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Simko I, Mamo BE, Foster CE, Adhikari ND, Subbarao KV. Host cell wall composition and localized microenvironment implicated in resistance to basal stem degradation by lettuce drop (Sclerotinia minor). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:717. [PMID: 39069632 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sclerotinia spp. are generalist fungal pathogens, infecting over 700 plant hosts worldwide, including major crops. While host resistance is the most sustainable and cost-effective method for disease management, complete resistance to Sclerotinia diseases is rare. We recently identified soft basal stem as a potential susceptibility factor to Sclerotinia minor infection in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under greenhouse conditions. RESULTS Analysis of stem and root cell wall composition in five L. sativa and one L. serriola accessions with varying growth habits and S. minor resistance levels revealed strong association between hemicellulose constituents, lignin polymers, disease phenotypes, and basal stem mechanical strength. Accessions resistant to basal stem degradation consistently exhibited higher levels of syringyl, guaiacyl, and xylose, but lower levels of fucose in stems. These findings suggest that stem cell wall polymers recalcitrant to breakdown by lignocellulolytic enzymes may contribute to stem strength-mediated resistance against S. minor. CONCLUSIONS The lignin content, particularly guaiacyl and syringyl, along with xylose could potentially serve as biomarkers for identifying more resistant lettuce accessions and breeding lines. Basal stem degradation by S. minor was influenced by localized microenvironment conditions around the stem base of the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Simko
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sam Farr United States Crop Improvement and Protection Research Center, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA.
| | - Bullo Erena Mamo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, c/o Sam Farr United States Crop Improvement and Protection Research Center, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA
- Present address: Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Clifton E Foster
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Present address: Pace Analytical, Wixom, MI, 48393, USA
| | - Neil D Adhikari
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sam Farr United States Crop Improvement and Protection Research Center, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, c/o Sam Farr United States Crop Improvement and Protection Research Center, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA
- Present address: California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, CA, 95814, USA
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, c/o Sam Farr United States Crop Improvement and Protection Research Center, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA.
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Paritosh K, Rajarammohan S, Yadava SK, Sharma S, Verma R, Mathur S, Mukhopadhyay A, Gupta V, Pradhan AK, Kaur J, Pental D. A chromosome-scale assembly of Brassica carinata (BBCC) accession HC20 containing resistance to multiple pathogens and an early generation assessment of introgressions into B. juncea (AABB). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:762-782. [PMID: 38722594 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Brassica carinata (BBCC) commonly referred to as Ethiopian mustard is a natural allotetraploid containing the genomes of Brassica nigra (BB) and Brassica oleracea (CC). It is an oilseed crop endemic to the northeastern regions of Africa. Although it is under limited cultivation, B. carinata is valuable as it is resistant/highly tolerant to most of the pathogens affecting widely cultivated Brassica species of the U's triangle. We report a chromosome-scale genome assembly of B. carinata accession HC20 using long-read Oxford Nanopore sequencing and Bionano optical maps. The assembly has a scaffold N50 of ~39.8 Mb and covers ~1.11 Gb of the genome. We compared the long-read genome assemblies of the U's triangle species and found extensive gene collinearity between the diploids and allopolyploids with no evidence of major gene losses. Therefore, B. juncea (AABB), B. napus (AACC), and B. carinata can be regarded as strict allopolyploids. We cataloged the nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat immune receptor (NLR) repertoire of B. carinata and, identified 465 NLRs, and compared these with the NLRs in the other Brassica species. We investigated the extent and nature of early-generation genomic interactions between the constituent genomes of B. carinata and B. juncea in interspecific crosses between the two species. Besides the expected recombination between the constituent B genomes, extensive homoeologous exchanges were observed between the A and C genomes. Interspecific crosses, therefore, can be used for transferring disease resistance from B. carinata to B. juncea and broadening the genetic base of the two allotetraploid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Paritosh
- Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | | | - Satish Kumar Yadava
- Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Sarita Sharma
- Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Rashmi Verma
- Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Shikha Mathur
- Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Arundhati Mukhopadhyay
- Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Vibha Gupta
- Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Akshay K Pradhan
- Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Jagreet Kaur
- Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Deepak Pental
- Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
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Wang K, Wang S, Wang T, Xia Q, Xia S. The Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ADP-Ribosylation Factor 6 Plays an Essential Role in Abiotic Stress Response and Fungal Virulence to Host Plants. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 10:12. [PMID: 38248922 PMCID: PMC10817261 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6), as the only member of the Arf family III protein, has been extensively studied for its diverse biological functions in animals. Previously, the Arf6 protein in Magnaporthe oryzae was found to be crucial for endocytosis and polarity establishment during asexual development. However, its role remains unclear in S. sclerotiorum. Here, we identified and characterized SsArf6 in S. sclerotiorum using a reverse genetic approach. Deletion of SsArf6 impaired hyphal growth and development and produced more branches. Interestingly, knockout of SsArf6 resulted in an augmented tolerance of S. sclerotiorum towards oxidative stress, and increased its sensitivity towards osmotic stress, indicative of the different roles of SsArf6 in various stress responses. Simultaneously, SsArf6 deletion led to an elevation in melanin accumulation. Moreover, the appressorium formation was severely impaired, and fungal virulence to host plants was significantly reduced. Overall, our findings demonstrate the essential role of SsArf6 in hyphal development, stress responses, appressorium formation, and fungal virulence to host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shitou Xia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (K.W.); (S.W.); (T.W.)
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Zhang Q, Wang J, Wang J, Liu M, Ma X, Bai Y, Chen Q, Sheng S, Wang F. Nano-Silicon Triggers Rapid Transcriptomic Reprogramming and Biochemical Defenses in Brassica napus Challenged with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1108. [PMID: 37998913 PMCID: PMC10672660 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum poses a significant threat to global agriculture, leading to substantial economic losses. To explore innovative integrated pest management strategies and elucidate the underlying mechanisms, this study examined the impact of nano-silicon on enhancing resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Brassica napus. Bacteriostatic assays revealed that nano-silicon effectively inhibited the mycelial growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in a dose-dependent manner. Field trials corroborated the utility of nano-silicon as a fertilizer, substantially bolstering resistance in the Brassica napus cultivar Xiangyou 420. Specifically, the disease index was reduced by 39-52% across three distinct geographical locations when compared to untreated controls. This heightened resistance was attributed to nano-silicon's role in promoting the accumulation of essential elements such as silicon (Si), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca), while concurrently reducing sodium (Na) absorption. Furthermore, nano-silicon was found to elevate the levels of soluble sugars and lignin, while reducing cellulose content in both leaves and stems. It also enhanced the activity levels of antioxidant enzymes. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 22,546 differentially expressed genes in Si-treated Brassica napus post-Sclerotinia inoculation, with the most pronounced transcriptional changes observed one day post-inoculation. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified a module comprising 45 hub genes that are implicated in signaling, transcriptional regulation, metabolism, and defense mechanisms. In summary, nano-silicon confers resistance to Brassica napus against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by modulating biochemical defenses, enhancing antioxidative activities, and rapidly reprogramming key resistance-associated genes. These findings contribute to our mechanistic understanding of Si-mediated resistance against necrotrophic fungi and offer valuable insights for the development of stem-rot-resistant Brassica napus cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Q.Z.); (J.W.)
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Q.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Jiajia Wang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Q.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Mulan Liu
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Q.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Xiao Ma
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Q.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Yang Bai
- Zhongshanshi Junyejiate Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528400, China (Q.C.)
| | - Qiang Chen
- Zhongshanshi Junyejiate Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528400, China (Q.C.)
| | - Song Sheng
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China
- College of Forest, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Q.Z.); (J.W.)
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China
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Verma S, Dubey N, Singh KH, Parmar N, Singh L, Sharma D, Rana D, Thakur K, Vaidya D, Thakur AK. Utilization of crop wild relatives for biotic and abiotic stress management in Indian mustard [ Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss.]. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1277922. [PMID: 37954999 PMCID: PMC10634535 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1277922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss. (Indian mustard) is an economically important edible oil crop. Over the years, plant breeders have developed many elite varieties of B. juncea with better yield traits, but research work on the introgression of stress resilience traits has largely been lagging due to scarcity of resistant donors. Crop wild relatives (CWRs) are the weedy relatives of domesticated plant species which are left unutilized in their natural habitat due to the presence of certain undesirable alleles which hamper their yield potential, and thus, their further domestication. CWRs of B. juncea namely include Sinapis alba L. (White mustard), B. tournefortii Gouan. (African mustard), B. fruticulosa Cirillo (Twiggy turnip), Camelina sativa L. (Gold-of-pleasure), Diplotaxis tenuisiliqua Delile (Wall rocket), D. erucoides L. (White wall rocket), D. muralis L. (Annual wall rocket), Crambe abyssinica R.E.Fr. (Abyssinian mustard), Erucastrum gallicum Willd. (Common dogmustard), E. cardaminoides Webb ex Christ (Dogmustard), Capsella bursa-pastoris L. (Shepherds purse), Lepidium sativum L. (Garden Cress) etc. These CWRs have withstood several regimes of biotic and abiotic stresses over the past thousands of years which led them to accumulate many useful alleles contributing in resistance against various environmental stresses. Thus, CWRs could serve as resourceful gene pools for introgression of stress resilience traits into Indian mustard. This review summarizes research work on the introgression of resistance against Sclerotinia stem rot (caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), Alternaria blight (caused by Alternaria brassicae), white rust (caused by Albugo candida), aphid attack, drought and high temperature from CWRs into B. juncea. However, various pre- and post-fertilization barriers due to different ploidy levels are major stumbling blocks in the success of such programmes, therefore, we also insightfully discuss how the advances made in -omics technology could be helpful in assisting various breeding programmes aiming at improvisation of stress resilience traits in B. juncea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Verma
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Thunag, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, HP, India
| | - Namo Dubey
- School of Biochemistry, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, MP, India
| | - K. H. Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nehanjali Parmar
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Lal Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dipika Sharma
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dipika Rana
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, HP, India
| | - Kalpana Thakur
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Thunag, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, HP, India
| | - Devina Vaidya
- Regional Horticultural Research and Training Station Bajaura, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, HP, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Thakur
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India
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6
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Rai P, Prasad L, Rai PK. Fungal effectors versus defense-related genes of B. juncea and the status of resistant transgenics against fungal pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1139009. [PMID: 37360735 PMCID: PMC10285668 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1139009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Oilseed brassica has become instrumental in securing global food and nutritional security. B. juncea, colloquially known as Indian mustard, is cultivated across tropics and subtropics including Indian subcontinent. The production of Indian mustard is severely hampered by fungal pathogens which necessitates human interventions. Chemicals are often resorted to as they are quick and effective, but due to their economic and ecological unsustainability, there is a need to explore their alternatives. The B. juncea-fungal pathosystem is quite diverse as it covers broad-host range necrotrophs (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), narrow-host range necrotrophs (Alternaria brassicae and A. brassicicola) and biotrophic oomycetes (Albugo candida and Hyaloperonospora brassica). Plants ward off fungal pathogens through two-step resistance mechanism; PTI which involves recognition of elicitors and ETI where the resistance gene (R gene) interacts with the fungal effectors. The hormonal signalling is also found to play a vital role in defense as the JA/ET pathway is initiated at the time of necrotroph infection and SA pathway is induced when the biotrophs attack plants. The review discuss the prevalence of fungal pathogens of Indian mustard and the studies conducted on effectoromics. It covers both pathogenicity conferring genes and host-specific toxins (HSTs) that can be used for a variety of purposes such as identifying cognate R genes, understanding pathogenicity and virulence mechanisms, and establishing the phylogeny of fungal pathogens. It further encompasses the studies on identifying resistant sources and characterisation of R genes/quantitative trait loci and defense-related genes identified in Brassicaceae and unrelated species which, upon introgression or overexpression, confer resistance. Finally, the studies conducted on developing resistant transgenics in Brassicaceae have been covered in which chitinase and glucanase genes are mostly used. The knowledge gained from this review can further be used for imparting resistance against major fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajjwal Rai
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Laxman Prasad
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Rai
- Division of Plant Pathology, Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, India
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Walker PL, Ziegler DJ, Giesbrecht S, McLoughlin A, Wan J, Khan D, Hoi V, Whyard S, Belmonte MF. Control of white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) through plant-mediated RNA interference. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6477. [PMID: 37081036 PMCID: PMC10119085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The causative agent of white mold, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is capable of infecting over 600 plant species and is responsible for significant crop losses across the globe. Control is currently dependent on broad-spectrum chemical agents that can negatively impact the agroecological environment, presenting a need to develop alternative control measures. In this study, we developed transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana (AT1703) expressing hairpin (hp)RNA to silence S. sclerotiorum ABHYDROLASE-3 and slow infection through host induced gene silencing (HIGS). Leaf infection assays show reduced S. sclerotiorum lesion size, fungal load, and ABHYDROLASE-3 transcript abundance in AT1703 compared to wild-type Col-0. To better understand how HIGS influences host-pathogen interactions, we performed global RNA sequencing on AT1703 and wild-type Col-0 directly at the site of S. sclerotiorum infection. RNA sequencing data reveals enrichment of the salicylic acid (SA)-mediated systemic acquired resistance (SAR) pathway, as well as transcription factors predicted to regulate plant immunity. Using RT-qPCR, we identified predicted interacting partners of ABHYDROLASE-3 in the polyamine synthesis pathway of S. sclerotiorum that demonstrate co-reduction with ABHYDROLASE-3 transcript levels during infection. Together, these results demonstrate the utility of HIGS technology in slowing S. sclerotiorum infection and provide insight into the role of ABHYDROLASE-3 in the A. thaliana-S. sclerotiorum pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Dylan J Ziegler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Shayna Giesbrecht
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Austein McLoughlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Joey Wan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Deirdre Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Vanessa Hoi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Steve Whyard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Mark F Belmonte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Walker PL, Girard IJ, Becker MG, Giesbrecht S, Whyard S, Fernando WGD, de Kievit TR, Belmonte MF. Tissue-specific mRNA profiling of the Brassica napus-Sclerotinia sclerotiorum interaction uncovers novel regulators of plant immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6697-6710. [PMID: 35961003 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
White mold is caused by the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and leads to rapid and significant loss in plant yield. Among its many brassicaceous hosts, including Brassica napus (canola) and Arabidopsis, the response of individual tissue layers directly at the site of infection has yet to be explored. Using laser microdissection coupled with RNA sequencing, we profiled the epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular leaf tissue layers of B. napus in response to S. sclerotiorum. High-throughput tissue-specific mRNA sequencing increased the total number of detected transcripts compared with whole-leaf assessments and provided novel insight into the conserved and specific roles of ontogenetically distinct leaf tissue layers in response to infection. When subjected to pathogen infection, the epidermis, mesophyll, and vasculature activate both specific and shared gene sets. Putative defense genes identified through transcription factor network analysis were then screened for susceptibility against necrotrophic, hemi-biotrophic, and biotrophic pathogens. Arabidopsis deficient in PR5-like RECEPTOR KINASE (PR5K) mRNA levels were universally susceptible to all pathogens tested and were further characterized to identify putative interacting partners involved in the PR5K signaling pathway. Together, these data provide insight into the complexity of the plant defense response directly at the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ian J Girard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Michael G Becker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Shayna Giesbrecht
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Steve Whyard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | | | - Teresa R de Kievit
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Mark F Belmonte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Khan MA, Cowling W, Banga SS, You MP, Tyagi V, Bharti B, Barbetti MJ. Quantitative Inheritance of Sclerotinia Stem Rot Resistance in Brassica napus and Relationship to Cotyledon and Leaf Resistances. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:127-136. [PMID: 34340556 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-21-0885-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic fungus causing devastating stem rot and associated yield losses of canola/rapeseed (Brassica napus) worldwide, including in Australia. Developing host resistance against Sclerotinia stem rot is critical if this disease in canola/rapeseed is to be successfully managed, as cultural or chemical control options provide only partial or sporadic control. Three B. napus breeding populations, C2, C5 and C6, including the parents, F1, F2, BC1P1, and BC2P2, were used in a field study with an objective of exploring the inheritance pattern of disease resistance (based on stem lesion length [SLL]) and the genetic relationships of disease with stem diameter (SD) or days to first flowering (DTF), and to compare these new adult plant stem resistances against S. sclerotiorum with those of seedling (cotyledon and leaf) resistances in earlier studies. Heritability (broad sense) of SLL was 0.57 and 0.73 for population C2 at 3 and 5 weeks postinoculation and 0.21 for population C5 at 5 weeks postinoculation. Additive genetic variance was evident within all 3 populations for DTF but not for SD. Narrow-sense heritability for DTF was 0.48 (C2), 0.42 (C5), and 0.32 (C6). SD, DTF, and SLL were all inherited independently, with no significant genetic covariance between traits in bivariate analysis. Genetic variance for SLL in populations C2 and C5 was entirely nonadditive, and there was significant nonadditive genetic covariance of SLL at 3 and 5 weeks postinoculation. Generation means analysis in population C2 supported the conclusion that complex epistatic interactions controlled SLL. Several C2 and C5 progeny showed high adult plant stem resistance, which may be critical in developing enhanced stem resistance in canola/rapeseed. Although population C6 showed no genetic variation for SLL resistance in this study, it showed significant nonadditive genetic variance at the cotyledon and leaf stages in earlier studies. We conclude that host resistance varies across different plant growth stages, and breeding must be targeted for resistance at each growth stage. In populations C2, C5, and C6, resistance to S. sclerotiorum in stem, leaf, and cotyledon was always controlled by nonadditive effects such as complex epistasis or dominance. Overall, our findings in relation to the quantitative inheritance of Sclerotinia stem rot resistance, together with the new high-level resistances identified, will enable breeders to select/develop genotypes with enhanced resistances to S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azam Khan
- University of Western Australia School of Agriculture and Environment and the University of Western Australia Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Wallace Cowling
- University of Western Australia School of Agriculture and Environment and the University of Western Australia Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Surinder Singh Banga
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Ming Pei You
- University of Western Australia School of Agriculture and Environment and the University of Western Australia Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Vikrant Tyagi
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Baudh Bharti
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Martin J Barbetti
- University of Western Australia School of Agriculture and Environment and the University of Western Australia Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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Genetic and Proteomic Basis of Sclerotinia Stem Rot Resistance in Indian Mustard [ Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.]. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111784. [PMID: 34828391 PMCID: PMC8621386 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot is one of the utmost important disease of mustard, causing considerable losses in seed yield and oil quality. The study of the genetic and proteomic basis of resistance to this disease is imperative for its effective utilization in developing resistant cultivars. Therefore, the genetic pattern of Sclerotinia stem rot resistance in Indian mustard was studied using six generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1P1, and BC1P2) developed from the crossing of one resistant (RH 1222-28) and two susceptible (EC 766300 and EC 766123) genotypes. Genetic analysis revealed that resistance was governed by duplicate epistasis. Comparative proteome analysis of resistant and susceptible genotypes indicated that peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (A0A078IDN6 PPIase) showed high expression in resistant genotype at the early infection stage while its expression was delayed in susceptible genotypes. This study provides important insight to mustard breeders for designing effective breeding programs to develop resistant cultivars against this devastating disease.
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11
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Ding Y, Chen Y, Yan B, Liao H, Dong M, Meng X, Wan H, Qian W. Host-Induced Gene Silencing of a Multifunction Gene Sscnd1 Enhances Plant Resistance Against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:693334. [PMID: 34690946 PMCID: PMC8531507 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.693334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating necrotrophic fungal pathogen and has a substantial economic impact on crop production worldwide. Magnaporthe appressoria-specific (MAS) proteins have been suggested to be involved in the appressorium formation in Magnaporthe oryzae. Sscnd1, an MAS homolog gene, is highly induced at the early infection stage of S. sclerotiorum. Knock-down the expression of Sscnd1 gene severely reduced the virulence of S. sclerotiorum on intact rapeseed leaves, and their virulence was partially restored on wounded leaves. The Sscnd1 gene-silenced strains exhibited a defect in compound appressorium formation and cell integrity. The instantaneous silencing of Sscnd1 by tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) resulted in a significant reduction in disease development in tobacco. Three transgenic HIGS Arabidopsis lines displayed high levels of resistance to S. sclerotiorum and decreased Sscnd1 expression. Production of specific Sscnd1 siRNA in transgenic HIGS Arabidopsis lines was confirmed by stem-loop qRT-PCR. This study revealed that the compound appressorium-related gene Sscnd1 is required for cell integrity and full virulence in S. sclerotiorum and that Sclerotinia stem rot can be controlled by expressing the silencing constructs of Sscnd1 in host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijuan Ding
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yangui Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Baoqin Yan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongmei Liao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengquan Dong
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinran Meng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Huafang Wan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Qian
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
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12
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Zhang S, Zhu P, Cao B, Ma S, Li R, Wang X, Zhao A. An APSES Transcription Factor Xbp1 Is Required for Sclerotial Development, Appressoria Formation, and Pathogenicity in Ciboria shiraiana. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:739686. [PMID: 34646256 PMCID: PMC8503677 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.739686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia diseases are important plant fungal diseases that, causes huge economic worldwide losses every year. Ciboria shiraiana is the main pathogen that results in mulberry sclerotia diseases. Sclerotia and appressoria play important roles in long-term pathogen survival and in host infection during life and disease cycles. However, the molecular mechanisms of sclerotial development and appressoria formation in C. shiraiana have not been well studied. Here, an Asm1p, Phd1p, Sok2p, Efg1p and StuAp (APSES)-type transcription factor in C. shiraiana, CsXbp1, involved in sclerotial development and appressoria formation was functionally characterized. Bioinformatics analyses showed that CsXbp1 contained an APSES-type DNA binding domain. The expression levels of CsXbp1 were higher in sclerotia and during later stages of infection. Compared with wild-type strains, hyphal growth was slower, the number and weight of sclerotia were reduced significantly, and appressoria formation was obviously delayed in CsXbp1 RNA interference (RNAi) strains. Moreover, the CsXbp1 RNAi strains showed weakened pathogenicity owing to compound appressoria defects. Tobacco rattle virus-mediated host-induced gene silencing enabled Nicotiana benthamiana to increase its resistance to C. shiraiana by reducing the CsXbp1 transcripts level. Thus, CsXbp1 plays vital roles in sclerotial formation, appressoria formation, and pathogenicity in C. shiraiana. This study provides new insights into the infection mechanisms of C. shiraiana and plant resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Panpan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Boning Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Shuyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruolan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xie Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sichuan, China
| | - Aichun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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13
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Xu B, Gong X, Chen S, Hu M, Zhang J, Peng Q. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Complex Molecular Mechanisms of Brassica napus- Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:716935. [PMID: 34691098 PMCID: PMC8531588 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.716935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating disease for many important crops worldwide, including Brassica napus. Although numerous studies have been performed on the gene expression changes in B. napus and S. sclerotiorum, knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms of B. napus-S. sclerotiorum interactions is limited. Here, we revealed the changes in the gene expression and related pathways in both B. napus and S. sclerotiorum during the sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) infection process using transcriptome analyses. In total, 1,986, 2,217, and 16,079 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in B. napus at 6, 24, and 48 h post-inoculation, respectively, whereas 1,511, 1,208, and 2,051 DEGs, respectively, were identified in S. sclerotiorum. The gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses showed that most of the hormone-signaling pathways in B. napus were enriched, and thus, the hormone contents at four stages were measured. The DEGs and hormone contents revealed that salicylic acid was activated, while the jasmonic acid pathway was repressed at 24 h post-inoculation. Additionally, the expressional patterns of the cell wall-degrading enzyme-encoding genes in S. sclerotiorum and the hydrolytic enzymes in B. napus were consistent with the SSR infection process. The results contribute to a better understanding of the interactions between B. napus and S. sclerotiorum and the development of future preventive measures against SSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binjie Xu
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Gong
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Song Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Maolong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiefu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, China
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14
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Höch K, Koopmann B, von Tiedemann A. Lignin Composition and Timing of Cell Wall Lignification Are Involved in Brassica napus Resistance to Stem Rot Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1438-1448. [PMID: 33386067 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-20-0425-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) is an economically and globally significant disease in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) caused by the necrotrophic ascomycete Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. This study explored the role of cell wall reinforcement by lignin as a relevant factor for effective plant defense against attack by this pathogen. Expression of key genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway and the induced synthesis of lignin in infected stem tissues were investigated in a study comparing a susceptible ('Loras') and a moderately resistant cultivar ('Zhongyou 821' [ZY821]). Data revealed an earlier and more rapid defense activation in ZY821 through upregulation of transcript levels of genes related to key steps in the phenylpropanoid pathway associated with increased lignin deposition in the resistant B. napus genotype. Expression level of BnCAD5, encoding a cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, responsible for conversion of monolignol to lignin, was more rapidly upregulated in ZY821 than 'Loras'. The similar expression pattern of BnCAD5 and the gene BnF5H, encoding for ferulate-5-hydroxylase, which catalyzes the synthesis of syringyl (S) lignin precursors, suggests that BnCAD5 is involved in S lignin formation. Histological observations confirmed these results, showing an earlier increase of S lignin deposition in the infected resistant genotype. Deposition of guaiacyl lignin was detected in both genotypes and is thus considered a component of basal, cultivar-independent defense response of B. napus to stem rot. The results indicate the importance of cell wall modification for quantitative stem rot resistance by responses in the phenylpropanoid metabolism generating distinct lignin types on different temporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Höch
- Department of Crop Science, Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Birger Koopmann
- Department of Crop Science, Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas von Tiedemann
- Department of Crop Science, Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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15
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Ding LN, Li T, Guo XJ, Li M, Liu XY, Cao J, Tan XL. Sclerotinia Stem Rot Resistance in Rapeseed: Recent Progress and Future Prospects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2965-2978. [PMID: 33667087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) of rapeseed (Brassica napus), caused by the soil-borne fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is one of the main diseases seriously affecting the yield and oil quality of infected rapeseed crops. The complexity of the inheritance of resistance and of the interaction mechanisms between rapeseed and S. sclerotiorum limits resistance gene identification and molecular breeding. In this review, the latest progress of research into resistance to SSR in B. napus is summarized from the following three directions: the pathogenesis mechanisms of S. sclerotiorum, the resistance mechanisms of B. napus toward S. sclerotiorum, and rapeseed breeding for resistance to SSR. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis and useful reference for analyzing the mechanism of the interaction between B. napus and S. sclerotiorum, searching for gene loci associated with the resistance response, and for achieving disease-resistance genetic manipulation and molecular design breeding in rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Teng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jun Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Li Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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16
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Singh M, Avtar R, Pal A, Punia R, Singh VK, Bishnoi M, Singh A, Choudhary RR, Mandhania S. Genotype-Specific Antioxidant Responses and Assessment of Resistance Against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Causing Sclerotinia Rot in Indian Mustard. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110892. [PMID: 33121098 PMCID: PMC7694058 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Productivity of Indian mustard, an important oilseed crop of India, is affected by several pathogens. Among them, the hemibiotroph Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which causes sclerotinia rot disease, is the most devastating fungal pathogen causing up to 90% yield losses. The availability of host resistance is the only efficient approach to control and understand the host-pathogen interaction. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out using six Indian mustard genotypes with contrasting behavior towards sclerotinia rot to study the antioxidant resistance mechanism against S. sclerotiorum. The plants at post-flowering stage were inoculated with five-day-old pure culture of S. sclerotiorum using artificial stem inoculation method. Disease evaluation revealed significant genotypic differences for mean lesion length among the tested genotypes, where genotype DRMR 2035 was found highly resistant, while genotypes RH 1569 and RH 1633 were found highly susceptible. The resistant genotypes had more phenolics and higher activities of peroxidase, catalase and polyphenol oxidase which provide them more efficient and strong antioxidant systems as compared with susceptible genotypes. Studies of antioxidative mechanisms validate the results of disease responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjeet Singh
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Oilseed Section, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India; (R.A.); (R.P.); (V.K.S.); (M.B.); (R.R.C.)
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Cotton Section, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.M.); Tel.: +91-94-6681-2467 (M.S.); Tel.: +91-93-0615-2356 (S.M.)
| | - Ram Avtar
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Oilseed Section, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India; (R.A.); (R.P.); (V.K.S.); (M.B.); (R.R.C.)
| | - Ajay Pal
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India;
| | - Rakesh Punia
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Oilseed Section, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India; (R.A.); (R.P.); (V.K.S.); (M.B.); (R.R.C.)
| | - Vivek K. Singh
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Oilseed Section, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India; (R.A.); (R.P.); (V.K.S.); (M.B.); (R.R.C.)
| | - Mahavir Bishnoi
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Oilseed Section, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India; (R.A.); (R.P.); (V.K.S.); (M.B.); (R.R.C.)
| | - Anoop Singh
- Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India;
| | - Raju Ram Choudhary
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Oilseed Section, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India; (R.A.); (R.P.); (V.K.S.); (M.B.); (R.R.C.)
| | - Shiwani Mandhania
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Cotton Section, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.M.); Tel.: +91-94-6681-2467 (M.S.); Tel.: +91-93-0615-2356 (S.M.)
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17
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Al-Lami HFD, You MP, Barbetti MJ. Temperature Drives Contrasting Alternaria Leaf Spot Epidemic Development in Canola and Mustard Rape from Alternaria japonica and A. brassicae. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:1668-1674. [PMID: 32289246 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-19-2251-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent surveys of canola (Brassica napus) crops across southern Australia highlighted that Alternaria leaf spot on canola is not solely caused by Alternaria brassicae but that other Alternaria spp. are also involved, including A. japonica. Studies were undertaken into the effects of different temperatures (14 and 10°C [day and night] or 22 and 17°C [day and night]) on development of Alternaria leaf spot caused by A. japonica as compared with A. brassicae in cotyledons (embryonic leaves) and true leaves (first leaves) of canola (B. napus 'Thunder TT') and mustard rape (B. juncea 'Dune'). Both pathogens expressed less disease at lower temperatures of 14 and 10°C with percent disease index (%DI) of 19.1 for A. japonica and 41.8 for A. brassicae, but expressed significantly more disease at higher temperatures of 22 and 17°C with %DI of 80.8 and 88.2 for the same pathogens, respectively. At 14 and 10°C, mustard rape cotyledons showed less disease (percent cotyledons disease index [%CDI] = 18.1) from A. japonica but showed more disease (%CDI = 75.0) from A. brassicae. However, at 22 and 17°C, cotyledons and true leaves of both canola and mustard rape showed significantly more disease and varied in expressing the disease severity to the two pathogens; true leaves of mustard rape showed less disease (percent true leaf disease index [%TDI] = 48.4) from A. japonica but showed more disease (%TDI = 92.0) from A. brassicae. At 22 and 17°C, cotyledons of canola expressed more disease from A. japonica (%CDI = 99.1) than from A. brassicae (%CDI = 70.7). At the lower temperature, both host species showed the least disease, with mean %DI of 27.3 and 33.5 for canola and mustard rape, respectively, as compared with the higher temperatures, where there was a greater DI, with %DI values of 87.9 and 81.2 for these same host species, respectively. We believe that these are the first studies to highlight the critical role played by temperature for A. japonica as compared with A. brassicae in Alternaria leaf spot disease development and severity. These findings explain how temperature affects Alternaria leaf spot severity caused by A. japonica as compared with A. brassicae on different foliage components of canola and mustard rape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebba F D Al-Lami
- School of Agriculture and Environment and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia; and Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ming Pei You
- School of Agriculture and Environment and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Martin J Barbetti
- School of Agriculture and Environment and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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18
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Purnamasari MI, Erskine W, Croser JS, You MP, Barbetti MJ. Comparative Reaction of Camelina sativa to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Leptosphaeria maculans. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:2884-2892. [PMID: 31486740 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-19-0664-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Leptosphaeria maculans are two of the most important pathogens of many cruciferous crops. The reaction of 30 genotypes of Camelina sativa (false flax) was determined against both pathogens. C. sativa genotypes were inoculated at seedling and adult stages with two pathotypes of S. sclerotiorum, highly virulent MBRS-1 and less virulent WW-1. There were significant differences (P < 0.001) among genotypes, between pathotypes, and a significant interaction between genotypes and pathotypes in relation to percent cotyledon disease index (% CDI) and stem lesion length. Genotypes 370 (% CDI 20.5, stem lesion length 1.8 cm) and 253 (% CDI 24.8, stem lesion length 1.4 cm) not only consistently exhibited cotyledon and stem resistance, in contrast to susceptible genotype 2305 (% CDI 37.7, stem lesion length 7.2 cm), but their resistance was independent to S. sclerotiorum pathotype. A F5-recombinant inbred line population was developed from genotypes 370 × 2305 and responses characterized. Low broad-sense heritability indicated a complex pattern of inheritance of resistance to S. sclerotiorum. Six isolates of L. maculans, covering combinations of five different avirulent loci (i.e., five different races), were tested on C. sativa cotyledons across two experiments. There was a high level of resistance, with % CDI < 17, and including development of a hypersensitive reaction. This is the first report of variable reaction of C. sativa to different races of L. maculans and the first demonstrating comparative reactions of C. sativa to S. sclerotiorum and L. maculans. This study not only provides new understanding of these comparative resistances in C. sativa, but highlights their potential as new sources of resistance, both for crucifer disease-resistance breeding in general and to enable broader adoption of C. sativa as a more sustainable oilseed crop in its own right.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Purnamasari
- Centre for Plant Genetics and Breeding, UWA, School of Agriculture and Environment and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - William Erskine
- Centre for Plant Genetics and Breeding, UWA, School of Agriculture and Environment and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Janine S Croser
- Centre for Plant Genetics and Breeding, UWA, School of Agriculture and Environment and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ming Pei You
- School of Agriculture and Environment and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Martin J Barbetti
- School of Agriculture and Environment and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, WA, 6009, Australia
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19
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Liu L, Wang Q, Zhang X, Liu J, Zhang Y, Pan H. Ssams2, a Gene Encoding GATA Transcription Factor, Is Required for Appressoria Formation and Chromosome Segregation in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3031. [PMID: 30574138 PMCID: PMC6291475 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AMS2, amulticopy suppressor for the cpn1 (SpCENP-A) mutant, functions to specifically regulate histone genes transcription and chromosome segregation. As a cell-cycle-regulated GATA transcription factor in eukaryotic organisms, little research has been done on the role of AMS2 protein in pathogenic fungi. In Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Ssams2 (SS1G_03252) encodes a protein which has been predicted to contain GATA-box domain. Here, Ssams2-silenced strains with significantly reduced Ssams2 gene expression levels exhibited defect in hyphal growth, hyphal branching patterns, compound appressoria differentiation and the oxalic acid production compared to the wild-type (WT) strain. By common bean leaves infection assays, we identified the role of Ssams2 in full virulence. Furthermore, the numbers of cell nucleus in the same length of mycelium in Ssams2-silenced transformants were significantly less than that in the WT strain. The expression levels of histone genes and cell cycle genes in transformants were down-regulated significantly in the RNAi strains. Taken together, our work suggests that the TF SsAMS2 is required for growth, appressoria formation, virulence, and chromosome segregation in S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiaochu Wang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianghui Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinliang Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Pan
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Jia W, Hu C, Ming J, Zhao Y, Xin J, Sun X, Zhao X. Action of selenium against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: Damaging membrane system and interfering with metabolism. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 150:10-16. [PMID: 30195382 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) in soil is beneficial for environmental stress tolerance of plants, and it has widespread toxic effects on pathogens. Based on the fact that Se significantly inhibited the growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, we set experiments with different concentrations of Se to investigate the action of Se against S. sclerotiorum in this study. The results showed that Se (>0.5 mg L-1) changed the morphology of S. sclerotiorum mycelia, and higher Se concentrations severely damaged mycelial structures. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicated that Se treatment induced the chemical composition of mycelia with much abundance of functional groups such as alcohols, ketones, ammonium and esters, and 0.5 mg L-1 Se maximized their concentrations. Under Se treatments, the electrical conductivity of mycelia increased in a time-dependent manner, and osmolyte concentrations of mycelia increased as well. Se supplementation significantly reduced polymethylgalacturonase (PMG) and carboxymethylcellulase (Cx) activities, which protecting plants from infection, and increased the energy expenditure in S. sclerotiorum. Combined action of Se damage on membrane system, osmoregulation, reduction of cell wall degrading enzymes activities and improvement of energy expenditure resulted in the inhibition of S. sclerotiorum growth. Findings in this study provided evidences for using Se as a potential fungicide to control S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jia
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers / Research Center of Trace Elements /Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture / College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengxiao Hu
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers / Research Center of Trace Elements /Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture / College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiajia Ming
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers / Research Center of Trace Elements /Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture / College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers / Research Center of Trace Elements /Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture / College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Juan Xin
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers / Research Center of Trace Elements /Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture / College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuecheng Sun
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers / Research Center of Trace Elements /Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture / College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhao
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers / Research Center of Trace Elements /Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture / College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Liu L, Wang Q, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liu J, Yu G, Pan H. Sssfh1, a Gene Encoding a Putative Component of the RSC Chromatin Remodeling Complex, Is Involved in Hyphal Growth, Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation, and Pathogenicity in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1828. [PMID: 30131794 PMCID: PMC6090059 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SFH1 (for Snf5 homolog) protein, comprised in the RSC (Remodels Structure of Chromatin) chromatin remodeling complex, functions as a transcription factor (TF) to specifically regulate gene transcription and chromatin remodeling. As one of the well-conserved TFs in eukaryotic organisms, little is known about the roles of SFH1 protein in the filamentous fungi. In Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, one of the notorious plant fungal pathogens, there are nine proteins predicted to contain GATA-box domain according to GATA family TF classification, among which Sssfh1 (SS1G_01151) encodes a protein including a GATA-box domain and a SNF5 domain. Here, we characterized the roles of Sssfh1 in the developmental process and fungal pathogenicity by using RNA interference (RNAi)-based gene silencing in S. sclerotiorum. RNA-silenced strains with significantly reduced Sssfh1 RNA levels exhibited slower hyphal growth and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in hyphae compared to the wild-type (WT) strain. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays demonstrated that SsSFH1 interacts with SsMSG5, a MAPK phosphatase in S. sclerotiorum. Furthermore, Sssfh1-silenced strains exhibited enhanced tolerance to NaCl and H2O2. Results of infection assays on soybean and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) leaves indicated that Sssfh1 is required for full virulence of S. sclerotiorum during infection in the susceptible host plants. Collectively, our results suggest that the TF SsSFH1 is involved in growth, ROS accumulation and virulence in S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiaochu Wang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Sun
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianghui Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinliang Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gang Yu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Pan
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Identification and application of exogenous dsRNA confers plant protection against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7320. [PMID: 29743510 PMCID: PMC5943259 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of white stem rot, is responsible for significant losses in crop yields around the globe. While our understanding of S. sclerotiorum infection is becoming clearer, genetic control of the pathogen has been elusive and effective control of pathogen colonization using traditional broad-spectrum agro-chemical protocols are less effective than desired. In the current study, we developed species-specific RNA interference-based control treatments capable of reducing fungal infection. Development of a target identification pipeline using global RNA sequencing data for selection and application of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules identified single gene targets of the fungus. Using this approach, we demonstrate the utility of this technology through foliar applications of dsRNAs to the leaf surface that significantly decreased fungal infection and S. sclerotiorum disease symptoms. Select target gene homologs were also tested in the closely related species, Botrytis cinerea, reducing lesion size and providing compelling evidence of the adaptability and flexibility of this technology in protecting plants against devastating fungal pathogens.
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Pan Y, Wei J, Yao C, Reng H, Gao Z. SsSm1, a Cerato-platanin family protein, is involved in the hyphal development and pathogenic process of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 270:37-46. [PMID: 29576085 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is an important plant pathogen with a worldwide distribution. It can infect a wide variety of plants, causing serious disease in many types of crops, such as rapeseed, sunflower and soybean. Sclerotinia stem rot caused by this fungus affects main crops and has led to great economic loss. Elicitors are a group of compounds that inspire the host plant to produce an immune response against invading pathogens. This study describes a protein that has high homology with the Trichoderma elicitor Sm1 and was found in the genome of S. sclerotiorum. We named this protein SsSm1. To determine whether this protein has an elicitor function like its homology protein, we constructed a heterologous expression vector for SsSm1 and expressed it in Escherichia coli. The protein of heterologous expression led to the formation of lesions in tobacco that closely resemble hypersensitive response lesions. Transient expression of the encoding gene of SsSm1 in tobacco leaves also caused hypersensitive response. Then, RNA silencing was used to identify the function of SsSm1. The hyphal growth and pathogenicity of silenced transformants were shown to be obviously lagging and branched abnormally. Transformants produced less infection cushions and deformed sclerotiorum. In addition, SsSm1 silencing caused weak tolerance to NaCl, sorbitol and SDS, and the sensitivity of mutants to carbendazim was also significantly decreased. Based on the above results, we speculate that this protein may be related to the development of hyphae, infection cushions and sclerotiorum, but the specific molecular mechanism needs to be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuemin Pan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Junjun Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chuanchun Yao
- Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Hengxue Reng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zhimou Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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Neik TX, Barbetti MJ, Batley J. Current Status and Challenges in Identifying Disease Resistance Genes in Brassica napus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1788. [PMID: 29163558 PMCID: PMC5681527 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Brassica napus is an economically important crop across different continents including temperate and subtropical regions in Europe, Canada, South Asia, China and Australia. Its widespread cultivation also brings setbacks as it plays host to fungal, oomycete and chytrid pathogens that can lead to serious yield loss. For sustainable crop production, identification of resistance (R) genes in B. napus has become of critical importance. In this review, we discuss four key pathogens affecting Brassica crops: Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae), Blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa), Sclerotinia Stem Rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), and Downy Mildew (Hyaloperonospora parasitica). We first review current studies covering prevalence of these pathogens on Brassica crops and highlight the R genes and QTL that have been identified from Brassica species against these pathogens. Insights into the relationships between the pathogen and its Brassica host, the unique host resistance mechanisms and how these affect resistance outcomes is also presented. We discuss challenges in identification and deployment of R genes in B. napus in relation to highly specific genetic interactions between host subpopulations and pathogen pathotypes and emphasize the need for common or shared techniques and research materials or tighter collaboration between researchers to reconcile the inconsistencies in the research outcomes. Using current genomics tools, we provide examples of how characterization and cloning of R genes in B. napus can be carried out more effectively. Lastly, we put forward strategies to breed resistant cultivars through introgressions supported by genomic approaches and suggest prospects that can be implemented in the future for a better, pathogen-resistant B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xiang Neik
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Martin J. Barbetti
- School of Agriculture and Environment and Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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