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Wu B, Zhao C, Zheng X, Peng Z, Liu M. Observation of Agonistic Behavior in Pacific White Shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei) and Transcriptome Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1691. [PMID: 38891739 PMCID: PMC11171402 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Agonistic behavior has been identified as a limiting factor in the development of intensive L. vannamei aquaculture. However, the characteristics and molecular mechanisms underlying agonistic behavior in L. vannamei remain unclear. In this study, we quantified agonistic behavior through a behavioral observation system and generated a comprehensive database of eyestalk and brain ganglion tissues obtained from both aggressive and nonaggressive L. vannamei employing transcriptome analysis. The results showed that there were nine behavior patterns in L. vannamei which were correlated, and the fighting followed a specific process. Transcriptome analysis revealed 5083 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in eyestalk and 1239 DEGs in brain ganglion between aggressive and nonaggressive L. vannamei. Moreover, these DEGs were primarily enriched in the pathways related to the energy metabolism process and signal transduction. Specifically, the phototransduction (dme04745) signaling pathway emerges as a potential key pathway for the adjustment of the L. vannamei agonistic behavior. The G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1-like (LOC113809193) was screened out as a significant candidate gene within the phototransduction pathway. Therefore, these findings contribute to an enhanced comprehension of crustacean agonistic behavior and provide a theoretical basis for the selection and breeding of L. vannamei varieties suitable for high-density aquaculture environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315000, China; (B.W.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315000, China; (B.W.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiafei Zheng
- Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315000, China; (B.W.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zhilan Peng
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Aquacultural Seeds Industry and Green Cultivation Technologies, College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315000, China;
| | - Minhai Liu
- Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315000, China; (B.W.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.)
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Differences in Agonistic Behavior and Energy Metabolism between Male and Female Swimming Crab Portunus trituberculatus Based on the Analysis of Boldness. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182363. [PMID: 36139223 PMCID: PMC9494951 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual differences in metabolism and agonistic behavior have been a key research area in evolution and ecology recently. In this study, we investigated the boldness of swimming crabs Portunus trituberculatus and explored the agonistic behavior between female and male crabs, specifically examining competitions between bold females vs. bold males (BF–BM), bold females vs. shy males (BF–SM), shy females vs. shy males (SF–SM), and shy females vs. bold males (SF_BM) and its relationship with energy metabolism. The main results revealed the following: There was no significant difference in boldness between females and males, while there were more bold individuals than shy in both females and males. Bold individuals initiated significantly more fights than shy individuals, and male initiators won significantly more fights than female initiators. The duration and intensity of fight between bold individuals was significantly higher than fights between shy individuals. For males, the concentration of glucose in the hemolymph was significantly higher in shy crabs than bold crabs, while there was no significant difference between shy and bold individuals in females. After fighting, the concentration of glycogen in claws was lower than that before fighting, and the concentrations of glucose and lactate in hemolymph were significantly higher after fighting than before. We found that the fighting willingness and ability were higher in male crabs than females and higher in bold crabs than shy. Fighting ability varied between sexes and was influenced by boldness and energy state.
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Harrison JF, Biewener A, Bernhardt JR, Burger JR, Brown JH, Coto ZN, Duell ME, Lynch M, Moffett ER, Norin T, Pettersen AK, Smith FA, Somjee U, Traniello JFA, Williams TM. White Paper: An Integrated Perspective on the Causes of Hypometric Metabolic Scaling in Animals. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac136. [PMID: 35933126 PMCID: PMC9724154 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Larger animals studied during ontogeny, across populations, or across species, usually have lower mass-specific metabolic rates than smaller animals (hypometric scaling). This pattern is usually observed regardless of physiological state (e.g. basal, resting, field, maximally-active). The scaling of metabolism is usually highly correlated with the scaling of many life history traits, behaviors, physiological variables, and cellular/molecular properties, making determination of the causation of this pattern challenging. For across-species comparisons of resting and locomoting animals (but less so for across populations or during ontogeny), the mechanisms at the physiological and cellular level are becoming clear. Lower mass-specific metabolic rates of larger species at rest are due to a) lower contents of expensive tissues (brains, liver, kidneys), and b) slower ion leak across membranes at least partially due to membrane composition, with lower ion pump ATPase activities. Lower mass-specific costs of larger species during locomotion are due to lower costs for lower-frequency muscle activity, with slower myosin and Ca++ ATPase activities, and likely more elastic energy storage. The evolutionary explanation(s) for hypometric scaling remain(s) highly controversial. One subset of evolutionary hypotheses relies on constraints on larger animals due to changes in geometry with size; for example, lower surface-to-volume ratios of exchange surfaces may constrain nutrient or heat exchange, or lower cross-sectional areas of muscles and tendons relative to body mass ratios would make larger animals more fragile without compensation. Another subset of hypotheses suggests that hypometric scaling arises from biotic interactions and correlated selection, with larger animals experiencing less selection for mass-specific growth or neurolocomotor performance. A additional third type of explanation comes from population genetics. Larger animals with their lower effective population sizes and subsequent less effective selection relative to drift may have more deleterious mutations, reducing maximal performance and metabolic rates. Resolving the evolutionary explanation for the hypometric scaling of metabolism and associated variables is a major challenge for organismal and evolutionary biology. To aid progress, we identify some variation in terminology use that has impeded cross-field conversations on scaling. We also suggest that promising directions for the field to move forward include: 1) studies examining the linkages between ontogenetic, population-level, and cross-species allometries, 2) studies linking scaling to ecological or phylogenetic context, 3) studies that consider multiple, possibly interacting hypotheses, and 4) obtaining better field data for metabolic rates and the life history correlates of metabolic rate such as lifespan, growth rate and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon F Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
| | - Andrew Biewener
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Joanna R Bernhardt
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Joseph R Burger
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - James H Brown
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Zach N Coto
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Meghan E Duell
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Michael Lynch
- Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Emma R Moffett
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Tommy Norin
- DTU Aqua | National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 1 Bygning 101A, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Amanda K Pettersen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Felisa A Smith
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ummat Somjee
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | | | - Terrie M Williams
- Division of Physical and Biological Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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Bangura PB, Tiira K, Niemelä PT, Erkinaro J, Liljeström P, Toikkanen A, Primmer CR. Linking vgll3 genotype and aggressive behaviour in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 100:1264-1271. [PMID: 35289932 PMCID: PMC9311142 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We tested the possibility that vgll3, a gene linked with maturation age in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), may be associated with behaviour by measuring aggressiveness and feeding activity in 380 juveniles with different vgll3 genotypes. Contrary to our prediction, individuals with the genotype associated with later maturation (vgll3*LL) were significantly more aggressive than individuals with the genotype associated with earlier maturation (vgll3*EE). Individuals with higher aggression were also significantly lighter in colour and had higher feeding activity. Although higher aggression was associated with higher feeding activity, there was no association between feeding activity and vgll3 genotype. Increased aggression of vgll3*LL individuals was independent of their sex and size, and genotypes did not differ in their condition factor. These results imply that aggressive behaviour may have an energetic cost impairing growth and condition, especially when food cannot be monopolized. This may have implications for individual fitness and aquaculture practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bai Bangura
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Lammi Biological StationUniversity of HelsinkiLammiFinland
| | - Katriina Tiira
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Petri T. Niemelä
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Petra Liljeström
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Lammi Biological StationUniversity of HelsinkiLammiFinland
| | - Anna Toikkanen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Craig R. Primmer
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Institute of BiotechnologyHelsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE)HelsinkiFinland
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5
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Archer LC, Hutton SA, Harman L, Russell Poole W, Gargan P, McGinnity P, Reed TE. Associations between metabolic traits and growth rate in brown trout ( Salmo trutta) depend on thermal regime. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211509. [PMID: 34521251 PMCID: PMC8441116 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism defines the energetic cost of life, yet we still know relatively little about why intraspecific variation in metabolic rate arises and persists. Spatio-temporal variation in selection potentially maintains differences, but relationships between metabolic traits (standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR), and aerobic scope) and fitness across contexts are unresolved. We show that associations between SMR, MMR, and growth rate (a key fitness-related trait) vary depending on the thermal regime (a potential selective agent) in offspring of wild-sampled brown trout from two populations reared for approximately 15 months in either a cool or warm (+1.8°C) regime. SMR was positively related to growth in the cool, but negatively related in the warm regime. The opposite patterns were found for MMR and growth associations (positive in warm, negative in the cool regime). Mean SMR, but not MMR, was lower in warm regimes within both populations (i.e. basal metabolic costs were reduced at higher temperatures), consistent with an adaptive acclimation response that optimizes growth. Metabolic phenotypes thus exhibited a thermally sensitive metabolic 'floor' and a less flexible metabolic 'ceiling'. Our findings suggest a role for growth-related fluctuating selection in shaping patterns of metabolic variation that is likely important in adapting to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C. Archer
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stephen A. Hutton
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Luke Harman
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Patrick Gargan
- Inland Fisheries Ireland, 3044 Lake Drive, Citywest Business Campus, Dublin D24 Y265, Ireland
| | - Philip McGinnity
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
- Marine Institute, Furnace, Newport, Co. Mayo, Ireland
| | - Thomas E. Reed
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork, Ireland
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6
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Hämäläinen AM, Guenther A, Patrick SC, Schuett W. Environmental effects on the covariation among pace‐of‐life traits. Ethology 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anni M. Hämäläinen
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
- Institute of Environmental Science Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Anja Guenther
- Department of Evolutionary Biology Bielefeld University Bielefeld Germany
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology Plön Germany
| | | | - Wiebke Schuett
- Institute of Zoology Universität Hamburg Hamburg Germany
- School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Brighton UK
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7
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8
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Skov PV, de Jesus Gregersen KJ, Gesto M, Jokumsen A. Proactive coping style in early emerging rainbow trout carries a metabolic cost with no apparent return. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 231:104-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Mathot KJ, Dingemanse NJ, Nakagawa S. The covariance between metabolic rate and behaviour varies across behaviours and thermal types: meta‐analytic insights. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:1056-1074. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley J. Mathot
- Canada Research Chair in Integrative Ecology, Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Alberta CW405 Biological Sciences Building, T6G 2E9 Edmonton Alberta Canada
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea ResearchDepartment of Coastal Systems and Utrecht University 1790 AB, den Burg, Texel The Netherlands
| | - Niels J. Dingemanse
- Behavioural Ecology, Department Biology IILudwig‐Maximilians University of Munich Grosshadener Strasse 2, DE‐82152, Planegg‐Martinsried, Munich Germany
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney New South Wales 2010 Australia
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10
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Montiglio PO, Dammhahn M, Dubuc Messier G, Réale D. The pace-of-life syndrome revisited: the role of ecological conditions and natural history on the slow-fast continuum. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Quaggiotto MM, Barton PS, Morris CD, Moss SE, Pomeroy PP, McCafferty DJ, Bailey DM. Seal carrion is a predictable resource for coastal ecosystems. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Critchell K, Hoogenboom MO. Effects of microplastic exposure on the body condition and behaviour of planktivorous reef fish (Acanthochromis polyacanthus). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193308. [PMID: 29494635 PMCID: PMC5832226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of a pollutant on the base of the food web can have knock-on effects for trophic structure and ecosystem functioning. In this study we assess the effect of microplastic exposure on juveniles of a planktivorous fish (Acanthochromis polyacanthus), a species that is widespread and abundant on Indo-Pacific coral reefs. Under five different plastic concentration treatments, with plastics the same size as the natural food particles (mean 2mm diameter), there was no significant effect of plastic exposure on fish growth, body condition or behaviour. The amount of plastics found in the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract was low, with a range of one to eight particles remaining in the gut of individual fish at the end of a 6-week plastic-exposure period, suggesting that these fish are able to detect and avoid ingesting microplastics in this size range. However, in a second experiment the number of plastics in the GI tract vastly increased when plastic particle size was reduced to approximately one quarter the size of the food particles, with a maximum of 2102 small (< 300μm diameter) particles present in the gut of individual fish after a 1-week plastic exposure period. Under conditions where food was replaced by plastic, there was a negative effect on the growth and body condition of the fish. These results suggest plastics could become more of a problem as they break up into smaller size classes, and that environmental changes that lead to a decrease in plankton concentrations combined with microplastic presence is likely have a greater influence on fish populations than microplastic presence alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Critchell
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Mia O. Hoogenboom
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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13
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Zeng LQ, Wang L, Wang GN, Zeng Y, Fu SJ. The relationship between growth performance and metabolic rate flexibility varies with food availability in juvenile qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 212:56-63. [PMID: 28723584 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic flexibility in traits can allow organisms to cope with environmental challenges. However, the ecological consequences (e.g., growth) of SMR flexibility in fish are poorly understood. Juvenile qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis) were reared individually with two levels of food resources (satiation or limited) with either continuous feeding (CF) or starvation-refeeding (SR). In the CF experiment, SMR increased when individuals were fed either the satiation or limited diets, but no difference was found in average specific growth rate somatic growth (SGR) between the two food availabilities. The relationship between flexibility in SMR and SGR, feeding efficiency (FE) and food intake (FI) was positive in the satiation group but not in the limited food group. In the SR experiment, the initial SMR of individuals was negatively correlated with the SGR during starvation. During refeeding, the starved individuals increased both body mass and SMR under both food availabilities. Individuals with a greater increase in SMR were fed more and also had greater SGR and FE under the satiation diet, but these results were not observed under the limited diet. The average FE under the limited diet was greater than that under the satiation diet, causing there to be no significant difference in final body mass between the diet treatments at the end of refeeding. Our study suggested that SMR flexibility can allow individuals to maximize their potential growth performance in an environment with changing food availability, and the benefits from greater flexibility in SMR could be offset by their maintenance metabolism under environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Qing Zeng
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Colleges of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Colleges of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Guan-Nan Wang
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Colleges of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yue Zeng
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Colleges of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Colleges of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
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14
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Gienger CM, Brien ML, Tracy CR, Manolis SC, Webb GJW, Seymour RS, Christian KA. Ontogenetic comparisons of standard metabolism in three species of crocodilians. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171082. [PMID: 28182696 PMCID: PMC5300253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Due in part to their large size, aggressive temperament, and difficulty in handling, there are few physiological studies of adult crocodilians in the literature. As a result, studies comparing individuals across an ontogenetic series and comparisons among species are also lacking. We addressed this gap in knowledge by measuring standard metabolic rates (SMR) of three species of crocodilians (Crocodylus porosus, C. johnsoni, and Alligator mississippiensis), and included individuals that ranged from 0.22 to 114 kg. Allometric scaling of SMR with body mass was similar among the species, but C. porosus had significantly higher SMR than did C. johnsoni or A. mississippiensis. Differences in SMR among species are potentially related to behavioural differences in levels of aggression; C. porosus are the most aggressive of the crocodilians measured, and have rates of standard metabolism that are approximately 36% higher at the grand mean body size than those measured for C. johnsoni or A. mississippiensis, which are among the least aggressive crocodilians.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Gienger
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthew L. Brien
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Wildlife Management International and Crocodylus Park, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Christopher R. Tracy
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - S. Charlie Manolis
- Wildlife Management International and Crocodylus Park, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Grahame J. W. Webb
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Wildlife Management International and Crocodylus Park, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Roger S. Seymour
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Keith A. Christian
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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15
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Näslund J, Johnsson JI. State-dependent behavior and alternative behavioral strategies in brown trout ( Salmo trutta L.) fry. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2016; 70:2111-2125. [PMID: 27881895 PMCID: PMC5102978 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-016-2215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Animals generally adjust their behavior in response to bodily state (e.g., size and energy reserves) to optimize energy intake in relation to mortality risk, weighing predation probability against the risk of starvation. Here, we investigated whether brown trout Salmo trutta adjust their behavior in relation to energetic status and body size during a major early-life selection bottleneck, when fast growth is important. Over two consecutive time periods (P1 and P2; 12 and 23 days, respectively), food availability was manipulated, using four different combinations of high (H) and low (L) rations (i.e., HH, HL, LH, and LL; first and second letter denoting ration during P1 and P2, respectively). Social effects were excluded through individual isolation. Following the treatment periods, fish in the HL treatment were on average 15-21 % more active than the other groups in a forced open-field test, but large within-treatment variation provided only weak statistical support for this effect. Furthermore, fish on L-ration during P2 tended to be more actively aggressive towards their mirror image than fish on H-ration. Body size was related to behavioral expression, with larger fish being more active and aggressive. Swimming activity and active aggression were positively correlated, forming a behavioral syndrome in the studied population. Based on these behavioral traits, we could also distinguish two behavioral clusters: one consisting of more active and aggressive individuals and the other consisting of less active and aggressive individuals. This indicates that brown trout fry adopt distinct behavioral strategies early in life. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This paper provides information on the state-dependence of behavior in animals, in particular young brown trout. On the one hand, our data suggest a weak energetic state feedback where activity and aggression is increased as a response to short term food restriction. This suggests a limited scope for behavioral alterations in the face of starvation. On the other hand, body size is linked to higher activity and aggression, likely as a positive feedback between size and dominance. The experiment was carried out during the main population survival bottleneck, and the results indicate that growth is important during this stage, as 1) behavioral compensation to increase growth is limited, and 2) growth likely increases the competitive ability. However, our data also suggests that the population separates into two clusters, based on combined scores of activity and aggression (which are positively linked within individuals). Thus, apart from an active and aggressive strategy, there seems to be another more passive behavioral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joacim Näslund
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jörgen I. Johnsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Phang SC, Stillman RA, Cucherousset J, Britton JR, Roberts D, Beaumont WRC, Gozlan RE. FishMORPH - An agent-based model to predict salmonid growth and distribution responses under natural and low flows. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29414. [PMID: 27431787 PMCID: PMC4949470 DOI: 10.1038/srep29414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting fish responses to modified flow regimes is becoming central to fisheries management. In this study we present an agent-based model (ABM) to predict the growth and distribution of young-of-the-year (YOY) and one-year-old (1+) Atlantic salmon and brown trout in response to flow change during summer. A field study of a real population during both natural and low flow conditions provided the simulation environment and validation patterns. Virtual fish were realistic both in terms of bioenergetics and feeding. We tested alternative movement rules to replicate observed patterns of body mass, growth rates, stretch distribution and patch occupancy patterns. Notably, there was no calibration of the model. Virtual fish prioritising consumption rates before predator avoidance replicated observed growth and distribution patterns better than a purely maximising consumption rule. Stream conditions of low predation and harsh winters provide ecological justification for the selection of this behaviour during summer months. Overall, the model was able to predict distribution and growth patterns well across both natural and low flow regimes. The model can be used to support management of salmonids by predicting population responses to predicted flow impacts and associated habitat change.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. C. Phang
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK
| | - R. A. Stillman
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK
| | - J. Cucherousset
- CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, ENFA; UMR 5174 EDB (Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique); 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS; UMR5174 EDB, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - J. R. Britton
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK
| | - D. Roberts
- Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust, Salmon & Trout Research Centre, East Stoke, Dorset, UK
| | - W. R. C. Beaumont
- Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust, Salmon & Trout Research Centre, East Stoke, Dorset, UK
| | - R. E. Gozlan
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR BOREA IRD-MNHN-Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 47 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris cedex 5, France
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Metcalfe NB, Van Leeuwen TE, Killen SS. Does individual variation in metabolic phenotype predict fish behaviour and performance? JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 88:298-321. [PMID: 26577442 PMCID: PMC4991269 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in documenting and explaining the existence of marked intraspecific variation in metabolic rate in animals, with fishes providing some of the best-studied examples. After accounting for variation due to other factors, there can typically be a two to three-fold variation among individual fishes for both standard and maximum metabolic rate (SMR and MMR). This variation is reasonably consistent over time (provided that conditions remain stable), and its underlying causes may be influenced by both genes and developmental conditions. In this paper, current knowledge of the extent and causes of individual variation in SMR, MMR and aerobic scope (AS), collectively its metabolic phenotype, is reviewed and potential links among metabolism, behaviour and performance are described. Intraspecific variation in metabolism has been found to be related to other traits: fishes with a relatively high SMR tend to be more dominant and grow faster in high food environments, but may lose their advantage and are more prone to risk-taking when conditions deteriorate. In contrast to the wide body of research examining links between SMR and behavioural traits, very little work has been directed towards understanding the ecological consequences of individual variation in MMR and AS. Although AS can differ among populations of the same species in response to performance demands, virtually nothing is known about the effects of AS on individual behaviours such as those associated with foraging or predator avoidance. Further, while factors such as food availability, temperature, hypoxia and the fish's social environment are known to alter resting and MMRs in fishes, there is a paucity of studies examining how these effects vary among individuals, and how this variation relates to behaviour. Given the observed links between metabolism and measures of performance, understanding the metabolic responses of individuals to changing environments will be a key area for future research because the environment will have a strong influence on which animals survive predation, become dominant and ultimately have the highest reproductive success. Although current evidence suggests that variation in SMR may be maintained within populations via context-dependent fitness benefits, it is suggested that a more integrative approach is now required to fully understand how the environment can modulate individual performance via effects on metabolic phenotypes encompassing SMR, MMR and AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Metcalfe
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - T E Van Leeuwen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment (SCENE), University of Glasgow, Rowardennan, Loch Lomond, Glasgow G63 0AW, U.K
| | - S S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
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19
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Experimentally increased temperature and hypoxia affect stability of social hierarchy and metabolism of the Amazonian cichlid Apistogramma agassizii. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 190:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gangloff EJ, Vleck D, Bronikowski AM. Developmental and Immediate Thermal Environments Shape Energetic Trade-Offs, Growth Efficiency, and Metabolic Rate in Divergent Life-History Ecotypes of the Garter Snake Thamnophis elegans. Physiol Biochem Zool 2015; 88:550-63. [DOI: 10.1086/682239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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21
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Norin T, Malte H, Clark TD. Differential plasticity of metabolic rate phenotypes in a tropical fish facing environmental change. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Norin
- Australian Institute of Marine Science PMB 3 Townsville MC Queensland4810 Australia
- Zoophysiology Department of Bioscience Aarhus University DK‐8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Hans Malte
- Zoophysiology Department of Bioscience Aarhus University DK‐8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Timothy D. Clark
- Australian Institute of Marine Science PMB 3 Townsville MC Queensland4810 Australia
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Briffa M, Sneddon LU, Wilson AJ. Animal personality as a cause and consequence of contest behaviour. Biol Lett 2015; 11:rsbl.2014.1007. [PMID: 25808004 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2014.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the evidence for a link between consistent among-individual variation in behaviour (animal personality) and the ability to win contests over limited resources. Explorative and bold behaviours often covary with contest behaviour and outcome, although there is evidence that the structure of these 'behavioural syndromes' can change across situations. Aggression itself is typically repeatable, but also subject to high within-individual variation as a consequence of plastic responses to previous fight outcomes and opponent traits. Common proximate mechanisms (gene expression, endocrine control and metabolic rates) may underpin variation in both contest behaviour and general personality traits. Given the theoretical links between the evolution of fighting and of personality, we suggest that longitudinal studies of contest behaviour, combining behavioural and physiological data, would be a useful context for the study of animal personalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Briffa
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL3 8AA, UK
| | - Lynne U Sneddon
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, BioScience Building, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Alastair J Wilson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
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23
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Sloat MR, Reeves GH. Demographic and phenotypic responses of juvenile steelhead trout to spatial predictability of food resources. Ecology 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/13-1442.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kleeberg I, Pamminger T, Jongepier E, Papenhagen M, Foitzik S. Forewarned is forearmed: aggression and information use determine fitness costs of slave raids. Behav Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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