well characterized human genes were associated with the GI50 data of the NCI-60 tumor cell line panel from the developmental therapeutics program (DTP) database. Selected biomarkers were tested in vitro for the ability to influence tumor susceptibility to arsenic trioxide. Results A significant association was found between the baseline expression levels of 209 human genes and the sensitivity of the tumor cell line panel upon exposure to arsenic trioxide. These genes were overlayed onto protein-protein network maps to identify transcriptional networks that modulate tumor cell responses to arsenic trioxide. The analysis revealed a significant enrichment for the oxidative stress response pathway mediated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) with high expression in arsenic resistant tumor cell lines. The role of the NRF2 pathway in protecting cells against arsenic-induced cell killing was validated in tumor cells using shRNA-mediated knock-down. Conclusions In this study, we show that the expression level of genes in the NRF2 pathway serve as potential gene biomarkers of tumor cell responses to arsenic trioxide. Importantly, we demonstrate that tumor cells that are deficient for NRF2 display increased sensitivity to arsenic trioxide. The results of our study will be useful in understanding the mechanism of arsenic-induced cytotoxicity in cells, as well as the increased applicability of arsenic trioxide as a chemotherapeutic agent in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Habib GM. Arsenite causes down-regulation of Akt and c-Fos, cell cycle dysfunction and apoptosis in glutathione-deficient cells. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:363-71. [PMID: 20336670 PMCID: PMC2862122 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a well-known environmental toxicant but the mechanism by which it causes cytotoxicity is poorly understood. Arsenite induces apoptosis in glutathione (GSH)-deficient GCS-2 cells by causing cell cycle dysfunction and down-regulating critical signaling pathways. This study was designed to examine the effect of arsenite on redox-sensitive phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, a signaling pathway involved in cell survival and growth, and transcription factor, activating protein-1 (AP-1). Arsenite significantly diminished Akt and c-Fos levels and caused accelerated degradation of these proteins by ubiquitnation. Arsenite also induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The cell cycle arrest involved the down-regulation of cyclin A2, cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) 2, CDK4, and CDK6. Apoptosis involved down-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, survivin, and inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) and up-regulation of pro-apoptotic protein Bax. Taken together, our results suggest that a possible mechanism of arsenite-induced toxicity under low/no GSH conditions, is to negatively regulate GCS-2 cell proliferation by attenuating Akt and AP-1 by ubiquitination and causing cell cycle dysfunction and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha M Habib
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Doebbeling U. A mouse model for the Sézary syndrome. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2010; 29:11. [PMID: 20149229 PMCID: PMC2845106 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Sézary syndrome is an aggressive leukemic form of cutaneous T cell lymphoma and there is no cure of this disease. Until now there is no true animal model for Sézary syndrome, by which new drugs against the disease could be tested. METHODS Immune deficient CB-17 SCID beige mice were injected subcutaneously with HUT78 cells, a cell line, derived from a Sézary syndrome patient. Developing tumors were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Injected HUT78 cells formed tumors at the site of injection. In contrast to the Sézary syndrome in man, no malignant cells were observed in the blood of tumor bearing CB-17 SCID beige mice. The tumors appeared 44-62 days after injection and tumor bearing mice survived further 25 - 62 days until they had to be euthanized according to the guidelines of the Swiss animal protection law, since the tumors had reached the maximal allowed size. CONCLUSION Although the mouse model does not exactly match the human disease, it will be suited for tests of new substances for the treatment of the Sézary syndrome. The formation of an isolated tumor on the skin has the advantage that the effect of a potential drug can be directly monitored without the use of invasive methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Doebbeling
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Preparation, characterization, in vivo and in vitro studies of arsenic trioxide Mg-Fe ferrite magnetic nanoparticles. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:1688-93. [PMID: 19960013 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM MgFe(2)O(4) magnetic nanoparticle composed of As(2)O(3) (As(2)O(3)-MNPs) were prepared and their in vitro and in vivo characteristics were studied. METHODS The solvent-displacement method was applied for preparation of the nanoparticle using Poly-D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid(PLGA). The characteristics studies of the products included magnetic response, morphology (transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy), entrapment efficiency, drug loading, particle sizes, zeta potential, in vitro drug release and tissue magnetic targeting. Nanoparticle cytotoxicity to Saos-2 cells was investigated using the MTT assay. To guide the external magnetic field in the liver, the concentration of As(2)O(3) in the liver and kidney was measured using an atomic fluorescence spectrometer after injecting As(2)O(3)-MNPs into the caudal veins of mice. RESULTS The As(2)O(3)-MNPs were approximately spherical. The average diameter, drug loading, entrapment efficiency and zeta potential of As(2)O(3)-MNPs were 109.9 nm, 10.08%, 82.16%, and -14.33 mV, respectively. The specific saturation magnetism was 8.65 emu/g. In vivo, the concentration of As(2)O(3) in the liver was significantly higher than that in the non-magnetic group. While the concentration of As(2)O(3) in the kidney was lower than that in the non-magnetic group. The C(max) in liver tissue in the magnetic group was 30.65 microg/g, which was 4.17 times the drug concentration in the same group in kidney tissue (7.35 microg/g) and 2.88 times the concentration of drug (10.66 microg/g) in the liver tissue of the non-magnetic group. CONCLUSION The PLGA polymer-loaded magnetic nanoparticle composed of arsenic trioxide can be magnetically targeted well and applied in biomedicine.
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Kaloustian S, Bah TM, Rondeau I, Mathieu S, Lada-Moldovan L, Ryvlin P, Godbout R, Rousseau G. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha participates in apoptosis in the limbic system after myocardial infarction. Apoptosis 2009; 14:1308-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0395-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wnek SM, Medeiros MK, Eblin KE, Gandolfi AJ. Persistence of DNA damage following exposure of human bladder cells to chronic monomethylarsonous acid. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 241:202-9. [PMID: 19699219 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Malignant transformation was demonstrated in UROtsa cells following 52-weeks of exposure to 50 nM monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)); the result was the malignantly transformed cell line, URO-MSC. URO-MSC cells were used to study the induction of DNA damage and the alteration of DNA repair enzymes in both the presence of MMA(III) [URO-MSC(+)] and after subsequent removal of MMA(III) [URO-MSC(-)] following chronic, low-level exposure. In the presence of MMA(III), URO-MSC(+) cells demonstrated a sustained increase in DNA damage following 12-weeks of exposure; in particular, a significant increase in DNA single-strand breaks at 12-weeks of exposure consistently elevated through 52 weeks. The persistence of DNA damage in URO-MSC cells was assessed after a 2-week removal of MMA(III). URO-MSC(-) cells demonstrated a decrease in DNA damage compared to URO-MSC(+); however, DNA damage in URO-MSC(-) remained significantly elevated when compared to untreated UROtsa and increased in a time-dependent manner. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were demonstrated to be a critical component in the generation of DNA damage determined through the incubation of ROS scavengers with URO-MSC cells. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a key repair enzyme in DNA single-strand break repair. URO-MSC(+) resulted in a slight increase in PARP activity after 36-weeks of MMA(III) exposure, suggesting the presence of MMA(III) is inhibiting the increase in PARP activity. In support, PARP activity in URO-MSC(-) increased significantly, coinciding with a subsequent decrease in DNA damage demonstrated in URO-MSC(-) compared to URO-MSC(+). These data demonstrate that chronic, low-level exposure of UROtsa cells to 50 nM MMA(III) results in: the induction of DNA damage that remains elevated upon removal of MMA(III); increased levels of ROS that play a role in MMA(III) induced-DNA damage; and decreased PARP activity in the presence of MMA(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Wnek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Abstract
Arsenic is a metalloid that generates various biological effects on cells and tissues. Depending on the specific tissue exposed and the time and degree of exposure, diverse responses can be observed. In humans, prolonged and/or high dose exposure to arsenic can have a variety of outcomes, including the development of malignancies, severe gastrointestinal toxicities, diabetes, cardiac arrhythmias, and death. On the other hand, one arsenic derivative, arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)), has important antitumor properties. This agent is a potent inducer of antileukemic responses, and it is now approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia in humans. The promise and therapeutic potential of arsenic and its various derivatives have been exploited for hundreds of years. Remarkably, research focused on the potential use of arsenic compounds in the treatment of human diseases remains highly promising, and it is an area of active investigation. An emerging approach of interest and therapeutic potential involves efforts to target and block cellular pathways activated in a negative feedback manner during treatment of cells with As(2)O(3). Such an approach may ultimately provide the means to selectively enhance the suppressive effects of this agent on malignant cells and render normally resistant tumors sensitive to its antineoplastic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas C Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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Bairey O, Vanichkin A, Shpilberg O. Arsenic-trioxide-induced apoptosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Int J Lab Hematol 2009; 32:e77-85. [PMID: 19208092 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-553x.2008.01134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells are characterized by defective apoptosis which leads to their extended survival. Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) was reported to induce cell death in many malignant cells, but the specific pathway of As(2)O(3)-induced apoptosis/necrosis remains controversial. Our aim was to determine if As(2)O(3) kills CLL cells through apoptosis and whether this is accompanied by reduction in Bcl-2 levels. Cells from nine patients with CLL were incubated with increasing concentrations of As(2)O(3) (0.5-2 microM) for 2, 7, or 14 days. Cells viability was measured using Alamar Blue assay and apoptosis using human Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodine (PI) kit (BMS306FI; Bender MedSystems, Vienna, Austria). Intracellular Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3 levels were measured by flow cytometry. As(2)O(3) significantly reduced CLL cell viability (P < 0.01) and induced apoptotic cell death in a time- and dose-dependent manner. After 7 days, CLL cells showed a significant decrease in mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of Bcl-2 on flow cytometry study. Bax and caspase-3 levels showed significant decrease in MFI only after prolonged incubations (7 and 14 days) and mostly at higher concentrations of As(2)O(3). The mechanism underlying the reduction in viability of CLL cells incubated with As(2)O(3) is mediated by induction of apoptosis maybe through the down-regulation of Bcl-2. Further studies are needed to elucidate the potential therapeutic role of As(2)O(3) in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Bairey
- Institute of Hematology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tiqwa, Israel.
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