1
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Cirino LA, Rodríguez AN, DeLong SA, Rodríguez RL. The function of prolonged copulations in Enchenopa treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae). J Evol Biol 2024; 37:905-914. [PMID: 38842091 DOI: 10.1093/jeb/voae075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Copulations are very brief in many species, sometimes taking only seconds, but in other species, they can be quite prolonged. Potential explanations for prolonged copulations include time requirements for the transfer of sperm and/or other ejaculate substances. Ejaculate substances could function to regulate female receptivity to subsequent matings, provide nutritional nuptial gifts, or hasten egg oviposition at a potential survival cost to the female. We investigated prolonged copulation in a member of the Enchenopa binotata complex of treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae), in which females rarely remate and copulation can last several hours. We assigned females to treatments in which we interrupted copulation at different times. We also included a control where copulation was not interrupted. We found that females that experienced shorter copulations were more likely to be subsequently receptive to an attractive male. We also found that few females produced offspring when they engaged in short copulations compared to those with longer copulations. We did not find any differences in female survival. Our results support the sperm transfer and receptivity regulation hypotheses. We discuss potential reasons for why these processes should take so long in a species with low female remating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Cirino
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ariel N Rodríguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Sage A DeLong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Rafael L Rodríguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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2
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Desjonquères C, Speck B, Seidita S, Cirino LA, Escalante I, Sergi C, Maliszewski J, Wiese C, Hoebel G, Bailey NW, Rodríguez RL. Social Plasticity Enhances Signal-Preference Codivergence. Am Nat 2023; 202:818-829. [PMID: 38033176 DOI: 10.1086/726786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe social environment is often the most dynamic and fitness-relevant environment animals experience. Here we tested whether plasticity arising from variation in social environments can promote signal-preference divergence-a key prediction of recent speciation theory but one that has proven difficult to test in natural systems. Interactions in mixed social aggregations could reduce, create, or enhance signal-preference differences. In the latter case, social plasticity could establish or increase assortative mating. We tested this by rearing two recently diverged species of Enchenopa treehoppers-sap-feeding insects that communicate with plant-borne vibrational signals-in treatments consisting of mixed-species versus own-species aggregations. Social experience with heterospecifics (in the mixed-species treatment) resulted in enhanced signal-preference species differences. For one of the two species, we tested but found no differences in the plastic response between sympatric and allopatric sites, suggesting the absence of reinforcement in the signals and preferences and their plastic response. Our results support the hypothesis that social plasticity can create or enhance signal-preference differences and that this might occur in the absence of long-term selection against hybridization on plastic responses themselves. Such social plasticity may facilitate rapid bursts of diversification.
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3
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Macchiano A, Miller E, Agali U, Ola-Ajose A, Fowler-Finn KD. Developmental temperature alters the thermal sensitivity of courtship activity and signal-preference relationships, but not mating rates. Oecologia 2023; 202:97-111. [PMID: 37166505 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Mating behaviors are sensitive to novel or stressful thermal conditions, particularly for ectothermic organisms. An organism's sensitivity to temperature, which may manifest in altered mating outcomes, can be shaped in part by temperatures experienced during development. Here, we tested how developmental temperature shapes the expression of adult mating-related behaviors across different ambient conditions, with a focus on courtship behavior, mating rates, and mating signals and preferences. To do so, we reared treehoppers under two temperature regimes and then tested the expression of male and female mating behaviors across a range of ambient temperatures. We found that developmental temperature affects the thermal sensitivity of courtship behavior and mating signals for males. However, developmental temperature did not affect the thermal sensitivity of courtship or mate preferences in females. This sex-specific plasticity did not alter the likelihood of mating across ambient temperatures, but it did disrupt how closely mating signals and preferences matched each other at higher ambient temperatures. As a result, developmental temperature could alter sexual selection through signal-preference de-coupling. We further discuss how adult age may drive sex-specific results, and the potential for mismatches between developmental and mating thermal environments under future climate change predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Macchiano
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, 3507 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA.
| | - Em Miller
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, 3507 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA
| | | | | | - Kasey D Fowler-Finn
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, 3507 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA
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4
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Playback of broadband vocalizations of female mice suppresses male ultrasonic calls. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0273742. [PMID: 36603000 PMCID: PMC9815654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although male vocalizations during opposite- sex interaction have been heavily studied as sexually selected signals, the understanding of the roles of female vocal signals produced in this context is more limited. During intersexual interactions between mice, males produce a majority of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), while females produce a majority of human-audible squeaks, also called broadband vocalizations (BBVs). BBVs may be produced in conjunction with defensive aggression, making it difficult to assess whether males respond to BBVs themselves. To assess the direct effect of BBVs on male behavior, we used a split-cage paradigm in which high rates of male USVs were elicited by female presence on the other side of a barrier, but which precluded extensive male-female contact and the spontaneous production of BBVs. In this paradigm, playback of female BBVs decreased USV production, which recovered after the playback period. Trials in which female vocalizations were prevented by the use of female bedding alone or of anesthetized females as stimuli also showed a decrease in response to BBV playback. No non-vocal behaviors declined during playback, although digging behavior increased. Similar to BBVs, WNs also robustly suppressed USV production, albeit to a significantly larger extent. USVs suppression had two distinct temporal components. When grouped in 5-second bins, USVs interleaved with bursts of stimulus BBVs. USV suppression also adapted to BBV playback on the order of minutes. Adaptation occurred more rapidly in males that were housed individually as opposed to socially for a week prior to testing, suggesting that the adaptation trajectory is sensitive to social experience. These findings suggest the possibility that vocal interaction between male and female mice, with males suppressing USVs in response to BBVs, may influence the dynamics of communicative behavior.
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5
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Sasson D, Agali U, Brouk R, Hercules J, Kilmer J, Macchiano A, Ola-Ajose A, Fowler-Finn K. The potential for the evolution of thermally sensitive courtship behaviours in the treehopper, Enchenopa binotata. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1442-1454. [PMID: 36129909 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability of animals to adapt to warming will depend on the evolutionary potential of thermally sensitive traits. The number of studies measuring the quantitative genetics of a wide variety of thermally sensitive traits has steadily increased; however, no study has yet investigated the quantitative genetics of thermal sensitivity for courtship traits. Since courtship often precedes mating, the ability of these traits to respond to warming may impact reproduction and therefore population persistence. Here, we use classic quantitative genetics breeding design to estimate heritability of various aspects of the thermal sensitivity of courtship behaviours in the treehopper Enchenopa binotata. We generated individual-level thermal courtship activity curves for males and females and measured levels of genetic variation in the thermal sensitivity of courtship activity. We found low heritability with 95% credible intervals that did not approach zero for most traits. Levels of genetic variation were highest in traits describing thermal tolerance. We also found some evidence for genetic correlations between traits within but not across sexes. Together, our results suggest that the range of temperatures over which these treehoppers actively court can evolve, although it remains unclear whether adaptation can happen quickly enough to match the speed of warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sasson
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Uchechukwu Agali
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Harris-Stowe State University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rachel Brouk
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jacob Hercules
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Joey Kilmer
- Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anthony Macchiano
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Abisiola Ola-Ajose
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Harris-Stowe State University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kasey Fowler-Finn
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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6
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Desjonquères C, Maliszewski J, Rodríguez RL. Juvenile social experience and practice have a switch-like influence on adult mate preferences in an insect. Evolution 2021; 75:1106-1116. [PMID: 33491177 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Social causes of variation in animal communication systems have important evolutionary consequences, including speciation. The relevance of these effects depends on how widespread they are among animals. There is evidence for such effects not only in birds and mammals, but also frogs and some insects and spiders. Here, we analyze the social ontogeny of adult mate preferences in an insect, Enchenopa treehoppers. In these communal plant-feeding insects, individuals reared in isolation or in groups differ in their mate preferences, and the group-reared phenotype can be rescued by playbacks to isolation-reared individuals. We ask about the relative role of signaling experience and signaling practice during ontogeny on the development of adult mating preferences in Enchenopa females. Taking advantage of variation in the signal experience and signaling practice of isolation-reared individuals, we find switch-like effects for experience and practice on female mate preference phenotypes, with individuals having some experience and practice as juveniles best rescuing the group-reared preference phenotype. We discuss how understanding the nature and distribution of social-ontogenetic causes of variation in mate preferences and other sexual traits will bring new insights into how within- and between-population variation influences the evolution of communication systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Desjonquères
- Behavioral & Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jak Maliszewski
- Behavioral & Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rafael Lucas Rodríguez
- Behavioral & Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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7
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Speck B, Seidita S, Belo S, Johnson S, Conley C, Desjonquères C, Rodríguez RL. Combinatorial Signal Processing in an Insect. Am Nat 2020; 196:406-413. [DOI: 10.1086/710527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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Desjonquères C, Holt RR, Speck B, Rodríguez RL. The relationship between a combinatorial processing rule and a continuous mate preference function in an insect. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201278. [PMID: 32933444 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mate choice involves processing signals that can reach high levels of complexity and feature multiple components, even in small animals with tiny brains. This raises the question of whether and how such organisms deal with this complexity. One solution involves combinatorial processing, whereby different signal elements are processed as single units. Combinatorial processing has been described in several mammals and birds, and recently in a vibrationally signalling insect, Enchenopa treehoppers. Here, we ask about the relationship between combinatorial rules and mate preferences for continuously varying signal features. Enchenopa male advertisement signals are composed of two elements: a 'whine' followed by a set of pulses. The dominant frequency of the whine and element combination both matter to females. We presented synthetic signals varying in element order (natural [whine-pulses], reverse [pulses-whine]) and in frequency to Enchenopa females and recorded their responses. The reverse combination resulted in a decrease in attractiveness of the signals, and also slightly changed the shape of the preference for frequency. We found that females could be classified into three 'types': females with both a strong preference and a strong combinatorial rule, females with both a weak preference and weak rule, and females with a strong preference but a weak rule. Our results suggest that in Enchenopa signal processing, the mate preference for a continuous signal feature 'takes precedence' over, but also interacts with, the combinatorial rule. The relationship between the preference and the rule could evolve to take different forms according to selection on mate choice decisions. We suggest that exploring the relationship between such preferences and rules in species with more complex signals will bring insight into the evolution of the multi-component communication systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Desjonquères
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Rebecca R Holt
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Bretta Speck
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Rafael L Rodríguez
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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9
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10
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Leith NT, Jocson DI, Fowler‐Finn KD. Temperature‐related breakdowns in the coordination of mating in
Enchenopa binotata
treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae). Ethology 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noah T. Leith
- Department of Biology Saint Louis University St. Louis MO USA
| | - Dowen I. Jocson
- Department of Biology Saint Louis University St. Louis MO USA
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11
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Ronald KL, Zhang X, Morrison MV, Miller R, Hurley LM. Male mice adjust courtship behavior in response to female multimodal signals. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229302. [PMID: 32241020 PMCID: PMC7117945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Multimodal signaling is nearly ubiquitous across animal taxa. While much research has focused on male signal production contributing to female mate-choice or preferences, females often give their own multimodal signals during intersexual communication events. Multimodal signal components are often classified based on whether they contain redundant information (e.g., the backup hypothesis) or non-redundant information (e.g., the multiple messages hypothesis) from the perspective of the receiver. We investigated the role of two different female vocalizations produced by the female house mouse (Mus musculus): the broadband, relatively low-frequency squeaks (broadband vocalizations or BBVs,), and the higher-frequency ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs). These female vocalizations may convey differently valenced information to the male receivers. We paired these vocalizations with and without female urine to examine the influence of combining information across multiple modalities. We found evidence that female urine and vocalizations act as non-redundant multimodal cues as males responded with different behaviors and vocalization rates depending on the female signal presented. Additionally, male mice responded with greater courtship effort to the multimodal combination of female USVs paired with female urine than any other signal combination. These results suggest that the olfactory information contained in female urine provides the context by which males can then evaluate potentially ambiguous female vocalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. Ronald
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Hope College, Holland, MI, United States of America
| | - Xinzhu Zhang
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Matthew V. Morrison
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Ryan Miller
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Laura M. Hurley
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
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12
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Macchiano A, Sasson DA, Leith NT, Fowler-Finn KD. Patterns of Thermal Sensitivity and Sex-Specificity of Courtship Behavior Differs Between Two Sympatric Species of Enchenopa Treehopper. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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13
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Desjonquères C, Speck B, Rodríguez RL. Signalling interactions during ontogeny are a cause of social plasticity in Enchenopa treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae). Behav Processes 2019; 166:103887. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Jocson DMI, Smeester ME, Leith NT, Macchiano A, Fowler-Finn KD. Temperature coupling of mate attraction signals and female mate preferences in four populations of Enchenopa treehopper (Hemiptera: Membracidae). J Evol Biol 2019; 32:1046-1056. [PMID: 31278803 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Variation in temperature can affect the expression of a variety of important fitness-related behaviours, including those involved with mate attraction and selection, with consequences for the coordination of mating across variable environments. We examined how temperature influences the expression of male mating signals and female mate preferences-as well as the relationship between how male signals and female mate preferences change across temperatures (signal-preference temperature coupling)-in Enchenopa binotata treehoppers. These small plant-feeding insects communicate using plantborne vibrations, and our field surveys indicate they experience significant natural variation in temperature during the mating season. We tested for signal-preference temperature coupling in four populations of E. binotata by manipulating temperature in a controlled laboratory environment. We measured the frequency of male signals-the trait for which females show strongest preference-and female peak preference-the signal frequency most preferred by females-across a range of biologically relevant temperatures (18°C-36°C). We found a strong effect of temperature on both male signals and female preferences, which generated signal-preference temperature coupling within each population. Even in a population in which male signals mismatched female preferences, the temperature coupling reinforces predicted directional selection across all temperatures. Additionally, we found similar thermal sensitivity in signals and preferences across populations even though populations varied in the mean frequency of male signals and female peak preference. Together, these results suggest that temperature variation should not affect the action of sexual selection via female choice, but rather should reinforce stabilizing selection in populations with signal-preference matches, and directional selection in those with signal-preference mismatches. Finally, we do not predict that thermal variation will disrupt the coordination of mating in this species by generating signal-preference mismatches at thermal extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noah T Leith
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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15
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Perry AC, Krakauer AH, McElreath R, Harris DJ, Patricelli GL. Hidden Markov Models Reveal Tactical Adjustment of Temporally Clustered Courtship Displays in Response to the Behaviors of a Robotic Female. Am Nat 2019; 194:1-16. [PMID: 31251644 DOI: 10.1086/703518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We present a statistical approach-a custom-built hidden Markov model (HMM)-that is broadly applicable to the analysis of temporally clustered display events, as found in many animals, including birds, orthopterans, and anurans. This HMM can simultaneously estimate both the expected lengths of each animal's display bouts and their within-bout display rates. We highlight the HMM's ability to estimate changes in animals' display effort over time and across different social contexts, using data from male greater sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). Male display effort was modeled across three sites in two experimental treatments (robotic female simulating interested or uninterested behavior) and in the presence or absence of live females. Across contexts, we show that sage grouse males primarily adjust their bout lengths rather than their within-bout display rates. Males' responses to female behavior were correlated with male mating success: males with more matings showed high display persistence regardless of female behavior, while males with fewer matings tended to invest selectively in females that were already showing interest in mating. Additionally, males with higher mating success responded more to the presence of a female than males with fewer matings did. We conclude with suggestions for adapting our HMM approach for use in other animal systems.
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16
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Desjonquères C, Maliszewski J, Lewandowski EN, Speck B, Rodríguez RL. Social ontogeny in the communication system of an insect. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Chen X, Zhang MQ, Wang XQ, Guo JS, Li DT, Xue J, Pan WD, Zhang CX. The flightin gene is necessary for the emission of vibrational signals in the rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stǻl). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 112:101-108. [PMID: 30391512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In duet-based courtship, species- and sex-specific vibrational signals enable animals to identify the species and sex of the singer and also provide the necessary information with which to locate a partner. Substrate-borne communication has been described in a wide variety of insects. Here, we focus on the gene necessary for the emission of male vibrational signals and whether the male song fulfills such a functional role in the mating system of the brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens). We generated mute BPH adult males via RNA interference (RNAi) of the flightin gene, which encodes a myosin-binding protein expressed exclusively in the dorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM) in the basal two abdominal segments used for driving the vibration of the male-specific tymbal structure in short-winged (brachypterous) BPH adults. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation showed that flightin knockdown disrupted the normal sarcomere structure of the abdominal DLM. No courtship song could be detected in the brachypterous males after RNAi treatment. Behavior and competition trials showed that the lack of male courtship songs prolonged copulation latency and even caused female rejection. Unexpectedly, the mute males exhibited greater competitiveness when competing against normal males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meng-Qiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin-Qiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian-Sheng Guo
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dan-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei-Dong Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetics, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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18
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Eberhard MJB, Treschnak D. Variation of vibrational communication signals in animals depends on trait duration. Ethology 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika J. B. Eberhard
- Zoological Institute and Museum, General and Systematic Zoology; University of Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Dominique Treschnak
- Zoological Institute and Museum, General and Systematic Zoology; University of Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
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19
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Hsu Y, Cocroft RB, Snyder RL, Lin C. You stay, but I Hop: Host shifting near and far co-dominated the evolution of Enchenopa treehoppers. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:1954-1965. [PMID: 29468015 PMCID: PMC5817127 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance and prevalence of phylogenetic tracking between hosts and dependent organisms caused by co-evolution and shifting between closely related host species have been debated for decades. Most studies of phylogenetic tracking among phytophagous insects and their host plants have been limited to insects feeding on a narrow range of host species. However, narrow host ranges can confound phylogenetic tracking (phylogenetic tracking hypothesis) with host shifting between hosts of intermediate relationship (intermediate hypothesis). Here, we investigated the evolutionary history of the Enchenopa binotata complex of treehoppers. Each species in this complex has high host fidelity, but the entire complex uses hosts across eight plant orders. The phylogenies of E. binotata were reconstructed to evaluate whether (1) tracking host phylogeny; or (2) shifting between intermediately related host plants better explains the evolutionary history of E. binotata. Our results suggest that E. binotata primarily shifted between both distant and intermediate host plants regardless of host phylogeny and less frequently tracked the phylogeny of their hosts. These findings indicate that phytophagous insects with high host fidelity, such as E. binotata, are capable of adaptation not only to closely related host plants but also to novel hosts, likely with diverse phenology and defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Hsun Hsu
- Department of Life ScienceNational Taiwan Normal UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | - Robert L. Snyder
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMOUSA
- Present address:
Department of BiologyState University of New York College at PotsdamPotsdamNYUSA
| | - Chung‐Ping Lin
- Department of Life ScienceNational Taiwan Normal UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
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Rodríguez RL, Wojcinski JE, Maliszewski J. Between-group variation in Enchenopa treehopper juvenile signaling (Hemiptera Membracidae). ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2017.1347585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph E. Wojcinski
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Lapham Hall, 3209 N Maryland Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Jak Maliszewski
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Lapham Hall, 3209 N Maryland Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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21
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Fowler‐Finn KD, Cruz DC, Rodríguez RL. Local population density and group composition influence the signal‐preference relationship in
Enchenopa
treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae). J Evol Biol 2016; 30:13-25. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. D. Fowler‐Finn
- Department of Biology Saint Louis University Saint Louis MO USA
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group Department of Biological Sciences University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Milwaukee WI USA
| | - D. C. Cruz
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group Department of Biological Sciences University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Milwaukee WI USA
| | - R. L. Rodríguez
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group Department of Biological Sciences University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Milwaukee WI USA
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22
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Kuhelj A, de Groot M, Blejec A, Virant-Doberlet M. Sender–receiver dynamics in leafhopper vibrational duetting. Anim Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Males adjust their signalling behaviour according to experience of male signals and male–female signal duets. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:766-76. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Variable Signals in a Complex World. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.asb.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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25
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Fowler-Finn KD, Kilmer JT, Hallett AC, Rodríguez RL. Variation in signal-preference genetic correlations in Enchenopa treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae). Ecol Evol 2015; 5:2774-86. [PMID: 26306166 PMCID: PMC4541985 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fisherian selection is a within-population process that promotes signal–preference coevolution and speciation due to signal–preference genetic correlations. The importance of the contribution of Fisherian selection to speciation depends in part on the answer to two outstanding questions: What explains differences in the strength of signal–preference genetic correlations? And, how does the magnitude of within-species signal–preference covariation compare to species differences in signals and preferences? To address these questions, we tested for signal–preference genetic correlations in two members of the Enchenopa binotata complex, a clade of plant-feeding insects wherein speciation involves the colonization of novel host plants and signal–preference divergence. We used a full-sibling, split-family rearing experiment to estimate genetic correlations and to analyze the underlying patterns of variation in signals and preferences. Genetic correlations were weak or zero, but exploration of the underlying patterns of variation in signals and preferences revealed some full-sib families that varied by as much as 50% of the distance between similar species in the E. binotata complex. This result was stronger in the species that showed greater amounts of genetic variation in signals and preferences. We argue that some forms of weak signal–preference genetic correlation may have important evolutionary consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey D Fowler-Finn
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Milwaukee, Wisconsin ; Department of Biology, Saint Louis University Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Joseph T Kilmer
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Allysa C Hallett
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Rafael L Rodríguez
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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26
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Čokl A, Laumann RA, Žunič Kosi A, Blassioli-Moraes MC, Virant-Doberlet M, Borges M. Interference of Overlapping Insect Vibratory Communication Signals: An Eushistus heros Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130775. [PMID: 26098637 PMCID: PMC4476573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants limit the range of insect substrate-borne vibratory communication by their architecture and mechanical properties that change transmitted signal time, amplitude and frequency characteristics. Stinkbugs gain higher signal-to-noise ratio and increase communication distance by emitting narrowband low frequency vibratory signals that are tuned with transmission properties of plants. The objective of the present study was to investigate hitherto overlooked consequences of duetting with mutually overlapped narrowband vibratory signals. The overlapped vibrations of the model stinkbug species Eushistus heros, produced naturally or induced artificially on different plants, have been analysed. They represent female and male strategies to preserve information within a complex masked signal. The brown stinkbugs E. heros communicate with species and gender specific vibratory signals that constitute characteristic duets in the calling, courtship and rivalry phases of mating behaviour. The calling female pulse overlaps the male vibratory response when the latency of the latter is shorter than the duration of the female triggering signal or when the male response does not inhibit the following female pulse. Overlapping of signals induces interference that changes their amplitude pattern to a sequence of regularly repeated pulses in which their duration and the difference between frequencies of overlapped vibrations are related inversely. Interference does not occur in overlapped narrow band female calling pulses and broadband male courtship pulse trains. In a duet with overlapped signals females and males change time parameters and increase the frequency difference between signals by changing the frequency level and frequency modulation pattern of their calls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Čokl
- Department of Entomology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
| | - Raul Alberto Laumann
- Semiochemical Laboratory, EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Alenka Žunič Kosi
- Department of Entomology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Miguel Borges
- Semiochemical Laboratory, EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, Brazil
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Hermann CM, Brudermann V, Zimmermann H, Vollmann J, Sefc KM. Female preferences for male traits and territory characteristics in the cichlid fish Tropheus moorii. HYDROBIOLOGIA 2015; 748:61-74. [PMID: 25983339 PMCID: PMC4430825 DOI: 10.1007/s10750-014-1892-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Female mate preferences for male traits and resource characteristics affect trait evolution and diversification. Here, we test the effects of male body traits and territory characteristics on within-population female preferences and on population-assortative mating in the cichlid Tropheus moorii. Within-population preferences of females were independent of male body size, coloration and territory size but were strongly dependent on territory quality and co-varied with male courtship activity. Courtship activity of individual males was contingent on the quality of their assigned territory, and therefore, courtship may not only indicate intrinsic male quality. On the basis of these results we suggest that female preferences for high-quality territories reinforce the outcome of malemale competition and ensure male mating success. Mating preferences of females for males of their own color variant (ascertained in a previous experiment) were not overturned when males of another color variant were presented in a superior territory, indicating that within- and between-population mate preferences of females depend on different cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Hermann
- Department of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Verena Brudermann
- Department of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Holger Zimmermann
- Department of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johann Vollmann
- Division of Plant Breeding, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Kristina M Sefc
- Department of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Rebar D, Rodríguez RL. Insect mating signal and mate preference phenotypes covary among host plant genotypes. Evolution 2015; 69:602-10. [PMID: 25611556 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sexual selection acting on small initial differences in mating signals and mate preferences can enhance signal-preference codivergence and reproductive isolation during speciation. However, the origin of initial differences in sexual traits remains unclear. We asked whether biotic environments, a source of variation in sexual traits, may provide a general solution to this problem. Specifically, we asked whether genetic variation in biotic environments provided by host plants can result in signal-preference phenotypic covariance in a host-specific, plant-feeding insect. We used a member of the Enchenopa binotata species complex of treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae) to assess patterns of variation in male mating signals and female mate preferences induced by genetic variation in host plants. We employed a novel implementation of a quantitative genetics method, rearing field-collected treehoppers on a sample of naturally occurring replicated host plant clone lines. We found remarkably high signal-preference covariance among host plant genotypes. Thus, genetic variation in biotic environments influences the sexual phenotypes of organisms living on those environments in a way that promotes assortative mating among environments. This consequence arises from conditions likely to be common in nature (phenotypic plasticity and variation in biotic environments). It therefore offers a general answer to how divergent sexual selection may begin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Rebar
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Lapham Hall, 3209 North Maryland Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201; Current Address: Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, Faculté de Sciences et Techniques, Avenue Monge, Parc Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France.
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Řežucha R, Reichard M. Strategic exploitation of fluctuating asymmetry in male Endler's guppy courtship displays is modulated by social environment. J Evol Biol 2014; 28:356-67. [PMID: 25491203 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lateral asymmetry in signalling traits enables males to strategically exploit their best side. In many animals, both body colouration and fluctuating asymmetry are signals of male attractiveness. We demonstrated experimentally that even sexually naïve male Poecilia wingei were able to identify their most attractive side (i.e. that with a higher proportion of carotenoid pigmentation) and use it preferentially during courtship. Notably, males retained their strategic signalling in a male-biased social environment, whereas they ceased to signal strategically in a female-biased environment. The degree of asymmetry in colouration did not affect overall courtship activity. Strategic lateralization in courtship displays was strongest and most repeatable in the male-biased social environment where males competed with rivals for matings. Individual asymmetry in colouration changed considerably over a period of 3 months. This suggests that colouration is a dynamic feature during adulthood and that males are capable of tracking and strategically exploiting their lateral asymmetry in accordance with their social environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Řežucha
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
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Choosiness, a neglected aspect of preference functions: a review of methods, challenges and statistical approaches. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2014; 201:171-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-014-0963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Rebar D, Rodríguez RL. Genetic Variation in Host Plants Influences the Mate Preferences of a Plant-Feeding Insect. Am Nat 2014; 184:489-99. [DOI: 10.1086/677751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Polajnar J, Eriksson A, Rossi Stacconi MV, Lucchi A, Anfora G, Virant-Doberlet M, Mazzoni V. The process of pair formation mediated by substrate-borne vibrations in a small insect. Behav Processes 2014; 107:68-78. [PMID: 25101559 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability to identify and locate conspecifics depends on reliable transfer of information between emitter and receiver. For a majority of plant-dwelling insects communicating with substrate-borne vibrations, localization of a potential partner may be a difficult task due to their small body size and complex transmission properties of plants. In the present study, we used the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus as a model to investigate duetting and mate searching associated with pair formation. Studying these insects on a natural substrate, we showed that the spatio-temporal structure of a vibrational duet and the perceived intensity of partner's signals influence the mating behaviour. Identification, localization and courtship stages were each characterized by a specific duet structure. In particular, the duet structure differed in synchronization between male and female pulses, which enables identification of the partner, while the switch between behavioural stages was associated with the male-perceived intensity of vibrational signals. This suggests that males obtain the information about their distance from the female and optimize their strategy accordingly. More broadly, our results show that even in insects smaller than 1cm, vibrational signals provide reliable information needed to find a mating partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Polajnar
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all' Adige, Italy.
| | - Anna Eriksson
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all' Adige, Italy; Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Lucchi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Anfora
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all' Adige, Italy
| | - Meta Virant-Doberlet
- Department of Entomology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Valerio Mazzoni
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, San Michele all' Adige, Italy
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Polnaszek TJ, Stephens DW. Receiver tolerance for imperfect signal reliability: results from experimental signalling games. Anim Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Sullivan-Beckers L, Hebets EA. Tactical adjustment of signalling leads to increased mating success and survival. Anim Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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Male and female crickets modulate their courtship behaviour depending on female experience with mate availability. Anim Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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37
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Fowler-Finn KD, Al-Wathiqui N, Cruz D, Al-Wathiqui M, Rodríguez RL. Male Enchenopa treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae) vary mate-searching behavior but not signaling behavior in response to spider silk. Naturwissenschaften 2014; 101:211-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-014-1145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fowler-Finn KD, Rodríguez RL. Repeatability of mate preference functions in Enchenopa treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae). Anim Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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40
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Rodríguez RL, Hallett AC, Kilmer JT, Fowler-Finn KD. Curves as traits: genetic and environmental variation in mate preference functions. J Evol Biol 2012; 26:434-42. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. L. Rodríguez
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - A. C. Hallett
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - J. T. Kilmer
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - K. D. Fowler-Finn
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Milwaukee WI USA
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