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Slama Y, Ah-Pine F, Khettab M, Arcambal A, Begue M, Dutheil F, Gasque P. The Dual Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cancer Pathophysiology: Pro-Tumorigenic Effects versus Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13511. [PMID: 37686315 PMCID: PMC10488262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells involved in numerous physiological events, including organogenesis, the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, regeneration, or tissue repair. MSCs are increasingly recognized as playing a major, dual, and complex role in cancer pathophysiology through their ability to limit or promote tumor progression. Indeed, these cells are known to interact with the tumor microenvironment, modulate the behavior of tumor cells, influence their functions, and promote distant metastasis formation through the secretion of mediators, the regulation of cell-cell interactions, and the modulation of the immune response. This dynamic network can lead to the establishment of immunoprivileged tissue niches or the formation of new tumors through the proliferation/differentiation of MSCs into cancer-associated fibroblasts as well as cancer stem cells. However, MSCs exhibit also therapeutic effects including anti-tumor, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, or anti-oxidative effects. The therapeutic interest in MSCs is currently growing, mainly due to their ability to selectively migrate and penetrate tumor sites, which would make them relevant as vectors for advanced therapies. Therefore, this review aims to provide an overview of the double-edged sword implications of MSCs in tumor processes. The therapeutic potential of MSCs will be reviewed in melanoma and lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Slama
- Unité de Recherche Études Pharmaco-Immunologiques (EPI), Université de La Réunion, CHU de La Réunion, Allée des Topazes, 97400 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France; (F.A.-P.); (M.K.); (P.G.)
- Service de Radiothérapie, Clinique Sainte-Clotilde, Groupe Clinifutur, 127 Route de Bois de Nèfles, 97400 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France; (M.B.); (F.D.)
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Santé (LIRS), RunResearch, Clinique Sainte-Clotilde, 127 Route de Bois de Nèfles, 97400 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France;
| | - Franck Ah-Pine
- Unité de Recherche Études Pharmaco-Immunologiques (EPI), Université de La Réunion, CHU de La Réunion, Allée des Topazes, 97400 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France; (F.A.-P.); (M.K.); (P.G.)
- Service d’Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, CHU de La Réunion sites SUD—Saint-Pierre, Avenue François Mitterrand, 97448 Saint-Pierre Cedex, La Réunion, France
| | - Mohamed Khettab
- Unité de Recherche Études Pharmaco-Immunologiques (EPI), Université de La Réunion, CHU de La Réunion, Allée des Topazes, 97400 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France; (F.A.-P.); (M.K.); (P.G.)
- Service d’Oncologie Médicale, CHU de La Réunion sites SUD—Saint-Pierre, Avenue François Mitterrand, 97448 Saint-Pierre Cedex, La Réunion, France
| | - Angelique Arcambal
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Santé (LIRS), RunResearch, Clinique Sainte-Clotilde, 127 Route de Bois de Nèfles, 97400 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France;
| | - Mickael Begue
- Service de Radiothérapie, Clinique Sainte-Clotilde, Groupe Clinifutur, 127 Route de Bois de Nèfles, 97400 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France; (M.B.); (F.D.)
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Santé (LIRS), RunResearch, Clinique Sainte-Clotilde, 127 Route de Bois de Nèfles, 97400 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France;
| | - Fabien Dutheil
- Service de Radiothérapie, Clinique Sainte-Clotilde, Groupe Clinifutur, 127 Route de Bois de Nèfles, 97400 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France; (M.B.); (F.D.)
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Santé (LIRS), RunResearch, Clinique Sainte-Clotilde, 127 Route de Bois de Nèfles, 97400 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France;
| | - Philippe Gasque
- Unité de Recherche Études Pharmaco-Immunologiques (EPI), Université de La Réunion, CHU de La Réunion, Allée des Topazes, 97400 Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France; (F.A.-P.); (M.K.); (P.G.)
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Brown MJ, Morris MA, Akam EC. Investigating the Effects of Indirect Coculture of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells on the Migration of Breast Cancer Cells: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Breast Cancer (Auckl) 2023; 17:11782234221145385. [PMID: 36710995 PMCID: PMC9875320 DOI: 10.1177/11782234221145385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in women globally, and mesenchymal stem cells have been widely implicated in tumour progression. This systematic review and meta-analysis seeks to identify and summarise existing literature on the effects of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) on the migration of breast cancer cells (BCCs) in vitro, to determine the direction of this relationship according to existing research and to identify the directions for future research. Methods A systematic literature search was conducting using a collection of databases, using the following search terms: in vitro AND mesenchymal stem cells AND breast cancer. Only studies that investigated the effects of human, unmodified MSCs on the migration of human, unmodified BCCs in vitro were included. Standardised mean differences (SMDs) were calculated to determine pooled effect sizes. Results This meta-analysis demonstrates that hMSCs (different sources combined) increase the migration of both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines in vitro (SMD = 1.84, P = .03 and SMD = 2.69, P < .00001, respectively). Importantly, the individual effects of hMSCs from different sources were also analysed and demonstrated that MSCs derived from human adipose tissue increase BCC migration (SMD = 1.34, P = .0002) and those derived from umbilical cord increased both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 migration (SMD = 3.93, P < .00001 and SMD = 3.01, P < .00001, respectively). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review and meta-analysis investigating and summarising the effects of hMSCs from different sources on the migration of BCCs, in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Juliet Brown
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences,
Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Mhairi A Morris
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences,
Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Elizabeth C Akam
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences,
Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Tu Z, Karnoub AE. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in breast cancer development and management. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:81-92. [PMID: 36087857 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) encompass a heterogeneous population of fibroblastic progenitor cells that reside in multiple tissues around the body. They are endowed with capacities to differentiate into multiple connective tissue lineages, including chondrocytes, adipocytes, and osteoblasts, and are thought to function as trophic cells recruited to sites of injury and inflammation where they contribute to tissue regeneration. In keeping with these roles, MSCs also to home to sites of breast tumorigenesis, akin to their migration to wounds, and participate in tumor stroma formation. Mounting evidence over the past two decades has described the critical regulatory roles for tumor-associated MSCs in various aspects of breast tumor pathogenesis, be it tumor initiation, growth, angiogenesis, tumor microenvironment formation, immune evasion, cancer cell migration, invasion, survival, therapeutic resistance, dissemination, and metastatic colonization. In this review, we present a brief summary of the role of MSCs in breast tumor development and progression, highlight some of the molecular frameworks underlying their pro-malignant contributions, and present evidence of their promising utility in breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbo Tu
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Antoine E Karnoub
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Boston Veterans Affairs Research Institute, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA.
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Rosner M, Hengstschläger M. OUP accepted manuscript. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 11:26-34. [PMID: 35641164 PMCID: PMC8895487 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
It is the hope of clinicians and patients alike that stem cell-based therapeutic products will increasingly become applicable remedies for many diseases and injuries. Whereas some multipotent stem cells are already routinely used in regenerative medicine, the efficacious and safe clinical translation of pluripotent stem cells is still hampered by their inherent immunogenicity and tumorigenicity. In addition, stem cells harbor the paracrine potential to affect the behavior of cells in their microenvironment. On the one hand, this property can mediate advantageous supportive effects on the overall therapeutic concept. However, in the last years, it became evident that both, multipotent and pluripotent stem cells, are capable of inducing adjacent cells to become motile. Not only in the context of tumor development but generally, deregulated mobilization and uncontrolled navigation of patient’s cells can have deleterious consequences for the therapeutic outcome. A more comprehensive understanding of this ubiquitous stem cell feature could allow its proper clinical handling and could thereby constitute an important building block for the further development of safe therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Rosner
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Hengstschläger
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author: Markus Hengstschläger, PhD, Professor, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria. Tel: +43 1 40160 56500; Fax: +43 1 40160 956501;
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Chen N, Zheng Q, Wan G, Guo F, Zeng X, Shi P. Impact of posttranslational modifications in pancreatic carcinogenesis and treatments. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:739-759. [PMID: 34342796 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-09980-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly aggressive cancer, with a 9% 5-year survival rate and a high risk of recurrence. In part, this is because PC is composed of heterogeneous subgroups with different biological and functional characteristics and personalized anticancer treatments are required. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) play an important role in modifying protein functions/roles and are required for the maintenance of cell viability and biological processes; thus, their dysregulation can lead to disease. Different types of PTMs increase the functional diversity of the proteome, which subsequently influences most aspects of normal cell biology or pathogenesis. This review primarily focuses on ubiquitination, SUMOylation, and NEDDylation, as well as the current understanding of their roles and molecular mechanisms in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Additionally, we briefly summarize studies and clinical trials on PC treatments to advance our knowledge of drugs available to target the ubiquitination, SUMOylation, and NEDDylation PTM types. Further investigation of PTMs could be a critical field of study in relation to PC, as they have been implicated in the initiation and progression of many other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianhong Chen
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2Nd Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Medicine School, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518037, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Cell Biology & University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Qiaoqiao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Wan
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2Nd Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Medicine School, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518037, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Xiaobin Zeng
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2Nd Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Medicine School, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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Zhuang Y, Zhao X, Yuan B, Zeng Z, Chen Y. Blocking the CCL5-CCR5 Axis Using Maraviroc Promotes M1 Polarization of Macrophages Cocultured with Irradiated Hepatoma Cells. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2021; 8:599-611. [PMID: 34178876 PMCID: PMC8219307 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s300165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The C-C chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5)–C-C chemokine receptor (CCR5) axis facilitates tumor progression via multiple mechanisms. Herein, we elucidated the effect of a CCR5 antagonist (maraviroc [MVC]; blocking the CCL5–CCR5 axis) on the phenotype of macrophages cocultured with irradiated hepatoma cells. In addition, we investigated whether modulation of macrophage polarization can alter tumor cell sensitivity to radiation. Materials and Methods Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were applied to examine the levels of macrophage-associated markers. The mechanisms of macrophage polarization were explored by Western blotting in an in vitro model of coculture of human hepatoma cells with macrophages. The radiation sensitivity was examined in a clonogenic radiosensitivity assay. Tumor cell apoptosis was detected by Western blotting and flow cytometry. A mouse model of a subcutaneous tumor was also established. Results CCL5 skewed THP-1 M0 macrophages toward an M2-like phenotype. In coculture with hepatoma cells, macrophages manifested high levels of interleukin (IL) 10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), arginase 1 (ARG1), and IL-1β. Tumor cell irradiation further upregulated these markers in macrophages. After incubation of macrophages with MVC for 24 h, levels of M1 cytokines significantly increased, whereas those of M2 phenotype factors ARG1, TGF-β1, and IL-10 decreased, accompanied by the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and downregulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3). The macrophage phenotype reverted to M2 states after treatment with a STAT3 inhibitor. The shift of macrophages toward the M1 phenotype enhanced the radiosensitivity and apoptosis of hepatoma cells. Mice receiving a combination of X-ray irradiation and MVC experienced a better antitumor effect than those receiving either MVC or irradiation alone did. Conclusion M2 polarization of macrophages induced by CCL5–CCR5 signaling can be inhibited using MVC via the STAT3–SOCS3 pathway. The shift of macrophages toward the M1 phenotype promotes the sensitivity of human hepatoma cells to X-ray irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoying Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaochong Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixing Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Hinz N, Jücker M. AKT in Bone Metastasis of Solid Tumors: A Comprehensive Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102287. [PMID: 34064589 PMCID: PMC8151478 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bone metastasis is a frequent complication of solid tumors and leads to a reduced overall survival. Although much progress has been made in the field of tumor therapy in the last years, bone metastasis depicts a stage of the disease with a lack of appropriate therapeutical options. Hence, this review aims to present the role of AKT in bone metastasis of solid tumors to place the spotlight on AKT as a possible therapeutical approach for patients with bone metastases. Furthermore, we intended to discuss postulated underlying molecular mechanisms of the bone metastasis-promoting effect of AKT, especially in highly bone-metastatic breast, prostate, and lung cancer. To conclude, this review identified the AKT kinase as a potential therapeutical target in bone metastasis and revealed remaining questions, which need to be addressed in further research projects. Abstract Solid tumors, such as breast cancer and prostate cancer, often form bone metastases in the course of the disease. Patients with bone metastases frequently develop complications, such as pathological fractures or hypercalcemia and exhibit a reduced life expectancy. Thus, it is of vital importance to improve the treatment of bone metastases. A possible approach is to target signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT pathway, which is frequently dysregulated in solid tumors. Therefore, we sought to review the role of the serine/threonine kinase AKT in bone metastasis. In general, activation of AKT signaling was shown to be associated with the formation of bone metastases from solid tumors. More precisely, AKT gets activated in tumor cells by a plethora of bone-derived growth factors and cytokines. Subsequently, AKT promotes the bone-metastatic capacities of tumor cells through distinct signaling pathways and secretion of bone cell-stimulating factors. Within the crosstalk between tumor and bone cells, also known as the vicious cycle, the stimulation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts also causes activation of AKT in these cells. As a consequence, bone metastasis is reduced after experimental inhibition of AKT. In summary, AKT signaling could be a promising therapeutical approach for patients with bone metastases of solid tumors.
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Lechner J, von Baehr V, Zimmermann B. Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Beyond Bisphosphonates: Are There Any Unknown Local Risk Factors? Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2021; 13:21-37. [PMID: 33505172 PMCID: PMC7829671 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s288603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bisphosphonate (BP)-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a complication of intravenous (IV) BP therapy. BP therapy locally affects the dentoalveolar area, while systemic effects are associated with parenteral/IV BP use. Despite numerous publications, the pathogenesis of BRONJ is not fully understood, as only some patients receiving IV BPs develop BRONJ. PURPOSE Can impaired bone remodeling (found in aseptic-ischemic osteonecrosis of the jaw [AIOJ], bone marrow defects [BMD], or fatty-degenerative osteonecrosis of the jaw [FDOJ]) represent a risk factor for BRONJ formation? PATIENTS AND METHODS A literature search clarified the relationship between AIOJ, BMD, FDOJ, and BRONJ, in which common characteristics related to signal cascades, pathohistology, and diagnostics are explored and compared. A case description examining non-exposed BRONJ is presented. DISCUSSION Non-exposed BRONJ variants may represent one stage in undetected BMD development, and progression to BRONJ results from BPs. CONCLUSION Unresolved wound healing at extraction sites, where wisdom teeth have been removed for example, may contribute to the pathogenesis of BRONJ. With IV BP administration, persisting AIOJ/BMD/FDOJ areas may be behind BRONJ development. Therapeutic recommendations include IV BP administration following AIOJ/BMD/FDOJ diagnosis and surgical removal of ischemic areas. BPs should not be regarded as the only cause of osteonecrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Volker von Baehr
- Department of Immunology and Allergology, Institute for Medical Diagnostics, Berlin, Germany
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The CCL5/CCR5 Axis in Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071765. [PMID: 32630699 PMCID: PMC7407580 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells can “hijack” chemokine networks to support tumor progression. In this context, the C-C chemokine ligand 5/C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCL5/CCR5) axis is gaining increasing attention, since abnormal expression and activity of CCL5 and its receptor CCR5 have been found in hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Numerous preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies have shown a key role of the CCL5/CCR5 axis in cancer, and thus provided the rationale for clinical trials using the repurposed drug maraviroc, a CCR5 antagonist used to treat HIV/AIDS. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of the CCL5/CCR5 axis in cancer. First, it describes the involvement of the CCL5/CCR5 axis in cancer progression, including autocrine and paracrine tumor growth, ECM (extracellular matrix) remodeling and migration, cancer stem cell expansion, DNA damage repair, metabolic reprogramming, and angiogenesis. Then, it focuses on individual hematological and solid tumors in which CCL5 and CCR5 have been studied preclinically. Finally, it discusses clinical trials of strategies to counteract the CCL5/CCR5 axis in different cancers using maraviroc or therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.
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Morein D, Erlichman N, Ben-Baruch A. Beyond Cell Motility: The Expanding Roles of Chemokines and Their Receptors in Malignancy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:952. [PMID: 32582148 PMCID: PMC7287041 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-tumor activities of some members of the chemokine family are often overcome by the functions of many chemokines that are strongly and causatively linked with increased tumor progression. Being key leukocyte attractants, chemokines promote the presence of inflammatory pro-tumor myeloid cells and immune-suppressive cells in tumors and metastases. In parallel, chemokines elevate additional pro-cancerous processes that depend on cell motility: endothelial cell migration (angiogenesis), recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and site-specific metastasis. However, the array of chemokine activities in cancer expands beyond such “typical” migration-related processes and includes chemokine-induced/mediated atypical functions that do not activate directly motility processes; these non-conventional chemokine functions provide the tumor cells with new sets of detrimental tools. Within this scope, this review article addresses the roles of chemokines and their receptors at atypical levels that are exerted on the cancer cell themselves: promoting tumor cell proliferation and survival; controlling tumor cell senescence; enriching tumors with cancer stem cells; inducing metastasis-related functions such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and elevated expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs); and promoting resistance to chemotherapy and to endocrine therapy. The review also describes atypical effects of chemokines at the tumor microenvironment: their ability to up-regulate/stabilize the expression of inhibitory immune checkpoints and to reduce the efficacy of their blockade; to induce bone remodeling and elevate osteoclastogenesis/bone resorption; and to mediate tumor-stromal interactions that promote cancer progression. To illustrate this expanding array of atypical chemokine activities at the cancer setting, the review focuses on major metastasis-promoting inflammatory chemokines—including CXCL8 (IL-8), CCL2 (MCP-1), and CCL5 (RANTES)—and their receptors. In addition, non-conventional activities of CXCL12 which is a key regulator of tumor progression, and its CXCR4 receptor are described, alongside with the other CXCL12-binding receptor CXCR7 (RDC1). CXCR7, a member of the subgroup of atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) known also as ACKR3, opens the gate for discussion of atypical activities of additional ACKRs in cancer: ACKR1 (DARC, Duffy), ACKR2 (D6), and ACKR4 (CCRL1). The mechanisms involved in chemokine activities and the signals delivered by their receptors are described, and the clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Morein
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nofar Erlichman
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adit Ben-Baruch
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Perrone F, De Laurentiis M, De Placido S, Orditura M, Cinieri S, Riccardi F, Ribecco AS, Putzu C, Del Mastro L, Rossi E, Tinessa V, Mosconi AM, Nuzzo F, Di Rella F, Gravina A, Iodice G, Landi G, Pacilio C, Forestieri V, Lauria R, Fabbri A, Ibrahim T, De Maio E, Barni S, Gori S, Simeon V, Arenare L, Daniele G, Piccirillo MC, Normanno N, de Matteis A, Gallo C. Adjuvant zoledronic acid and letrozole plus ovarian function suppression in premenopausal breast cancer: HOBOE phase 3 randomised trial. Eur J Cancer 2019; 118:178-186. [PMID: 31164265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study is to analyse whether letrozole (L) and zoledronic acid plus L (ZL) are more effective than tamoxifen (T) as adjuvant endocrine treatment of premenopausal patients with breast cancer with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) tumours. PATIENTS AND METHODS In a phase 3 trial, 1065 premenopausal patients with HR + early breast cancer received triptorelin to suppress ovarian function and were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to adjuvant T, L or ZL for 5 years. Cancer recurrence, second breast or non-breast cancer and death were considered events for the intention-to-treat disease-free survival (DFS) analysis. RESULTS With a 64-month median follow-up and 134 reported events, the disease-free rate at 5 years was 85.4%, 93.2% and 93.3% with T, L and ZL, respectively (overall P = 0.008). The hazard ratio for a DFS event was 0.52 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.34 to 0.80; P = 0.003) with ZL vs T, 0.72 (95% CI, 0.48 to 1.07; P = 0.06) with L vs T and 0.70 (95% CI, 0.44 to 1.12; P = 0.22) with ZL vs L. With 36 deaths, there was no significant difference in overall survival (P = 0.14). Treatment was stopped for toxicity or refusal in 7.3%, 7.3% and 16.6% patients, and in the safety population, grade 3-4 side-effects were reported in 4.2%, 6.9% and 9.1% patients treated with T, L or ZL, respectively. CONCLUSION HOBOE study shows that in premenopausal patients with early breast cancer undergoing ovarian function suppression with triptorelin, ZL significantly improves DFS, while worsening compliance and toxicity, as compared with T. (NCT00412022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Perrone
- Clinical Trial Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G.Pascale, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Michelino De Laurentiis
- Clinical and Experimental Senology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G.Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Sabino De Placido
- Department of Medical and Surgical Clinics, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Michele Orditura
- Oncoematology Unit, Università Degli Studi Della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Carlo Putzu
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Sassari, Italy
| | - Lucia Del Mastro
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine (DIMI), Università di Genova, Italy
| | - Emanuela Rossi
- Medical Oncology, A.O. San Giuseppe Moscati, Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Anna Maria Mosconi
- Medical Oncology, Ospedale Santa Maria Della Misericordia, S.Andrea Delle Fratte, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Nuzzo
- Clinical and Experimental Senology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G.Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Rella
- Clinical and Experimental Senology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G.Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Adriano Gravina
- Clinical and Experimental Senology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G.Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Iodice
- Clinical and Experimental Senology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G.Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gabriella Landi
- Clinical and Experimental Senology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G.Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmen Pacilio
- Clinical and Experimental Senology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G.Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Valeria Forestieri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Clinics, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Rossella Lauria
- Department of Medical and Surgical Clinics, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Agnese Fabbri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ospedale Belcolle, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Toni Ibrahim
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumors Center, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola FC, Italy
| | | | - Sandro Barni
- Medical Oncology - Ospedale di Treviglio Caravaggio BG, Italy
| | - Stefania Gori
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS, Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Negrar VR, Italy
| | - Vittorio Simeon
- Medical Statistics, Università Degli Studi Della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Laura Arenare
- Clinical Trial Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G.Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gennaro Daniele
- Clinical Trial Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G.Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Normanno
- Cellular Biology and Biotherapies, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G.Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea de Matteis
- Clinical and Experimental Senology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G.Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ciro Gallo
- Medical Statistics, Università Degli Studi Della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
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12
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Unver N. Macrophage chemoattractants secreted by cancer cells: Sculptors of the tumor microenvironment and another crucial piece of the cancer secretome as a therapeutic target. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 50:13-18. [PMID: 31151747 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Beyond their essential role in leukocyte homing in the context of inflammation, chemokines orchestrate the host response to cancer progression. Chemokines are key accelerators in the amplification of inflammatory signals and metastasis in the distal zone of tumors, indicating possible immune editing of tumor cells in the microenvironment. This review summarizes the main macrophage-attracting chemokines secreted from cancer cells and how these mediators can be targeted to improve cancer immunotherapy in multiple cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nese Unver
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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13
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Aldinucci D, Borghese C, Casagrande N. Formation of the Immunosuppressive Microenvironment of Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma and Therapeutic Approaches to Counter It. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102416. [PMID: 31096713 PMCID: PMC6566335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is characterized by a few tumor cells surrounded by a protective, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment composed of normal cells that are an active part of the disease. Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells evade the immune system through a variety of different mechanisms. They evade antitumor effector T cells and natural killer cells and promote T cell exhaustion. Using cytokines and extracellular vesicles, they recruit normal cells, induce their proliferation and "educate" (i.e. reprogram) them to become immunosuppressive and protumorigenic. Therefore, alternative treatment strategies are being developed to target not only tumor cells but also the tumor microenvironment. Here we summarize current knowledge on the ability of HRS cells to build their microenvironment and to educate normal cells to become immunosuppressive. We also describe therapeutic strategies to counteract formation of the tumor microenvironment and related processes leading to T cell exhaustion and repolarization of immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Aldinucci
- Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy.
| | - Cinzia Borghese
- Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy.
| | - Naike Casagrande
- Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy.
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14
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Inhibition of the CCL5/CCR5 Axis against the Progression of Gastric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051477. [PMID: 29772686 PMCID: PMC5983686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the progress made in molecular and clinical research, patients with advanced-stage gastric cancer (GC) have a bad prognosis and very low survival rates. Furthermore, it is challenging to find the complex molecular mechanisms that are involved in the development of GC, its progression, and its resistance to therapy. The interactions of chemokines, also known as chemotactic cytokines, with their receptors regulate immune and inflammatory responses. However, updated research demonstrates that cancer cells subvert the normal chemokine role, transforming them into fundamental constituents of the tumor microenvironment (TME) with tumor-promoting effects. C-C chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) is a chemotactic cytokine, and its expression and secretion are regulated in T cells. C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) is expressed in T cells, macrophages, other leukocytes, and certain types of cancer cells. The interaction between CCL5 and CCR5 plays an active role in recruiting leukocytes into target sites. This review summarizes recent information on the role of the CCL5 chemokine and its receptor CCR5 in GC cell proliferation, metastasis formation, and in the building of an immunosuppressive TME. Moreover, it highlights the development of new therapeutic strategies to inhibit the CCL5/CCR5 axis in different ways and their possible clinical relevance in the treatment of GC.
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15
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Self-assembling nanoparticles encapsulating zoledronic acid inhibit mesenchymal stromal cells differentiation, migration and secretion of proangiogenic factors and their interactions with prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:42926-42938. [PMID: 28477013 PMCID: PMC5522116 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoledronic Acid (ZA) rapidly concentrates into the bone and reduces skeletal-related events and pain in bone metastatic prostate cancer (PCa), but exerts only a limited or absent impact as anti-cancer activity. Recently, we developed self-assembling nanoparticles (NPS) encapsulating zoledronic acid (NZ) that allowed a higher intratumor delivery of the drug compared with free zoledronic acid (ZA) in in vivo cancer models of PCa. Increasing evidence suggests that Bone Marrow (BM) Mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) are recruited into the stroma of developing tumors where they contribute to progression by enhancing tumor growth and metastasis. We demonstrated that treatment with NZ decreased migration and differentiation into adipocytes and osteoblasts of MSCs and inhibited osteoclastogenesis. Treatment with NZ reduced the capability of MSCs to promote the migration and the clonogenic growth of the prostate cancer cell lines PC3 and DU145. The levels of Interleukin-6 and of the pro-angiogenic factors VEGF and FGF-2 were significantly reduced in MSC-CM derived from MSCs treated with NZ, and CCL5 secretion was almost totally abolished. Moreover, treatment of MSCs with supernatants from PC3 cells, leading to tumor-educated MSCs (TE-MSCs), increased the secretion of IL-6, CCL5, VEGF and FGF-2 by MSCs and increased their capability to increase PC3 cells clonogenic growth. Treatment with NZ decreased cytokine secretion and the pro-tumorigenic effects also of TE-MSCS. In conclusion, demonstrating that NZ is capable to inhibit the cross talk between MSCs and PCa, this study provides a novel insight to explain the powerful anticancer activity of NZ on PCa.
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16
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Gallo M, Frezzetti D, Roma C, Chicchinelli N, Barbieri A, Arra C, Scognamiglio G, Botti G, De Luca A, Normanno N. RANTES and IL-6 cooperate in inducing a more aggressive phenotype in breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:17543-17553. [PMID: 29707128 PMCID: PMC5915136 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Both the CC chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5/RANTES) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), released by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as well as by neoplastic cells, promote breast cancer cell progression through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. In order to assess the effects of the simultaneous overexpression of RANTES and IL-6 on the tumor cell phenotype, we overexpressed both proteins in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines. MCF-7 cells co-expressing RANTES and IL-6 had a greater ability to form colonies in soft agar, compared to cells overexpressing RANTES or IL-6. In addition, both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 clones co-expressing RANTES and IL-6 showed a significantly higher ability to migrate and to invade. The analysis of phosphorylated ERK1/2, AKT and STAT3 signal transduction proteins revealed that several signaling pathways are simultaneously activated in cells overexpressing both factors. Finally, the overexpression of RANTES and IL-6 in MCF-7 cells significantly increased the in vivo tumor growth. Collectively, our data suggest that the simultaneous expression of IL-6 and RANTES produces a more aggressive phenotype in breast cancer cells and provide evidence that IL-6 and RANTES might represent potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies aimed to block the tumor-stroma interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Gallo
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-"Fondazione G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Frezzetti
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-"Fondazione G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Cristin Roma
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-"Fondazione G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Chicchinelli
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-"Fondazione G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Barbieri
- Animal Facility, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-"Fondazione G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Arra
- Animal Facility, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-"Fondazione G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Giosuè Scognamiglio
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-"Fondazione G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Surgical Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-"Fondazione G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella De Luca
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-"Fondazione G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Normanno
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-"Fondazione G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
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Pourgonabadi S, Mousavi SH, Tayarani-Najaran Z, Ghorbani A. Effect of zoledronate, a third-generation bisphosphonate, on proliferation and apoptosis of human dental pulp stem cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:137-144. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical use of zoledronate is accompanied by osteonecrosis of the jaw but the pathogenesis is not well understood. We assumed that zoledronate may have cytotoxicity against stem cells of the oral cavity and in this way helps to initiate or promote osteonecrosis. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and gingival fibroblasts (GFs) were isolated from volunteers who were undergoing a third molar extraction. The proliferation of DPSCs and GFs was evaluated using the thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay. The effect of zoledronate on apoptosis was determined by propidium iodide staining and Western blotting analysis. Incubation with zoledronate for 72 h and 7 days significantly decreased proliferation of DPSCs and GFs at concentrations of more than 0.4 μmol/L (p < 0.001). The IC50 of zoledronate was lower for DPSCs than for GFs (0.92 versus 3.5 μmol/L for 7 days of treatment). After 72 h of treatment with zoledronate, the percentage of apoptotic DPSCs significantly increased, which was accompanied by an increased level of pro-apoptotic proteins caspase-3 and Bax and decreased the level of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. In conclusion, zoledronate has anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in DPSCs. These effects may be involved in promoting zoledronate-induced osteonecrosis and suggest an unfavorable impact of this drug on regenerative potentials of the body stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Pourgonabadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Hadi Mousavi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Tayarani-Najaran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghorbani
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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18
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Wilson C, Hinsley S, Marshall H, Cameron D, Bell R, Dodwell D, Coleman RE. Reproductive hormone analyses and effects of adjuvant zoledronic acid in early breast cancer - An AZURE (BIG 01/04) sub-study. J Bone Oncol 2017; 9:48-54. [PMID: 29234591 PMCID: PMC5715229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Adjuvant bisphosphonates have been shown to improve disease outcomes in early breast cancer in women who are postmenopausal at the start of treatment. We explored the influence of pretreatment serum levels of reproductive hormones in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis from a subset of patients included in the AZURE trial to investigate their impact on disease recurrence and whether reproductive hormone measurements are of value in selecting patients for treatment with adjuvant zoledronic acid.Patients and methods; The AZURE trial is an academic, multi-centre, international phase III trial that randomised patients to standard adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy and/or endocrine therapy)±intravenous zoledronic acid, 4 mg for 5 years. Serum from 865 patients taken at randomisation was stored at -80 °C prior to central batch analysis for inhibin A, oestradiol and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). We assessed the clinical value of pretreatment hormone levels for predicting invasive disease free survival (IDFS), skeletal recurrence and distant recurrence and response to treatment with zoledronic acid. RESULTS Oestradiol in the postmenopausal range (<50 pmol/l) was associated with a significantly shorter IDFS (HR 1.36 95%CI: 1.05-1.78 p=0.022), predominantly due to distant recurrence (HR 1.33 95%CI: 0.98-1.81 p=0.065), compared to oestradiol ≥50pmol/l. In contrast, FSH in the postmenopausal range (>26 IU/l) was associated with a longer time to bone as first recurrence (HR 0.66 95%CI: 0.41-1.04 p=0.072) compared to an FSH ≤26 IU/l. When all 3 hormone levels were within the assay specified postmenopausal range, a trend to improved IDFS was seen with addition of zoledronic acid in biochemically postmenopausal women only (postmenopausal HR=0.81; 95%CI: 0.54-1.22, non-postmenopausal HR=0.99; 95%CI: 0.69-1.39) with risk reductions that mirrored the results of the main AZURE study, although the interaction between menopausal status and treatment effect was not statistically significant (p=0.47). CONCLUSION Oestradiol and FSH may influence the pattern of disease recurrence with postmenopausal levels possibly creating a less conducive environment for the formation of bone metastases, therefore disseminated tumour cells could seek alternative niches outside of bone. Biochemical evaluation of a panel of reproductive hormones may be helpful to assist selection of patients for adjuvant zoledronic acid when menopausal status is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Wilson
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Weston Park Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Samantha Hinsley
- Leeds Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Helen Marshall
- Leeds Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - David Cameron
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Center, ECRC and Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard Bell
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - David Dodwell
- St James University Hospital, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Robert E. Coleman
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Weston Park Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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19
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Leyh B, Dittmer A, Lange T, Martens JWM, Dittmer J. Stromal cells promote anti-estrogen resistance of breast cancer cells through an insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP5)/B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 3 (Bcl-3) axis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:39307-28. [PMID: 26515727 PMCID: PMC4770774 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is strong evidence that stromal cells promote drug resistance of cancer. Here, we show that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) desensitize ERα-positive breast cancer cells to the anti-estrogen fulvestrant. In search for the mechanism, we found that MSCs and CAFs similarly increased the activity of the PI3K/AKT and the JAK/STAT3 pathways and upregulated the expression of integrin β1, IGF1R, HIF1α, CAIX and Bcl-3 in MCF-7 cells. Further analyses revealed that MSCs and CAFs coordinately induce these changes by triggering the downregulation of IGFBP5. Loss of IGFBP5 in MCF-7 cells was an early and long-lasting event in response to MSCs and CAFs and was accompanied by growth stimulation both in the absence and presence of fulvestrant. The growth-stimulatory effect in the absence of fulvestrant could be attributed to PI3K/AKT pathway activation and could be mimicked by insulin. The growth-promoting effect in the presence of fulvestrant depended upon the upregulation of Bcl-3. By cRNA microarray analysis we identified additional IGFBP5 targets, of which two (KLHL4 and SEPP1) were inversely regulated by IGFBP5 and Bcl-3. BT474 cells also responded to stromal cells by downregulating IGFBP5 and upregulating the P-AKT, Bcl-3 and IGF1R levels, whereas T47D cells did not show any of these responses. In conclusion, our data suggest that, by targeting IGFBP5 expression in ERα-positive breast cancer cells, such as MCF-7 cells, MSCs and CAFs are able to orchestrate a variety of events, particularly activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, upregulation of Bcl-3 expression and desensitization to anti-estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Leyh
- Clinic for Gynecology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle(Saale), Germany
| | - Angela Dittmer
- Clinic for Gynecology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle(Saale), Germany
| | - Theresia Lange
- Clinic for Gynecology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle(Saale), Germany
| | - John W M Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Dittmer
- Clinic for Gynecology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle(Saale), Germany
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20
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Liu H, Wang SH, Chen SC, Chen CY, Lo JL, Lin TM. Immune modulation of CD4 +CD25 + regulatory T cells by zoledronic acid. BMC Immunol 2016; 17:45. [PMID: 27887569 PMCID: PMC5124310 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells suppress tumor immunity by inhibiting immune cells. Manipulation of Treg cells represents a new strategy for cancer treatment. Zoledronic acid (ZA), a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, inhibits the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) on osteoblasts to inhibit osteoclastogenesis. In a mouse model of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, administration of ZA suppressed Treg-cell activity and activated inflammatory Th17 cells. However, the interaction between ZA and Treg cells remained unclear. This study investigated the immune modulation of Treg cells by ZA. Methods Flow cytometry was used to analyze the phenotypic and immunosuppressive characteristics of Treg cells treated with ZA. Chemotactic migration was evaluated using transwell assays. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to investigate the effect of ZA on the expression of suppressive molecules by Treg cells. Results Proliferation of isolated Treg cells in culture was inhibited by ZA, although ZA did not induce apoptosis. qRT-PCR and flow cytometry showed that ZA significantly downregulated the expression of CCR4, CTLA4, PD-1 and RANKL on Treg cells. Chemotactic migration and immunosuppressive functions were also significantly attenuated in Treg cells pretreated with ZA, and these effects were dose-dependent. Co-culture with Treg cells significantly increased the migration rate of breast cancer cells, while pretreatment of Treg cells with ZA attenuated this effect. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated that ZA acted as an immune modulator by significantly inhibiting the expansion, migration, immunosuppressive function and pro-metastatic ability of Treg cells. Immunomodulation of Treg cells by ZA represents a new strategy for cancer therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12865-016-0183-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien Liu
- Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Chemical Engineering & Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Han Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Shin-Cheh Chen
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ying Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-DA Hospital/I-SHOU University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Lin Lo
- Department of Internal Medicine, E-DA Hospital/I-SHOU University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Mei Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, E-DA Hospital/I-SHOU University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, E-DA Hospital/I-SHOU University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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21
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Waked K, Colle J, Doornaert M, Cocquyt V, Blondeel P. Systematic review: The oncological safety of adipose fat transfer after breast cancer surgery. Breast 2016; 31:128-136. [PMID: 27837706 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oncological concerns have risen around the safety of adipose fat transfer (AFT) after breast cancer surgery. In this article, we present the clinical and molecular evidences, and discuss the current contradiction between them. MATERIALS AND METHODS Every clinical trial and experimental study on AFT and its oncological influences was screened. Between September 2014 and September 2016, 856 articles from four databases were found. 105 core articles were selected. RESULTS A total of 18 clinical studies have been published. The loco-regional recurrence (LRR) incidence rates range between 0 and 3.90% per year. For the mastectomy and breast conservative therapy group separately, a LRR per year between 0 and 1.62% and 0-3.90 has been reported, respectively. Some studies included a matched control group and found no significant difference between cases and controls, with the exception of a subgroup of patients with intraepithelial breast carcinoma. Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells have a potential oncogenic effect on residual cancer cells after breast cancer surgery. Numerous signalling proteins and pathways have been described that can stimulate tumour initiation and growth. CONCLUSION There is a contradiction between experimental and clinical findings. Numerous adipokines have been discovered that could potentially promote tumour initiation and growth, but clinical studies fail to point out a significant increase in LRR in patients who receive AFT after breast cancer surgery. More prospective studies are needed with a sufficient follow-up time and analysis of some critical factors, such as adjuvant radiotherapy and hormonal therapy, the origin and volume of the injected fat, and genetic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Waked
- University Hospital of Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Julien Colle
- University Hospital of Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Maarten Doornaert
- Private Medical Center: Maaltebrugge Ghent, Maaltebruggestraat 288, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | | | - Phillip Blondeel
- University Hospital of Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
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22
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Biray Avci C, Kurt CC, Tepedelen BE, Ozalp O, Goker B, Mutlu Z, Dodurga Y, Elmas L, Gunduz C. Zoledronic acid induces apoptosis via stimulating the expressions of ERN1, TLR2, and IRF5 genes in glioma cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:6673-9. [PMID: 26646564 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive brain tumor that affects older people. Although the current therapeutic approaches for GBM include surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide, the median survival of patients is 14.6 months because of its aggressiveness. Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate that exhibited anticancer activity in different cancers. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential effect of ZA in distinct signal transduction pathways in U87-MG cells. In this study, experiments performed on U87-MG cell line (Human glioblastoma-astrocytoma, epithelial-like cell line) which is an in vitro model of human glioblastoma cells to examine the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of ZA. IC50 dose of ZA, 25 μM, applied on U87-MG cells during 72 h. ApoDIRECT In Situ DNA Fragmentation Assay was used to investigate apoptosis of U87MG cells. The quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) (LightCycler480 System) was carried out for 48 gene expression like NF-κB, Toll-like receptors, cytokines, and inteferons. Our results indicated that ZA (IC50 dose) increased apoptosis 1.27-fold in U87MG cells according to control cells. According to qRT-PCR data, expression levels of the endoplasmic reticulum-nuclei-1 (ERN1), Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), and human IFN regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) tumor suppressor genes elevated 2.05-, 2.08-, and 2.3-fold by ZA, respectively, in U87MG cells. Our recent results indicated that ZA have a key role in GBM progression and might be considered as a potential agent in glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigir Biray Avci
- Medical Biology Department, Ege University Medical School, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Cansu Caliskan Kurt
- Medical Biology Department, Ege University Medical School, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Burcu Erbaykent Tepedelen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Avrasya University Faculty of Science and Letters, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ozgun Ozalp
- Medical Biology Department, Ege University Medical School, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bakiye Goker
- Medical Biology Department, Ege University Medical School, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Mutlu
- Medical Biology Department, Ege University Medical School, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Dodurga
- Medical Biology Department, Pamukkale University Medical School, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Levent Elmas
- Medical Biology Department, Pamukkale University Medical School, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Cumhur Gunduz
- Medical Biology Department, Ege University Medical School, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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Frezzetti D, Gallo M, Roma C, D'Alessio A, Maiello MR, Bevilacqua S, Normanno N, De Luca A. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A Regulates the Secretion of Different Angiogenic Factors in Lung Cancer Cells. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:1514-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frezzetti
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit; Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”-IRCCS; Naples Italy
| | - Marianna Gallo
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit; Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”-IRCCS; Naples Italy
| | - Cristin Roma
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics; Centro di Ricerche Oncologiche di Mercogliano (CROM)-Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”-IRCCS; Naples Italy
| | - Amelia D'Alessio
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit; Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”-IRCCS; Naples Italy
| | - Monica R. Maiello
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit; Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”-IRCCS; Naples Italy
| | - Simona Bevilacqua
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit; Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”-IRCCS; Naples Italy
| | - Nicola Normanno
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit; Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”-IRCCS; Naples Italy
| | - Antonella De Luca
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit; Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”-IRCCS; Naples Italy
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Failli A, Legitimo A, Orsini G, Romanini A, Consolini R. The effects of zoledronate on monocyte-derived dendritic cells from melanoma patients differ depending on the clinical stage of the disease. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3375-82. [PMID: 25483657 PMCID: PMC4514079 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoledronic acid has shown indirect anticancer effects on angiogenesis, the tumor microenvironment and immune responses. Its immunological action is exerted, at least in part, via its modulating properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects of zoledronic acid on the dendritic cells of melanoma patients. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 26 patients with melanoma and 11 healthy donors. Dendritic cells were derived from purified monocytes, and zoledronic acid (ZA) was added on the first day of culture. The phenotype and function of the generated cells were evaluated by flow cytometry. The ZA-treated monocytes from patients with early-stage disease generated DCs characterized by reduced endocytic activity and increased allostimulatory capacity compared with the untreated samples, allowing restoration of the DC function observed in normal subjects. In contrast, the ZA-treated monocytes from patients at stage III generated cells with higher CD14 antigen expression and endocytosis than the untreated samples. Therefore, in melanoma patients, the in vitro ZA effects differ according to the progression of the disease. In addition, our preliminary results appear to suggest that ZA effects are also influenced by the expression of CD14 antigen, indicating that the DC phenotype together with clinical characteristics must be considered in the choice of patients to be treated with ZA. Our work focus on the effect of ZA on monocyte-derived DCs from melanoma patients, showing that the effects of therapeutic doses of this drug might be mediated at least in part by modulation of myeloid cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Failli
- a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine ; University of Pisa ; Pisa , Italy
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25
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Santini D, Stumbo L, Spoto C, D'Onofrio L, Pantano F, Iuliani M, Fioramonti M, Zoccoli A, Ribelli G, Virzì V, Vincenzi B, Tonini G. Bisphosphonates as anticancer agents in early breast cancer: preclinical and clinical evidence. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:121. [PMID: 26328589 PMCID: PMC4557314 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0634-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BPs) are approved as standard therapy in breast cancer for the treatment of bone metastases, since they were demonstrated to reduce the prevalence of skeletal-related events including fractures and hypercalcemia. In the adjuvant setting, BPs can be given to prevent and treat tumor therapy-induced bone loss in premenopausal and postmenopausal women and, owing to their beneficial effect on bone turnover, have also been evaluated for prevention of bone metastases occurrence. In this article we will review the mechanisms through which BPs have been demonstrated to prevent premetastatic niche formation and cell proliferation in bone lesions. Moreover, preclinical evidence of antitumoral effects of BPs will be presented and results from the most important clinical trials will be described critically. BPs may clearly play a clinically important role in early breast cancer in a postmenopausal adjuvant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Santini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy.
| | - Luciano Stumbo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Spoto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy.
| | - Loretta D'Onofrio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Pantano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy.
| | - Michele Iuliani
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Fioramonti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alice Zoccoli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulia Ribelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy.
| | - Vladimir Virzì
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy.
| | - Bruno Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Tonini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy.
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Katanov C, Lerrer S, Liubomirski Y, Leider-Trejo L, Meshel T, Bar J, Feniger-Barish R, Kamer I, Soria-Artzi G, Kahani H, Banerjee D, Ben-Baruch A. Regulation of the inflammatory profile of stromal cells in human breast cancer: prominent roles for TNF-α and the NF-κB pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:87. [PMID: 25928089 PMCID: PMC4469428 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Breast cancer progression is promoted by stromal cells that populate the tumors, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). The activities of CAFs and MSCs in breast cancer are integrated within an intimate inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME) that includes high levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β). Here, we identified the impact of TNF-α and IL-1β on the inflammatory phenotype of CAFs and MSCs by determining the expression of inflammatory chemokines that are well-characterized as pro-tumorigenic in breast cancer: CCL2 (MCP-1), CXCL8 (IL-8) and CCL5 (RANTES). Methods Chemokine expression was determined in breast cancer patient-derived CAFs by ELISA and in patient biopsies by immunohistochemistry. Chemokine levels were determined by ELISA in (1) human bone marrow-derived MSCs stimulated by tumor conditioned media (Tumor CM) of breast tumor cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) at the end of MSC-to-CAF-conversion process; (2) Tumor CM-derived CAFs, patient CAFs and MSCs stimulated by TNF-α (and IL-1β). The roles of AP-1 and NF-κB in chemokine secretion were analyzed by Western blotting and by siRNAs to c-Jun and p65, respectively. Migration of monocytic cells was determined in modified Boyden chambers. Results TNF-α (and IL-1β) induced the release of CCL2, CXCL8 and CCL5 by MSCs and CAFs generated by prolonged stimulation of MSCs with Tumor CM of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. Patient-derived CAFs expressed CCL2 and CXCL8, and secreted CCL5 following TNF-α (and IL-1β) stimulation. CCL2 was expressed in CAFs residing in proximity to breast tumor cells in biopsies of patients diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma. CCL2 release by TNF-α-stimulated MSCs was mediated by TNF-RI and TNF-RII, through the NF-κB but not via the AP-1 pathway. Exposure of MSCs to TNF-α led to potent CCL2-induced migration of monocytic cells, a process that may yield pro-cancerous myeloid infiltrates in breast tumors. Conclusions Our novel results emphasize the important roles of inflammation-stroma interactions in breast cancer, and suggest that NF-κB may be a potential target for inhibition in tumor-adjacent stromal cells, enabling improved tumor control in inflammation-driven malignancies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0080-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Katanov
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
| | - Shalom Lerrer
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
| | - Yulia Liubomirski
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
| | - Leonor Leider-Trejo
- Department of Pathology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6 Weizmann Street, Tel Aviv, 64239, Israel.
| | - Tsipi Meshel
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
| | - Jair Bar
- Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, 5262100, Israel.
| | - Rotem Feniger-Barish
- Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, 5262100, Israel.
| | - Iris Kamer
- Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, 5262100, Israel.
| | - Gali Soria-Artzi
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
| | - Hadar Kahani
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
| | - Debabrata Banerjee
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Adit Ben-Baruch
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
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Gampenrieder SP, Rinnerthaler G, Greil R. Bone-targeted therapy in metastatic breast cancer - all well-established knowledge? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 9:323-30. [PMID: 25759612 DOI: 10.1159/000368710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone-targeted therapies like bisphosphonates (zoledronic acid or pamidronate) or denosumab are recommended in all patients with metastatic breast cancer and bone metastases, whether they are symptomatic or not. The choice between these 2 different agents, however, remains open. In this review, we critically discuss the emerging evidence for direct anti-tumor activity of bone-targeting agents, the utility of bone turnover markers for treatment decision and efficacy prediction, as well as the safety and financial aspects of bisphosphonates and denosumab. Furthermore, we provide a possible therapeutic algorithm, and present new pharmacologic agents which are being investigated for the treatment of metastatic bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Gampenrieder
- III Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute (SCRI) with Laboratory of Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (LIMCR) and Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials (CCCIT), Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gabriel Rinnerthaler
- III Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute (SCRI) with Laboratory of Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (LIMCR) and Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials (CCCIT), Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Greil
- III Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute (SCRI) with Laboratory of Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (LIMCR) and Center for Clinical Cancer and Immunology Trials (CCCIT), Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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28
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Kothari AN, Mi Z, Zapf M, Kuo PC. Novel clinical therapeutics targeting the epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Clin Transl Med 2014; 3:35. [PMID: 25343018 PMCID: PMC4198571 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-014-0035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is implicated in many processes, ranging from tissue and organogenesis to cancer and metastatic spread. Understanding the key regulatory mechanisms and mediators within this process offers the opportunity to develop novel therapeutics with broad clinical applicability. To date, several components of EMT already are targeted using pharmacologic agents in fibrosis and cancer. As our knowledge of EMT continues to grow, the potential for novel therapeutics will also increase. This review focuses on the role of EMT both as a necessary part of development and a key player in disease progression, specifically the similarity in pathways used during both processes as targets for drug development. Also, the key role of the tumor microenvironment with EMT is outlined, focusing on both co-factors and cell types with the ability to modulate the progression of EMT in cancer and metastatic disease. Lastly, we discuss the current status of clinical therapies both in development and those progressed to clinical trial specifically targeting pathologic EMTs including small molecule inhibitors, non-coding RNAs, exogenous co-factors, and adjunctive therapies to current chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anai N Kothari
- Department of Surgery, Oncology Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Ave, EMS Bldg, Rm 3244, Maywood 60153, IL, USA
| | - Zhiyong Mi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Ave, EMS Bldg, Rm 3244, Maywood 60153, IL, USA
| | - Matthew Zapf
- Department of Surgery, Oncology Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Ave, EMS Bldg, Rm 3244, Maywood 60153, IL, USA
| | - Paul C Kuo
- Department of Surgery, Oncology Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 South First Ave, EMS Bldg, Rm 3244, Maywood 60153, IL, USA
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Velasco-Velázquez M, Xolalpa W, Pestell RG. The potential to target CCL5/CCR5 in breast cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:1265-75. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.949238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Ohba T, Cole HA, Cates JMM, Slosky DA, Haro H, Ando T, Schwartz HS, Schoenecker JG. Bisphosphonates inhibit osteosarcoma-mediated osteolysis via attenuation of tumor expression of MCP-1 and RANKL. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:1431-45. [PMID: 24443409 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone and accounts for around 50% of all primary skeletal malignancies. In addition to novel chemotherapies, there is a need for adjuvant therapies designed to inhibit osteosarcoma proliferation and tumor-induced osteolysis to attenuate tumor expansion and metastasis. As such, studies on the efficacy of bisphosphonates on human osteosarcoma are planned after feasibility studies determined that the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid (ZOL) can be safely combined with conventional chemotherapy. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for, and means of inhibiting, osteosarcoma-induced osteolysis are largely unknown. We establish that osteosarcoma growth directly correlates with tumor-induced osteolysis and activation of osteoclasts in vivo. In vitro, tumor cells were determined to expresses surface, but not soluble, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and stimulated osteoclastogenesis in a manner directly proportional to their malignant potential. In addition, an aggressive osteosarcoma cell line was shown to secrete monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), resulting in robust monocyte migration. Because MCP-1 is a key cytokine for monocyte recruitment and surface-bound RANKL strongly supports local osteoclastogenesis, we suggest that high levels of these signaling molecules are associated with the aggressive potential of osteosarcoma. Consistent with these findings, abundant expression of RANKL/MCP-1 was observed in tumor in vivo, and MCP-1 plasma levels strongly correlated with tumor progression and osteolysis. ZOL administration directly attenuates osteosarcoma production of RANKL/MCP-1, reducing tumor-induced bone destruction. In vivo, these findings also correlated with significant reduction in osteosarcoma growth. ZOL attenuates tumor-induced osteolysis, not only through direct inhibition of osteoclasts, but also through direct actions on tumor expression of osteoclast activators. These data provide insight regarding the effect of ZOL on osteosarcoma essential for designing the planned upcoming prospective randomized trials to determine the efficacy of bisphosphonates on osteosarcoma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Ohba
- Department of Orthopaedics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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31
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Bai H, Weng Y, Bai S, Jiang Y, Li B, He F, Zhang R, Yan S, Deng F, Wang J, Shi Q. CCL5 secreted from bone marrow stromal cells stimulates the migration and invasion of Huh7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells via the PI3K-Akt pathway. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:333-43. [PMID: 24806733 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) seem to be increasing. Previous studies showed that soluble factors secreted by host cells and direct cell-to-cell interactions contributed to the preferential metastasis and growth of cancer cells in bone, while the underlying mechanism(s) of the metastasis of HCC in the bone are poorly understood. Here, we determined the effect of HS-5 cells on Huh7 cell proliferation, and investigated the role of CCL5 from HS-5 cells on the development of Huh7 cells. In addition, the underlying mechanisms on the influence in Huh7 cells were investigated. Our results showed that HS-5 cells could promote the proliferation, migration and invasion of Huh7 cells, and inhibited apoptosis. CCL5 downregulation was able to inhibit the effects of HS-5 cells on Huh7 cell migration and invasion via the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and reduce MMP-2 expression. Therefore, these findings suggest that CCL5 secreted from MSCs can promote the migration and invasion of Huh7 cells and could be an important factor in HCC related to occurrence of bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Bai
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yaguang Weng
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shunjie Bai
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yingjiu Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Baolin Li
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Fang He
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Ruyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shujuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Fang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Wu C, Yang S, Sun Z, Han X, Ye Y, Liu S. Characterization of the Attenuation of Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis in Mice by Zoledronic Acid Using 99mTc bone Scintigraphy. Pathol Oncol Res 2014; 20:747-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-014-9756-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Fasching PA, Jud SM, Hauschild M, Kümmel S, Schütte M, Warm M, Hanf V, Grab D, Krocker J, Stickeler E, Kreienberg R, Müller T, Kühn T, Wolf C, Kahlert S, Paepke S, Berghorn M, Muth M, Baier M, Wackwitz B, Schulz-Wendtland R, Beckmann MW, Lux MP. FemZone trial: a randomized phase II trial comparing neoadjuvant letrozole and zoledronic acid with letrozole in primary breast cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:66. [PMID: 24499441 PMCID: PMC3937056 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this prospectively randomized phase II trial (Trial registration: EUCTR2004-004007-37-DE) was to compare the clinical response of primary breast cancer patients to neoadjuvant therapy with letrozole alone (LET) or letrozole and zoledronic acid (LET + ZOL). METHODS Patients were randomly assigned to receive either LET 2.5 mg/day (n = 79) or the combination of LET 2.5 mg/day and a total of seven infusions of ZOL 4 mg every 4 weeks (n = 89) for 6 months. Primary endpoint was clinical response rate as assessed by mammogram readings. The study was terminated prematurely due to insufficient recruitment. We report here on an exploratory analysis of this data. RESULTS Central assessment of tumor sizes during the treatment period was available for 131 patients (66 LET, 65 LET + ZOL). Clinical responses (complete or partial) were seen in 54.5% (95% CI: 41.8-66.9) of the patients in the LET arm and 69.2% (95% CI: 56.6-80.1) of those in the LET + ZOL arm (P = 0.106). A multivariate model showed an OR of 1.72 (95% CI: 0.83-3.59) for the experimental arm. CONCLUSION No increase in the clinical response rate was observed with the addition of ZOL to a neoadjuvant treatment regimen with LET. However a trend towards a better reponse in the LET + ZOL arm could be observed. This trend is consistent with previous studies that have investigated the addition of ZOL to chemotherapy, and it may support the evidence for a direct antitumor action of zoledronic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Fasching
- University Breast Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Erlangen Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Jud
- University Breast Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Erlangen Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maik Hauschild
- Departement of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Spital Rheinfelden, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Schütte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Warm
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Cologne University Hospital, Cologne, Germany
- Kliniken der Stadt Köln Holweide, Cologne, Germany
| | - Volker Hanf
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics "Nathanstift" Klinikum Fürth, Fürth, Germany
| | - Dieter Grab
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum Harlaching, Munich, Germany
| | - Jutta Krocker
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sana-Klinikum Lichtenberg, Oskar-Ziethen-Krankenhaus, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elmar Stickeler
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Kreienberg
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Thorsten Kühn
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Klinikum Esslingen, Esslingen, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Kahlert
- Frauenklinik Grosshadern, Universitätsklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Paepke
- Frauenklinik und Poliklinik der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Rüdiger Schulz-Wendtland
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- University Breast Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Erlangen Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael P Lux
- University Breast Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Erlangen Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
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The inflammatory chemokine CCL5 and cancer progression. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:292376. [PMID: 24523569 PMCID: PMC3910068 DOI: 10.1155/2014/292376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, inflammatory chemokines were viewed mainly as indispensable “gate keepers” of immunity and inflammation. However, updated research indicates that cancer cells subvert the normal chemokine system and these molecules and their receptors become important constituents of the tumor microenvironment with very different ways to exert tumor-promoting roles. The CCR5 and the CCL5 ligand have been detected in some hematological malignancies, lymphomas, and a great number of solid tumors, but extensive studies on the role of the CCL5/CCR axis were performed only in a limited number of cancers. This review summarizes updated information on the role of CCL5 and its receptor CCR5 in cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, and the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment and highlights the development of newer therapeutic strategies aimed to inhibit the binding of CCL5 to CCR5, to inhibit CCL5 secretion, or to inhibit the interactions among tumor cells and the microenvironment leading to CCL5 secretion.
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Santini D, Zoccoli A, Gregorj C, Di Cerbo M, Iuliani M, Pantano F, Zamarchi R, Sergi F, Flammia G, Buscarini M, Rizzo S, Cicero G, Russo A, Vincenzi B, Avvisati G, Tonini G. Zoledronic Acid Induces a Significant Decrease of Circulating Endothelial Cells and Circulating Endothelial Precursor Cells in the Early Prostate Cancer Neoadjuvant Setting. Oncology 2013; 85:342-7. [DOI: 10.1159/000347226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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The chemokine system, and its CCR5 and CXCR4 receptors, as potential targets for personalized therapy in cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 352:36-53. [PMID: 24141062 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors regulate the trafficking of leukocytes in hematopoiesis and inflammation, and thus are fundamental to the immune integrity of the host. In parallel, members of the chemokine system exert a large variety of functions that dictate processes of cancer development and progression. Chemokines can act as pro-tumoral or anti-tumoral regulators of malignancy by affecting cells of the tumor microenvironment (leukocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts) and the tumor cells themselves (migration, invasion, proliferation, resistance to chemotherapy). Several of the chemokines are generally skewed towards the cancer-promoting direction, including primarily the CCR5-CCL5 (RANTES) and the CXCR4-CXCL12 (SDF-1) axes. This review provides a general view of chemokines and chemokine receptors as regulators of malignancy, describing their multi-faceted activities in cancer. The tumor-promoting activities of the CCR5-CCL5 and CXCR4-CXCL12 pathways are enlightened, emphasizing their potential use as targets for personalized therapy. Indeed, novel blockers of chemokines and their receptors are constantly emerging, and two chemokine receptor inhibitors were recently approved for clinical use: Maraviroc for CCR5 and Plerixafor for CXCR4. The review addresses ongoing pre-clinical and clinical trials using these modalities and others in cancer. Then, challenges and opportunities of personalized therapy directed against chemokines and their receptors in malignancy are discussed, demonstrating that such novel personalized cancer therapies hold many challenges, but also offer hope for cancer patients.
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Banys M, Solomayer EF, Gebauer G, Janni W, Krawczyk N, Lueck HJ, Becker S, Huober J, Kraemer B, Wackwitz B, Hirnle P, Wallwiener D, Fehm T. Influence of zoledronic acid on disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow and survival: results of a prospective clinical trial. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:480. [PMID: 24128322 PMCID: PMC4015285 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of disseminated tumor cells (DTC) in bone marrow (BM) of breast cancer patients is associated with reduced clinical outcome. Bisphosphonate treatment was shown to eradicate DTC from BM in several studies. This controlled randomized open-label multi-center study aimed to investigate the influence of zoledronic acid (ZOL) on DTC and survival of breast cancer patients (Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT00172068). Methods Patients with primary breast cancer and DTC-positive bone marrow were randomized to treatment with ZOL plus adjuvant systemic therapy (n = 40) or adjuvant systemic therapy alone (n = 46) between 03/2002 and 12/2004. DTC were identified by immunocytochemistry using the pancytokeratin antibody A45B/B3 and by cytomorphology. The change in DTC numbers at 12 months and 24 months versus baseline, as well as patient outcomes were evaluated. Results 86 patients could be included into survival analysis (median follow-up: 88 months, range: 8–108 mths). Patients in the control group were more likely to die during follow-up than those in the ZOL-group (11% vs. 2%, p = 0.106). 15% of patients in the control group presented with relapse whereas only 8% of ZOL group patients developed metastatic or recurrent disease during follow-up (p = 0.205). At 24 months, 16% of patients from the control group were still DTC positive, whereas all patients treated with ZOL became DTC negative (p = 0.032). Patients presenting with persistent DTC 12 months after diagnosis had significantly shorter overall survival (p = 0.011). Conclusions Bisphosphonate therapy contributes to eradication of disseminated tumor cells. The positive influence of bisphosphonates on survival in the adjuvant setting may be due to their effects on DTC. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
NCT00172068 [Zoledronic Acid in the Treatment of Breast Cancer With Minimal Residual Disease in the Bone Marrow (MRD-1)].
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tanja Fehm
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstr, 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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von Minckwitz G, Möbus V, Schneeweiss A, Huober J, Thomssen C, Untch M, Jackisch C, Diel IJ, Elling D, Conrad B, Kreienberg R, Müller V, Lück HJ, Bauerfeind I, Clemens M, Schmidt M, Noeding S, Forstbauer H, Barinoff J, Belau A, Nekljudova V, Harbeck N, Loibl S. German Adjuvant Intergroup Node-Positive Study: A Phase III Trial to Compare Oral Ibandronate Versus Observation in Patients With High-Risk Early Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:3531-9. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.47.2167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Bisphosphonates prevent skeletal-related events in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Their effect in early breast cancer is controversial. Ibandronate is an orally and intravenously available amino-bisphosphonate with a favorable toxicity profile. It therefore qualifies as potential agent for adjuvant use. Patients and Methods The GAIN (German Adjuvant Intergroup Node-Positive) study was an open-label, randomized, controlled phase III trial with a 2 × 2 factorial design. Patients with node-positive early breast cancer were randomly assigned 1:1 to two different dose-dense chemotherapy regimens and 2:1 to ibandronate 50 mg per day orally for 2 years or observation. In all, 2,640 patients and 728 events were estimated to be required to demonstrate an increase in disease-free survival (DFS) by ibandronate from 75% to 79.5% by using a two-sided α = .05 and 1-β of 80%. We report here the efficacy analysis for ibandronate, which was released by the independent data monitoring committee because the futility boundary was not crossed after 50% of the required DFS events were observed. Results Between June 2004 and August 2008, 2,015 patients were randomly assigned to ibandronate and 1,008 to observation. Patients randomly assigned to ibandronate showed no superior DFS or overall survival (OS) compared with patients randomly assigned to observation (DFS: hazard ratio, 0.945; 95% CI, 0.768 to 1.161; P = .589; OS: HR, 1.040; 95% CI, 0.763 to 1.419; P = .803). DFS was numerically longer if ibandronate was used in patients younger than 40 years or older than 60 years compared with patients age 40 to 59 years (test for interaction P = .093). Conclusion Adjuvant treatment with oral ibandronate did not improve outcome of patients with high-risk early breast cancer who received dose-dense chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter von Minckwitz
- Gunter von Minckwitz, Valentina Nekljudova, and Sibylle Loibl, German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg; Volker Möbus, Klinikum Frankfurt-Hoechst, Frankfurt; Andreas Schneeweiss, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Jens Huober, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Christoph Thomssen, University Hospital Halle an der Saale, Halle an der Saale; Michael Untch, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin; Christian Jackisch, Klinikum Offenbach, Offenbach; Ingo J. Diel, Schwerpunktpraxis für
| | - Volker Möbus
- Gunter von Minckwitz, Valentina Nekljudova, and Sibylle Loibl, German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg; Volker Möbus, Klinikum Frankfurt-Hoechst, Frankfurt; Andreas Schneeweiss, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Jens Huober, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Christoph Thomssen, University Hospital Halle an der Saale, Halle an der Saale; Michael Untch, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin; Christian Jackisch, Klinikum Offenbach, Offenbach; Ingo J. Diel, Schwerpunktpraxis für
| | - Andreas Schneeweiss
- Gunter von Minckwitz, Valentina Nekljudova, and Sibylle Loibl, German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg; Volker Möbus, Klinikum Frankfurt-Hoechst, Frankfurt; Andreas Schneeweiss, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Jens Huober, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Christoph Thomssen, University Hospital Halle an der Saale, Halle an der Saale; Michael Untch, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin; Christian Jackisch, Klinikum Offenbach, Offenbach; Ingo J. Diel, Schwerpunktpraxis für
| | - Jens Huober
- Gunter von Minckwitz, Valentina Nekljudova, and Sibylle Loibl, German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg; Volker Möbus, Klinikum Frankfurt-Hoechst, Frankfurt; Andreas Schneeweiss, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Jens Huober, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Christoph Thomssen, University Hospital Halle an der Saale, Halle an der Saale; Michael Untch, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin; Christian Jackisch, Klinikum Offenbach, Offenbach; Ingo J. Diel, Schwerpunktpraxis für
| | - Christoph Thomssen
- Gunter von Minckwitz, Valentina Nekljudova, and Sibylle Loibl, German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg; Volker Möbus, Klinikum Frankfurt-Hoechst, Frankfurt; Andreas Schneeweiss, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Jens Huober, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Christoph Thomssen, University Hospital Halle an der Saale, Halle an der Saale; Michael Untch, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin; Christian Jackisch, Klinikum Offenbach, Offenbach; Ingo J. Diel, Schwerpunktpraxis für
| | - Michael Untch
- Gunter von Minckwitz, Valentina Nekljudova, and Sibylle Loibl, German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg; Volker Möbus, Klinikum Frankfurt-Hoechst, Frankfurt; Andreas Schneeweiss, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Jens Huober, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Christoph Thomssen, University Hospital Halle an der Saale, Halle an der Saale; Michael Untch, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin; Christian Jackisch, Klinikum Offenbach, Offenbach; Ingo J. Diel, Schwerpunktpraxis für
| | - Christian Jackisch
- Gunter von Minckwitz, Valentina Nekljudova, and Sibylle Loibl, German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg; Volker Möbus, Klinikum Frankfurt-Hoechst, Frankfurt; Andreas Schneeweiss, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Jens Huober, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Christoph Thomssen, University Hospital Halle an der Saale, Halle an der Saale; Michael Untch, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin; Christian Jackisch, Klinikum Offenbach, Offenbach; Ingo J. Diel, Schwerpunktpraxis für
| | - Ingo J. Diel
- Gunter von Minckwitz, Valentina Nekljudova, and Sibylle Loibl, German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg; Volker Möbus, Klinikum Frankfurt-Hoechst, Frankfurt; Andreas Schneeweiss, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Jens Huober, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Christoph Thomssen, University Hospital Halle an der Saale, Halle an der Saale; Michael Untch, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin; Christian Jackisch, Klinikum Offenbach, Offenbach; Ingo J. Diel, Schwerpunktpraxis für
| | - Dirk Elling
- Gunter von Minckwitz, Valentina Nekljudova, and Sibylle Loibl, German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg; Volker Möbus, Klinikum Frankfurt-Hoechst, Frankfurt; Andreas Schneeweiss, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Jens Huober, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Christoph Thomssen, University Hospital Halle an der Saale, Halle an der Saale; Michael Untch, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin; Christian Jackisch, Klinikum Offenbach, Offenbach; Ingo J. Diel, Schwerpunktpraxis für
| | - Bettina Conrad
- Gunter von Minckwitz, Valentina Nekljudova, and Sibylle Loibl, German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg; Volker Möbus, Klinikum Frankfurt-Hoechst, Frankfurt; Andreas Schneeweiss, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Jens Huober, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Christoph Thomssen, University Hospital Halle an der Saale, Halle an der Saale; Michael Untch, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin; Christian Jackisch, Klinikum Offenbach, Offenbach; Ingo J. Diel, Schwerpunktpraxis für
| | - Rolf Kreienberg
- Gunter von Minckwitz, Valentina Nekljudova, and Sibylle Loibl, German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg; Volker Möbus, Klinikum Frankfurt-Hoechst, Frankfurt; Andreas Schneeweiss, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Jens Huober, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Christoph Thomssen, University Hospital Halle an der Saale, Halle an der Saale; Michael Untch, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin; Christian Jackisch, Klinikum Offenbach, Offenbach; Ingo J. Diel, Schwerpunktpraxis für
| | - Volkmar Müller
- Gunter von Minckwitz, Valentina Nekljudova, and Sibylle Loibl, German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg; Volker Möbus, Klinikum Frankfurt-Hoechst, Frankfurt; Andreas Schneeweiss, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Jens Huober, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Christoph Thomssen, University Hospital Halle an der Saale, Halle an der Saale; Michael Untch, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin; Christian Jackisch, Klinikum Offenbach, Offenbach; Ingo J. Diel, Schwerpunktpraxis für
| | - Hans-Joachim Lück
- Gunter von Minckwitz, Valentina Nekljudova, and Sibylle Loibl, German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg; Volker Möbus, Klinikum Frankfurt-Hoechst, Frankfurt; Andreas Schneeweiss, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Jens Huober, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Christoph Thomssen, University Hospital Halle an der Saale, Halle an der Saale; Michael Untch, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin; Christian Jackisch, Klinikum Offenbach, Offenbach; Ingo J. Diel, Schwerpunktpraxis für
| | - Ingo Bauerfeind
- Gunter von Minckwitz, Valentina Nekljudova, and Sibylle Loibl, German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg; Volker Möbus, Klinikum Frankfurt-Hoechst, Frankfurt; Andreas Schneeweiss, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Jens Huober, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Christoph Thomssen, University Hospital Halle an der Saale, Halle an der Saale; Michael Untch, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin; Christian Jackisch, Klinikum Offenbach, Offenbach; Ingo J. Diel, Schwerpunktpraxis für
| | - Michael Clemens
- Gunter von Minckwitz, Valentina Nekljudova, and Sibylle Loibl, German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg; Volker Möbus, Klinikum Frankfurt-Hoechst, Frankfurt; Andreas Schneeweiss, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Jens Huober, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Christoph Thomssen, University Hospital Halle an der Saale, Halle an der Saale; Michael Untch, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin; Christian Jackisch, Klinikum Offenbach, Offenbach; Ingo J. Diel, Schwerpunktpraxis für
| | - Marcus Schmidt
- Gunter von Minckwitz, Valentina Nekljudova, and Sibylle Loibl, German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg; Volker Möbus, Klinikum Frankfurt-Hoechst, Frankfurt; Andreas Schneeweiss, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Jens Huober, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Christoph Thomssen, University Hospital Halle an der Saale, Halle an der Saale; Michael Untch, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin; Christian Jackisch, Klinikum Offenbach, Offenbach; Ingo J. Diel, Schwerpunktpraxis für
| | - Stefanie Noeding
- Gunter von Minckwitz, Valentina Nekljudova, and Sibylle Loibl, German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg; Volker Möbus, Klinikum Frankfurt-Hoechst, Frankfurt; Andreas Schneeweiss, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Jens Huober, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Christoph Thomssen, University Hospital Halle an der Saale, Halle an der Saale; Michael Untch, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin; Christian Jackisch, Klinikum Offenbach, Offenbach; Ingo J. Diel, Schwerpunktpraxis für
| | - Helmut Forstbauer
- Gunter von Minckwitz, Valentina Nekljudova, and Sibylle Loibl, German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg; Volker Möbus, Klinikum Frankfurt-Hoechst, Frankfurt; Andreas Schneeweiss, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Jens Huober, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Christoph Thomssen, University Hospital Halle an der Saale, Halle an der Saale; Michael Untch, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin; Christian Jackisch, Klinikum Offenbach, Offenbach; Ingo J. Diel, Schwerpunktpraxis für
| | - Jana Barinoff
- Gunter von Minckwitz, Valentina Nekljudova, and Sibylle Loibl, German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg; Volker Möbus, Klinikum Frankfurt-Hoechst, Frankfurt; Andreas Schneeweiss, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Jens Huober, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Christoph Thomssen, University Hospital Halle an der Saale, Halle an der Saale; Michael Untch, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin; Christian Jackisch, Klinikum Offenbach, Offenbach; Ingo J. Diel, Schwerpunktpraxis für
| | - Antje Belau
- Gunter von Minckwitz, Valentina Nekljudova, and Sibylle Loibl, German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg; Volker Möbus, Klinikum Frankfurt-Hoechst, Frankfurt; Andreas Schneeweiss, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Jens Huober, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Christoph Thomssen, University Hospital Halle an der Saale, Halle an der Saale; Michael Untch, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin; Christian Jackisch, Klinikum Offenbach, Offenbach; Ingo J. Diel, Schwerpunktpraxis für
| | - Valentina Nekljudova
- Gunter von Minckwitz, Valentina Nekljudova, and Sibylle Loibl, German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg; Volker Möbus, Klinikum Frankfurt-Hoechst, Frankfurt; Andreas Schneeweiss, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Jens Huober, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Christoph Thomssen, University Hospital Halle an der Saale, Halle an der Saale; Michael Untch, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin; Christian Jackisch, Klinikum Offenbach, Offenbach; Ingo J. Diel, Schwerpunktpraxis für
| | - Nadia Harbeck
- Gunter von Minckwitz, Valentina Nekljudova, and Sibylle Loibl, German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg; Volker Möbus, Klinikum Frankfurt-Hoechst, Frankfurt; Andreas Schneeweiss, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Jens Huober, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Christoph Thomssen, University Hospital Halle an der Saale, Halle an der Saale; Michael Untch, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin; Christian Jackisch, Klinikum Offenbach, Offenbach; Ingo J. Diel, Schwerpunktpraxis für
| | - Sibylle Loibl
- Gunter von Minckwitz, Valentina Nekljudova, and Sibylle Loibl, German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg; Volker Möbus, Klinikum Frankfurt-Hoechst, Frankfurt; Andreas Schneeweiss, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Jens Huober, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Christoph Thomssen, University Hospital Halle an der Saale, Halle an der Saale; Michael Untch, Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin; Christian Jackisch, Klinikum Offenbach, Offenbach; Ingo J. Diel, Schwerpunktpraxis für
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Borghese C, Cattaruzza L, Pivetta E, Normanno N, De Luca A, Mazzucato M, Celegato M, Colombatti A, Aldinucci D. Gefitinib inhibits the cross-talk between mesenchymal stem cells and prostate cancer cells leading to tumor cell proliferation and inhibition of docetaxel activity. J Cell Biochem 2013. [PMID: 23192362 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are recruited into the stroma of developing tumors where they contribute to progression by enhancing tumor growth and metastasis, or by inducing anticancer-drug resistance. Prostate cancer cells secrete ligands of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and EGFR signaling could play an important role in the cross-talk between mesenchymal stem cells and prostate cancer cells. In this study, we showed that treatment of human primary MSCs with conditioned medium (CM) derived from the bone metastatic PC3 carcinoma cells (PC3-CM) resulted in: a significant activation of EGFR; increased proliferation; increased osteoblastic but decreased adipocitic differentiation; inhibition of senescence induced by serum starvation; increased CCL5 secretion. These activities were significantly inhibited in the presence of the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib. PC3-CM directly inhibited osteoclastogenesis as well as the ability of osteoblasts to induce osteoclast differentiation. The increased MSCs migration by PC3-CM and PC3 cells was partially mediated by CCL5. MSC-CM increased the formation of colonies by PC3 cells and inhibited the anti-proliferative activity of Docetaxel. Activation of EGFR expressed on MSCs by PC3-CM enhanced their capability to increase PC3 cells proliferation and to inhibit Docetaxel activity. These findings, by showing that the tumor-promoting interactions between PC3 cells and MSCs are mediated, at least in part, by EGFR, suggest a novel application of the EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Borghese
- Experimental Oncology 2, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute-IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
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Ben-Aharon I, Vidal L, Rizel S, Yerushalmi R, Shpilberg O, Sulkes A, Stemmer SM. Bisphosphonates in the adjuvant setting of breast cancer therapy--effect on survival: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70044. [PMID: 23990894 PMCID: PMC3753308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role of bisphosphonates (BP) in early breast cancer (BC) has been considered controversial. We performed a meta-analysis of all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that appraised the effects of BP on survival in early BC. Methods RCTs were identified by searching the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE databases and conference proceedings. Hazard ratios (HRs) of overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) and relative risks of adverse events were estimated and pooled. Results Thirteen trials met the inclusion criteria, evaluating a total of 15,762 patients. Meta-analysis of ten trials which reported OS revealed no statistically significant benefit in OS for BP (HR 0.89, 95% CI = 0.79 to 1.01). Meta-analysis of nine trials which reported the DFS revealed no benefit in DFS (HR 0.95 (0.81–1.12)). Meta-analysis upon menopausal status showed a statistically significant better DFS in the BP-treated patients (HR 0.81(0.69–0.95)). In meta-regression, chemotherapy was negatively associated with HR of survival. Conclusions Our meta-analysis indicates a positive effect for adjuvant BP on survival only in postmenopausal patients. Meta-regression demonstrated a negative association between chemotherapy use BP effect on survival. Further large scale RCTs are warranted to unravel the specific subgroups that would benefit from the addition of BP in the adjuvant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Ben-Aharon
- Institute of Oncology, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tiqva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Liat Vidal
- Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tiqva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shulamith Rizel
- Institute of Oncology, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tiqva, Israel
| | - Rinat Yerushalmi
- Institute of Oncology, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tiqva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofer Shpilberg
- Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tiqva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Aaron Sulkes
- Institute of Oncology, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tiqva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Salomon M. Stemmer
- Institute of Oncology, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tiqva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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In Reply. Oncologist 2013; 18:e26-7. [DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our meta-analysis provides evidence that zoledronic acid in the adjuvant breast cancer setting may increase survival. Additional data from basic research and clinical trials in the future will help us interpret its role with more confidence.
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Bisphosphonates modulate vital functions of human osteoblasts and affect their interactions with breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 140:35-48. [PMID: 23807419 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2613-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BPs) are in clinical use for the treatment of breast cancer patients with bone metastases. Their anti-resorptive effect is mainly explained by inhibition of osteoclast activity, but recent evidence also points to a direct action of BPs on bone-forming osteoblasts. However, the mechanisms how BPs influence osteoblasts and their interactions with breast cancer cells are still poorly characterized. Human osteoblasts isolated from bone specimens were characterized in depth by their expression of osteogenic marker genes. The influence of the nitrogen-containing BPs zoledronate (Zol), ibandronate (Iban), and pamidronate (Pam) on molecular and cellular functions of osteoblasts was assessed focusing on cell proliferation and viability, apoptosis, cytokine secretion, and osteogenic-associated genes. Furthermore, effects of BPs on osteoblast-breast tumor cell interactions were examined in an established in vitro model system. The BPs Zol and Pam inhibited cell viability of osteoblasts. This effect was mediated by an induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis in osteoblasts. By interfering with the mevalonate pathway, Zol also reduces the proliferation of osteoblasts. The expression of phenotypic markers of osteogenic differentiation was altered by Zol and Pam. In addition, both BPs strongly influenced the secretion of the chemokine CCL2 by osteoblasts. Breast cancer cells also responded to Zol and Pam with a reduced cell adhesion to osteoblast-derived extracellular matrix molecules and with a decreased migration in response to osteoblast-secreted factors. BPs revealed prominent effects on human osteoblasts. Zol and Pam as the most potent BPs affected not only the expression of osteogenic markers, osteoblast viability, and proliferation but also important osteoblast-tumor cell interactions. Changing the osteoblast metabolism by BPs modulates migration and adhesion of breast cancer cells as well.
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Li AM, Tian AX, Zhang RX, Ge J, Sun X, Cao XC. Protocadherin-7 induces bone metastasis of breast cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 436:486-90. [PMID: 23751349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.05.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer had a propensity to metastasize to bone, resulting in serious skeletal complications associated with poor outcome. Previous study showed that Protocadherin-7 (PCDH7) play an important role in brain metastatic breast cancer, however, the role of PCDH7 in bone metastatic breast cancer has never been explored. In the present study, we found that PCDH7 expression was up-regulation in bone metastatic breast cancer tissues by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry assays. Furthermore, suppression of PCDH7 inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro by MTT, scratch, and transwell assays. Most importantly, overexpression of PCDH7 promotes breast cancer cell proliferation and invasion in vitro, and formation of bone metastasis in vivo. These data provide an important insight into the role of PCDH7 in bone metastasis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Min Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The 5th Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
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Guan J, Chen J. Mesenchymal stem cells in the tumor microenvironment. Biomed Rep 2013; 1:517-521. [PMID: 24648978 DOI: 10.3892/br.2013.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are non-hematopoietic, multipotent cells, which are able to differentiate to bone, adipose and cartilage tissue. MSCs have the characteristic of migration to injured areas or tumor microenvironment following induction by chemokines or inflammatory factors. An increasing number of studies have reported that MSCs recruited to the tumor microenvironment play various roles in tumor cell development and tumor progression. In this study, we reviewed the studies related to the tumor-promoting roles of MSCs from several aspects, such as increasing stemness of tumor cells, mediating migration, promoting angiogenesis, suppressing immune response and inducing drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guan
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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Kiper HD, Tezcanli Kaymaz B, Gokbulut AA, Selvi N, Avci CB, Kosova B, Iskender G, Yandim MK, Gunduz C, Sahin F, Baran Y, Saydam G. STAT pathway in the regulation of zoledronic acid-induced apoptosis in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2013; 67:527-32. [PMID: 23725755 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of zoledronic acid on K562 chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells and to examine the roles of STAT genes on zoledronic acid-induced apoptosis. The results showed that zoledronic acid decreased proliferation, and induced apoptosis in K562 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. mRNA and protein levels of STAT3, -5A and -5B genes were significantly reduced in zoledronic acid-treated K562 cells. These data indicated that STAT inhibition by zoledronic acid may be therapeutic in CML patients following the confirmation with clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Demet Kiper
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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Winter MC, Wilson C, Syddall SP, Cross SS, Evans A, Ingram CE, Jolley IJ, Hatton MQ, Freeman JV, Mori S, Holen I, Coleman RE. Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy with or without Zoledronic Acid in Early Breast Cancer—A Randomized Biomarker Pilot Study. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:2755-65. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Valachis A, Polyzos NP, Coleman RE, Gnant M, Eidtmann H, Brufsky AM, Aft R, Tevaarwerk AJ, Swenson K, Lind P, Mauri D. Adjuvant therapy with zoledronic acid in patients with breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncologist 2013; 18:353-61. [PMID: 23404816 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2012-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the study was to estimate the impact on survival and fracture rates of the use of zoledronic acid versus no use (or delayed use) in the adjuvant treatment of patients with early-stage (stages I-III) breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Trials were located through PubMed, ISI, Cochrane Library, and major cancer scientific meeting searches. All trials that randomized patients with primary breast cancer to undergo adjuvant treatment with zoledronic acid versus nonuse, placebo, or delayed use of zoledronic acid as treatment to individuals who develop osteoporosis were considered eligible. Standard meta-analytic procedures were used to analyze the study outcomes. RESULTS Fifteen studies were considered eligible and were further analyzed. The use of zoledronic acid resulted in a statistically significant better overall survival outcome (five studies, 6,414 patients; hazard ratio [HR], 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70-0.94). No significant differences were found for the disease-free survival outcome (seven studies, 7,541 patients; HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.70-1.06) or incidence of bone metastases (seven studies, 7,543 patients; odds ratio [OR], 0.94; 95% CI, 0.64-1.37). Treatment with zoledronic acid led to a significantly lower overall fracture rate (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.63-0.96). Finally, the rate of osteonecrosis of the jaw was 0.52%. CONCLUSION Zoledronic acid as adjuvant therapy in breast cancer patients appears to not only reduce the fracture risk but also offer a survival benefit over placebo or no treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Valachis
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Eskilstuna, Eskilstuna, Sweden.
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De Luca A, Lamura L, Gallo M, Maffia V, Normanno N. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived interleukin-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor promote breast cancer cell migration. J Cell Biochem 2013; 113:3363-70. [PMID: 22644871 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several different cytokines and growth factors secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been hypothesized to play a role in breast cancer progression. By using a small panel of breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, T47D, and SK-Br-3 cells), we analyzed the role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) in the cross-talk between MSCs and breast cancer cells. We performed migration assays in which breast cancer cells were allowed to migrate in response to conditioned medium from MSCs (MSCs-CM), in absence or in presence of the anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab or an anti-IL-6 antibody, alone or in combination. We found that anti-VEGF and anti-IL-6 antibodies inhibited the migration of breast cancer cells and that the combination had an higher inhibitory effect. We next evaluated the effects of recombinant VEGF and IL-6 proteins on breast cancer cell growth and migration. IL-6 and VEGF had not significant effects on the proliferation of breast carcinoma cells. In contrast, both VEGF and IL-6 significantly increased the ability to migrate of MCF-7, T47D and SK-Br-3 cells, with the combination showing a greater effect as compared with treatment with a single protein. The combination of VEGF and IL-6 produced in breast cancer cells a more significant and more persistent activation of MAPK, AKT, and p38MAPK intracellular signaling pathways. These results suggest that MSC-secreted IL-6 and VEGF may act as paracrine factors to sustain breast cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella De Luca
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, INT-Fondazione Pascale, Naples, Italy
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2013; 25:81-9. [DOI: 10.1097/gco.0b013e32835cc6b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bone marrow microenvironment in cancer patients: immunological aspects and clinical implications. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2012; 32:163-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-012-9397-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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