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Šarhanová P, Majeský Ľ, Sochor M. A novel strategy to study apomixis, automixis, and autogamy in plants. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2024; 37:379-392. [PMID: 38431531 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-024-00499-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The combination of a flow cytometric seed screen and genotyping of each single seed offers a cost-effective approach to detecting complex reproductive pathways in flowering plants. Reproduction may be seen as one of the driving forces of evolution. Flow cytometric seed screen and genotyping of parents and progeny are commonly employed techniques to discern various modes of reproduction in flowering plants. Nevertheless, both methods possess limitations constraining their individual capacity to investigate reproductive modes thoroughly. We implemented both methods in a novel manner to analyse reproduction pathways using a carefully selected material of parental individuals and their seed progeny. The significant advantage of this approach lies in its ability to apply both methods to a single seed. The introduced methodology provides valuable insights into discerning the levels of apomixis, sexuality, and selfing in complex Rubus taxa. The results may be explained by the occurrence of automixis in Rubus, which warrants further investigation. The approach showcased its effectiveness in a different apomictic system, specifically in Taraxacum. Our study presents a comprehensive methodological approach for determining the mode of reproduction where flow cytometry loses its potential. It provides a reliable and cost-effective method with significant potential in biosystematics, population genetics, and crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Šarhanová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 267/2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ľuboš Majeský
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc-Holice, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Sochor
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Hörandl E. Apomixis and the paradox of sex in plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 134:1-18. [PMID: 38497809 PMCID: PMC11161571 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The predominance of sex in eukaryotes, despite the high costs of meiosis and mating, remains an evolutionary enigma. Many theories have been proposed, none of them being conclusive on its own, and they are, in part, not well applicable to land plants. Sexual reproduction is obligate in embryophytes for the great majority of species. SCOPE This review compares the main forms of sexual and asexual reproduction in ferns and angiosperms, based on the generation cycling of sporophyte and gametophyte (leaving vegetative propagation aside). The benefits of sexual reproduction for maintenance of genomic integrity in comparison to asexuality are discussed in the light of developmental, evolutionary, genetic and phylogenetic studies. CONCLUSIONS Asexual reproduction represents modifications of the sexual pathway, with various forms of facultative sexuality. For sexual land plants, meiosis provides direct DNA repair mechanisms for oxidative damage in reproductive tissues. The ploidy alternations of meiosis-syngamy cycles and prolonged multicellular stages in the haploid phase in the gametophytes provide a high efficiency of purifying selection against recessive deleterious mutations. Asexual lineages might buffer effects of such mutations via polyploidy and can purge the mutational load via facultative sexuality. The role of organelle-nuclear genome compatibility for maintenance of genome integrity is not well understood. In plants in general, the costs of mating are low because of predominant hermaphroditism. Phylogenetic patterns in the archaeplastid clade suggest that high frequencies of sexuality in land plants are concomitant with a stepwise increase of intrinsic and extrinsic stress factors. Furthermore, expansion of genome size in land plants would increase the potential mutational load. Sexual reproduction appears to be essential for keeping long-term genomic integrity, and only rare combinations of extrinsic and intrinsic factors allow for shifts to asexuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Hörandl
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants (with herbarium), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Sochor M, Šarhanová P, Duchoslav M, Konečná M, Hroneš M, Trávníček B. Plant kleptomaniacs: geographical genetic patterns in the amphi-apomictic Rubus ser. Glandulosi (Rosaceae) reveal complex reticulate evolution of Eurasian brambles. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 134:163-178. [PMID: 38549558 PMCID: PMC11161565 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Rubus ser. Glandulosi provides a unique model of geographical parthenogenesis on a homoploid (2n = 4x) level. We aim to characterize evolutionary and phylogeographical patterns in this taxon and shed light on the geographical differentiation of apomicts and sexuals. Ultimately, we aim to evaluate the importance of phylogeography in the formation of geographical parthenogenesis. METHODS Rubus ser. Glandulosi was sampled across its Eurasian range together with other co-occurring Rubus taxa (587 individuals in total). Double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) and modelling of suitable climate were used for evolutionary inferences. KEY RESULTS Six ancestral species were identified that contributed to the contemporary gene pool of R. ser. Glandulosi. Sexuals were introgressed from Rubus dolichocarpus and Rubus moschus in West Asia and from Rubus ulmifolius agg., Rubus canescens and Rubus incanescens in Europe, whereas apomicts were characterized by alleles of Rubus subsect. Rubus. Gene flow between sexuals and apomicts was also detected, as was occasional hybridization with other taxa. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that sexuals survived the last glacial period in several large southern refugia, whereas apomicts were mostly restricted to southern France, whence they quickly recolonized Central and Western Europe. The secondary contact of sexuals and apomicts was probably the principal factor that established geographical parthenogenesis in R. ser. Glandulosi. Sexual populations are not impoverished in genetic diversity along their borderline with apomicts, and maladaptive population genetic processes probably did not shape the geographical patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Sochor
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Plant Biosystematics and Ecology Research Group, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Šarhanová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 267/2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Duchoslav
- Plant Biosystematics and Ecology Research Group, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Konečná
- Plant Biosystematics and Ecology Research Group, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hroneš
- Plant Biosystematics and Ecology Research Group, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Trávníček
- Plant Biosystematics and Ecology Research Group, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Sochor M, Duchoslav M, Forejtová V, Hroneš M, Konečná M, Trávníček B. Distinct geographic parthenogenesis in spite of niche conservatism and a single ploidy level: A case of Rubus ser. Glandulosi (Rosaceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1348-1362. [PMID: 38407427 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Asexual organisms often differ in their geographic distributions from their sexual relatives. This phenomenon, termed geographic parthenogenesis, has long been known, but the underlying factors behind its diverse patterns have been under dispute. Particularly problematic is an association between asexuality and polyploidy in most taxa. Here, we present a new system of geographic parthenogenesis on the tetraploid level, promising new insights into this complex topic. We used flow cytometric seed screen and microsatellite genotyping to characterise the patterns of distribution of sexuals and apomicts and genotypic distributions in Rubus ser. Glandulosi across its range. Ecological modelling and local-scale vegetation and soil analyses were used to test for niche differentiation between the reproductive groups. Apomicts were detected only in North-western Europe, sexuals in the rest of the range in Europe and West Asia, with a sharp borderline stretched across Central Europe. Despite that, we found no significant differences in ecological niches. Genotypic richness distributions suggested independence of the reproductive groups and a secondary contact. We argue that unless a niche differentiation (resulting from polyploidy and/or hybridity) evolves, the main factors behind the patterns of geographic parthenogenesis in plants are phylogeographic history and neutral microevolutionary processes, such as clonal turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Sochor
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, Olomouc, 78371, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Duchoslav
- Plant Biosystematics and Ecology Research Group, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 78371, Czech Republic
| | - Věra Forejtová
- Plant Biosystematics and Ecology Research Group, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 78371, Czech Republic
- Station of Apple Breeding for Disease Resistance, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 313, Prague 6-Lysolaje, 16502, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hroneš
- Plant Biosystematics and Ecology Research Group, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 78371, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Konečná
- Plant Biosystematics and Ecology Research Group, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 78371, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Trávníček
- Plant Biosystematics and Ecology Research Group, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 78371, Czech Republic
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Stull GW, Pham KK, Soltis PS, Soltis DE. Deep reticulation: the long legacy of hybridization in vascular plant evolution. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:743-766. [PMID: 36775995 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization has long been recognized as a fundamental evolutionary process in plants but, until recently, our understanding of its phylogenetic distribution and biological significance across deep evolutionary scales has been largely obscure. Over the past decade, genomic and phylogenomic datasets have revealed, perhaps not surprisingly, that hybridization, often associated with polyploidy, has been common throughout the evolutionary history of plants, particularly in various lineages of flowering plants. However, phylogenomic studies have also highlighted the challenges of disentangling signals of ancient hybridization from other sources of genomic conflict (in particular, incomplete lineage sorting). Here, we provide a critical review of ancient hybridization in vascular plants, outlining well-documented cases of ancient hybridization across plant phylogeny, as well as the challenges unique to documenting ancient versus recent hybridization. We provide a definition for ancient hybridization, which, to our knowledge, has not been explicitly attempted before. Further documenting the extent of deep reticulation in plants should remain an important research focus, especially because published examples likely represent the tip of the iceberg in terms of the total extent of ancient hybridization. However, future research should increasingly explore the macroevolutionary significance of this process, in terms of its impact on evolutionary trajectories (e.g. how does hybridization influence trait evolution or the generation of biodiversity over long time scales?), as well as how life history and ecological factors shape, or have shaped, the frequency of hybridization across geologic time and plant phylogeny. Finally, we consider the implications of ubiquitous ancient hybridization for how we conceptualize, analyze, and classify plant phylogeny. Networks, as opposed to bifurcating trees, represent more accurate representations of evolutionary history in many cases, although our ability to infer, visualize, and use networks for comparative analyses is highly limited. Developing improved methods for the generation, visualization, and use of networks represents a critical future direction for plant biology. Current classification systems also do not generally allow for the recognition of reticulate lineages, and our classifications themselves are largely based on evidence from the chloroplast genome. Updating plant classification to better reflect nuclear phylogenies, as well as considering whether and how to recognize hybridization in classification systems, will represent an important challenge for the plant systematics community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Stull
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | - Kasey K Pham
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Hajrudinović-Bogunić A, Frajman B, Schönswetter P, Siljak-Yakovlev S, Bogunić F. Apomictic Mountain Whitebeam (Sorbus austriaca, Rosaceae) Comprises Several Genetically and Morphologically Divergent Lineages. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030380. [PMID: 36979072 PMCID: PMC10045669 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The interplay of polyploidisation, hybridization, and apomixis contributed to the exceptional diversity of Sorbus (Rosaceae), giving rise to a mosaic of genetic and morphological entities. The Sorbus austriaca species complex from the mountains of Central and South-eastern Europe represents an allopolyploid apomictic system of populations that originated following hybridisation between S. aria and S. aucuparia. However, the mode and frequency of such allopolyploidisations and the relationships among different, morphologically more or less similar populations that have often been described as different taxa remain largely unexplored. We used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting, plastid DNA sequencing, and analyses of nuclear microsatellites, along with multivariate morphometrics and ploidy data, to disentangle the relationships among populations within this intricate complex. Our results revealed a mosaic of genetic lineages—many of which have not been taxonomically recognised—that originated via multiple allopolyploidisations. The clonal structure within and among populations was then maintained via apomixis. Our results thus support previous findings that hybridisation, polyploidization, and apomixis are the main drivers of Sorbus diversification in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Božo Frajman
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence: (B.F.); (F.B.)
| | - Peter Schönswetter
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sonja Siljak-Yakovlev
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Faruk Bogunić
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Sarajevo, Zagrebačka 20, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Correspondence: (B.F.); (F.B.)
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Hornych O, Férová A, Hori K, Košnar J, Ekrt L. Apomictic fern fathers: an experimental approach to the reproductive characteristics of sexual, apomict, and hybrid fern gametophytes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:628-644. [PMID: 35072270 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Apomixis and hybridization are two essential and complementary factors in the evolution of plants, including ferns. Hybridization combines characteristics from different species, while apomixis conserves features within a lineage. When combined, these two processes result in apo-sex hybrids. The conditions leading to the formation of these hybrids are poorly understood in ferns. METHODS We cultivated spores from 66 fern samples (43 apomicts, 7 apo-sex hybrids, and 16 sexuals), and measured their development in vitro over 16 weeks. We evaluated germination, lateral meristem formation rates, sexual expression, and production of sporophytes and then compared ontogenetic patterns among the three groups. RESULTS The three examined groups formed antheridia (male gametangia) but differed in overall gametophyte development. Sexual species created archegonia (female, 86% of viable samples), but no sporophytes. Apomicts rarely created nonfunctional archegonia (8%) but usually produced apogamous sporophytes (75%). Surprisingly, apomictic and sexual species showed similar development speed. The sexually reproducing parents of viable studied hybrids formed about twice as many meristic gametophytes as the apomictic parents (39% vs. 20%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS We present the most thorough comparison of gametangial development of sexual and apomictic ferns, to date. Despite expectations, apomictic reproduction might not lead to earlier sporophyte formation. Apomicts produce functional sperm and thus can contribute this type of gamete to their hybrids. The development patterns found in the parents of hybrids indicate a possible increase of hybridization rates by antheridiogens. The apo-sex hybrids always inherit the apomictic reproductive strategy and are thus capable of self-perpetuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Hornych
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, České Budějovice, CZ-37005, Czech Republic
| | - Alžběta Férová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, České Budějovice, CZ-37005, Czech Republic
| | - Kiyotaka Hori
- The Kochi prefectural Makino Botanical Garden, Godaisan 4200-6, Kochi, 781-8125, Japan
| | - Jiří Košnar
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, České Budějovice, CZ-37005, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Ekrt
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, České Budějovice, CZ-37005, Czech Republic
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Sun QH, Morales-Briones DF, Wang HX, Landis JB, Wen J, Wang HF. Phylogenomic analyses of the East Asian endemic Abelia (Caprifoliaceae) shed insights into the temporal and spatial diversification history with widespread hybridization. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:201-216. [PMID: 34950959 PMCID: PMC8796676 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Abelia (Caprifoliaceae) is a small genus with five species, including one artificial hybrid and several natural hybrids. The genus has a discontinuous distribution in Mainland China, Taiwan Island and the Ryukyu Islands, providing a model system to explore the mechanisms of species dispersal in the East Asian flora. However, the current phylogenetic relationships within Abelia remain uncertain. METHODS We reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships within Abelia using nuclear loci generated by target enrichment and plastomes from genome skimming. Divergence time estimation, ancestral area reconstruction and ecological niche modelling (ENM) were used to examine the diversification history of Abelia. KEY RESULTS We found extensive cytonuclear discordance across the genus. By integrating lines of evidence from molecular phylogenies, divergence times and morphology, we propose to merge Abelia macrotera var. zabelioides into A. uniflora. Network analyses suggested that there have been multiple widespread hybridization events among Abelia species. These hybridization events may have contributed to the speciation mechanism and resulted in the high observed morphological diversity. The diversification of Abelia began in the early Eocene, followed by A. chinensis var. ionandra colonizing Taiwan Island during the Middle Miocene. The ENM results suggested an expansion of climatically suitable areas during the Last Glacial Maximum and range contraction during the Last Interglacial. Disjunction between the Himalayan-Hengduan Mountain region and Taiwan Island is probably the consequence of topographical isolation and postglacial contraction. CONCLUSIONS We used genomic data to reconstruct the phylogeny of Abelia and found a clear pattern of reticulate evolution in the group. In addition, our results suggest that shrinkage of postglacial range and the heterogeneity of the terrain have led to the disjunction between Mainland China and Taiwan Island. This study provides important new insights into the speciation process and taxonomy of Abelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Diego F Morales-Briones
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Laboratory, Saint Paul, MN, USA
- Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, Department of Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, 80638, Munich, Germany
| | - Hong-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Zhai Mingguo Academician Work Station, Sanya University, Sanya, China
| | - Jacob B Landis
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- BTI Computational Biology Center, Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jun Wen
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, MRC-166, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hua-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Genome Size, Cytotype Diversity and Reproductive Mode Variation of Cotoneaster integerrimus (Rosaceae) from the Balkans. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122798. [PMID: 34961270 PMCID: PMC8708406 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cotoneaster integerrimus represents a multiploid and facultative apomictic system of widely distributed mountain populations. We used flow cytometry to determine genome size, ploidy level, and reproduction mode variation of the Balkan populations, supplemented by analysis of nuclear microsatellites in order to address: (i) geographic distribution and variation of cytotypes among the populations; (ii) variation of reproduction mode and the frequency of sexuality; (iii) pathways of endosperm formation among the sampled polyploids and their endosperm balance requirements; (iv) genotypic diversity and geographic distribution of clonal lineages of polyploids. The prevalence of apomictic tetraploid cytotype followed by sexual diploids and extremely rare triploids was demonstrated. This prevalence of tetraploids affected the populations’ structure composed from clonal genotypes with varying proportions. The co-occurrence of diploids and tetraploids generated higher cytotype, reproductive mode, and genotypic diversity, but mixed-ploidy sites were extremely rare. The endosperm imbalance facilitates the development and the occurrence of intermediate triploids in mixed-ploidy populations, but also different tetraploid lineages elsewhere with unbalanced endosperm. All these results showed that the South European populations of C. integerrimus have higher levels of cytotype and reproductive diversity compared to the Central European ones. Therefore, the South European populations can be considered as a potential reservoir of regional and global diversity for this species.
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Mau M, Liiving T, Fomenko L, Goertzen R, Paczesniak D, Böttner L, Sharbel TF. The spread of infectious asexuality through haploid pollen. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:804-820. [PMID: 33421128 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of initiation and transmission of apomixis (asexual reproduction through seeds) in natural plant populations are important for understanding the evolution of reproductive variation. Here, we used the phylogenetic diversity of the genus Boechera (Brassicaceae), together with natural diversity in pollen types produced by apomictic lines, to test whether hybridization triggers the transition to asexuality, and whether a 'triploid bridge' is required for the formation of polyploid apomicts. We performed crosses between diploid sexual recipient and diploid apomictic donor lines and tested whether the mating system (interspecific hybridization vs intraspecific outcrossing) or pollen type (haploid vs diploid) influenced the transmission of apomixis from diploid apomictic donors into sexual recipients. We used genetic markers and flow cytometric analyses of embryo and endosperm in seeds to infer the reproductive mode. Within a single generation, initiation of both diploid and polyploid apomixis in sexual Boechera can occur. Diploid apomixis is transmitted through haploid pollen (infectious asexuality) and polyploids can form through multiple pathways. The three functional elements of apomixis occasionally segregate. Variation in pollen ploidy and the segregation of apomixis elements drive reproductive diversity of hybrids and outcrosses and can be utilized for apomixis initiation in crop breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mau
- Apomixis Research Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5C2, Canada
| | - Tiina Liiving
- Apomixis Research Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5C2, Canada
| | - Liza Fomenko
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5C2, Canada
| | - Richard Goertzen
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5C2, Canada
| | - Dorota Paczesniak
- Apomixis Research Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5C2, Canada
| | - Laura Böttner
- Apomixis Research Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Timothy F Sharbel
- Apomixis Research Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5C2, Canada
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Rambaran TF, Ginigini J, McLenachan PA, Bowen-Forbes CS, Mitchell SA. Morphological Characterisation of Wild Rubus rosifolius (Rosaceae) Plants Growing in Jamaica Prior to Agricultural Pursuits. CARIBB J SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.18475/cjos.v51i1.a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa F. Rambaran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Joape Ginigini
- Institute of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
| | | | - Camille S. Bowen-Forbes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Sylvia Adjoa Mitchell
- The Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
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Comparison of the Micromorphology and Ultrastructure of Pollen Grains of Selected Rubus idaeus L. Cultivars Grown in Commercial Plantation. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091194. [PMID: 32932712 PMCID: PMC7570156 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The genus Rubus is one of the largest taxonomically diverse and complex genera in the family Rosaceae. Morphology of pollen grains (equatorial and polar axes length, shape and size, aperture position, exine sculpture, perforations) is regarded as one of its main diagnostic features for identification of species and varieties. An attempt was made to fill the gap concerning the pollen micromorphology and ultrastructure of R. idaeus L. using light, scanning, and electron transmission microscopy. This study is a comparative analysis of micromorphological and ultrastructural traits of pollen from six raspberry cultivars. The pollen grains were classified as small or medium of shape prolato-spheroids. The parallel striae in the equatorial view in the exine sculpture were sometimes branched dichotomously in ‘Glen Ample’, ‘Polka’, and ‘Polana’, arcuate in ‘Laszka’ and ‘Pokusa’, or irregularly overlapping in ‘Radziejowa’. The width of exine striae of biennial fruiting cultivars was much larger than in repeated fruiting cultivars. In terms of the increasing number of perforations per unit area of the exine surface, the cultivars were ranked as follows: ‘Pokusa’ < ‘Glen Ample’ < ‘Laszka’ < ‘Polka’ < ‘Polana’ < ‘Radziejowa’. The thickest tectum, the highest and thickest columellae with the largest distances between them, and the thicker foot layer were demonstrated in ‘Glen Ample’. The ectoexine constituted on average ca. 78–90% of the exine thickness. The findings may constitute auxiliary traits i.a. for identification of related taxa, interpretation of phylogenetic relationships, and pollination biology.
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Chrtek J, Mráz P, Belyayev A, Paštová L, Mrázová V, Caklová P, Josefiová J, Zagorski D, Hartmann M, Jandová M, Pinc J, Fehrer J. Evolutionary history and genetic diversity of apomictic allopolyploids in Hieracium s.str.: morphological versus genomic features. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:66-90. [PMID: 31903548 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The origin of allopolyploids is believed to shape their evolutionary potential, ecology, and geographical ranges. Morphologically distinct apomictic types sharing the same parental species belong to the most challenging groups of polyploids. We evaluated the origins and variation of two triploid taxa (Hieracium pallidiflorum, H. picroides) presumably derived from the same diploid parental pair (H. intybaceum, H. prenanthoides). METHODS We used a suite of approaches ranging from morphological, phylogenetic (three unlinked molecular markers), and cytogenetic analyses (in situ hybridization) to genome size screening and genome skimming. RESULTS Genotyping proved the expected parentage of all analyzed accessions of H. pallidiflorum and H. picroides and revealed that nearly all of them originated independently. Genome sizes and genome dosage largely corresponded to morphology, whereas the maternal origin of the allopolyploids had no discernable effect. Polyploid accessions of both parental species usually contained genetic material from other species. Given the phylogenetic distance of the parents, their chromosomes appeared only weakly differentiated in genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), as well as in overall comparisons of the repetitive fraction of their genomes. Furthermore, the repeatome of a phylogenetically more closely related species (H. umbellatum) differed significantly more. CONCLUSIONS We proved (1) multiple origins of hybridogeneous apomicts from the same diploid parental taxa, and (2) allopolyploid origins of polyploid accessions of the parental species. We also showed that the evolutionary dynamics of very fast evolving markers such as satellite DNA or transposable elements does not necessarily follow patterns of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindřich Chrtek
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ, 128 01, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Patrik Mráz
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ, 128 01, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Belyayev
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislava Paštová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Viera Mrázová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ, 128 01, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Caklová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Josefiová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Danijela Zagorski
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Hartmann
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Jandová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pinc
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ, 128 01, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Judith Fehrer
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
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Breeding Systems in Diploid and Polyploid Hawthorns (Crataegus): Evidence from Experimental Pollinations of C. monogyna, C. subsphaerica, and Natural Hybrids. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10121059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Polyploidisation and frequent hybridisation play an important role in speciation processes and evolutionary history and have a large impact on reproductive systems in the genus Crataegus. Reproductive modes in selected diploid and polyploid taxa in eastern Slovakia were investigated and analysed for the first time. Materials and Methods: Diploid, triploid, and tetraploid hawthorns were tested for self-pollination, self-compatibility, and self-fertilisation. Pollination experiments were performed within and between diploid and triploid species to determine the possibilities and directions of pollen transfer under natural conditions. Seeds from crossing experiments and open pollinations were analysed using the flow cytometric seed screen method. Results: These experiments demonstrated that sexual reproduction, cross-pollination, and self-incompatibility are typical of the diploid species Crataegus monogyna and C. kyrtostyla. Seeds produced by self-fertile tetraploid C. subsphaerica were derived from both meiotically reduced and unreduced megagametophytes. Conclusions: Experimental results concerning triploid C. subsphaerica and C. laevigata × C. subsphaerica are ambiguous but suggest that seeds are almost exclusively created through apomixis, although a few sexually generated seeds were observed. In the genus Crataegus, pseudogamy is a common feature of polyploid taxa, as in all cases pollination is essential for regular seed development. Research Highlights: We suggest that all studied Crataegus taxa produce reduced pollen irrespective of ploidy level. Moreover, we emphasise that triploids produce apparently aneuploid pollen grains as a result of irregular meiosis. They are also capable of utilising pollen from 2x, 3x, or 4x donors for pseudogamous formation of endosperm.
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Yang J, Pak JH, Maki M, Kim SC. Multiple origins and the population genetic structure of Rubus takesimensis (Rosaceae) on Ulleung Island: Implications for the genetic consequences of anagenetic speciation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222707. [PMID: 31536553 PMCID: PMC6752786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the origin and genetic consequences of anagenesis in Rubus takesimensis on Ulleung Island, Korea, we compared the genetic diversity and population structure of R. takesimensis with those of its continental progenitor R. crataegifolius. We broadly sampled a total of 315 accessions in 35 populations and sequenced five noncoding regions of chloroplast DNA. Rubus takesimensis emerged as nonmonophyletic and several geographically diverse continental populations were likely responsible for the origin of R. takesimensis; the majority of R. takesimensis accessions were sisters to the clade containing accessions of R. crataegifolius, primarily from the Korean peninsula, while rare accessions from three populations shared common ancestors with the ones from the southern part of the Korean peninsula, Jeju Island, and Japan. A few accessions from the Chusan population originated independently from the Korean peninsula. Of 129 haplotypes, 81 and 48 were found exclusively in R. crataegifolius and R. takesimensis, respectively. We found unusually high genetic diversity in two regions on Ulleung Island and no geographic population structure. For R. crataegifolius, two major haplotype groups were found; one for the northern mainland Korean peninsula, and the other for the southern Korean peninsula and the Japanese archipelago. Compared with populations of R. crataegifolius sampled from Japan, much higher haplotype diversity was found in populations from the Korean peninsula. The patterns of genetic consequences in R. takesimensis need to be verified for other endemic species based on chloroplast DNA and independent nuclear markers to synthesize emerging patterns of anagenetic speciation on Ulleung Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiYoung Yang
- Department of Biology, Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Pak
- Department of Biology, Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
- * E-mail: (SCK); (JHP)
| | - Masayuki Maki
- Botanical Gardens, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Seung-Chul Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- * E-mail: (SCK); (JHP)
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Hojsgaard D, Hörandl E. The Rise of Apomixis in Natural Plant Populations. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:358. [PMID: 31001296 PMCID: PMC6454013 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Apomixis, the asexual reproduction via seed, has many potential applications for plant breeding by maintaining desirable genotypes over generations. Since most major crops do not express natural apomixis, it is useful to understand the origin and maintenance of apomixis in natural plant systems. Here, we review the state of knowledge on origin, establishment and maintenance of natural apomixis. Many studies suggest that hybridization, either on diploid or polyploid cytotypes, is a major trigger for the formation of unreduced female gametophytes, which represents the first step toward apomixis, and must be combined to parthenogenesis, the development of an unfertilized egg cell. Nevertheless, fertilization of endosperm is still needed for most apomictic plants. Coupling of these three steps appears to be a major constraint for shifts to natural apomixis. Adventitious embryony is another developmental pathway toward apomixis. Establishment of a newly arisen apomictic lineage is often fostered by side-effects of polyploidy. Polyploidy creates an immediate reproductive barrier against the diploid parental and progenitor populations; it can cause a breakdown of genetic self-incompatibility (SI) systems which is needed to establish self-fertility of pseudogamous apomictic lineages; and finally, polyploidy could indirectly help to establish an apomictic cytotype in a novel ecological niche by increasing adaptive potentials of the plants. This step may be followed by a phase of diversification and range expansion, mostly described as geographical parthenogenesis. The utilization of apomixis in crops must consider the potential risks of pollen transfer and introgression into sexual crop fields, which might be overcome by using pollen-sterile or cleistogamous variants. Another risk is the escape into natural vegetation and potential invasiveness of apomictic plants which needs careful management and consideration of ecological conditions.
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Šarhanová P, Pfanzelt S, Brandt R, Himmelbach A, Blattner FR. SSR-seq: Genotyping of microsatellites using next-generation sequencing reveals higher level of polymorphism as compared to traditional fragment size scoring. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:10817-10833. [PMID: 30519409 PMCID: PMC6262739 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsatellites (or simple sequence repeats, SSR) are widely used markers in population genetics. Traditionally, genotyping was and still is carried out through recording fragment length. Now, next-generation sequencing (NGS) makes it easy to obtain also sequence information for the loci of interest. This avoids misinterpretations that otherwise could arise due to size homoplasy. Here, an NGS strategy is described that allows to genotype hundreds of individuals at many custom-designed SSR loci simultaneously, combining multiplex PCR, barcoding, and Illumina sequencing. We created three different datasets for which alleles were coded according to (a) length of the repetitive region, (b) total fragment length, and (c) sequence identity, in order to evaluate the eventual benefits from having sequence data at hand, not only fragment length data. For each dataset, genetic diversity statistics, as well as F ST and R ST values, were calculated. The number of alleles per locus, as well as observed and expected heterozygosity, was highest in the sequence identity dataset, because of single-nucleotide polymorphisms and insertions/deletions in the flanking regions of the SSR motif. Size homoplasy was found to be very common, amounting to 44.7%-63.5% (mean over all loci) in the three study species. Thus, the information obtained by next-generation sequencing offers a better resolution than the traditional way of SSR genotyping and allows for more accurate evolutionary interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Šarhanová
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)GaterslebenGermany
- Present address:
Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Simon Pfanzelt
- Institute of Biology and Environmental SciencesCarl von Ossietzky University OldenburgOldenburgGermany
- Present address:
Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)GaterslebenGermany
| | - Ronny Brandt
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)GaterslebenGermany
- Present address:
Max Planck Genome Centre CologneCologneGermany
| | - Axel Himmelbach
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)GaterslebenGermany
| | - Frank R. Blattner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)GaterslebenGermany
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Alix K, Gérard PR, Schwarzacher T, Heslop-Harrison JS(P. Polyploidy and interspecific hybridization: partners for adaptation, speciation and evolution in plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:183-194. [PMID: 28854567 PMCID: PMC5737848 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyploidy or whole-genome duplication is now recognized as being present in almost all lineages of higher plants, with multiple rounds of polyploidy occurring in most extant species. The ancient evolutionary events have been identified through genome sequence analysis, while recent hybridization events are found in about half of the world's crops and wild species. Building from this new paradigm for understanding plant evolution, the papers in this Special Issue address questions about polyploidy in ecology, adaptation, reproduction and speciation of wild and cultivated plants from diverse ecosystems. Other papers, including this review, consider genomic aspects of polyploidy. APPROACHES Discovery of the evolutionary consequences of new, evolutionarily recent and ancient polyploidy requires a range of approaches. Large-scale studies of both single species and whole ecosystems, with hundreds to tens of thousands of individuals, sometimes involving 'garden' or transplant experiments, are important for studying adaptation. Molecular studies of genomes are needed to measure diversity in genotypes, showing ancestors, the nature and number of polyploidy and backcross events that have occurred, and allowing analysis of gene expression and transposable element activation. Speciation events and the impact of reticulate evolution require comprehensive phylogenetic analyses and can be assisted by resynthesis of hybrids. In this Special Issue, we include studies ranging in scope from experimental and genomic, through ecological to more theoretical. CONCLUSIONS The success of polyploidy, displacing the diploid ancestors of almost all plants, is well illustrated by the huge angiosperm diversity that is assumed to originate from recurrent polyploidization events. Strikingly, polyploidization often occurred prior to or simultaneously with major evolutionary transitions and adaptive radiation of species, supporting the concept that polyploidy plays a predominant role in bursts of adaptive speciation. Polyploidy results in immediate genetic redundancy and represents, with the emergence of new gene functions, an important source of novelty. Along with recombination, gene mutation, transposon activity and chromosomal rearrangement, polyploidy and whole-genome duplication act as drivers of evolution and divergence in plant behaviour and gene function, enabling diversification, speciation and hence plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Alix
- GQE – Le Moulon, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Pierre R. Gérard
- GQE – Le Moulon, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Trude Schwarzacher
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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