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Chumová Z, Mandáková T, Trávníček P. On the Origin of Tetraploid Vernal Grasses ( Anthoxanthum) in Europe. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:966. [PMID: 34202779 PMCID: PMC8308110 DOI: 10.3390/genes12070966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidy has played a crucial role in the evolution of many plant taxa, namely in higher latitudinal zones. Surprisingly, after several decades of an intensive research on polyploids, there are still common polyploid species whose evolutionary history is virtually unknown. Here, we addressed the origin of sweet vernal grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum) using flow cytometry, DNA sequencing, and in situ hybridization-based cytogenetic techniques. An allotetraploid and polytopic origin of the species has been verified. The chromosome study reveals an extensive variation between the European populations. In contrast, an autopolyploid origin of the rarer tetraploid vernal grass species, A. alpinum, has been corroborated. Diploid A. alpinum played an essential role in the polyploidization of both European tetraploids studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Chumová
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, CZ-242 53 Průhonice, Czech Republic;
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Terezie Mandáková
- CEITEC, Masaryk University, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Trávníček
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, CZ-242 53 Průhonice, Czech Republic;
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Saarela JM, Bull RD, Paradis MJ, Ebata SN, Paul M. Peterson, Soreng RJ, Paszko B. Molecular phylogenetics of cool-season grasses in the subtribes Agrostidinae, Anthoxanthinae, Aveninae, Brizinae, Calothecinae, Koeleriinae and Phalaridinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Poeae chloroplast group 1). PHYTOKEYS 2017; 87:1-139. [PMID: 29114171 PMCID: PMC5672130 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.87.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Circumscriptions of and relationships among many genera and suprageneric taxa of the diverse grass tribe Poeae remain controversial. In an attempt to clarify these, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of >2400 new DNA sequences from two nuclear ribosomal regions (ITS, including internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 and the 5.8S gene, and the 3'-end of the external transcribed spacer (ETS)) and five plastid regions (matK, trnL-trnF, atpF-atpH, psbK-psbI, psbA-rps19-trnH), and of more than 1000 new and previously published ITS sequences, focused particularly on Poeae chloroplast group 1 and including broad and increased species sampling compared to previous studies. Deep branches in the combined plastid and combined ITS+ETS trees are generally well resolved, the trees are congruent in most aspects, branch support across the trees is stronger than in trees based on only ITS and fewer plastid regions, and there is evidence of conflict between data partitions in some taxa. In plastid trees, a strongly supported clade corresponds to Poeae chloroplast group 1 and includes Agrostidinae p.p., Anthoxanthinae, Aveninae s.str., Brizinae, Koeleriinae (sometimes included in Aveninae s.l.), Phalaridinae and Torreyochloinae. In the ITS+ETS tree, a supported clade includes these same tribes as well as Sesleriinae and Scolochloinae. Aveninae s.str. and Sesleriinae are sister taxa and form a clade with Koeleriinae in the ITS+ETS tree whereas Aveninae s.str. and Koeleriinae form a clade and Sesleriinae is part of Poeae chloroplast group 2 in the plastid tree. All species of Trisetum are part of Koeleriinae, but the genus is polyphyletic. Koeleriinae is divided into two major subclades: one comprises Avellinia, Gaudinia, Koeleria, Rostraria, Trisetaria and Trisetum subg. Trisetum, and the other Calamagrostis/Deyeuxia p.p. (multiple species from Mexico to South America), Peyritschia, Leptophyllochloa, Sphenopholis, Trisetopsis and Trisetum subg. Deschampsioidea. Graphephorum, Trisetum cernuum, T. irazuense and T. macbridei fall in different clades of Koeleriinae in plastid vs. nuclear ribosomal trees, and are likely of hybrid origin. ITS and matK trees identify a third lineage of Koeleriinae corresponding to Trisetum subsect. Sibirica, and affinities of Lagurus ovatus with respect to Aveninae s.str. and Koeleriinae are incongruent in nuclear ribosomal and plastid trees, supporting recognition of Lagurus in its own subtribe. A large clade comprises taxa of Agrostidinae, Brizinae and Calothecinae, but neither Agrostidinae nor Calothecinae are monophyletic as currently circumscribed and affinities of Brizinae differ in plastid and nuclear ribosomal trees. Within this clade, one newly identified lineage comprises Calamagrostis coarctata, Dichelachne, Echinopogon (Agrostidinae p.p.) and Relchela (Calothecinae p.p.), and another comprises Chascolytrum (Calothecinae p.p.) and Deyeuxia effusa (Agrostidinae p.p.). Within Agrostidinae p.p., the type species of Deyeuxia and Calamagrostis s.str. are closely related, supporting classification of Deyeuxia as a synonym of Calamagrostis s.str. Furthermore, the two species of Ammophila are not sister taxa and are nested among different groups of Calamagrostis s.str., supporting their classification in Calamagrostis. Agrostis, Lachnagrostis and Polypogon form a clade and species of each are variously intermixed in plastid and nuclear ribosomal trees. Additionally, all but one species from South America classified in Deyeuxia sect. Stylagrostis resolve in Holcinae p.p. (Deschampsia). The current phylogenetic results support recognition of the latter species in Deschampsia, and we also demonstrate Scribneria is part of this clade. Moreover, Holcinae is not monophyletic in its current circumscription because Deschampsia does not form a clade with Holcus and Vahlodea, which are sister taxa. The results support recognition of Deschampsia in its own subtribe Aristaveninae. Substantial further changes to the classification of these grasses will be needed to produce generic circumscriptions consistent with phylogenetic evidence. The following 15 new combinations are made: Calamagrostis × calammophila, C. breviligulata, C. breviligulata subsp. champlainensis, C. × don-hensonii, Deschampsia aurea, D. bolanderi, D. chrysantha, D. chrysantha var. phalaroides, D. eminens, D. eminens var. fulva, D. eminens var. inclusa, D. hackelii, D. ovata, and D. ovata var. nivalis. D. podophora; the new name Deschampsia parodiana is proposed; the new subtribe Lagurinae is described; and a second-step lectotype is designated for the name Deyeuxia phalaroides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery M. Saarela
- Botany Section, Research and Collections, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roger D. Bull
- Botany Section, Research and Collections, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michel J. Paradis
- Botany Section, Research and Collections, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharon N. Ebata
- Botany Section, Research and Collections, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul M. Peterson
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Soreng
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Beata Paszko
- Department of Vascular Plant Systematics and Phytogeography, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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Pimentel M, Escudero M, Sahuquillo E, Minaya MÁ, Catalán P. Are diversification rates and chromosome evolution in the temperate grasses (Pooideae) associated with major environmental changes in the Oligocene-Miocene? PeerJ 2017; 5:e3815. [PMID: 28951814 PMCID: PMC5611942 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pooideae are a highly diverse C3 grass subfamily that includes some of the most economically important crops, nested within the highly speciose core-pooid clade. Here, we build and explore the phylogeny of the Pooideae within a temporal framework, assessing its patterns of diversification and its chromosomal evolutionary changes in the light of past environmental transformations. We sequenced five plastid DNA loci, two coding (ndhF, matk) and three non-coding (trnH-psbA, trnT-L and trnL-F), in 163 Poaceae taxa, including representatives for all subfamilies of the grasses and all but four ingroup Pooideae tribes. Parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were conducted and divergence times were inferred in BEAST using a relaxed molecular clock. Diversification rates were assessed using the MEDUSA approach, and chromosome evolution was analyzed using the chromEvol software. Diversification of the Pooideae started in the Late-Eocene and was especially intense during the Oligocene-Miocene. The background diversification rate increased significantly at the time of the origin of the Poodae + Triticodae clade. This shift in diversification occurred in a context of falling temperatures that potentially increased ecological opportunities for grasses adapted to open areas around the world. The base haploid chromosome number n = 7 has remained stable throughout the phylogenetic history of the core pooids and we found no link between chromosome transitions and major diversification events in the Pooideae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Pimentel
- Evolutionary Biology Research Group (GIBE), Department of Biology, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Marcial Escudero
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Andalucía, Spain
| | - Elvira Sahuquillo
- Evolutionary Biology Research Group (GIBE), Department of Biology, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Minaya
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Pilar Catalán
- High Polytechnic School of Huesca, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Aragón, Spain.,Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
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Chumová Z, Záveská E, Mandáková T, Krak K, Trávnícek P. The Mediterranean: the cradle of Anthoxanthum (Poaceae) diploid diversity. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:285-302. [PMID: 28444200 PMCID: PMC5737530 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Knowledge of diploid phylogeny and ecogeography provide a foundation for understanding plant evolutionary history, diversification patterns and taxonomy. The genus Anthoxanthum (vernal grasses, Poaceae) represents a taxonomically intricate polyploid complex with large phenotypic variation and poorly resolved evolutionary relationships. The aims of the study were to reveal: (1) evolutionary lineages of the diploid taxa and their genetic differentiation; (2) the past distribution of the rediscovered 'Mediterranean diploid'; and (3) possible migration routes of diploids in the Mediterranean. Methods A combined approach involving sequencing of two plastid regions ( trnL-trnF and rpl32-trnL ), nrDNA ITS, rDNA FISH analyses, climatic niche characterization and spatio-temporal modelling was used. Key Results Among the examined diploid species, only two well-differentiated evolutionary lineages were recognized: Anthoxanthum gracile and A. alpinum . The other taxa - A. aristatum, A. ovatum, A. maderense and the 'Mediterranean diploid' - form a rather intermixed group based on the examined molecular data. In situ rDNA localization enabled identification of the ancestral Anthoxanthum karyotype, shared by A. gracile and two taxa from the crown group. For the studied taxa, ancestral location probabilities for six discrete geographical regions in the Mediterranean were proposed and likely scenarios of gradual expansion from them were suggested. Modelling past and present distributions shows that the 'Mediterranean diploid' has already been occurring in the same localities for 120 000 years. Conclusions Highly congruent results were obtained and dated the origin and first diversification of Anthoxanthum to the Miocene. The later divergence probably took place in the Pleistocene and started polyploid evolution within the genus. The most recent diversification event is still occurring, and incomplete lineage sorting prevents full diversification of taxa at the molecular level, despite clear separation based on climatic niches. The 'Mediterranean diploid' is hypothesized to be a possible relic of the most recent common ancestor of Anthoxanthum due to their sharing of ancestral features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Chumová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Záveská
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, AT-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Terezie Mandáková
- Plant Cytogenomics Group, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karol Krak
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 21 Praha 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Trávnícek
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Pruhonice, Czech Republic
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Tusiime FM, Gizaw A, Wondimu T, Masao CA, Abdi AA, Muwanika V, Trávníček P, Nemomissa S, Popp M, Eilu G, Brochmann C, Pimentel M. Sweet vernal grasses (Anthoxanthum) colonized African mountains along two fronts in the Late Pliocene, followed by secondary contact, polyploidization and local extinction in the Pleistocene. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:3513-3532. [PMID: 28390111 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High tropical mountains harbour remarkable and fragmented biodiversity thought to a large degree to have been shaped by multiple dispersals of cold-adapted lineages from remote areas. Few dated phylogenetic/phylogeographic analyses are however available. Here, we address the hypotheses that the sub-Saharan African sweet vernal grasses have a dual colonization history and that lineages of independent origins have established secondary contact. We carried out rangewide sampling across the eastern African high mountains, inferred dated phylogenies from nuclear ribosomal and plastid DNA using Bayesian methods, and performed flow cytometry and AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) analyses. We inferred a single Late Pliocene western Eurasian origin of the eastern African taxa, whose high-ploid populations in one mountain group formed a distinct phylogeographic group and carried plastids that diverged from those of the currently allopatric southern African lineage in the Mid- to Late Pleistocene. We show that Anthoxanthum has an intriguing history in sub-Saharan Africa, including Late Pliocene colonization from southeast and north, followed by secondary contact, hybridization, allopolyploidization and local extinction during one of the last glacial cycles. Our results add to a growing body of evidence showing that isolated tropical high mountain habitats have a dynamic recent history involving niche conservatism and recruitment from remote sources, repeated dispersals, diversification, hybridization and local extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felly Mugizi Tusiime
- School of Forestry, Geographical and Environmental Sciences, Department of Forestry, Biodiversity and Tourism, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Abel Gizaw
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tigist Wondimu
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Catherine Aloyce Masao
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Forest Biology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ahmed Abdikadir Abdi
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vincent Muwanika
- School of Forestry, Geographical and Environmental Sciences, Department of Forestry, Biodiversity and Tourism, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Pavel Trávníček
- Department of Flow Cytometry, Institute of Botany, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Sileshi Nemomissa
- Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Magnus Popp
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerald Eilu
- School of Forestry, Geographical and Environmental Sciences, Department of Forestry, Biodiversity and Tourism, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Manuel Pimentel
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,CICA, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas, Universidade da Coruña, Galicia, Spain
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Porter CK, Benkman CW. Assessing the Potential Contributions of Reduced Immigrant Viability and Fecundity to Reproductive Isolation. Am Nat 2017; 189:580-591. [DOI: 10.1086/691191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Saarela JM, Sokoloff PC, Bull RD. Vascular plant biodiversity of the lower Coppermine River valley and vicinity (Nunavut, Canada): an annotated checklist of an Arctic flora. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2835. [PMID: 28194307 PMCID: PMC5300018 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Coppermine River in western Nunavut is one of Canada's great Arctic rivers, yet its vascular plant flora is poorly known. Here, we report the results of a floristic inventory of the lower Coppermine River valley and vicinity, including Kugluk (Bloody Falls) Territorial Park and the hamlet of Kugluktuk. The study area is approximately 1,200 km2, extending from the forest-tundra south of the treeline to the Arctic coast. Vascular plant floristic data are based on a review of all previous collections from the area and more than 1,200 new collections made in 2014. Results are presented in an annotated checklist, including citation of all specimens examined, comments on taxonomy and distribution, and photographs for a subset of taxa. The vascular plant flora comprises 300 species (311 taxa), a 36.6% increase from the 190 species documented by previous collections made in the area over the last century, and is considerably more diverse than other local floras on mainland Nunavut. We document 207 taxa for Kugluk (Bloody Falls) Territorial Park, an important protected area for plants on mainland Nunavut. A total of 190 taxa are newly recorded for the study area. Of these, 14 taxa (13 species and one additional variety) are newly recorded for Nunavut (Allium schoenoprasum, Carex capitata, Draba lonchocarpa, Eremogone capillaris subsp. capillaris, Sabulina elegans, Eleocharis quinqueflora, Epilobium cf. anagallidifolium, Botrychium neolunaria, Botrychium tunux, Festuca altaica, Polygonum aviculare, Salix ovalifolia var. arctolitoralis, Salix ovalifolia var. ovalifolia and Stuckenia pectinata), seven species are newly recorded for mainland Nunavut (Carex gynocrates, Carex livida, Cryptogramma stelleri, Draba simmonsii, Festuca viviparoidea subsp. viviparoidea, Juncus alpinoarticulatus subsp. americanus and Salix pseudomyrsinites) and 56 range extensions are reported. The psbA-trnH and rbcL DNA sequence data were used to help identify the three Botrychium taxa recorded in the study area. Three new combinations are proposed: Petasites frigidus subsp. sagittatus (Banks ex Pursh) Saarela, Carex petricosa subsp. misandroides (Fernald) Saarela and Carex simpliciuscula subsp. subholarctica (T. V. Egorova) Saarela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery M. Saarela
- Botany Section and Centre for Arctic Knowledge & Exploration, Research and Collections, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Paul C. Sokoloff
- Botany Section and Centre for Arctic Knowledge & Exploration, Research and Collections, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Roger D. Bull
- Botany Section and Centre for Arctic Knowledge & Exploration, Research and Collections, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Winkler M, Escobar García P, Gattringer A, Sonnleitner M, Hülber K, Schönswetter P, Schneeweiss GM. A novel method to infer the origin of polyploids from Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism data reveals that the alpine polyploid complex of Senecio carniolicus (Asteraceae) evolved mainly via autopolyploidy. Mol Ecol Resour 2017; 17:877-892. [PMID: 27978605 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite its evolutionary and ecological relevance, the mode of polyploid origin has been notoriously difficult to be reconstructed from molecular data. Here, we present a method to identify the putative parents of polyploids and thus to infer the mode of their origin (auto- vs. allopolyploidy) from Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) data. To this end, we use Cohen's d of distances between in silico polyploids, generated within a priori defined scenarios of origin from a priori delimited putative parental entities (e.g. taxa, genetic lineages), and natural polyploids. Simulations show that the discriminatory power of the proposed method increases mainly with increasing divergence between the lower-ploid putative ancestors and less so with increasing delay of polyploidization relative to the time of divergence. We apply the new method to the Senecio carniolicus aggregate, distributed in the European Alps and comprising two diploid, one tetraploid and one hexaploid species. In the eastern part of its distribution, the S. carniolicus aggregate was inferred to comprise an autopolyploid series, whereas for western populations of the tetraploid species, an allopolyploid origin involving the two diploid species was the most likely scenario. Although this suggests that the tetraploid species has two independent origins, other evidence (ribotype distribution, morphology) is consistent with the hypothesis of an autopolyploid origin with subsequent introgression by the second diploid species. Altogether, identifying the best among alternative scenarios using Cohen's d can be straightforward, but particular scenarios, such as allopolyploid origin vs. autopolyploid origin with subsequent introgression, remain difficult to be distinguished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Winkler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, A-1030, Austria.,GLORIA Co-ordination, Center for Global Change and Sustainability, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) & Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Silbergasse 30/3, Vienna, A-1190, Austria
| | - Pedro Escobar García
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - Andreas Gattringer
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - Michaela Sonnleitner
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - Karl Hülber
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, A-1030, Austria.,Vienna Institute for Nature Conservation & Analyses, Giessergasse 6/7, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Peter Schönswetter
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, Innsbruck, A-6020, Austria
| | - Gerald M Schneeweiss
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
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9
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Lema-Suárez I, Sahuquillo E, Marí-Mena N, Pimentel M. Polymorphic microsatellite markers in Anthoxanthum (Poaceae) and cross-amplification in the Eurasian complex of the genus. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2016; 4:apps1600070. [PMID: 27785386 PMCID: PMC5077285 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1600070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Nonplastid microsatellite primers were developed for the first time in the Euro-Siberian complex of Anthoxanthum (Poaceae), a genus of temperate grasses in which reticulate evolution is common. METHODS AND RESULTS A microsatellite-enriched genomic DNA library allowed the detection of 500 fragments containing a microsatellite motif. Fifteen primer pairs were selected for an extended primer test. A preliminary analysis was conducted on the Eurasian diploid lineages of Anthoxanthum, with special emphasis on three populations of the Mediterranean A. aristatum-A. ovatum complex. Thirteen out of 15 markers tested were polymorphic in the complex, with successful cross-amplification in A. odoratum (93% polymorphic loci), A. amarum (73% polymorphic), A. alpinum (73% polymorphic), and A. maderense (60% polymorphic). CONCLUSIONS These microsatellite markers will enable the analysis of evolution and phylogeography in diploid and polyploid lineages of this important genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Lema-Suárez
- Grupo de Investigación en Bioloxía Evolutiva (GIBE), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Elvira Sahuquillo
- Grupo de Investigación en Bioloxía Evolutiva (GIBE), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Neus Marí-Mena
- AllGenetics & Biology SL, Edificio de Servizos Centrais de Investigación, Campus de Elviña s.n., A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Manuel Pimentel
- Grupo de Investigación en Bioloxía Evolutiva (GIBE), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
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10
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Kandziora M, Kadereit JW, Gehrke B. Frequent colonization and little in situ speciation in Senecio in the tropical alpine-like islands of eastern Africa. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:1483-98. [PMID: 27555436 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Floras of continental habitat islands, like those of islands, originate mostly through colonization, which can be followed by in situ speciation. We here address the question of the relative importance of colonization and in situ diversification in the high-altitude areas of the eastern African high mountains, the tropical Afroalpine Region, using the most species-rich genus in the region, Senecio, as an example. METHODS We expanded earlier Senecioneae phylogenies by adding more tropical African species and analyzed our phylogenetic tree biogeographically. KEY RESULTS Senecio contains at least five clades with tropical African species, all of them containing tropical afroalpine species. Between four to 14 independent colonization events into the tropical Afroalpine most likely from montane regions in southern Africa were found. Additionally, relationships of tropical afroalpine species to Palearctic and South American taxa were identified. Although some in situ diversification occurred in Senecio in the tropical Afroalpine, the resulting number of species per clade is never higher than seven. CONCLUSION Like other genera, Senecio colonized the tropical Afroalpine several times independently. Comparison with Mt. Kinabalu, a small tropical alpine-like region in Southeast Asia, and alpine-like regions in the Andes implies that rates of in situ speciation might be linked to area size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Kandziora
- Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim W Kadereit
- Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Berit Gehrke
- Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
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11
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Alm T. Scented grasses in Norway--identity and uses. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2015; 11:83. [PMID: 26701261 PMCID: PMC4690224 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-015-0070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some grass species are richer in coumarin and thus more sweetly scented than others. These have been eagerly sought after in parts of Norway, but the tradition has been weakly documented, both in terms of the species collected, their vernacular names, and uses. METHODS Based on literature data and a substantial body of information collected during my own ethnobotanical field work, artefacts and voucher specimens, the grass species are identified, and their uses clarified. RESULTS In Norwegian literature, the tradition of collecting and using scented grasses has received little attention, and past authors largely refer it to Anthoxanthum spp. The tradition's concentration to the Sámi strongholds of northernmost Norway, and most authors' lacking knowledge of the Sámi language, have contributed to the weak and misleading coverage in previous publications. Coumarin-rich grass species are well known in folk tradition in northernmost Norway, as luktegress (Norwegian, "scent grass"), háissasuoidni (North Sámi, "scent grass"), hajuheinä (Finnish, "scent grass"), or similar terms. They have been (and still are) frequently collected, and used as perfume, for storing with clothes, and a number of other purposes. Despite literature records identifying the species used as Anthoxanthum odoratum coll. (including A. nipponicum), the main source utilized in North Norway is Hierochloë odorata, both ssp. arctica and ssp. odorata. Anthoxanthum nipponicum and Milium effusum are alternative, but infrequently used sources of material, depending on local tradition and availability. CONCLUSION By far the most important grass species hiding behind the "scented grass" tradition in Norway is Hierochloë odorata. Anthoxanthum nipponicum is also used, but much less frequently, and only a single record confirms the use of Milium effusum. Only the foliage of Hierochloë provides suitable material for making traditional braids. The three major ethnic groups in Norway have all utilized scented grasses as perfume and for storing with clothes, but the tradition's geographical concentration to the far north of Norway (Finnmark and NE Troms), suggests that it has originally mainly been a Sámi tradition, adopted by their neighbours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torbjørn Alm
- Tromsø museum, University of Tromsø, PO Box 6050, Langnes, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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12
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Chumová Z, Krejčíková J, Mandáková T, Suda J, Trávníček P. Evolutionary and Taxonomic Implications of Variation in Nuclear Genome Size: Lesson from the Grass Genus Anthoxanthum (Poaceae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133748. [PMID: 26207824 PMCID: PMC4514812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Anthoxanthum (sweet vernal grass, Poaceae) represents a taxonomically intricate polyploid complex with large phenotypic variation and its evolutionary relationships still poorly resolved. In order to get insight into the geographic distribution of ploidy levels and assess the taxonomic value of genome size data, we determined C- and Cx-values in 628 plants representing all currently recognized European species collected from 197 populations in 29 European countries. The flow cytometric estimates were supplemented by conventional chromosome counts. In addition to diploids, we found two low (rare 3x and common 4x) and one high (~16x-18x) polyploid levels. Mean holoploid genome sizes ranged from 5.52 pg in diploid A. alpinum to 44.75 pg in highly polyploid A. amarum, while the size of monoploid genomes ranged from 2.75 pg in tetraploid A. alpinum to 9.19 pg in diploid A. gracile. In contrast to Central and Northern Europe, which harboured only limited cytological variation, a much more complex pattern of genome sizes was revealed in the Mediterranean, particularly in Corsica. Eight taxonomic groups that partly corresponded to traditionally recognized species were delimited based on genome size values and phenotypic variation. Whereas our data supported the merger of A. aristatum and A. ovatum, eastern Mediterranean populations traditionally referred to as diploid A. odoratum were shown to be cytologically distinct, and may represent a new taxon. Autopolyploid origin was suggested for 4x A. alpinum. In contrast, 4x A. odoratum seems to be an allopolyploid, based on the amounts of nuclear DNA. Intraspecific variation in genome size was observed in all recognized species, the most striking example being the A. aristatum/ovatum complex. Altogether, our study showed that genome size can be a useful taxonomic marker in Anthoxathum to not only guide taxonomic decisions but also help resolve evolutionary relationships in this challenging grass genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Chumová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Krejčíková
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Terezie Mandáková
- Central-European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Suda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Trávníček
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Biotechnological Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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13
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Saarela JM, Wysocki WP, Barrett CF, Soreng RJ, Davis JI, Clark LG, Kelchner SA, Pires JC, Edger PP, Mayfield DR, Duvall MR. Plastid phylogenomics of the cool-season grass subfamily: clarification of relationships among early-diverging tribes. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv046. [PMID: 25940204 PMCID: PMC4480051 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Whole plastid genomes are being sequenced rapidly from across the green plant tree of life, and phylogenetic analyses of these are increasing resolution and support for relationships that have varied among or been unresolved in earlier single- and multi-gene studies. Pooideae, the cool-season grass lineage, is the largest of the 12 grass subfamilies and includes important temperate cereals, turf grasses and forage species. Although numerous studies of the phylogeny of the subfamily have been undertaken, relationships among some 'early-diverging' tribes conflict among studies, and some relationships among subtribes of Poeae have not yet been resolved. To address these issues, we newly sequenced 25 whole plastomes, which showed rearrangements typical of Poaceae. These plastomes represent 9 tribes and 11 subtribes of Pooideae, and were analysed with 20 existing plastomes for the subfamily. Maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian inference (BI) robustly resolve most deep relationships in the subfamily. Complete plastome data provide increased nodal support compared with protein-coding data alone at nodes that are not maximally supported. Following the divergence of Brachyelytrum, Phaenospermateae, Brylkinieae-Meliceae and Ampelodesmeae-Stipeae are the successive sister groups of the rest of the subfamily. Ampelodesmeae are nested within Stipeae in the plastome trees, consistent with its hybrid origin between a phaenospermatoid and a stipoid grass (the maternal parent). The core Pooideae are strongly supported and include Brachypodieae, a Bromeae-Triticeae clade and Poeae. Within Poeae, a novel sister group relationship between Phalaridinae and Torreyochloinae is found, and the relative branching order of this clade and Aveninae, with respect to an Agrostidinae-Brizinae clade, are discordant between MP and ML/BI trees. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses strongly support Airinae and Holcinae as the successive sister groups of a Dactylidinae-Loliinae clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery M Saarela
- Botany Section, Research and Collections, Canadian Museum of Nature, PO Box 3443 Stn. D, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1P 3P4
| | - William P Wysocki
- Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, 1425 W. Lincoln Hwy, DeKalb, IL 60115-2861, USA
| | - Craig F Barrett
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, 5151 State University Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90032-8201, USA
| | - Robert J Soreng
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Jerrold I Davis
- Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, 412 Mann Library, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lynn G Clark
- Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011-1020, USA
| | - Scot A Kelchner
- Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, 921 S. 8th Ave, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA
| | - J Chris Pires
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Patrick P Edger
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dustin R Mayfield
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Melvin R Duvall
- Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, 1425 W. Lincoln Hwy, DeKalb, IL 60115-2861, USA
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14
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Mugrabi de Kuppler AL, Fagúndez J, Bellstedt DU, Oliver EGH, Léon J, Pirie MD. Testing reticulate versus coalescent origins of Erica lusitanica using a species phylogeny of the northern heathers (Ericeae, Ericaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 88:121-31. [PMID: 25888972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Whilst most of the immense species richness of heathers (Calluna, Daboecia and Erica: Ericeae; Ericaceae) is endemic to Africa, particularly the Cape Floristic Region, the oldest lineages are found in the Northern Hemisphere. We present phylogenetic hypotheses for the major clades of Ericeae represented by multiple accessions of all northern Erica species and placeholder taxa for the large nested African/Madagascan clade. We identified consistent, strongly supported conflict between gene trees inferred from ITS and chloroplast DNA sequences with regard to the position of Erica lusitanica. We used coalescent simulations to test whether this conflict could be explained by coalescent stochasticity, as opposed to reticulation (e.g. hybridisation), given estimates of clade ages, generation time and effective population sizes (Ne). A standard approach, comparing overall differences between real and simulated trees, could not clearly reject coalescence. However, additional simulations showed that at the (higher) Ne necessary to explain conflict in E. lusitanica, further topological conflict would also be expected. Ancient hybridisation between ancestors of northern species is therefore a plausible scenario to explain the origin of E. lusitanica, and its morphological similarities to E. arborea. Assuming either process influences the results of species tree and further evolutionary inference. The coalescence scenario is equivocal with regard the standing hypothesis of stepping stone dispersal of Erica from Europe into Africa; whereas reticulate evolution in E. lusitanica would imply that the colonisation of Tropical East Africa by E. arborea instead occurred independently of dispersals within the rest of the African/Madagascan clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Mugrabi de Kuppler
- INRES Pflanzenzüchtung, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - J Fagúndez
- Department of Plant and Animal Biology and Ecology, University of A Coruña, Faculty of Science, 15001 A Coruña, Spain
| | - D U Bellstedt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - E G H Oliver
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - J Léon
- INRES Pflanzenzüchtung, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - M D Pirie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzelweg 9a, 55099 Mainz, Germany.
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