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Ma D, Xu J, Wu M, Zhang R, Hu Z, Ji CA, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Yu R, Liu X, Yang L, Li G, Shen D, Liu M, Yang Z, Zhang H, Wang P, Zhang Z. Phenazine biosynthesis protein MoPhzF regulates appressorium formation and host infection through canonical metabolic and noncanonical signaling function in Magnaporthe oryzae. New Phytol 2024; 242:211-230. [PMID: 38326975 PMCID: PMC10940222 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Microbe-produced secondary metabolite phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) facilitates pathogen virulence and defense mechanisms against competitors. Magnaporthe oryzae, a causal agent of the devastating rice blast disease, needs to compete with other phyllosphere microbes and overcome host immunity for successful colonization and infection. However, whether M. oryzae produces PCA or it has any other functions remains unknown. Here, we found that the MoPHZF gene encodes the phenazine biosynthesis protein MoPhzF, synthesizes PCA in M. oryzae, and regulates appressorium formation and host virulence. MoPhzF is likely acquired through an ancient horizontal gene transfer event and has a canonical function in PCA synthesis. In addition, we found that PCA has a role in suppressing the accumulation of host-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) during infection. Further examination indicated that MoPhzF recruits both the endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein MoEmc2 and the regulator of G-protein signaling MoRgs1 to the plasma membrane (PM) for MoRgs1 phosphorylation, which is a critical regulatory mechanism in appressorium formation and pathogenicity. Collectively, our studies unveiled a canonical function of MoPhzF in PCA synthesis and a noncanonical signaling function in promoting appressorium formation and host infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danying Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiayun Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Miao Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruiming Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhao Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chang-an Ji
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Leiyun Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Muxing Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhixiang Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States of America
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Wang K, Wang S, Wang T, Xia Q, Xia S. The Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ADP-Ribosylation Factor 6 Plays an Essential Role in Abiotic Stress Response and Fungal Virulence to Host Plants. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 10:12. [PMID: 38248922 PMCID: PMC10817261 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6), as the only member of the Arf family III protein, has been extensively studied for its diverse biological functions in animals. Previously, the Arf6 protein in Magnaporthe oryzae was found to be crucial for endocytosis and polarity establishment during asexual development. However, its role remains unclear in S. sclerotiorum. Here, we identified and characterized SsArf6 in S. sclerotiorum using a reverse genetic approach. Deletion of SsArf6 impaired hyphal growth and development and produced more branches. Interestingly, knockout of SsArf6 resulted in an augmented tolerance of S. sclerotiorum towards oxidative stress, and increased its sensitivity towards osmotic stress, indicative of the different roles of SsArf6 in various stress responses. Simultaneously, SsArf6 deletion led to an elevation in melanin accumulation. Moreover, the appressorium formation was severely impaired, and fungal virulence to host plants was significantly reduced. Overall, our findings demonstrate the essential role of SsArf6 in hyphal development, stress responses, appressorium formation, and fungal virulence to host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shitou Xia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (K.W.); (S.W.); (T.W.)
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Zhang G, Li R, Wu X, Li M. Natural Product Aloesin Significantly Inhibits Spore Germination and Appressorium Formation in Magnaporthe oryzae. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2395. [PMID: 37894053 PMCID: PMC10609347 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to determine the effects of the natural product aloesin against Magnaporthe oryzae. The results exposed that aloesin had a high inhibitory effect on appressorium formation (the EC50 value was 175.26 μg/mL). Microscopic examination revealed that 92.30 ± 4.26% of M. oryzae spores could be broken down by 625.00 μg/mL of aloesin, and the formation rate of appressoria was 4.74 ± 1.00% after 12 h. M. oryzae mycelial growth was weaker than that on the control. The enzyme activity analysis results indicated that aloesin inhibited the activities of polyketolase (PKS), laccase (LAC), and chain-shortening catalytic enzyme (Aayg1), which are key enzymes in melanin synthesis. The inhibition rate by aloesin of PKS, LAC, and Aayg1 activity was 32.51%, 33.04%, and 43.38%, respectively. The proteomic analysis showed that actin expression was downregulated at 175.62 μg/mL of aloesin, which could reduce actin bundle formation and prevent the polar growth of hyphae in M. oryzae. This is the first report showing that aloesin effectively inhibits conidia morphology and appressorium formation in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Zhang
- Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.Z.); (X.W.)
- College of Life and Health Science, Kaili University, Kaili 556000, China
| | - Rongyu Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaomao Wu
- Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (G.Z.); (X.W.)
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Wang J, Wang Q, Huang P, Qu Y, Huang Z, Wang H, Liu XH, Lin FC, Lu J. An appressorium membrane protein, Pams1, controls infection structure maturation and virulence via maintaining endosomal stability in the rice blast fungus. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:955254. [PMID: 36160954 PMCID: PMC9500233 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.955254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae spores differentiate and mature into functional appressoria by sensing the host surface signals. Environmental stimuli are transduced into cells through internalization during appressorium formation, such as in the cAMP-PKA pathway. Here, we describe a novel contribution to how appressoria mature on the surface of a leaf, and its connection to endosomes and the cAMP-PKA pathway. An appressorium membrane-specific protein, Pams1, is required for maintaining endosomal structure, appressorium maturation, and virulence in M. oryzae. During appressorium development, Pams1 was translocated from the cell membrane to the endosomal membrane. Deletion of PAMS1 led to the formation of two types of abnormal appressoria after 8 h post inoculation (hpi): melanized type I had a reduced virulence, while pale type II was dead. Before 8 hpi, Δpams1 formed appressoria that were similar to those of the wild type. After 8 hpi, the appressoria of Δpams1 was differentiated into two types: (1) the cell walls of type I appressoria were melanized, endosomes were larger, and had a different distribution from the wild type and (2) Type II appressoria gradually stopped melanization and began to die. The organelles, including the nucleus, endosomes, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticula, were degraded, leaving only autophagic body-like vesicles in type II appressoria. The addition of exogenous cAMP to Δpams1 led to the formation of a greater proportion of type I appressoria and a smaller proportion of type II appressoria. Thus, defects in endosomal structure and the cAMP-PKA pathway are among the causes of the defective appressorium maturation and virulence of Δpams1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingmin Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhicheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Cai X, Xiang S, He W, Tang M, Zhang S, Chen D, Zhang X, Liu C, Li G, Xing J, Li Y, Chen X, Nie Y. Deubiquitinase Ubp3 regulates ribophagy and deubiquitinates Smo1 for appressorium-mediated infection by Magnaporthe oryzae. Mol Plant Pathol 2022; 23:832-844. [PMID: 35220670 PMCID: PMC9104258 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Ubp family of deubiquitinating enzymes has been found to play important roles in plant-pathogenic fungi, but their regulatory mechanisms are still largely unknown. In this study, we revealed the regulatory mechanism of the deubiquitinating enzyme Ubp3 during the infection process of Magnaporthe oryzae. AUBP3 deletion mutant was severely defective in appressorium turgor accumulation, leading to the impairment of appressorial penetration. During appressorium formation, the mutant was also defective in glycogen and lipid metabolism. Interestingly, we found that nitrogen starvation and rapamycin treatment induced the ribophagy process in M. oryzae, which is closely dependent on Ubp3. In the ∆ubp3 mutant, the ribosome proteins and rRNAs were not well degraded on nitrogen starvation and rapamycin treatment. We also found that Ubp3 interacted with the GTPase-activating protein Smo1 and regulated its de-ubiquitination. Ubp3-dependent de-ubiquitination of Smo1 may be required for Smo1 to coordinate Ras signalling. Taken together, our results showed at least two roles of Ubp3 in M. oryzae: it regulates the ribophagy process and it regulates de-ubiquitination of GTPase-activating protein Smo1 for appressorium-mediated infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Cai
- Laboratory of Physiological Plant PathologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shikun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Wenhui He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Mengxi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shimei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Deng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xinrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Caiyun Liu
- Laboratory of Physiological Plant PathologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Guotian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Junjie Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceHunan Hybrid Rice Research CenterChangshaChina
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Laboratory of Physiological Plant PathologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiao‐Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yanfang Nie
- Laboratory of Physiological Plant PathologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- College of Materials and EnergySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Zhao J, Sun P, Sun Q, Li R, Qin Z, Sha G, Zhou Y, Bi R, Zhang H, Zheng L, Chen X, Yang L, Li Q, Li G. The MoPah1 phosphatidate phosphatase is involved in lipid metabolism, development, and pathogenesis in Magnaporthe oryzae. Mol Plant Pathol 2022; 23:720-732. [PMID: 35191164 PMCID: PMC8995063 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As with the majority of the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogens, the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae uses highly specialized infection structures called appressoria for plant penetration. Appressoria differentiated from germ tubes rely on enormous turgor pressure to directly penetrate the plant cell, in which process lipid metabolism plays a critical role. In this study, we characterized the MoPAH1 gene in M. oryzae, encoding a putative highly conserved phosphatidate phosphatase. The expression of MoPAH1 was up-regulated during plant infection. The MoPah1 protein is expressed at all developmental and infection stages, and is localized to the cytoplasm. Disruption of MoPAH1 causes pleiotropic defects in vegetative growth, sporulation, and heat tolerance. The lipid profile is significantly altered in the Mopah1 mutant. Lipidomics assays showed that the level of phosphatidic acid (PA) was increased in the mutant, which had reduced levels of diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol. Using a PA biosensor, we showed that the increased level of PA in the Mopah1 mutant was primarily accumulated in the vacuole. The Mopah1 mutant was blocked in both conidiation and the formation of appressorium-like structures at hyphal tips. It was nonpathogenic and failed to cause any blast lesions on rice and barley seedlings. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that MoPah1 regulates the expression of transcription factors critical for various developmental and infection-related processes. The Mopah1 mutant was reduced in the expression and phosphorylation of Pmk1 MAP kinase and delayed in autophagy. Our study demonstrates that MoPah1 is necessary for lipid metabolism, fungal development, and pathogenicity in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Qiping Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Renjian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ziting Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Gan Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yaru Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ruiqing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsMinistry of EducationCollege of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xiao‐Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Long Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Qiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Guotian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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7
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Chen D, Hu H, He W, Zhang S, Tang M, Xiang S, Liu C, Cai X, Hendy A, Kamran M, Liu H, Zheng L, Huang J, Chen X, Xing J. Endocytic protein Pal1 regulates appressorium formation and is required for full virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae. Mol Plant Pathol 2022; 23:133-147. [PMID: 34636149 PMCID: PMC8659611 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis plays key roles during infection of plant-pathogenic fungi, but its regulatory mechanisms are still largely unknown. Here, we identified a putative endocytosis-related gene, PAL1, which was highly expressed in appressorium of Magnaporthe oryzae, and was found to be important for appressorium formation and maturation. Deletion of PAL1 significantly reduced the virulence of M. oryzae due to defects in appressorial penetration and invasive growth in host cells. The Pal1 protein interacted and colocalized with the endocytosis protein Sla1, suggesting it is involved in endocytosis. The Δpal1 mutant was significantly reduced in appressorium formation, which was recovered by adding exogenous cAMP and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). Moreover, the phosphorylation level of Pmk1 in Δpal1 was also reduced, suggesting Pal1 functions upstream of both the cAMP and Pmk1 signalling pathways. As a consequence, the utilization of glycogen and lipid, appressorial autophagy, actin ring formation, localization of septin proteins, as well as turgor accumulation were all affected in the Δpal1 mutant. Taken together, Pal1 regulates cAMP and the Pmk1 signalling pathway for appressorium formation and maturation to facilitate infection of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceHunan Hybrid Rice Research CenterChangshaChina
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Wenhui He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shimei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Mengxi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shikun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Caiyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ahmed Hendy
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Lu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Junbing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xiao‐Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceHunan Hybrid Rice Research CenterChangshaChina
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei ProvinceCollege of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Junjie Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceHunan Hybrid Rice Research CenterChangshaChina
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Zhu P, Zhang S, Li R, Liu C, Fan W, Hu T, Zhao A. Host-Induced Gene Silencing of a G Protein α Subunit Gene CsGpa1 Involved in Pathogen Appressoria Formation and Virulence Improves Tobacco Resistance to Ciboria shiraiana. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:1053. [PMID: 34947035 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophy sorosis scleroteniosis caused by Ciboria shiraiana is the most devastating disease of mulberry fruit. However, few mulberry lines show any resistance to C. shiraiana. An increasing amount of research has shown that host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) is an effective strategy for enhancing plant tolerance to pathogens by silencing genes required for their pathogenicity. In this study, two G protein α subunit genes, CsGPA1 and CsGPA2, were identified from C. shiraiana. Silencing CsGPA1 and CsGPA2 had no effect on hyphal growth but reduced the number of sclerotia and increased the single sclerotium weight. Moreover, silencing CsGpa1 resulted in increased fungal resistance to osmotic and oxidative stresses. Compared with wild-type and empty vector strains, the number of appressoria was clearly lower in CsGPA1-silenced strains. Importantly, infection assays revealed that the virulence of CsGPA1-silenced strains was significantly reduced, which was accompanied by formation of fewer appressoria and decreased expression of several cAMP/PKA- or mitogen-activated protein-kinase-related genes. Additionally, transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana expressing double-stranded RNA targeted to CsGpa1 through the HIGS method significantly improved resistance to C. shiraiana. Our results indicate that CsGpa1 is an important regulator in appressoria formation and the pathogenicity of C. shiraiana. CsGpa1 is an efficient target to improve tolerance to C. shiraiana using HIGS technology.
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Lee S, Völz R, Song H, Harris W, Lee YH. Characterization of the MYB Genes Reveals Insights Into Their Evolutionary Conservation, Structural Diversity, and Functional Roles in Magnaporthe oryzae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:721530. [PMID: 34899620 PMCID: PMC8660761 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.721530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factor family is evolutionarily conserved among plants, animals, and fungi, and contributes to their growth and development. We identified and analyzed 10 putative MYB genes in Magnaporthe oryzae (MoMYB) and determined their phylogenetic relationships, revealing high divergence and variability. Although MYB domains are generally defined by three tandem repeats, MoMYBs contain one or two weakly conserved repeats embedded in extensive disordered regions. We characterized the secondary domain organization, disordered segments, and functional contributions of each MoMYB. During infection, MoMYBs are distinctively expressed and can be subdivided into two clades of being either up- or down-regulated. Among these, MoMYB1 and MoMYB8 are up-regulated during infection and vegetative growth, respectively. We found MoMYB1 localized predominantly to the cytosol during the formation of infection structures. ΔMomyb1 exhibited reduced virulence on intact rice leaves corresponding to the diminished ability to form hypha-driven appressorium (HDA). We discovered that MoMYB1 regulates HDA formation on hard, hydrophobic surfaces, whereas host surfaces partially restored HDA formation in ΔMomyb1. Lipid droplet accumulation in hyphal tips and expression of HDA-associated genes were strongly perturbed in ΔMomyb1 indicating genetic interaction of MoMYB1 with downstream components critical to HDA formation. We also found that MoMYB8 is necessary for fungal growth, dark-induced melanization of hyphae, and involved in higher abiotic stress tolerance. Taken together, we revealed a multifaceted picture of the MoMYB family, wherein a low degree of conservation has led to the development of distinct structures and functions, ranging from fungal growth to virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehee Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ronny Völz
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeunjeong Song
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - William Harris
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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10
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Shi H, Meng S, Qiu J, Wang C, Shu Y, Luo C, Kou Y. MoWhi2 regulates appressorium formation and pathogenicity via the MoTor signalling pathway in Magnaporthe oryzae. Mol Plant Pathol 2021; 22:969-983. [PMID: 34036714 PMCID: PMC8295519 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae causes rice blast disease, which seriously threatens the safety of food production. Understanding the mechanism of appressorium formation, which is one of the key steps for successful infection by M. oryzae, is helpful to formulate effective control strategies of rice blast. In this study, we identified MoWhi2, the homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Whi2 (Whisky2), as an important regulator that controls appressorium formation in M. oryzae. When MoWHI2 was disrupted, multiple appressoria were formed by one conidium and pathogenicity was significantly reduced. A putative phosphatase, MoPsr1, was identified to interact with MoWhi2 using a yeast two-hybridization screening assay. The knockout mutant ΔMopsr1 displayed similar phenotypes to the ΔMowhi2 strain. Both the ΔMowhi2 and ΔMopsr1 mutants could form appressoria on a hydrophilic surface with cAMP levels increasing in comparison with the wild type (WT). The conidia of ΔMowhi2 and ΔMopsr1 formed a single appressorium per conidium, similar to WT, when the target of rapamycin (TOR) inhibitor rapamycin was present. In addition, compared with WT, the expression levels of MoTOR and the MoTor signalling activation marker gene MoRS3 were increased, suggesting that inappropriate activation of the MoTor signalling pathway is one of the important reasons for the defects in appressorium formation in the ΔMowhi2 and ΔMopsr1 strains. Our results provide insights into MoWhi2 and MoPsr1-mediated appressorium development and pathogenicity by regulating cAMP levels and the activation of MoTor signalling in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Shuai Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
- Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, and College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jiehua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Congcong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Yazhou Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Chaoxi Luo
- Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, and College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yanjun Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
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11
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Zhou X, Li J, Tang N, Xie H, Fan X, Chen H, Tang M, Xie X. Genome-Wide Analysis of Nutrient Signaling Pathways Conserved in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1557. [PMID: 34442636 PMCID: PMC8401276 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form a mutualistic symbiosis with a majority of terrestrial vascular plants. To achieve an efficient nutrient trade with their hosts, AM fungi sense external and internal nutrients, and integrate different hierarchic regulations to optimize nutrient acquisition and homeostasis during mycorrhization. However, the underlying molecular networks in AM fungi orchestrating the nutrient sensing and signaling remain elusive. Based on homology search, we here found that at least 72 gene components involved in four nutrient sensing and signaling pathways, including cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (cAMP-PKA), sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1) protein kinase, target of rapamycin kinase (TOR) and phosphate (PHO) signaling cascades, are well conserved in AM fungi. Based on the knowledge known in model yeast and filamentous fungi, we outlined the possible gene networks functioning in AM fungi. These pathways may regulate the expression of downstream genes involved in nutrient transport, lipid metabolism, trehalase activity, stress resistance and autophagy. The RNA-seq analysis and qRT-PCR results of some core genes further indicate that these pathways may play important roles in spore germination, appressorium formation, arbuscule longevity and sporulation of AM fungi. We hope to inspire further studies on the roles of these candidate genes involved in these nutrient sensing and signaling pathways in AM fungi and AM symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (H.X.); (X.F.); (H.C.)
| | - Jiangyong Li
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China;
| | - Nianwu Tang
- UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France;
| | - Hongyun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (H.X.); (X.F.); (H.C.)
| | - Xiaoning Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (H.X.); (X.F.); (H.C.)
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (H.X.); (X.F.); (H.C.)
| | - Ming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (H.X.); (X.F.); (H.C.)
| | - Xianan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (H.X.); (X.F.); (H.C.)
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12
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Sadat MA, Han JH, Kim S, Lee YH, Kim KS, Choi J. The Membrane-Bound Protein, MoAfo1, Is Involved in Sensing Diverse Signals from Different Surfaces in the Rice Blast Fungus. Plant Pathol J 2021; 37:87-98. [PMID: 33866752 PMCID: PMC8053852 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.08.2020.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To establish an infection, fungal pathogens must recognize diverse signals from host surfaces. The rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the best models studying host-pathogen interactions. This fungus recognizes physical or chemical signals from the host surfaces and initiates the development of an infection structure called appressorium. Here, we found that protein MoAfo1(appressorium formation, MGG_10422) was involved in sensing signal molecules such as cutin monomers and long chain primary alcohols required for appressorium formation. The knockout mutant (ΔMoafo1) formed a few abnormal appressoria on the onion and rice sheath surfaces. However, it produced normal appressoria on the surface of rice leaves. MoAfo1 localized to the membranes of the cytoplasm and vacuole-like organelles in conidia and appressoria. Additionally, the ΔMoafo1 mutant showed defects in appressorium morphology, appressorium penetration, invasive growth, and pathogenicity. These multiple defects might be partially due to failure to respond properly to oxidative stress. These findings broaden our understanding of the fungal mechanisms at play in the recognition of the host surface during rice blast infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abu Sadat
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012,
Korea
| | - Joon-Hee Han
- Division of Bioresource Sciences, Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341,
Korea
| | - Seongbeom Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Kyoung Su Kim
- Division of Bioresource Sciences, Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341,
Korea
| | - Jaehyuk Choi
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012,
Korea
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13
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Qu Y, Wang J, Huang P, Liu X, Lu J, Lin FC. PoRal2 Is Involved in Appressorium Formation and Virulence via Pmk1 MAPK Pathways in the Rice Blast Fungus Pyricularia oryzae. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:702368. [PMID: 34589096 PMCID: PMC8473790 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.702368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyricularia oryzae is an important plant pathogenic fungus that can severely damage rice and wheat crops, leading to significant reductions in crop productivity. To penetrate into and invade tissues of its plant host, this fungus relies on an invasive structure known as an appressorium. Appressorium formation is rigorously regulated by the cAMP-PKA and Pmk1 MAPK pathways. Here, we identified PoRal2, a homologous protein of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Ral2, and characterized its roles in fungal development and virulence in P. oryzae. PoRal2 contains N-terminal kelch repeats and C-terminal BTB domains. PoRal2 is involved in sporulation, aerial hypha and conidiophore differentiation, appressorium formation, plant penetration, and virulence. During appressorium formation, ∆Poral2 mutants generate appressoria with long germ tubes on hydrophobic surfaces. ∆Poral2 mutants exhibited a defective response to exogenous cAMP and the activated RAS2 G18V on a hydrophilic surface, indicating impairment in the cAMP-PKA or Pmk1 MAPK signaling pathways. Deletion of PoRAL2 leads to lowered Pmk1 phosphorylation level in the mutant. Moreover, PoRal2 is found to interact with Scd1, Smo1, and Mst50, which are involved in activation of Pmk1. In addition, the expression levels of MPG1, WISH, and PDEH in the cAMP-PKA pathway, RAS2 in both the cAMP-PKA and Pmk1 MAPK pathways, and melanin biosynthesis genes (ALB1, BUF1, and RSY1) were significantly down-regulated in the ∆Poral2. Therefore, PoRal2 is involved in fungal development and virulence by its crosstalk in the cAMP-PKA and Pmk1 MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmin Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengyun Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jianping Lu,
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fu-Cheng Lin,
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14
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Tang G, Shang Y, Li S, Wang C. MrHex1 is Required for Woronin Body Formation, Fungal Development and Virulence in Metarhizium robertsii. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E172. [PMID: 32937856 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Woronin body (WB) is a peroxisome-derived dense-core vesicle, a self-assembling hexagonal crystal of a single protein Hex1. This organelle is specific to the ascomycete fungi belonging to the Pezizomycotina subphylum by functioning in sealing septal pores in response to mycelium damage and the control of cell heterogeneity. We retrieved all available Hex1-domain containing proteins of different fungi from the GenBank database and found considerable length variations among 460 obtained Hex1 proteins. However, a highly conserved Hex1 domain containing 75 amino acid residues with a specific S/A-R/S-L consensus motif for targeting peroxisome is present at the carboxy-terminus of each protein. A homologous Hex1 gene, named MrHex1, was deleted in the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii. It was found that MrHex1 was responsible for WB formation in M. robertsii and involved in sealing septal pores to maintain cell integrity and heterogeneity. Different assays indicated that, relative to the wild-type (WT) strain, ∆Mrhex1 demonstrated a growth defect on a solid medium and substantial reductions of conidiation, appressorium formation and topical infectivity against insect hosts. However, there was no obvious virulence difference between WT and mutants during injection of insects. We also found that ∆MrHex1 could tolerate different stress conditions like the WT and the gene-rescued mutant of M. robertsii, which is in contrast to the reports of the stress-response defects of the Hex1 null mutants of other fungal species. In addition to revealing the phenotypic/functional alterations of the Hex1 deletion mutants between different pathotype fungi, the results of this study may benefit the understanding of the evolution and WB-control of fungal entomopathogenicity.
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15
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Prajanket P, Vu KCT, Arai J, Sornkom W, Abe A, Sone T. Function of PoLAE2, a laeA homolog, in appressorium formation and cAMP signal transduction in Pyricularia oryzae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:2401-2404. [PMID: 32729391 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1801379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel homolog of laeA, a global regulatory gene in filamentous fungi, was identified from Pyricularia oryzae. A deletion mutant of the homolog (PoLAE2) exhibited lowered intracellular cAMP levels, and decreased appressorium formation on non-host surface; the decrease was recovered using exogenous cAMP and IBMX, indicating that PoLAE2 deletion affected the cAMP signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim-Chi Thi Vu
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jun Arai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan
| | - Worawan Sornkom
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Abe
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan
| | - Teruo Sone
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan
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16
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Aboelfotoh Hendy A, Xing J, Chen X, Chen X. The farnesyltransferase β-subunit RAM1 regulates localization of RAS proteins and appressorium-mediated infection in Magnaporthe oryzae. Mol Plant Pathol 2019; 20:1264-1278. [PMID: 31250536 PMCID: PMC6715606 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational farnesylation can regulate subcellular localization and protein-protein interaction in eukaryotes. The function of farnesylation is not well identified in plant pathogenic fungi, particularly during the process of fungal infection. Here, through functional analyses of the farnesyltransferase β-subunit gene, RAM1, we examine the importance of protein farnesylation in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Targeted disruption of RAM1 resulted in the reduction of hyphal growth and sporulation, and an increase in the sensitivity to various stresses. Importantly, loss of RAM1 also led to the attenuation of virulence on the plant host, characterized by decreased appressorium formation and invasive growth. Interestingly, the defect in appressoria formation of the Δram1 mutant can be recovered by adding exogenous cAMP and IBMX, suggesting that RAM1 functions upstream of the cAMP signalling pathway. We found that two Ras GTPases, RAS1 and RAS2, can interact with Ram1, and their plasma membrane localization was regulated by Ram1 through their C-terminal farnesylation sites. Adding a farnesyltransferase inhibitor Tipifarnib can result in similar defects as in Δram1 mutant, including decreased appressorium formation and invasive growth, as well as mislocalized RAS proteins. Our findings indicate that protein farnesylation regulates the RAS protein-mediated signaling pathways required for appressorium formation and host infection, and suggest that abolishing farnesyltransferase could be an effective strategy for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Aboelfotoh Hendy
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha)Alexandria UniversityAlexandria21531Egypt
| | - Junjie Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceHunan Hybrid Rice Research CenterChangsha410125China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Xiao‐Lin Chen
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceHunan Hybrid Rice Research CenterChangsha410125China
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17
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Fu T, Kim JO, Han JH, Gumilang A, Lee YH, Kim KS. A Small GTPase RHO2 Plays an Important Role in Pre-infection Development in the Rice Blast Pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Plant Pathol J 2018; 34:470-479. [PMID: 30588220 PMCID: PMC6305172 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.04.2018.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae is a global threat to rice production. Here we characterized RHO2 gene (MGG_02457) that belongs to the Rho GTPase family, using a deletion mutant. This mutant ΔMorho2 exhibited no defects in conidiation and germination but developed only 6% of appressoria in response to a hydrophobic surface when compared to the wild-type progenitor. This result indicates that MoRHO2 plays a role in appressorium development. Furthermore, exogenous cAMP treatment on the mutant led to appressoria that exhibited abnormal morphology on both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. These outcomes suggested the involvement of MoRHO2 in cAMP-mediated appressorium development. ΔMorho2 mutation also delayed the development of appressorium-like structures (ALS) at hyphal tips on hydrophobic surface, which were also abnormally shaped. These results suggested that MoRHO2 is involved in morphological development of appressoria and ALS from conidia and hyphae, respectively. As expected, ΔMorho2 mutant was defective in plant penetration, but was still able to cause lesions, albeit at a reduced rate on wounded plants. These results implied that MoRHO2 plays a role in M. oryzae virulence as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Fu
- Division of Bioresource Sciences, and Bioherb Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341,
Korea
| | - Joon-Oh Kim
- Division of Bioresource Sciences, and Bioherb Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341,
Korea
| | - Joon-Hee Han
- Division of Bioresource Sciences, and Bioherb Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341,
Korea
| | - Adiyantara Gumilang
- Division of Bioresource Sciences, and Bioherb Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341,
Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Kyoung Su Kim
- Division of Bioresource Sciences, and Bioherb Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341,
Korea
- Corresponding author: Phone) +82-33-250-6435, FAX) +82-33-259-5558, E-mail)
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18
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Yang L, Yin Z, Zhang X, Feng W, Xiao Y, Zhang H, Zheng X, Zhang Z. New findings on phosphodiesterases, MoPdeH and MoPdeL, in Magnaporthe oryzae revealed by structural analysis. Mol Plant Pathol 2018; 19:1061-1074. [PMID: 28752677 PMCID: PMC6638029 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signalling pathway mediates signal communication and sensing during infection-related morphogenesis in eukaryotes. Many studies have implicated cAMP as a critical mediator of appressorium development in the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. The cAMP phosphodiesterases, MoPdeH and MoPdeL, as key regulators of intracellular cAMP levels, play pleiotropic roles in cell wall integrity, cellular morphology, appressorium formation and infectious growth in M. oryzae. Here, we analysed the roles of domains of MoPdeH and MoPdeL separately or in chimeras. The results indicated that the HD and EAL domains of MoPdeH are indispensable for its phosphodiesterase activity and function. Replacement of the MoPdeH HD domain with the L1 and L2 domains of MoPdeL, either singly or together, resulted in decreased cAMP hydrolysis activity of MoPdeH. All of the transformants exhibited phenotypes similar to that of the ΔMopdeH mutant, but also revealed that EAL and L1 play additional roles in conidiation, and that L1 is involved in infectious growth. We further found that the intracellular cAMP level is important for surface signal recognition and hyphal autolysis. The intracellular cAMP level negatively regulates Mps1-MAPK and positively regulates Pmk1-MAPK in the rice blast fungus. Our results provide new information to better understand the cAMP signalling pathway in the development, differentiation and plant infection of the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Na Yang
- Department of Plant PathologyKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095China
| | - Ziyi Yin
- Department of Plant PathologyKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095China
| | - Wanzhen Feng
- Department of Plant PathologyKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095China
| | - Yuhan Xiao
- Department of Plant PathologyKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant PathologyKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyKey Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095China
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He P, Wang Y, Wang X, Zhang X, Tian C. The Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase CgMK1 Governs Appressorium Formation, Melanin Synthesis, and Plant Infection of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2216. [PMID: 29176970 PMCID: PMC5686099 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes infects plant hosts with a specialized cell called an appressorium, which is melanized and required for plant cell wall penetration. Here, we show that the mitogen-activated protein kinase CgMK1 governs appressorium formation and virulence in the poplar anthracnose fungus C. gloeosporioides. Deletion of CgMK1 impairs aerial hyphal growth and biomass accumulation, and CgMK1 is responsible for the expression of melanin biosynthesis-associated genes. CgMK1 deletion mutants are unable to form appressorium and lose the capacity to colonize either wounded or unwounded poplar leaves, leading to loss of virulence. We demonstrate that the exogenous application of cAMP fails to restore defective appressorium formation in the CgMK1 deletion mutants, suggesting that CgMK1 may function downstream or independent of a cAMP-dependent signal for appressorium formation. Moreover, CgMK1 mutants were sensitive to high osmosis, indicating that CgMK1 plays an important role in stress response. We conclude that CgMK1 plays a vital role in regulating appressorium formation, melanin biosynthesis, and virulence in C. gloeosporiodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puhuizhong He
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonglin Wang
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolian Wang
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengming Tian
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Cao H, Huang P, Zhang L, Shi Y, Sun D, Yan Y, Liu X, Dong B, Chen G, Snyder JH, Lin F, Lu J. Characterization of 47 Cys2 -His2 zinc finger proteins required for the development and pathogenicity of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. New Phytol 2016; 211:1035-51. [PMID: 27041000 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Cys2 -His2 (C2H2) zinc finger protein family is the second-largest family of transcription factors (TFs) in Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal fungus responsible for the destructive rice blast disease. However, little is known about the roles of most C2H2 TFs in the development and pathogenicity of M. oryzae. The roles of 47 C2H2 genes in development and pathogenicity were investigated by gene deletion in M. oryzae. The TF-dependent genes in mycelia or appressoria were analyzed with RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Forty-four C2H2 genes are involved in growth (20 genes), conidiation (28 genes), appressorium formation (four genes) and pathogenicity (22 genes) in M. oryzae. Of these, MGG_14931, named as VRF1, is required for pathogenicity, specifically controlling appressorium maturation by affecting the expression of genes related to appressorial structure and function, including melanin biosynthesis, chitin catabolism, lipid metabolism, proteolysis, transmembrane transport, and response to oxidative stress; MGG_01776, named as VRF2, is required for plant penetration and invasive growth; conidiation-related gene CON7 is required for conidial differentiation; and MoCREA, encoding a carbon catabolite repression protein, is a novel repressor of lipid catabolism when glucose obtainable in M. oryzae. This study provides many insights into the regulation of growth, asexual development, appressorium formation, and pathogenicity by C2H2 TFs in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Pengyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Lilin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Yongkai Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Dandan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Yuxin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310021, China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 31006, China
| | - John Hugh Snyder
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Jianping Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
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Franck WL, Gokce E, Randall SM, Oh Y, Eyre A, Muddiman DC, Dean RA. Phosphoproteome Analysis Links Protein Phosphorylation to Cellular Remodeling and Metabolic Adaptation during Magnaporthe oryzae Appressorium Development. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2408-24. [PMID: 25926025 PMCID: PMC4838196 DOI: 10.1021/pr501064q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The rice pathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae, undergoes a complex developmental process leading to formation of an appressorium prior to plant infection. In an effort to better understand phosphoregulation during appressorium development, a mass spectrometry based phosphoproteomics study was undertaken. A total of 2924 class I phosphosites were identified from 1514 phosphoproteins from mycelia, conidia, germlings, and appressoria of the wild type and a protein kinase A (PKA) mutant. Phosphoregulation during appressorium development was observed for 448 phosphosites on 320 phosphoproteins. In addition, a set of candidate PKA targets was identified encompassing 253 phosphosites on 227 phosphoproteins. Network analysis incorporating regulation from transcriptomic, proteomic, and phosphoproteomic data revealed new insights into the regulation of the metabolism of conidial storage reserves and phospholipids, autophagy, actin dynamics, and cell wall metabolism during appressorium formation. In particular, protein phosphorylation appears to play a central role in the regulation of autophagic recycling and actin dynamics during appressorium formation. Changes in phosphorylation were observed in multiple components of the cell wall integrity pathway providing evidence that this pathway is highly active during appressorium development. Several transcription factors were phosphoregulated during appressorium formation including the bHLH domain transcription factor MGG_05709. Functional analysis of MGG_05709 provided further evidence for the role of protein phosphorylation in regulation of glycerol metabolism and the metabolic reprogramming characteristic of appressorium formation. The data presented here represent a comprehensive investigation of the M. oryzae phosphoproteome and provide key insights on the role of protein phosphorylation during infection-related development.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L. Franck
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606
| | - Emine Gokce
- W.M. Keck Fourier Transform-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606
| | - Shan M. Randall
- W.M. Keck Fourier Transform-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606
| | - Yeonyee Oh
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606
| | - Alex Eyre
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606
| | - David C. Muddiman
- W.M. Keck Fourier Transform-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606
| | - Ralph A. Dean
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606
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Eilbert F, Thines E, Sterner O, Anke H. Fatty Acids and Their Derivatives as Modulators of Appressorium Formation in Magnaporthe grisea. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1999; 63:879-83. [PMID: 27385571 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.63.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Appressorium formation in germinating conidia of Magnaporthe grisea was inhibited on inductive and on noninductive surfaces by monounsaturated fatty acids with chain lengths of 16, 18, or 20 carbon atoms. On a noninductive surface, the inhibition was only observed upon stimulation with 1,16-hexadecanediol or oleyl alcohol, but not upon stimulation with 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate. In the C18-series, fatty acids with a double bond in position 9 were the most active ones. At 1 μg/ml of oleic or elaidic acid, less than 30% of the germinated conidia formed appressoria. The mode of inhibition was competitive to the inducing agent. On an inductive surface, compared to a noninductive surface the concentrations of oleic and elaidic acid needed for inhibition of appressorium formation were one order of magnitude higher. Methyl esters of inhibitory fatty acids and acids with two double bonds were not active. Like oleyl alcohol, elaidyl alcohol and petroselinyl alcohol stimulated infection structure formation on the noninductive surface.
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