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Wiczkowski W, Saniewski M, Marasek-Ciołakowska A, Góraj-Koniarska J, Mitrus J, Horbowicz M. Exposure to Light of the Abaxial versus Adaxial Side of Detached Kalanchoë blossfeldiana Leaves Affects Anthocyanin Content and Composition Differently. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2875. [PMID: 38474120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The accumulation and composition of anthocyanins in leaves of Kalanchoë blossfeldiana, detached and kept for five days under natural light conditions, were investigated. The presence of fifteen derivatives of cyanidin, petunidin, and delphinidin was found. Changes in the content of each anthocyanin in the leaves before and after exposure to light on the abaxial (naturally upper) and adaxial (naturally lower) sides of the leaves were compared. When the adaxial side was exposed to light, the anthocyanin contents of the leaves did not change. In contrast, when the abaxial side of detached leaves was exposed to light, there was enhanced accumulation of delphinidin-rhamnoside-glucoside, cyanidin-rhamnoside-glucoside, cyanidin-glucoside-glucoside, and two unknown derivatives of petunidin and delphinidin. Application of methyl jasmonate (JA-Me) on the abaxial side exposed to light inhibited the accumulation of these anthocyanins. This effect could probably be due to the presence of these anthocyanins in the epidermal cells of K. blossfeldiana leaves and was visible in the microscopic view of its cross-section. These anthocyanins were directly exposed to JA-Me, leading to inhibition of their formation and/or accumulation. The lack of significant effects of JA-Me on anthocyanin mono- and tri-glycosides may indicate that they are mainly present in the mesophyll tissue of the leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiesław Wiczkowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marian Saniewski
- The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
| | | | - Justyna Góraj-Koniarska
- The National Institute of Horticultural Research, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Joanna Mitrus
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Siedlce, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Marcin Horbowicz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Liu L, Fu Z, Wang X, Xu C, Gan C, Fan D, Soon Chow W. Exposed anthocyanic leaves of Prunus cerasifera are special shade leaves with high resistance to blue light but low resistance to red light against photoinhibition of photosynthesis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:163-177. [PMID: 37382489 PMCID: PMC10550276 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The photoprotective role of foliar anthocyanins has long been ambiguous: exacerbating, being indifferent to or ameliorating the photoinhibition of photosynthesis. The photoinhibitory light spectrum and failure to separate photo-resistance from repair, as well as the different methods used to quantify the photo-susceptibility of the photosystems, could lead to such a discrepancy. METHODS We selected two congeneric deciduous shrubs, Prunus cerasifera with anthocyanic leaves and Prunus triloba with green leaves, grown under identical growth conditions in an open field. The photo-susceptibilities of photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) to red light and blue light, in the presence of lincomycin (to block the repair), of exposed leaves were quantified by a non-intrusive P700+ signal from PSI. Leaf absorption, pigments, gas exchange and Chl a fluorescence were also measured. KEY RESULTS The content of anthocyanins in red leaves (P. cerasifera) was >13 times greater than that in green leaves (P. triloba). With no difference in maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and apparent CO2 quantum yield (AQY) in red light, anthocyanic leaves (P. cerasifera) showed some shade-acclimated suites, including lower Chl a/b ratio, lower photosynthesis rate, lower stomatal conductance and lower PSII/PSI ratio (on an arbitrary scale), compared with green leaves (P. triloba). In the absence of repair of PSII, anthocyanic leaves (P. cerasifera) showed a rate coefficient of PSII photoinactivation (ki) that was 1.8 times higher than that of green leaves (P. triloba) under red light, but significantly lower (-18 %) under blue light. PSI of both types of leaves was not photoinactivated under blue or red light. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of repair, anthocyanic leaves exhibited an exacerbation of PSII photoinactivation under red light and a mitigation under blue light, which can partially reconcile the existing controversy in terms of the photoprotection by anthocyanins. Overall, the results demonstrate that appropriate methodology applied to test the photoprotection hypothesis of anthocyanins is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zengjuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiangping Wang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chengyang Xu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Changqing Gan
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dayong Fan
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wah Soon Chow
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
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Kunc N, Hudina M, Osterc G, Bavcon J, Ravnjak B, Mikulič-Petkovšek M. Phenolic Compounds of Rose Hips of Some Rosa Species and Their Hybrids Native Grown in the South-West of Slovenia during a Two-Year Period (2020-2021). Foods 2023; 12:foods12101952. [PMID: 37238770 DOI: 10.3390/foods12101952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Rosa is very extensive and variable, so it remains very unpredictable and uninvestigated. This also holds true for values of secondary metabolites in rose hips, which are important for several purposes (human diet, protection of plants against pests, etc.). The aim of our study was to determine the content of phenolic compounds in the hips of R. × R. glauca, R. corymbifera, R. gallica and R. subcanina, which grow wild in nature in southwestern Slovenia. We examined the content of phenolic compounds in different parts of rose hips, in the flesh with skin and in the seeds, depending on the individual species, over a period of two years, 2020 and 2021. We also considered the influence of environmental conditions on the content of the mentioned compounds. In both years, the content of phenolic compounds was higher in the flesh with skin than in the seeds. Considering the total content of phenolic compounds in the flesh with skin, R. gallica stands out (15,767.21 mg/kg FW), but the hips of this species accumulated the lowest number of different phenolic compounds. The lowest content of total phenolic compounds (TPC) was found in R. corymbifera, in the year 2021 (3501.38 mg/kg FW). The content of TPC (in both observed years) in the seeds varied between 1263.08 mg/kg FW (R. subcanina) and 3247.89 mg/kg FW (R. × R. glauca). Among the anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-glucoside was determined, which was predominant in R. gallica (28.78 mg/kg FW), and at least was determined in R. subcanina (1.13 mg/kg FW). When comparing the two years of the period (2020-2021), we found that 2021 was more favorable for the formation of phenolic compounds in the seeds, but 2020 in the flesh with skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kunc
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Hudina
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Osterc
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jože Bavcon
- University Botanic Garden, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ižanska cesta 15, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Blanka Ravnjak
- University Botanic Garden, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ižanska cesta 15, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Mikulič-Petkovšek
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Gimeno TE, Stangl ZR, Barbeta A, Saavedra N, Wingate L, Devert N, Marshall JD. Water taken up through the bark is detected in the transpiration stream in intact upper-canopy branches. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:3219-3232. [PMID: 35922889 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alternative water uptake pathways through leaves and bark complement water supply with interception, fog or dew. Bark water-uptake contributes to embolism-repair, as demonstrated in cut branches. We tested whether bark water-uptake could also contribute to supplement xylem-water for transpiration. We applied bandages injected with 2 H-enriched water on intact upper-canopy branches of Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica in a boreal and in a temperate forest, in summer and winter, and monitored transpiration and online isotopic composition (δ2 H and δ18 O) of water vapour, before sampling for analyses of δ2 H and δ18 O in tissue waters. Xylem, bark and leaf waters from segments downstream from the bandages were 2 H-enriched whereas δ18 O was similar to controls. Transpiration was positively correlated with 2 H-enrichment. Isotopic compositions of transpiration and xylem water allowed us to calculate isotopic exchange through the bark via vapour exchange, which was negligible in comparison to estimated bark water-uptake, suggesting that water-uptake occurred via liquid phase. Results were consistent across species, forests and seasons, indicating that bark water-uptake may be more ubiquitous than previously considered. We suggest that water taken up through the bark could be incorporated into the transpiration stream, which could imply that sap-flow measurements underestimate transpiration when bark is wet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa E Gimeno
- CREAF, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Leioa, Spain
| | - Zsofia R Stangl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Adrià Barbeta
- BEECA, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Noelia Saavedra
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - John D Marshall
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
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Hughes NM, Connors MK, Grace MH, Lila MA, Willans BN, Wommack AJ. The same anthocyanins served four different ways: Insights into anthocyanin structure-function relationships from the wintergreen orchid, Tipularia discolor. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 303:110793. [PMID: 33487366 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Over 500 unique anthocyanins have been described to date, which vary in color, antioxidant, light-attenuating, and antimicrobial properties. Identification of anthocyanin chemical structure may therefore serve as an important clue to their in situ function in plants. We characterized the histological and chemical structures of anthocyanins associated with diverse leaf color patterns in the terrestrial orchid, Tipularia discolor, as a step towards understanding their ultimate function. Tipularia discolor produces a single wintergreen leaf in autumn, which is drab brown in color during expansion. Upper (adaxial) surfaces of fully-expanded leaves may be green, purple-spotted, or solid purple, while lower (abaxial) surfaces are bright magenta. Our results showed that the same three cyanidin 3,7,3'-triglucosides, in similar concentrations and proportions, accounted for coloration in each of these cases, and that different colors result from differences in histological location of anthocyanins (i.e. abaxial/adaxial epidermis, mesophyll). Anthocyanins with 3,7,3' linkage positions are rare in plants, occurring only within the orchid subfamily Epidendroideae, to which Tipularia belongs. These results are important to the discussion of anthocyanin structure-function because they serve as a reminder that 1) plants may employ the same anthocyanins in different anatomical locations to achieve a broad range of colors (and potentially adaptive functions), and 2) anthocyanin chemical structure and anatomical location are influenced by phylogenetic inertia, as well as natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Hughes
- Department of Biology, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA.
| | | | - Mary H Grace
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Brooke N Willans
- Department of Biology, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Andrew J Wommack
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
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Cotado A, Munné-Bosch S, Pintó-Marijuan M. Strategies for severe drought survival and recovery in a Pyrenean relict species. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 169:276-290. [PMID: 32072645 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the context of future climate change new habitats will be threatened and unique species will be forced to develop different strategies to survive. Saxifraga longifolia Lapeyr. is an endemic species from the Pyrenees with a very particular habitat. We explored the capacity and strategies of S. longifolia plants to face different severities of drought stress under both natural conditions and controlled water stress followed by a re-watering period of 20 days. Our results showed a role for abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA) and cytokinins (CKs) in plant survival from drought stress, and as the stress increased, ABA lost significance and SA appeared to be more associated with the response mechanisms. Moreover, photo-oxidative stress markers revealed that both xanthophyll cycles played a photoprotection role with a stronger participation of the lutein epoxide cycle as the stress was more intense. Severe drought decreased the maximum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv /Fm ) below 0.45, being this the limit to survive upon rewatering. Overall, our results proved different strategies of S. longifolia plants to cope with drought stress and suggested a Fv /Fm threshold to predict plant survival in high-mountain environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Cotado
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Marta Pintó-Marijuan
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
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Luo H, Li W, Zhang X, Deng S, Xu Q, Hou T, Pang X, Zhang Z, Zhang X. In planta high levels of hydrolysable tannins inhibit peroxidase mediated anthocyanin degradation and maintain abaxially red leaves of Excoecaria Cochinchinensis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:315. [PMID: 31307378 PMCID: PMC6632198 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1903-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abaxially anthocyanic leaves of deeply-shaded understorey plants play important ecological significance for the environmental adaption. In contrast to the transient pigmentation in other plants, anthocyanins are permanently presented in these abaxially red leaves, however, the mechanism for the pigment maintenance remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated phenolic metabolites that may affect pigment stability and degradation in Excoecaria cochinchinensis (a bush of permanently abaxial-red leaves), via a comparison with Osmanthus fragrans (a bush of transiently red leaves). RESULTS High levels of galloylated anthocyanins were identified in the Excoecaria but not in the Osmanthus plants. The galloylated anthocyanin showed slightly higher stability than two non-galloylated anthocyanins, while all the 3 pigments were rapidly degraded by peroxidase (POD) in vitro. High levels of hydrolysable tannins [mainly galloylglucoses/ellagitannins (GGs/ETs)] were identified in Excoecaria but none in Osmanthus. GGs/ETs showed inhibition effect on POD, with IC50 ranged from 35.55 to 83.27 μM, correlated to the markedly lower POD activities detected in Excoecaria than in Osmanthus. Strong copigmentation was observed for GGs/ETs and anthocyanins, with more than 30% increase in the red intensity of non-galloylated anthocyanin solutions. In the leaf tissue, the hydrolysable tannins were observed to be co-localized with anthocyanins at the abaxial layer of the Excoecaria leaves, correlated to the low POD activity, more acidity and increased red intensity of the tissue. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the Excoecaria leaves accumulate a distinct group of phenolic metabolites, mainly GGs/ETs, at the abaxial layer, which prevent anthocyanin degradation and increase the pigment stability, and consequently lead to the permanent maintenance of the red leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/ College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/ College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/ College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shuangfan Deng
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiuchan Xu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ting Hou
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xuequn Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/ College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/ College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/ College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Narbona E, Jaca J, Del Valle JC, Valladares F, Buide ML. Whole-plant reddening in Silene germana is due to anthocyanin accumulation in response to visible light. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:968-977. [PMID: 30003657 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The phenology of anthocyanin accumulation in leaves has been widely studied in perennial plants; several hypotheses have been proposed to explain their adaptive significance. Here, we explored the photoprotection hypothesis in Silene germana, a Mediterranean annual plant with late-spring/summer flowering. We analysed the temporal patterns of anthocyanin accumulation in photosynthetic calyces, leaves and stems and throughout the reproductive season, and their relationship with flower abortion, florivory and plant mortality due to drought. In addition, the flavonoid production and the photoinhibitory response were measured in a shading experiment. The whole plant becomes red at the end of the flowering and remains red until fruiting and senescence. Calyces were redder on the side with more sun exposition. Aborted flowers showed redder calyces than those of fruiting flowers. No effect of plant redness on florivory or plant mortality was found. The shading experiment showed a positive relationship between anthocyanin accumulation and intensity of solar radiation, but plants growing in absence of UV showed similar redness than full sunlight plants. Plants growing in natural shade lack anthocyanins but produced the same amount of non-anthocyanin flavonoids. Anthocyanic and non-anthocyanic plants showed similar photochemical efficiency (Fv /Fm ) after sun exposition, but in early morning, the former showed lower Fv /Fm values. Plants growing in full sunlight produced more fruits than those of natural shade plants. Whole-plant reddening during fruiting and senescence appears to be a property of S. germana. Our results suggest that anthocyanin accumulation depends on sunlight intensity, but non-anthocyanin flavonoids are produced constitutively.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Narbona
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Jaca
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB) Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - J C Del Valle
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
| | - F Valladares
- Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales, Instituto de Recursos Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - M L Buide
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
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