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Kutyrieva-Nowak N, Leszczuk A, Zdunek A. A practical guide to in situ and ex situ characterisation of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in fruits. PLANT METHODS 2023; 19:117. [PMID: 37915041 PMCID: PMC10621164 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-01100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are plant cell components found in the extracellular matrix that play crucial roles in fruit growth and development. AGPs demonstrate structural diversity due to the presence of a protein domain and an expanded carbohydrate moiety. Considering their molecular structure, the modification of glycosylation is a primary factor contributing to the functional variety of AGPs. MAIN BODY Immunocytochemical methods are used for qualitative and quantitative analyses of AGPs in fruit tissues. These include in situ techniques such as immunofluorescence and immunogold labelling for visualising AGP distribution at different cellular levels and ex situ methods such as Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunoenzymatic assays (ELISA) for molecular characterisation and quantitative detection of isolated AGPs. The presented techniques were modified by considering the structure of AGPs and the changes that occur in fruit tissues during the development and ripening processes. These methods are based on antibodies that recognise carbohydrate chains, which are the only commercially available highly AGP-specific tools. These probes recognise AGP epitopes and identify structural modifications and changes in spatio-temporal distribution, shedding light on their functions in fruit. CONCLUSION This paper provides a concise overview of AGP research methods, emphasising their use in fruit tissue analysis and demonstrating the accessibility gaps in other tools used in such research (e.g. antibodies against protein moieties). It underscores fruit tissue as a valuable source of AGPs and emphasises the potential for future research to understand of AGP synthesis, degradation, and their roles in various physiological processes. Moreover, the application of advanced probes for AGP visualisation is a milestone in obtaining more detailed insights into the localisation and function of these proteins within fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland
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Xu Y, Jiang Y, Jiao J, Zheng H, Wu Y, Li Y, Abdursul R, Zhao Y, Ke L, Sun Y. The cotton pectin methyl esterase gene GhPME21 functions in microspore development and fertility in Gossypium hirsutum L. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 112:19-31. [PMID: 36929454 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Pectin widely exists in higher plants' cell walls and intercellular space of higher plants and plays an indispensable role in plant growth and development. We identified 55 differentially expressed genes related to pectin degradation by transcriptomic analysis in the male sterile mutant, ms1. A gene encoding pectin methylesterase (GhPME21) was found to be predominantly expressed in the developing stamens of cotton but was significantly down-regulated in ms1 stamens. The tapetal layer of GhPME21 interfered lines (GhPME21i) was significantly thickened compared to that of WT at the early stage; anther compartment morphology of GhPME21i lines was abnormal, and the microspore wall was broken at the middle stage; Alexander staining showed that the pollen grains of GhPME21i lines differed greatly in volume at the late stage. The mature pollen surfaces of GhPME21i lines were deposited with discontinuous and broken sheets and prickles viewed under SEM. Fewer pollen tubes were observed to germinate in vitro in GhPME21i lines, while tiny of those in vivo were found to elongate to the ovary. The seeds harvested from GhPME21i lines as pollination donors were dry and hollow. The changes of phenotypes in GhPME21i lines at various stages illustrated that the GhPME21 gene played a vital role in the development of cotton stamens and controlled plant fertility by affecting stamen development, pollen germination, and pollen tube elongation. The findings of this study laid the groundwork for further research into the molecular mechanisms of PMEs involved in microspore formation and the creation of cotton male sterility materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Xu
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanhua Jiang
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junye Jiao
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongli Zheng
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuqing Wu
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuling Li
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rayhangul Abdursul
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liping Ke
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuqiang Sun
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China.
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Leszczuk A, Kalaitzis P, Kulik J, Zdunek A. Review: structure and modifications of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:45. [PMID: 36670377 PMCID: PMC9854139 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this report is to provide general information on the molecular structure and synthesis of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in association to their physiological significance. Assessment of genetic modifications of the activity of enzymes involved in the AGP biosynthesis is an efficient tool to study AGP functions. Thus, P4H (prolyl 4 hydroxylase) mutants, GLCAT (β-glucuronosyltransferase) mutants, and GH43 (glycoside hydrolase family 43) mutants have been described. We focused on the overview of AGPs modifications observed at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels. Inhibition of the hydroxylation process results in an increase in the intensity of cell divisions and thus, has an impact on root system length and leaf area. In turn, overexpression of P4H genes stimulates the density of root hairs. A mutation in GLCAT genes responsible for the transfer of glucuronic acid to the AGP molecule revealed that the reduction of GlcA in AGP disrupts the substantial assembly of the primary cell wall. Furthermore, silencing of genes encoding GH43, which has the ability to hydrolyze the AGP glycan by removing incorrectly synthesized β-1,3-galactans, induces changes in the abundance of other cell wall constituents, which finally leads to root growth defects. This information provides insight into AGPs as a crucial players in the structural interactions present in the plant extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Panagiotis Kalaitzis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, P.O. Box 85, 73100 Chania, Greece
| | - Joanna Kulik
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
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Leszczuk A, Zając A, Cybulska J, Stefaniuk D, Zdunek A. Working towards arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) from fruit: carbohydrate composition and impact on fungal growth. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:600. [PMID: 36539686 PMCID: PMC9764746 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-04009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are extracellular matrix constituents involved in plant response to fungal infection. The aim of the current study was to investigate the antifungal effect of AGPs ex situ and to determine the structural features of AGPs that may have an influence on this activity. The features of AGPs isolated from fruit were investigated with molecular tools based on specific monoclonal antibodies recognizing carbohydrate AGP epitopes. The Antifungal (well-diffusion) Susceptibility Test and the Agar Invasion Test were used to assess the impact of AGPs on Penicillium notatum culture. RESULTS The results definitely ruled out the influence of AGPs on fungal growth. The immunochemical analyses revealed that AGPs consist mainly of carbohydrate chains composed of β-linked glucuronosyl residues recognized by LM2 and GlcA-β(1 → 3)-GalA-α(1 → 2) Rha recognized by JIM13, which do not have the same functional properties outside the plant cell in in vitro experimental conditions. CONCLUSIONS The action of a single cell wall component does not elicit any influence ex situ. The extensive accumulation of glycan chains of AGPs in infected tissue as a result of a complex mechanism occurring in the cell wall emphasizes the importance of dependencies between particular components of the extracellular matrix in response to fungal attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Adrian Zając
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-400 Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Cybulska
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dawid Stefaniuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-400 Lublin, Poland
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
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Hiratsuka R, Terasaka O. Dynamics of Cell Membrane and Cell Wall Development during Generative Cell Engulfment by the Pollen Tube Cell in Liriope muscari. CYTOLOGIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.86.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rie Hiratsuka
- Division of Biology, Department of Natural Science, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | - Osamu Terasaka
- Division of Biology, Department of Natural Science, The Jikei University School of Medicine
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Rafińska K, Niedojadło K, Świdziński M, Niedojadło J, Bednarska-Kozakiewicz E. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Arabinogalactan Proteins during Larix decidua Mill. Male Gametophyte and Ovule Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094298. [PMID: 33919026 PMCID: PMC8122408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of ArabinoGalactan Proteins (AGPs) in the sexual reproduction of gymnosperms is not as well documented as that of angiosperms. In earlier studies, we demonstrated that AGPs play important roles during ovule differentiation in Larix decidua Mill. The presented results encouraged us to carry out further studies focused on the functions of these unique glycoproteins during pollen/pollen tube and ovule interactions in Larix. We identified and analyzed the localization of AGPs epitopes by JIM4, JIM8, JIM13 and LM2 antibodies (Abs) in male gametophytes and ovule tissue during pollination, the progamic phase, and after fertilization and in vitro growing pollen tubes. Our results indicated that (1) AGPs recognized by JIM4 Abs play an essential role in the interaction of male gametophytes and ovules because their appearance in ovule cells is induced by physical contact between reproductive partners; (2) after pollination, AGPs are secreted from the pollen cytoplasm into the pollen wall and contact the extracellular matrix of stigmatic tip cells followed by micropylar canal cells; (3) AGPs synthesized in nucellus cells before pollen grain germination are secreted during pollen tube growth into the extracellular matrix, where they can directly interact with male gametophytes; (4) in vitro cultured pollen tube AGPs labeled with LM2 Abs participate in the germination of pollen grain, while AGPs recognized by JIM8 Abs are essential for pollen tube tip growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Rafińska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Niedojadło
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.Ś.); (J.N.); (E.B.-K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Michał Świdziński
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.Ś.); (J.N.); (E.B.-K.)
| | - Janusz Niedojadło
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.Ś.); (J.N.); (E.B.-K.)
| | - Elżbieta Bednarska-Kozakiewicz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.Ś.); (J.N.); (E.B.-K.)
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Ye J, Yang X, Yang Z, Niu F, Chen Y, Zhang L, Song X. Comprehensive analysis of polygalacturonase gene family highlights candidate genes related to pollen development and male fertility in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PLANTA 2020; 252:31. [PMID: 32740680 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03435-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Four polygalacturonase gene family members were highlighted that contribute to elucidate the roles of polygalacturonase during the fertility conversion process in male-sterile wheat. Polygalacturonase (PG) belongs to a large family of hydrolases with important functions in cell separation during plant growth and development via the degradation of pectin. Specific expressed PGs in anthers may be significant for male sterility research and hybrid wheat breeding, but they have not been characterized in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this study, we systematically studied the PG gene family using the latest published wheat reference genomic information. In total, 113 wheat PG genes were identified, which could be classified into six categories A-F according to their structure characteristics and phylogenetic comparisons with Arabidopsis and rice. Polyploidy and segmental duplications in wheat were proved to be mainly responsible for the expansion of the wheat PG gene family. RNA-seq showed that TaPGs have specific temporal and spatial expression characteristics, in which 12 TaPGs with spike-specific expression patterns were detected by qRT-PCR in different fertility anthers of KTM3315A, a thermo-sensitive cytoplasmic male-sterile wheat. Four of them specific upregulated (TaPG09, TaPG95, and TaPG93) or downregulated (TaPG87) at trinucleate stage of fertile anthers, and further aligning with the homologous in Arabidopsis revealed that they may undertake functions such as anther dehiscence, separation of pollen, pollen development, and pollen tube elongation, thereby inducing male fertility conversion in KTM3315A. These findings facilitate function investigations of the wheat PG gene family and provide new insights into the fertility conversion mechanism in male-sterile wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Ye
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuetong Yang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiquan Yang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fuqiang Niu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanru Chen
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiyue Song
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Losada JM, Herrero M. Arabinogalactan proteins mediate intercellular crosstalk in the ovule of apple flowers. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2019; 32:291-305. [PMID: 31049682 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-019-00370-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AGP-rich glycoproteins mediate pollen-ovule interactions and cell patterning in the embryo sac of apple before and after fertilization. Glycoproteins are significant players in the dialog that takes place between growing pollen tubes and the stigma and style in the angiosperms. Yet, information is scarce on their possible involvement in the ovule, a sporophytic organ that hosts the female gametophyte. Apple flowers have a prolonged lapse of time between pollination and fertilization, offering a great system to study the developmental basis of glycoprotein secretion and their putative role during the last stages of the progamic phase and early seed initiation. For this purpose, the sequential pollen tube elongation within the ovary was examined in relation to changes in arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in the tissues of the ovule before and after fertilization. To evaluate what of these changes are developmentally regulated, unpollinated and pollinated flowers were compared. AGPs paved the pollen tube pathway in the ovules along the micropylar canal, and the nucellus entrance toward the synergids, which also developmentally accumulated AGPs at the filiform apparatus. Glycoproteins vanished from all these tissues following pollen tube passage, strongly suggesting a role in pollen-ovule interaction. In addition, AGPs marked the primary cell walls of the haploid cells of the female gametophyte, and they further built up in the cell walls of the embryo sac and developing embryo, layering the interactive walls of the three generations hosted in the ovule, the maternal sporophytic tissues, the female gametophyte, and the developing embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Losada
- Pomology Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station-CSIC, Avda Montañana 1005, 50059, Saragossa, Spain.
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1300 Centre St., Boston, MA, 02131, USA.
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora-CSIC-UMA, Avda. Dr. Wienberg s/n. Algarrobo-Costa, 29750, Málaga, Spain.
| | - María Herrero
- Pomology Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station-CSIC, Avda Montañana 1005, 50059, Saragossa, Spain
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Leszczuk A, Szczuka E, Zdunek A. Arabinogalactan proteins: Distribution during the development of male and female gametophytes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 135:9-18. [PMID: 30496891 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), i.e. a subfamily of hydroxyproline-rich proteins (HRGPs), are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. For many years, AGPs have been connected with the multiple phases of plant reproduction and developmental processes. Currently, extensive knowledge is available about their various functions, i.e. involvement in pollen grain formation, initiation of pollen grain germination, pollen tube guidance in the transmission tissue of pistil and ovule nucellus, and function as a signaling molecule during cell-cell communication. Although many studies have been performed, the mechanism of action, the heterogeneous molecule structure, and the connection with other extracellular matrix components have not been sufficiently explained. The aim of this work was to gather and describe the most important information on the distribution of AGPs in gametophyte development. The present review provides a summary of the first reports about AGPs and the most recent knowledge about their functions during male and female gametophyte formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland.
| | - E Szczuka
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - A Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland.
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10
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Dehors J, Mareck A, Kiefer-Meyer MC, Menu-Bouaouiche L, Lehner A, Mollet JC. Evolution of Cell Wall Polymers in Tip-Growing Land Plant Gametophytes: Composition, Distribution, Functional Aspects and Their Remodeling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:441. [PMID: 31057570 PMCID: PMC6482432 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During evolution of land plants, the first colonizing species presented leafy-dominant gametophytes, found in non-vascular plants (bryophytes). Today, bryophytes include liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. In the first seedless vascular plants (lycophytes), the sporophytic stage of life started to be predominant. In the seed producing plants, gymnosperms and angiosperms , the gametophytic stage is restricted to reproduction. In mosses and ferns, the haploid spores germinate and form a protonema, which develops into a leafy gametophyte producing rhizoids for anchorage, water and nutrient uptakes. The basal gymnosperms (cycads and Ginkgo) reproduce by zooidogamy. Their pollen grains develop a multi-branched pollen tube that penetrates the nucellus and releases flagellated sperm cells that swim to the egg cell. The pollen grain of other gymnosperms (conifers and gnetophytes) as well as angiosperms germinates and produces a pollen tube that directly delivers the sperm cells to the ovule (siphonogamy). These different gametophytes, which are short or long-lived structures, share a common tip-growing mode of cell expansion. Tip-growth requires a massive cell wall deposition to promote cell elongation, but also a tight spatial and temporal control of the cell wall remodeling in order to modulate the mechanical properties of the cell wall. The growth rate of these cells is very variable depending on the structure and the species, ranging from very slow (protonemata, rhizoids, and some gymnosperm pollen tubes), to a slow to fast-growth in other gymnosperms and angiosperms. In addition, the structural diversity of the female counterparts in angiosperms (dry, semi-dry vs wet stigmas, short vs long, solid vs hollow styles) will impact the speed and efficiency of sperm delivery. As the evolution and diversity of the cell wall polysaccharides accompanied the diversification of cell wall structural proteins and remodeling enzymes, this review focuses on our current knowledge on the biochemistry, the distribution and remodeling of the main cell wall polymers (including cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins, callose, arabinogalactan-proteins and extensins), during the tip-expansion of gametophytes from bryophytes, pteridophytes (lycophytes and monilophytes), gymnosperms and the monocot and eudicot angiosperms.
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11
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Apostolakos P, Livanos P, Giannoutsou E, Panteris E, Galatis B. The intracellular and intercellular cross-talk during subsidiary cell formation in Zea mays: existing and novel components orchestrating cell polarization and asymmetric division. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:679-696. [PMID: 29346521 PMCID: PMC6215039 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Formation of stomatal complexes in Poaceae is the outcome of three asymmetric and one symmetric cell division occurring in particular leaf protodermal cells. In this definite sequence of cell division events, the generation of subsidiary cells is of particular importance and constitutes an attractive model for studying local intercellular stimulation. In brief, an induction stimulus emitted by the guard cell mother cells (GMCs) triggers a series of polarization events in their laterally adjacent protodermal cells. This signal determines the fate of the latter cells, forcing them to divide asymmetrically and become committed to subsidiary cell mother cells (SMCs). Scope This article summarizes old and recent structural and molecular data mostly derived from Zea mays, focusing on the interplay between GMCs and SMCs, and on the unique polarization sequence occurring in both cell types. Recent evidence suggests that auxin operates as an inducer of SMC polarization/asymmetric division. The intercellular auxin transport is facilitated by the distribution of a specific transmembrane auxin carrier and requires reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, the local differentiation of the common cell wall between SMCs and GMCs is one of the earliest features of SMC polarization. Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases, Rho-like plant GTPases as well as the SCAR/WAVE regulatory complex also participate in the perception of the morphogenetic stimulus and have been implicated in certain polarization events in SMCs. Moreover, the transduction of the auxin signal and its function are assisted by phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and the products of the catalytic activity of phospholipases C and D. Conclusion In the present review, the possible role(s) of each of the components in SMC polarization and asymmetric division are discussed, and an overall perspective on the mechanisms beyond these phenomena is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Apostolakos
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - P Livanos
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E Giannoutsou
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - B Galatis
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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12
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Losada JM, Herrero M. Pollen tube access to the ovule is mediated by glycoprotein secretion on the obturator of apple (Malus × domestica, Borkh). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:989-1000. [PMID: 28137704 PMCID: PMC5604596 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Within the ovary, the obturator bridges the pathway of the pollen tube from the style to the ovule. Despite its widespread presence among flowering plants, its function has only been studied in a handful of species, and the molecules involved in pollen tube-obturator cross-talk have not been explored hitherto. This work evaluates the involvement of glucans and glycoproteins on pollen tube growth in the obturator of apple flowers ( Malus × domestica) . METHODS Pollen tube kinetics were sequentially examined in the pistil and related to changes occurring on the obturator using histochemistry and inmunocytochemistry. To discriminate between changes in the obturator induced by pollen tubes from those developmentally regulated, both pollinated and unpollinated pistils were examined. KEY RESULTS Pollen tube growth rates were slow in the stigma, faster in the style and slow again in the ovary. The arrival of pollen tubes at the obturator was concomitant with the secretion of proteins, saccharides and glycoprotein epitopes belonging to extensins and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). While some of these secretions - extensins and AGPs labelled by JIM13 - were developmentally regulated, others - AGPs labelled by JIM8 - were elicited by the presence of pollen tubes. Following pollen tube passage, all these glycoproteins were depleted. CONCLUSIONS The results show a timely secretion of glycoproteins on the obturator surface concomitant with pollen tube arrival at this structure. The fact that their secretion is depleted following pollen tube passage strongly suggests their role in regulating pollen tube access to the ovule. Remarkably, both the regulation of the secretion of the different glycoproteins, as well as their association with the performance of pollen tubes exhibit similarities with those observed in the stigma, in line with their common developmental origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Losada
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1300 Centre St, Boston, MA 02131, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Pomology Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station-CSIC, Avda Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria Herrero
- Pomology Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station-CSIC, Avda Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
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13
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Zafra A, Carmona R, Traverso JA, Hancock JT, Goldman MHS, Claros MG, Hiscock SJ, Alche JD. Identification and Functional Annotation of Genes Differentially Expressed in the Reproductive Tissues of the Olive Tree ( Olea europaea L.) through the Generation of Subtractive Libraries. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1576. [PMID: 28955364 PMCID: PMC5601413 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The olive tree is a crop of high socio-economical importance in the Mediterranean area. Sexual reproduction in this plant is an essential process, which determines the yield. Successful fertilization is mainly favored and sometimes needed of the presence of pollen grains from a different cultivar as the olive seizes a self-incompatibility system allegedly determined of the sporophytic type. The purpose of the present study was to identify key gene products involved in the function of olive pollen and pistil, in order to help elucidate the events and signaling processes, which happen during the courtship, pollen grain germination, and fertilization in olive. The use of subtractive SSH libraries constructed using, on the one hand one specific stage of the pistil development with germinating pollen grains, and on the other hand mature pollen grains may help to reveal the specific transcripts involved in the cited events. Such libraries have also been created by subtracting vegetative mRNAs (from leaves), in order to identify reproductive sequences only. A variety of transcripts have been identified in the mature pollen grains and in the pistil at the receptive stage. Among them, those related to defense, transport and oxidative metabolism are highlighted mainly in the pistil libraries where transcripts related to stress, and response to biotic and abiotic stimulus have a prominent position. Extensive lists containing information as regard to the specific transcripts determined for each stage and tissue are provided, as well as functional classifications of these gene products. Such lists were faced up to two recent datasets obtained in olive after transcriptomic and genomic approaches. The sequences and the differential expression level of the SSH-transcripts identified here, highly matched the transcriptomic information. Moreover, the unique presence of a representative number of these transcripts has been validated by means of qPCR approaches. The construction of SSH libraries using pistil and pollen, considering the high interaction between male-female counterparts, allowed the identification of transcripts with important roles in stigma physiology. The functions of many of the transcripts obtained are intimately related, and most of them are of pivotal importance in defense, pollen-stigma interaction and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adoración Zafra
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
| | - Rosario Carmona
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
| | - José A. Traverso
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
| | - John T. Hancock
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of EnglandBristol, United Kingdom
| | - Maria H. S. Goldman
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. Gonzalo Claros
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - Simon J. Hiscock
- School of Biological Sciences, University of BristolBristol, United Kingdom
| | - Juan D. Alche
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
- *Correspondence: Juan D. Alche
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14
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Giannoutsou E, Apostolakos P, Galatis B. Spatio-temporal diversification of the cell wall matrix materials in the developing stomatal complexes of Zea mays. PLANTA 2016; 244:1125-1143. [PMID: 27460945 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The matrix cell wall materials, in developing Zea mays stomatal complexes are asymmetrically distributed, a phenomenon appearing related to the local cell wall expansion and deformation, the establishment of cell polarity, and determination of the cell division plane. In cells of developing Zea mays stomatal complexes, definite cell wall regions expand determinately and become locally deformed. This differential cell wall behavior is obvious in the guard cell mother cells (GMCs) and the subsidiary cell mother cells (SMCs) that locally protrude towards the adjacent GMCs. The latter, emitting a morphogenetic stimulus, induce polarization/asymmetrical division in SMCs. Examination of immunolabeled specimens revealed that homogalacturonans (HGAs) with a high degree of de-esterification (2F4- and JIM5-HGA epitopes) and arabinogalactan proteins are selectively distributed in the extending and deformed cell wall regions, while their margins are enriched with rhamnogalacturonans (RGAs) containing highly branched arabinans (LM6-RGA epitope). In SMCs, the local cell wall matrix differentiation constitutes the first structural event, indicating the establishment of cell polarity. Moreover, in the premitotic GMCs and SMCs, non-esterified HGAs (2F4-HGA epitope) are preferentially localized in the cell wall areas outlining the cytoplasm where the preprophase band is formed. In these areas, the forthcoming cell plate fuses with the parent cell walls. These data suggest that the described heterogeneity in matrix cell wall materials is probably involved in: (a) local cell wall expansion and deformation, (b) the transduction of the inductive GMC stimulus, and
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Affiliation(s)
- E Giannoutsou
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - P Apostolakos
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - B Galatis
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece.
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15
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Stonebloom S, Ebert B, Xiong G, Pattathil S, Birdseye D, Lao J, Pauly M, Hahn MG, Heazlewood JL, Scheller HV. A DUF-246 family glycosyltransferase-like gene affects male fertility and the biosynthesis of pectic arabinogalactans. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:90. [PMID: 27091363 PMCID: PMC4836069 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pectins are a group of structurally complex plant cell wall polysaccharides whose biosynthesis and function remain poorly understood. The pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) has two types of arabinogalactan side chains, type-I and type-II arabinogalactans. To date few enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of pectin have been described. Here we report the identification of a highly conserved putative glycosyltransferase encoding gene, Pectic ArabinoGalactan synthesis-Related (PAGR), affecting the biosynthesis of RG-I arabinogalactans and critical for pollen tube growth. RESULTS T-DNA insertions in PAGR were identified in Arabidopsis thaliana and were found to segregate at a 1:1 ratio of heterozygotes to wild type. We were unable to isolate homozygous pagr mutants as pagr mutant alleles were not transmitted via pollen. In vitro pollen germination assays revealed reduced rates of pollen tube formation in pollen from pagr heterozygotes. To characterize a loss-of-function phenotype for PAGR, the Nicotiana benthamiana orthologs, NbPAGR-A and B, were transiently silenced using Virus Induced Gene Silencing. NbPAGR-silenced plants exhibited reduced internode and petiole expansion. Cell wall materials from NbPAGR-silenced plants had reduced galactose content compared to the control. Immunological and linkage analyses support that RG-I has reduced type-I arabinogalactan content and reduced branching of the RG-I backbone in NbPAGR-silenced plants. Arabidopsis lines overexpressing PAGR exhibit pleiotropic developmental phenotypes and the loss of apical dominance as well as an increase in RG-I type-II arabinogalactan content. CONCLUSIONS Together, results support a function for PAGR in the biosynthesis of RG-I arabinogalactans and illustrate the essential roles of these polysaccharides in vegetative and reproductive plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Stonebloom
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, C 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Berit Ebert
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, C 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guangyan Xiong
- />Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- />BioEnergy Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
| | - Devon Birdseye
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Jeemeng Lao
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Markus Pauly
- />Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Michael G. Hahn
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- />BioEnergy Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- />Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
| | - Joshua L. Heazlewood
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, 3010 Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Henrik Vibe Scheller
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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16
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Rejón JD, Delalande F, Schaeffer-Reiss C, Alché JDD, Rodríguez-García MI, Van Dorsselaer A, Castro AJ. The Pollen Coat Proteome: At the Cutting Edge of Plant Reproduction. Proteomes 2016; 4:E5. [PMID: 28248215 PMCID: PMC5217362 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes4010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The tapetum is a single layer of secretory cells which encloses the anther locule and sustains pollen development and maturation. Upon apoptosis, the remnants of the tapetal cells, consisting mostly of lipids and proteins, fill the pits of the sculpted exine to form the bulk of the pollen coat. This extracellular matrix forms an impermeable barrier that protects the male gametophyte from water loss and UV light. It also aids pollen adhesion and hydration and retains small signaling compounds involved in pollen-stigma communication. In this study, we have updated the list of the pollen coat's protein components and also discussed their functions in the context of sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan David Rejón
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
| | - François Delalande
- Bio-Organic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (LSMBO), IPHC, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France.
- IPHC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Christine Schaeffer-Reiss
- Bio-Organic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (LSMBO), IPHC, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France.
- IPHC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Juan de Dios Alché
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
| | - María Isabel Rodríguez-García
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Bio-Organic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (LSMBO), IPHC, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France.
- IPHC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Antonio Jesús Castro
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
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BcMF26a and BcMF26b Are Duplicated Polygalacturonase Genes with Divergent Expression Patterns and Functions in Pollen Development and Pollen Tube Formation in Brassica campestris. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131173. [PMID: 26153985 PMCID: PMC4495986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polygalacturonase (PG) is one of the cell wall hydrolytic enzymes involving in pectin degradation. A comparison of two highly conserved duplicated PG genes, namely, Brassica campestris Male Fertility 26a (BcMF26a) and BcMF26b, revealed the different features of their expression patterns and functions. We found that these two genes were orthologous genes of At4g33440, and they originated from a chromosomal segmental duplication. Although structurally similar, their regulatory and intron sequences largely diverged. QRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression level of BcMF26b was higher than that of BcMF26a in almost all the tested organs and tissues in Brassica campestris. Promoter activity analysis showed that, at reproductive development stages, BcMF26b promoter was active in tapetum, pollen grains, and pistils, whereas BcMF26a promoter was only active in pistils. In the subcellular localization experiment, BcMF26a and BcMF26b proteins could be localized to the cell wall. When the two genes were co-inhibited, pollen intine was formed abnormally and pollen tubes could not grow or stretch. Moreover, the knockout mutants of At4g33440 delayed the growth of pollen tubes. Therefore, BcMF26a/b can participate in the construction of pollen wall by modulating intine information and BcMF26b may play a major role in co-inhibiting transformed plants.
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18
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Pereira AM, Pereira LG, Coimbra S. Arabinogalactan proteins: rising attention from plant biologists. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2015; 28:1-15. [PMID: 25656950 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-015-0254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Key message: AGP update: plant reproduction. Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a large family of hydroxyproline-rich proteins, heavily glycosylated, ubiquitous in land plants, including basal angiosperms and also in many algae. They have been shown to serve as important molecules in several steps of the reproductive process in plants. Due to their special characteristics, such as high sugar content and their means of association with the membrane, they are often perceived as likely candidates for many different aspects of the reproductive process such as signalling molecules, cell identity determinants, morphogens, nutrient sources and support for pollen tube growth, among others. Nevertheless, the study of these proteins pose many difficulties when it comes to studying them individually. Most of the work done involved the use of the β-glucosyl Yariv reagent and antibodies that recognize the carbohydrate epitopes only. Recently, new approaches have been used to study AGPs largely based in the remarkable growing volume of microarray data made available. Either using older techniques or the most recent ones, a clearer picture is emerging for the functions and mode of action of these molecules in the plant reproductive processes. Here, we present an overview about the most important studies made in this area, focusing on the latest advances and the possibilities for future studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marta Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
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19
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Onelli E, Idilli AI, Moscatelli A. Emerging roles for microtubules in angiosperm pollen tube growth highlight new research cues. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:51. [PMID: 25713579 PMCID: PMC4322846 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In plants, actin filaments have an important role in organelle movement and cytoplasmic streaming. Otherwise microtubules (MTs) have a role in restricting organelles to specific areas of the cell and in maintaining organelle morphology. In somatic plant cells, MTs also participate in cell division and morphogenesis, allowing cells to take their definitive shape in order to perform specific functions. In the latter case, MTs influence assembly of the cell wall, controlling the delivery of enzymes involved in cellulose synthesis and of wall modulation material to the proper sites. In angiosperm pollen tubes, organelle movement is generally attributed to the acto-myosin system, the main role of which is in distributing organelles in the cytoplasm and in carrying secretory vesicles to the apex for polarized growth. Recent data on membrane trafficking suggests a role of MTs in fine delivery and repositioning of vesicles to sustain pollen tube growth. This review examines the role of MTs in secretion and endocytosis, highlighting new research cues regarding cell wall construction and pollen tube-pistil crosstalk, that help unravel the role of MTs in polarized growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurora I. Idilli
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council and Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy
| | - Alessandra Moscatelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alessandra Moscatelli, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 26, 20113 Milano, Italy e-mail:
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20
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Lopez RA, Renzaglia KS. Multiflagellated sperm cells of Ceratopteris richardii are bathed in arabinogalactan proteins throughout development. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2014; 101:2052-2061. [PMID: 25480702 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY Sperm cell differentiation in ferns involves the origin of an elaborate locomotory apparatus, including 70+ flagella, and the structural modification of every cellular component. Because arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are implicated in molecular signaling and in regulation of plant development, we speculated that these glycoproteins would be present during spermiogenesis in ferns.• METHODS Using β-glucosyl Yariv reagents that specifically bind to and inhibit AGPs and immunogold localizations with monoclonal antibodies JIM13, JIM8, and LM6, we examined the specific expression patterns of AGPs and inhibited their function during sperm cell development in the model fern Ceratopteris richardii.• KEY RESULTS Developing sperm cells stained intensely with Yariv phenylglycosides, demonstrating the presence of AGPs. JIM13-AGP epitopes were widespread throughout development in the expanding extraprotoplasmic matrix (EPM) in which flagella elongate, cytoplasm is eliminated, and spherical spermatids become coiled. JIM8 and LM6 epitopes localized to the plasmalemma on growing flagella and on the rapidly changing sperm cell body. Spermatids treated with β-glucosyl lacked an EPM and formed fewer, randomly arranged flagella.• CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that AGPs are abundant in the EPM and along the plasmalemma and that the three AGP epitopes have specific expression patterns during development. Coupled with inhibition studies, these results identify AGPs as critical to the formation of an extraprotoplasmic matrix and the consequent origin and development of flagella in an orderly and precise fashion around the cell. We speculate that AGPs may play additional roles as signaling molecules involved in cell shaping, cytoskeletal development, vesicle trafficking, and cytoplasmic elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee A Lopez
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois 62901 USA
| | - Karen S Renzaglia
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois 62901 USA
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21
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Lamport DTA, Varnai P, Seal CE. Back to the future with the AGP-Ca2+ flux capacitor. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1069-85. [PMID: 25139429 PMCID: PMC4195563 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are ubiquitous in green plants. AGPs comprise a widely varied group of hydroxyproline (Hyp)-rich cell surface glycoproteins (HRGPs). However, the more narrowly defined classical AGPs massively predominate and cover the plasma membrane. Extensive glycosylation by pendant polysaccharides O-linked to numerous Hyp residues like beads of a necklace creates a unique ionic compartment essential to a wide range of physiological processes including germination, cell extension and fertilization. The vital clue to a precise molecular function remained elusive until the recent isolation of small Hyp-arabinogalactan polysaccharide subunits; their structural elucidation by nuclear magentic resonance imaging, molecular simulations and direct experiment identified a 15-residue consensus subunit as a β-1,3-linked galactose trisaccharide with two short branched sidechains each with a single glucuronic acid residue that binds Ca(2+) when paired with its adjacent sidechain. SCOPE AGPs bind Ca(2+) (Kd ∼ 6 μm) at the plasma membrane (PM) at pH ∼5·5 but release it when auxin-dependent PM H(+)-ATPase generates a low periplasmic pH that dissociates AGP-Ca(2+) carboxylates (pka ∼3); the consequential large increase in free Ca(2+) drives entry into the cytosol via Ca(2+) channels that may be voltage gated. AGPs are thus arguably the primary source of cytosolic oscillatory Ca(2+) waves. This differs markedly from animals, in which cytosolic Ca(2+) originates mostly from internal stores such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, we propose that external dynamic Ca(2+) storage by a periplasmic AGP capacitor co-ordinates plant growth, typically involving exocytosis of AGPs and recycled Ca(2+), hence an AGP-Ca(2+) oscillator. CONCLUSIONS The novel concept of dynamic Ca(2+) recycling by an AGP-Ca(2+) oscillator solves the long-standing problem of a molecular-level function for classical AGPs and thus integrates three fields: AGPs, Ca(2+) signalling and auxin. This accounts for the involvement of AGPs in plant morphogenesis, including tropic and nastic movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek T A Lamport
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Peter Varnai
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Charlotte E Seal
- Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK
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Gui CP, Dong X, Liu HK, Huang WJ, Zhang D, Wang SJ, Barberini ML, Gao XY, Muschietti J, McCormick S, Tang WH. Overexpression of the tomato pollen receptor kinase LePRK1 rewires pollen tube growth to a blebbing mode. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3538-55. [PMID: 25194029 PMCID: PMC4213151 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.127381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The tubular growth of a pollen tube cell is crucial for the sexual reproduction of flowering plants. LePRK1 is a pollen-specific and plasma membrane-localized receptor-like kinase from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). LePRK1 interacts with another receptor, LePRK2, and with KINASE PARTNER PROTEIN (KPP), a Rop guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Here, we show that pollen tubes overexpressing LePRK1 or a truncated LePRK1 lacking its extracellular domain (LePRK1ΔECD) have enlarged tips but also extend their leading edges by producing "blebs." Coexpression of LePRK1 and tomato PLIM2a, an actin bundling protein that interacts with KPP in a Ca(2+)-responsive manner, suppressed these LePRK1 overexpression phenotypes, whereas pollen tubes coexpressing KPP, LePRK1, and PLIM2a resumed the blebbing growth mode. We conclude that overexpression of LePRK1 or LePRK1ΔECD rewires pollen tube growth to a blebbing mode, through KPP- and PLIM2a-mediated bundling of actin filaments from tip plasma membranes. Arabidopsis thaliana pollen tubes expressing LePRK1ΔECD also grew by blebbing. Our results exposed a hidden capability of the pollen tube cell: upon overexpression of a single membrane-localized molecule, LePRK1 or LePRK1ΔECD, it can switch to an alternative mechanism for extension of the leading edge that is analogous to the blebbing growth mode reported for Dictyostelium and for Drosophila melanogaster stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Ping Gui
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hai-Kuan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei-Jie Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Jie Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - María Laura Barberini
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Dr. Hector Torres, C1428ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Xiao-Yan Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jorge Muschietti
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Dr. Hector Torres, C1428ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sheila McCormick
- Plant Gene Expression Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Albany, California 94710
| | - Wei-Hua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China Plant Gene Expression Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Albany, California 94710
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23
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Prado N, Alché JDD, Casado-Vela J, Mas S, Villalba M, Rodríguez R, Batanero E. Nanovesicles are secreted during pollen germination and pollen tube growth: a possible role in fertilization. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:573-7. [PMID: 24177685 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noela Prado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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