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Guo Q, Zhu Y, Sun F, Korpelainen H, Niinemets Ü, Li C. Male, female, and mixed-sex poplar plantations support divergent soil microbial communities. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17198. [PMID: 38379533 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Males and females of dioecious plants have sex-specific adaptations to diverse habitats. The effects of inter- and intrasexual interactions in poplar plantations on composition, structure, and function of soil microbiota have not been explored in degraded areas. We conducted a series of greenhouse and field experiments to investigate how belowground competition, soil microbial communities, and seasonal variation nitrogen content differ among female, male, and mixed-sex Populus cathayana plantations. In the greenhouse experiment, female neighbors suppressed the growth of males under optimal nitrogen conditions. However, male neighbors enhanced stable isotope ratio of nitrogen (δ15 N) of females under intersexual competition. In the field, the root length density, root area density, and biomass of fine roots were lower in female plantations than in male or mixed-sex plantations. Bacterial networks of female, male, and mixed-sex plantations were characterized by different composition of hub nodes, including connectors, modules, and network hubs. The sex composition of plantations altered bacterial and fungal community structures according to Bray-Curtis distances, with 44% and 65% of variance explained by the root biomass, respectively. The total soil nitrogen content of mixed-sex plantation was higher than that in female plantation in spring and summer. The mixed-sex plantation also had a higher β-1,4-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activity in summer and a higher nitrification rate in autumn than the other two plantations. The seasonal soil N content, nitrification rate, and root distribution traits demonstrated spatiotemporal niche separation in the mixed-sex plantation. We argue that a strong female-female competition and limited nitrogen content could strongly impede plant growth and reduce the resistance of monosex plantations to climate change and the mixed-sex plantations constitutes a promising way to restore degraded land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxue Guo
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanjing Zhu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangyuan Sun
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Helena Korpelainen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Chunyang Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Muñoz-Reinoso JC. Factors affecting variability in fleshy cone production of Juniperus macrocarpa. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2023.103899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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He Q, Queenborough SA, Zhang Y, Wang W, Li B, Zhao K, Luo W, Tang H, Lin W, Chu C. Effects of tree sex, maturity, local abiotic, and biotic neighborhoods on the growth of a subtropical dioecious tree species Diospyros morrisiana. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16124. [PMID: 36652334 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Understanding the drivers of the growth in long-lived woody trees is the key to predicting their responses to and maintaining their populations under global change. However, the role of tree sex and differential investment to reproduction are often not considered in models of individual tree growth, despite many gymnosperm and angiosperm species having separate male and female sexes. Thus, better models of tree growth should include tree sex and life stage along with the abiotic and biotic neighborhoods. METHODS We used a sex-specific molecular marker to determine the sex of 2188 individual trees >1 cm DBH of the dioecious tree species Diospyros morrisiana in a 50-ha subtropical forest plot in China. We used long-term census data from about 300,000 trees, together with 625 soil samples and 2352 hemispherical photographs to characterize the spatially explicit biotic and abiotic neighborhoods. RESULTS We found a male-biased effective sex ratio and a female-biased overall population sex ratio of D. morrisiana. No sex spatial segregation was detected for the overall population, mature, or immature trees. Immature trees grew faster than mature trees and females grew slower than males. Further, conspecific neighbors significantly decreased tree growth, while the abiotic neighborhood showed no significant effect. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that variation in resource allocation patterns within and across individual trees of different sexes and life-history stages should be more widely accounted for in models of tree growth. In addition, our study highlights the importance of sex-specific molecular markers for studying populations of long-lived dioecious tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences and School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Simon A Queenborough
- Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
| | - Yonghua Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Weitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences and School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Buhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences and School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Kangning Zhao
- School of Architecture, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Wenqi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences and School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Hui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences and School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Wei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences and School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Chengjin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences and School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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Seed Quantity or Quality?-Reproductive Responses of Females of Two Dioecious Woody Species to Long-Term Fertilisation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063187. [PMID: 35328608 PMCID: PMC8948795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although seed quality and quantity, as well as reproductive performance are important life history stages of plants, little is known about the reproductive responses of trees to environmental changes such as increased anthropogenic deposition of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Dioecious plants are good models with which to test the environmental impact on female or male reproductive responses individually. We analysed effects of different long-term nutritional availability on the reproductive performance of two dioecious species (Taxus baccata L. and Juniperus communis L.) characterised by different life histories. By using pot experiments with vegetatively propagated plants grown in different fertilisation conditions, we observed an increase in plant growth and strobili production but a decrease in seed efficiency. Seeds produced by fertilised plants had greater seed mass. Fertiliser addition did not change C or N content nor the C/N ratio of T. baccata seeds, but increased N content and the N/P ratio; however, it did lower the C/N ratio in J. communis. Fertilisation did not change the metabolite profile in T. baccata but 18 metabolites were changed in J. communis. The study revealed new links between species life history, environmental changes, and reproduction. The findings imply that future environmental conditions may alter both seed productivity, and quality, as well as plant reproductive behaviour.
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Nowak K, Giertych MJ, Pers-Kamczyc E, Thomas PA, Iszkuło G. Rich but not poor conditions determine sex-specific differences in growth rate of juvenile dioecious plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:947-962. [PMID: 33860903 PMCID: PMC8364908 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Causes of secondary sexual dimorphism (SSD) in dioecious plants are very poorly understood, especially in woody plants. SSD is shown mainly in mature plants, but little is known about whether secondary sexual dimorphism can occur in juveniles. It is also assumed that stress conditions intensify differences between the sexes due to the uneven reproductive effort. Therefore, the following research hypotheses were tested: (1) secondary sexual dimorphism will be visible in juveniles; (2) unfavourable soil conditions are the cause of more pronounced differences between the sexes. Rooted shoots of the common yew (Taxus baccata L.) and common juniper (Juniperus communis L.), previously harvested from parental individuals of known sex were used in the study. During two growing seasons vegetation periods and four times a year, comprehensive morphological features of whole plants were measured. Some SSD traits were visible in the analysed juveniles. Contrary to expectations, differences were more pronounced in the fertilized treatment. Both species reacted to fertilization in different ways. Female yew had a clearly higher total plant mass, root mass, and mean root area when fertilized, whereas male juniper had a higher root mass when fertilized. Differences between the sexes independent of the fertilization treatment were seen, which can be interpreted as sexual adaptations to a continued reproduction. Female yews and male junipers made better use of fertile habitats. Our study showed that SSD may be innate, and sexual compensatory mechanisms could generate uneven growth and development of both sexes. Because the SSD pattern was rather different in both species, it was confirmed that SSD is connected with the specific life histories of specific species rather than a universal strategy of dioecious species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Nowak
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland.
| | - Marian J Giertych
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | | | | | - Grzegorz Iszkuło
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
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Sobuj N, Nissinen K, Virjamo V, Salonen A, Sivadasan U, Randriamanana T, Ikonen VP, Kilpeläinen A, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Nybakken L, Mehtätalo L, Peltola H. Accumulation of phenolics and growth of dioecious Populus tremula (L.) seedlings over three growing seasons under elevated temperature and UVB radiation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 165:114-122. [PMID: 34034157 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of secondary metabolites may exhibit developmentally regulated variation in different plant organs. Moreover, prevailing environmental conditions may interact with development-related variations in plant traits. In this study, we examined developmentally regulated variation in phenolic accumulation in the twigs of dioecious Populus tremula (L.) and how the effects of elevated temperature and ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation on growth and phenolics accumulation varied as the plants get older. In an open-field experiment, six female and six male genotypes were exposed to single and combined elevated temperature and UVB radiation treatments for three consecutive growing seasons. The concentrations of low molecular weight phenolics and condensed tannins did not show age-dependent variation in the twigs. In temperature-treated plants, diameter growth rate decreased, and concentration of condensed tannins increased as plants aged; there were no cumulative effects of elevated UVB radiation on growth and phenolic accumulation. Females maintained a higher concentration of low molecular weight phenolics throughout the experimental period; however, growth and phenolic concentration did not vary over time in females and males. Our results suggest that phenolic accumulation in perennial plants may not necessarily always exhibit age-dependent variation and the effects of elevated temperature on growth and phenolic may diminish as plants get older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norul Sobuj
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Katri Nissinen
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Virpi Virjamo
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland; School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Anneli Salonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Unnikrishnan Sivadasan
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Tendry Randriamanana
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Veli-Pekka Ikonen
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Antti Kilpeläinen
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Line Nybakken
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Lauri Mehtätalo
- School of Computing, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Heli Peltola
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
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Farhat P, Siljak-Yakovlev S, Valentin N, Fabregat C, Lopez-Udias S, Salazar-Mendias C, Altarejos J, Adams RP. Gene flow between diploid and tetraploid junipers - two contrasting evolutionary pathways in two Juniperus populations. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:148. [PMID: 33167862 PMCID: PMC7650182 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene flow and polyploidy have been found to be important in Juniperus evolution. However, little evidence has been published elucidating the association of both phenomena in juniper taxa in the wild. Two main areas were studied in Spain (Eastern Iberian Range and Sierra de Baza) with both diploid and tetraploid taxa present in sympatry. Gene flow and ploidy level were assessed for these taxa and the resulted offspring. RESULTS Twenty-two allo-triploid hybrids between J. sabina var. sabina and J. thurifera were found in the Eastern Iberian Range population. However, in the Sierra de Baza population no triploids were found. Instead, 18 allo-tetraploid hybrids between two tetraploid taxa: J. sabina var. balkanensis and J. thurifera were discovered. High genetic diversity was exhibited among the tetraploid hybrids at Sierra de Baza, in contrast to the genetically identical triploid hybrids at the Eastern Iberian Range; this suggests meiotic difficulties within the triploid hybrids. In addition, unidirectional gene flow was observed in both studied areas. CONCLUSION Polyploidy and hybridization can be complementary partners in the evolution of Juniperus taxa in sympatric occurrences. Juniperus was shown to be an ideal coniferous model to study these two phenomena, independently or in concert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla Farhat
- Biology Department, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.
- Present address: Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China.
| | - Sonja Siljak-Yakovlev
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique Evolution, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Nicolas Valentin
- Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Carlos Fabregat
- Jardí Botànic de la Universitat de València, 46008, València, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Salazar-Mendias
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología. Universidad de Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Joaquín Altarejos
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad de Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Robert P Adams
- Biology Department, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
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Olano JM, González-Muñoz N, Arzac A, Rozas V, von Arx G, Delzon S, García-Cervigón AI. Sex determines xylem anatomy in a dioecious conifer: hydraulic consequences in a drier world. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1493-1502. [PMID: 28575521 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Increased drought frequency and severity may reshape tree species distribution in arid environments. Dioecious tree species may be more sensitive to climate warming if sex-related vulnerability to drought occurs, since lower performance of one sex may drive differential stress tolerance, sex-related mortality rates and biased sex ratios. We explored the effect of sex and environment on branch hydraulic (hydraulic conductivity and vulnerability to embolism) and trunk anatomical traits in both sexes of the dioecious conifer Juniperus thurifera L. at two sites with contrasting water availability. Additionally, we tested for a trade-off between hydraulic safety (vulnerability to embolism) and efficiency (hydraulic conductivity). Vulnerability to embolism and hydraulic conductivity were unaffected by sex or site at branch level. In contrast, sex played a significant role in xylem anatomy. We found a trade-off between hydraulic safety and efficiency, with larger conductivities related to higher vulnerabilities to embolism. At the anatomical level, females' trunk showed xylem anatomical traits related to greater hydraulic efficiency (higher theoretical hydraulic conductivity) over safety (thinner tracheid walls, lower Mork's Index), whereas males' trunk anatomy followed a more conservative strategy, especially in the drier site. Reconciling the discrepancy between branch hydraulic function and trunk xylem anatomy would require a thorough and integrated understanding of the tree structure-function relationship at the whole-plant level. Nevertheless, lower construction costs and higher efficiency in females' xylem anatomy at trunk level might explain the previously observed higher growth rates in mesic habitats. However, prioritizing efficiency over safety in trunk construction might make females more sensitive to drought, endangering the species' persistence in a drier world.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Olano
- Área de Botánica, Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, EU de Ingenierías Agrarias, iuFOR-Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Duques de Soria, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Arzac
- Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny pr., 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Vicente Rozas
- Área de Botánica, Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, EU de Ingenierías Agrarias, iuFOR-Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Duques de Soria, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
- Climatic Change and Climate Impacts, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 66 Blvd Carl Vogt, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- BIOGECO, INRA, University of Bordeaux, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Ana I García-Cervigón
- CASEM - Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales,Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
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Jácome-Flores ME, Delibes M, Wiegand T, Fedriani JM. Spatial patterns of an endemic Mediterranean palm recolonizing old fields. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:8556-8568. [PMID: 28031807 PMCID: PMC5167057 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout Europe, increased levels of land abandonment lead to (re)colonization of old lands by forests and shrublands. Very little is known about the spatial pattern of plants recolonizing such old fields. We mapped in two 21-22-ha plots, located in the Doñana National Park (Spain), all adult individuals of the endozoochorous dwarf palm Chamaerops humilisL. and determined their sex and sizes. We used techniques of spatial point pattern analysis (SPPA) to precisely quantify the spatial structure of these C. humilis populations. The objective was to identify potential processes generating the patterns and their likely consequences on palm reproductive success. We used (1) Thomas point process models to describe the clustering of the populations, (2) random labeling to test the sexual spatial segregation, and (3) mark correlation functions to assess spatial structure in plant sizes. Plants in both plots showed two critical scales of clustering, with small clusters of a radius of 2.8-4 m nested within large clusters with 38-44 m radius. Additional to the clustered individuals, 11% and 27% of all C. humilis individuals belonged to a random pattern that was independently superimposed to the clustered pattern. The complex spatial pattern of C. humilis could be explained by the effect of different seed-dispersers and predators' behavior and their relative abundances. Plant sexes had no spatial segregation. Plant sizes showed a spatial aggregation inside the clusters, with a decreasing correlation with distance. Clustering of C. humilis is strongly reliant on its seed dispersers and stressful environmental conditions. However, it seems that the spatial patterns and dispersal strategies of the dwarf palm make it a successful plant for new habitat colonization. Our results provide new information on the colonization ability of C. humilis and can help to develop management strategies to recover plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel E Jácome-Flores
- Department of Conservation Biology Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC) Seville Spain
| | - Miguel Delibes
- Department of Conservation Biology Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC) Seville Spain
| | - Thorsten Wiegand
- Department of Ecological Modelling Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ Leipzig Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - José M Fedriani
- Department of Conservation Biology Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC) Seville Spain; Department of Ecological Modelling Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ Leipzig Germany; Technical University of Lisbon Institute of Agronomy Centre for Applied Ecology Lisboa Portugal
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Hultine KR, Grady KC, Wood TE, Shuster SM, Stella JC, Whitham TG. Climate change perils for dioecious plant species. NATURE PLANTS 2016; 2:16109. [PMID: 28221374 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Climate change, particularly increased aridity, poses a significant threat to plants and the biotic communities they support. Dioecious species may be especially vulnerable to climate change given that they often exhibit spatial segregation of the sexes, reinforced by physiological and morphological specialization of each sex to different microhabitats. In dimorphic species, the overexpression of a trait by one gender versus the other may become suppressed in future climates. Data suggest that males will generally be less sensitive to increased aridity than co-occurring females and, consequently, extreme male-biased sex ratios are possible in a significant number of populations. The effects of male-biased sex ratios are likely to cascade to dependent community members, especially those that are specialized on one sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, Arizona, 85008, USA
| | - Kevin C Grady
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA
| | - Troy E Wood
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA
| | - Stephen M Shuster
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA
| | - John C Stella
- Department of Forest and Natural Resources Management, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Thomas G Whitham
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA
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Glick L, Sabath N, Ashman TL, Goldberg E, Mayrose I. Polyploidy and sexual system in angiosperms: Is there an association? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:1223-1235. [PMID: 27352832 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Flowering plants display a variety of sexual systems, ranging from complete cosexuality (hermaphroditism) to separate-sexed individuals (dioecy). While dioecy is relatively rare, it has evolved many times and is present in many plant families. Transitions in sexual systems are hypothesized to be affected by large genomic events such as whole-genome duplication, or polyploidy, and several models have been proposed to explain the observed patterns of association. METHODS In this study, we assessed the association between ploidy and sexual system (separate or combined sexes). To this end, we assembled a database of ploidy levels and sexual systems for ∼1000 species, spanning 18 genera and 15 families. We applied several phylogenetic comparative approaches, including Pagel's coevolutionary framework and sister clade analyses, for detecting correlations between ploidy level and sexual system. KEY RESULTS Our results indicate a broad association between polyploidy and sexual system dimorphism, with low evolutionary stability of the diploid-dioecious condition observed in several clades. A detailed examination of the clades exhibiting this correlation reveals that it is underlain by various patterns of transition rate asymmetry. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the long-hypothesized connection between ploidy and sexual system holds in some clades, although it may well be affected by factors that differ from clade to clade. Our results further demonstrate that to better understand the evolutionary processes involved, more sophisticated methods and extensive and detailed data sets are required for both broad and focused inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Glick
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Niv Sabath
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tia-Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Emma Goldberg
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-6097 USA
| | - Itay Mayrose
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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DeSoto L, Olano JM, Rozas V. Secondary Growth and Carbohydrate Storage Patterns Differ between Sexes in Juniperus thurifera. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:723. [PMID: 27303418 PMCID: PMC4880588 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Differences in reproductive costs between male and female plants have been shown to foster sex-related variability in growth and C-storage patterns. The extent to which differential secondary growth in dioecious trees is associated with changes in stem carbohydrate storage patterns, however, has not been fully assessed. We explored the long-term radial growth and the seasonal variation of non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) content in sapwood of 40 males and 40 females Juniperus thurifera trees at two sites. NSC content was analyzed bimonthly for 1 year, and tree-ring width was measured for the 1931-2010 period. Sex-related differences in secondary growth and carbohydrate storage were site-dependent. Under less restrictive environmental conditions females grew more and stored more non-soluble sugars than males. Our results reinforce that sex-related differences in growth and resource storage may be a consequence of local adaptation to environmental conditions. Seasonal variation in soluble sugars concentration was opposite to cambial activity, with minima seen during periods of maximal secondary growth, and did not differ between the sexes or sites. Trees with higher stem NSC levels at critical periods showed higher radial growth, suggesting a common mechanism irrespective of site or sex. Sex-related patterns of secondary growth were linked to differences in non-soluble sugars content indicating sex-specific strategies of long-term performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía DeSoto
- MedDendro Lab, Centro de Ecologia Funcional, Universidade de CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - José M. Olano
- Área de Botánica, EUI Agrarias, Universidad de ValladolidSoria, Spain
| | - Vicente Rozas
- Área de Botánica, EUI Agrarias, Universidad de ValladolidSoria, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
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Sabath N, Goldberg EE, Glick L, Einhorn M, Ashman TL, Ming R, Otto SP, Vamosi JC, Mayrose I. Dioecy does not consistently accelerate or slow lineage diversification across multiple genera of angiosperms. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1290-1300. [PMID: 26467174 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dioecy, the sexual system in which male and female organs are found in separate individuals, allows greater specialization for sex-specific functions and can be advantageous under various ecological and environmental conditions. However, dioecy is rare among flowering plants. Previous studies identified contradictory trends regarding the relative diversification rates of dioecious lineages vs their nondioecious counterparts, depending on the methods and data used. We gathered detailed species-level data for dozens of genera that contain both dioecious and nondioecious species. We then applied a probabilistic approach that accounts for differential speciation, extinction, and transition rates between states to examine whether there is an association between dioecy and lineage diversification. We found a bimodal distribution, whereby dioecious lineages exhibited higher diversification in certain genera but lower diversification in others. Additional analyses did not uncover an ecological or life history trait that could explain a context-dependent effect of dioecy on diversification. Furthermore, in-depth simulations of neutral characters demonstrated that such bimodality is also found when simulating neutral characters across the observed trees. Our analyses suggest that - at least for these genera with the currently available data - dioecy neither consistently places a strong brake on diversification nor is a strong driver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niv Sabath
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Emma E Goldberg
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108-6097, USA
| | - Lior Glick
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moshe Einhorn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tia-Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Ray Ming
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute for Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Sarah P Otto
- Department of Zoology & Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6J 3S7, Canada
| | - Jana C Vamosi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Itay Mayrose
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Kramer RD, Sillett SC, Carroll AL. Structural development of redwood branches and its effects on wood growth. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:314-30. [PMID: 24682618 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Redwood branches provide all the carbohydrates for the most carbon-heavy forests on Earth, and recent whole-tree measurements have quantified trunk growth rates associated with complete branch inventories. Providing all of a tree's photosynthetic capacity, branches represent an increasing proportion of total aboveground wood production as trees enlarge. To examine branch development and its effects on wood volume growth, we dissected 31 branches from eight Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. and seven Sequoiadendron giganteum Lindl. trees. The cambium-area-to-leaf-area ratio was maintained with size and age but increased with light availability, whereas the heartwood-deposition-area-to-leaf-area ratio increased with size and age but was insensitive to light availability. The proportion of foliage mass arrayed in <1-cm-diameter epicormic shoots increased with decreasing light and was higher in Sequoia (20-60%) than in Sequoiadendron (3-16%). Well-illuminated branches concentrated leaves higher and distally, while shaded branches distributed leaves lower and proximally. In similar light environments, older branches distributed leaves lower and more proximally than younger branches. Branch size, light, species, heartwood area, a heartwood-area-species interaction, and ovulate cone mass predicted 87.5% of the variability in wood volume growth of branches. After accounting for the positive effects of size and light, wood volume growth declined with heartwood area and age. The effect of age was trivial compared to the effect of heartwood area, suggesting that heartwood expansion caused the age-related decline in wood volume growth. Additionally, Sequoiadendron branches of similar size and light environment with more ovulate cones produced less wood, even though these cones were long-lived and photosynthetic, reflecting the energetic cost of seed production. These results contributed to a conceptual model of branch development in which light availability, injury, heartwood content, gravity, and time interact to produce the high degree of branch structural variation evident within redwood crowns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell D Kramer
- Department of Forestry and Wildland Resources, Humboldt State University, 1 Harpst St Arcata, CA 95521, USA
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15
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Gimeno TE, Camarero JJ, Granda E, Pías B, Valladares F. Enhanced growth of Juniperus thurifera under a warmer climate is explained by a positive carbon gain under cold and drought. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 32:326-36. [PMID: 22427371 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tps011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Juniperus thurifera L. is an endemic conifer of the western Mediterranean Basin where it is subjected to a severe climatic stress characterized by low winter temperatures and summer drought. Given the trend of increased warming-induced drought stress in this area and the climatic sensitivity of this species, we expect a negative impact of climate change on growth and ecophysiological performance of J. thurifera in the harsh environments where it dominates. To evaluate this, we measured long- and short-term radial growth using dendrochronology, photosynthesis and water-use efficiency in males, females and juveniles in three sites in Central Spain. Climate was monitored and completed with historical records. Mean annual temperature has increased +0.2 °C per decade in the study area, and the main warming trends corresponded to spring (+0.2 °C per decade) and summer (+0.3 °C per decade). Radial growth and maximum photosynthesis peaked in spring and autumn. Positive photosynthetic rates were maintained all year long, albeit at reduced rates in winter and summer. Radial growth was enhanced by wet conditions in the previous autumn and by warm springs and high precipitation in summer of the year of tree-ring formation. Cloud cover during the summer increased growth, while cloudy winters led to impaired carbon gain and reduced growth in the long term. We argue that maintenance of carbon gain under harsh conditions (low winter temperatures and dry summer months) and plastic xylogenesis underlie J. thurifera's ability to profit from changing climatic conditions such as earlier spring onset and erratic summer rainfall. Our results highlight that not only the magnitude but also the sign of the impact of climate change on growth and persistence of Mediterranean trees is species specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa E Gimeno
- Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global (LINC-Global), Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC, Serrano 115dpo., 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Montesinos D, García-Fayos P, Verdú M. Masting uncoupling: mast seeding does not follow all mast flowering episodes in a dioecious juniper tree. OIKOS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.20399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Montesinos D, Villar-Salvador P, García-Fayos P, Verdú M. Genders in Juniperus thurifera have different functional responses to variations in nutrient availability. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 193:705-712. [PMID: 22129465 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
• Differences in reproductive investment can trigger asymmetric, context-dependent, functional strategies between genders in dioecious species. However, little is known about the gender responses of dioecious species to nutrient availability. • We experimentally fertirrigated a set of male and female Juniperus thurifera trees monthly for 2 yr. Water potential, photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance were measured monthly for 2 yr, while shoot nitrogen (N) concentration, carbon isotopic composition (δ(13) C), branch growth, trunk radial growth and reproductive investment per branch were measured yearly. • Control males had lower gas exchange rates and radial growth but greater reproductive investment and higher water use efficiency (WUE; as inferred from more positive δ(13) C values) than females. Fertirrigation did not affect water potential or WUE but genders responded differently to increased nutrient availability. The two genders similarly increased shoot N concentration when fertilized. The increase in shoot N was associated with increased photosynthesis in males but not in females, which presented consistently high photosynthetic rates across treatments. • Our results suggest that genders invest N surplus in different functions, with females presenting a long-term strategy by increasing N storage to compensate for massive reproductive masting events, while males seem to be more reactive to current nutrient availability, promoting gas-exchange capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Montesinos
- CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), Carretera Moncada - Náquera, Km 4.5, 46113 València, Spain
- Center for Functional Ecology, Universidade de Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - P Villar-Salvador
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alcalá, Edificio de Ciencias, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - P García-Fayos
- CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), Carretera Moncada - Náquera, Km 4.5, 46113 València, Spain
| | - M Verdú
- CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), Carretera Moncada - Náquera, Km 4.5, 46113 València, Spain
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Initial period of sexual maturity determines the greater growth rate of male over female in the dioecious tree Juniperus communis subsp. communis. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cepeda-Cornejo V, Dirzo R. Sex-related differences in reproductive allocation, growth, defense and herbivory in three dioecious neotropical palms. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9824. [PMID: 20352113 PMCID: PMC2843723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frequently, in dioecious plants, female plants allocate more resources to reproduction than male plants. Therefore it is expected that asymmetrical allocation to reproduction may lead to a reproduction-growth tradeoff, whereby female plants grow less than male plants, but invest more in defenses and thus experience lower herbivory than male plants. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We tested these expectations by comparing resource allocation to reproduction, growth and defense and its consequences on herbivory in three sympatric dioecious Chamaedorea palms (C. alternans, C. pinnatifrons and C. ernesti-augusti) using a pair-wise design (replicated male/female neighboring plants) in a Mexican tropical rain forest. Our findings support the predictions. Biomass allocation to reproduction in C. pinnatifrons was 3-times higher in female than male plants, consistent with what is known in C. alternans and C. ernesti-augusti. Growth (height and leaf production rate and biomass production) was higher in male plants of all three species. Female plants of the three species had traits that suggest greater investment in defense, as they had 4-16% tougher leaves, and 8-18% higher total phenolic compounds concentration. Accordingly, female plants sustained 53-78% lower standing herbivory and 49-87% lower herbivory rates than male plants. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggests that resource allocation to reproduction in the studied palms is more costly to female plants and this leads to predictable intersexual differences in growth, defense and herbivory. We conclude that resource allocation to reproduction in plants can have important consequences that influence their interaction with herbivores. Since herbivory is recognized as an important selective force in plants, these results are of significance to our understanding of plant defense evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Cepeda-Cornejo
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, México.
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Montesinos D, García-Fayos P, Verdú M. Relictual distribution reaches the top: Elevation constrains fertility and leaf longevity in Juniperus thurifera. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rozas V, DeSoto L, Olano JM. Sex-specific, age-dependent sensitivity of tree-ring growth to climate in the dioecious tree Juniperus thurifera. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 182:687-697. [PMID: 19210720 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02770.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Tree features may modulate the sensitivity of radial growth to climate, leading to a nonuniform response. Age-related increases in climatic sensitivity have been observed repeatedly. Sex-related climatic sensitivity is also possible because of the long-term differential reproductive cost between the sexes. This study analysed the simultaneous effects of age and sex on the sensitivity of tree-ring growth to climate. Ring widths were measured from 50 female and 50 male Juniperus thurifera trees, 50-350 yr old, growing under a Mediterranean continental climate. Response functions were calculated based on tree-ring chronologies and monthly climatic records. Climatic sensitivity decreased with increasing age. Young trees (50-100 yr) were the most climatically sensitive to June-July precipitation, which affected growth positively. We found a significant interaction between age and sex in the climatic response of J. thurifera, with young females the most sensitive to summer water stress. Our results suggest that age-dependent climatic sensitivity can be determined by site-specific limiting environmental conditions and species-specific architectural and physiological adjustments during ontogeny. This study supports that the different ontogenetic stages of J. thurifera differ in their root structural traits and that sex-related sensitivity to summer drought may be attributable to less efficient water use by females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Rozas
- Departamento de Ecología, CINAM de Lourizán, Xunta de Galicia, Apdo. 127, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Lucía DeSoto
- Laboratorio de Botánica, EUI Agrarias de Soria, Universidad de Valladolid, Los Pajaritos s/n, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | - José Miguel Olano
- Laboratorio de Botánica, EUI Agrarias de Soria, Universidad de Valladolid, Los Pajaritos s/n, 42004 Soria, Spain
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Knops JMH, Koenig WD, Carmen WJ. Negative correlation does not imply a tradeoff between growth and reproduction in California oaks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:16982-5. [PMID: 17940035 PMCID: PMC2040414 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0704251104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A tradeoff between growth and reproduction, often inferred from an inverse correlation between these two variables, is a fundamental paradigm of life-history evolution. Oak species provide a unique test of this relationship because different species mature acorns either in the year of pollination or in the year after pollination. This difference allows for an interspecific comparison testing whether the apparent tradeoff is causal or the result of confounding factors influencing growth and reproduction independently. Based on 13 years of data on five California oak species, we found significant negative correlations between radial growth and seed production in the three species that produce acorns the same year in which pollination occurs, but not in two species that mature acorns the year after pollination. Rainfall, which correlates positively with radial growth and correlates negatively with acorn production (based on the year of pollination), appears to be driving this pattern. We conclude that the observed negative correlations are not causal, but rather a consequence of growth and reproduction being dependent, in opposite ways, on environmental conditions. Thus, contrary to the current consensus, growth and reproduction in these species are apparently largely independent of each other. In contrast, tradeoffs between current and future reproduction appear to be much more important in the life-history evolution of these long-lived plants. We also conclude that a negative correlation does not necessarily imply a causal mechanism and should not be used as the only evidence supporting a tradeoff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M H Knops
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, 348 Manter Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
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