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Tsolakis IA, Verikokos C, Perrea D, Perlea P, Alexiou KE, Yfanti Z, Lyros I, Georgaki M, Papadopoulou E, Tsolakis AI. Effects of Diet Consistency on Rat Maxillary and Mandibular Growth within Three Generations-A Longitudinal CBCT Study. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1260. [PMID: 37759659 PMCID: PMC10526017 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, wistar rats were used to examine the impact of diet consistency on maxillary and mandibular growth over three generations. METHODS In this investigation, a breeding sample of 60 female and 8 male wistar rats was used. Measuring was only performed on female animals. The first generation's primary breeding sample consisted of 20 female wistar rats that were 30 days old and 4 male rats that were also 30 days old; two subsequent generations were created from these animals. At the age of 100 days, CBCTs were collected of all male rats. Twenty-eight craniofacial landmarks were selected for the linear measurements on stl format extracted from the DICOM files. A Bonferroni test was performed for the statistical analysis. RESULTS Means of measurements of all soft diet groups compared to corresponding measurements of the hard diet groups were significantly different. According to linear measurements, there was statistical difference on the maxillary measurements between the soft diet groups of the first and third generation, while the rest did not appear to have any statistical difference. There was significant difference for the mandibular dimensions only when the first generation soft diet group was compared with the third generation soft diet group. CONCLUSIONS Food consistency has a significant impact on the growth and development of the maxilla and mandible. Soft diet habits may result in retrognathic mandible, and narrower maxilla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A. Tsolakis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Orthodontics, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-7342, USA
| | - Christos Verikokos
- Second Department of Surgery, “Laikon Hospital”, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Despoina Perrea
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Paula Perlea
- Department of Endodontics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Konstantina-Eleni Alexiou
- Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - Zafeiroula Yfanti
- Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Lyros
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Georgaki
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Erofili Papadopoulou
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos I. Tsolakis
- Department of Orthodontics, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-7342, USA
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
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Powers AK, Hyacinthe C, Riddle MR, Kim YK, Amaismeier A, Thiel K, Martineau B, Ferrante E, Moran RL, McGaugh SE, Boggs TE, Gross JB, Tabin CJ. Genetic mapping of craniofacial traits in the Mexican tetra reveals loci associated with bite differences between cave and surface fish. BMC Ecol Evol 2023; 23:41. [PMID: 37626324 PMCID: PMC10463419 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Mexican tetra, Astyanax mexicanus, includes interfertile surface-dwelling and cave-dwelling morphs, enabling powerful studies aimed at uncovering genes involved in the evolution of cave-associated traits. Compared to surface fish, cavefish harbor several extreme traits within their skull, such as a protruding lower jaw, a wider gape, and an increase in tooth number. These features are highly variable between individual cavefish and even across different cavefish populations. RESULTS To investigate these traits, we created a novel feeding behavior assay wherein bite impressions could be obtained. We determined that fish with an underbite leave larger bite impressions with an increase in the number of tooth marks. Capitalizing on the ability to produce hybrids from surface and cavefish crosses, we investigated genes underlying these segregating orofacial traits by performing Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analysis with F2 hybrids. We discovered significant QTL for bite (underbite vs. overbite) that mapped to a single region of the Astyanax genome. Within this genomic region, multiple genes exhibit coding region mutations, some with known roles in bone development. Further, we determined that there is evidence that this genomic region is under natural selection. CONCLUSIONS This work highlights cavefish as a valuable genetic model for orofacial patterning and will provide insight into the genetic regulators of jaw and tooth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Powers
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Carole Hyacinthe
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Misty R Riddle
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Young Kwang Kim
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alleigh Amaismeier
- Department of Biology, Xavier University, 3800 Victory Pkwy., Cincinnati, OH, 45207, USA
| | - Kathryn Thiel
- Department of Biology, Xavier University, 3800 Victory Pkwy., Cincinnati, OH, 45207, USA
| | - Brian Martineau
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Emma Ferrante
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rachel L Moran
- Department of Biology, Texas A & M University, 100 Butler Hall, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Suzanne E McGaugh
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1500 Gortner Ave., Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Tyler E Boggs
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, 312 College Dr., Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Joshua B Gross
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, 312 College Dr., Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Clifford J Tabin
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Ledesma-Peraza O, Sánchez-Tito M. Comparison of the posterior teeth angulations in orthodontic patients with different facial growth patterns. J Clin Exp Dent 2023; 15:e629-e634. [PMID: 37674598 PMCID: PMC10478195 DOI: 10.4317/jced.60657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dental relationships can be affected according to the pattern of facial growth. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the angulations of posterior teeth in patients with different patterns of facial growth. Material and Methods A total of 412 lateral head radiographs were included. The facial skeletal growth pattern was evaluated with the Björk-Jarabak analysis. For the angular measurements of the posterior teeth, the apex-cusp inclination of the premolars and the long axes of the molars were considered, with respect to the occlusal, palatal and mandibular plane. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate the intra-examiner concordance. One way ANOVA was used to compare the values between the patterns of facial growth. A significance level was set at 0.05. Results A high intra-examiner correlation was observed (0.75). Subjects with horizontal and normal growth presented significantly different angulations for the first and second premolars in relation to the palatal plane than the vertical growth (p<0.05). Subjects with horizontal growth pattern showed greater angulation of the teeth with respect to the occlusal plane than the other groups (p<0.05). The angulations of all mandibular teeth related to the mandibular plane were significantly higher for the group with horizontal growth (p<0.05). Conclusions The first and second premolars presented greater angulations in subjects with horizontal and normal growth than in those with vertical growth. The angulations of all mandibular teeth were significantly higher in the horizontal growth according to the mandibular plane. Key words:Facial growth pattern, posterior tooth, occlusal plane, palatal plane, mandibular plane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Sánchez-Tito
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Privada de Tacna, Tacna, Peru
- Specialist in Orthodontics and Maxillary Orthopedics; MSc of Scientific Research and Innovation, PhD in Stomatology
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Tsolakis IA, Verikokos C, Papaioannou W, Alexiou KE, Yfanti Z, Perrea D, Tsolakis AI. Long-Term Effect of Diet Consistency on Mandibular Growth within Three Generations: A Longitudinal Cephalometric Study in Rats. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040568. [PMID: 37106767 PMCID: PMC10136091 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the effect of diet consistency on mandibular growth of Wistar rats through three generations. METHODS A total breeding sample of 60 female and 8 male Wistar rats were used in this study. Measurements took place only on female animals. Twenty female Wistar rats at 30 days old and four male rats at 30 days old comprised the primary breeding sample of the first generation, and from these animals two different generations were reproduced. Lateral cephalometric X-rays were taken from all female rats at the age of 100 days. A total of 7 craniofacial landmarks were selected for the linear measurements, and 12 curves and 90 landmarks were selected for geometric morphometric analysis of the lateral X-rays. Bonferroni test and a permutation test were performed for the statistical analysis. RESULTS Means of measurements of all soft diet groups compared to hard diet groups were significantly smaller. According to linear measurements, there was a significant difference only between the first-generation soft diet with the third-generation soft diet group. According to geometric morphometric analysis, the statistical differences appeared on the condylar process and the angle of the mandible. CONCLUSIONS The soft diet could be responsible for less mandibular growth, and this information might be passing through generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Tsolakis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54154 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Orthodontics, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Christos Verikokos
- Second Department of Surgery, "Laikon Hospital", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - William Papaioannou
- Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina-Eleni Alexiou
- Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - Zafeiroula Yfanti
- Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - Despoina Perrea
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos I Tsolakis
- Department of Orthodontics, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Orthodontics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Dentistry, 10679 Athens, Greece
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Future of Orthodontics-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Emerging Trends in This Field. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12020532. [PMID: 36675459 PMCID: PMC9861462 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12020532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Technology is rapidly evolving in the modern world, and the accompanying developments due to its influence are shaping each and every aspect of our life, with the field of orthodontics being no exception. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine such trends in orthodontics and hypothesize which ones would emerge and continue in the near future. After a thorough search of online journals using keywords such as "3D printing," "Aligners," "Artificial intelligence," "Future trends," "Orthodontics," and "Teleorthodontics" across databases of PubMed-MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus, a total of 634 papers were initially recovered. Technological advancements in 3D printing, Computer-aided design and Computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM), biopolymers and Teleorthodontics were the most important categories of development seen across the 17 studies that we selected for our review. All the investigations selected for this systematic review depicted aspects of orthodontics that were influenced by rapid technological changes and could potentially become mainstream in the coming times. However, caution was sought to be observed in the usage/adoption of some of these trends, with social media usage amongst both patients as well as orthodontists being a prime example of this.
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Ehrlich PR, Ehrlich AH. Returning to "Normal"? Evolutionary Roots of the Human Prospect. Bioscience 2022; 72:778-788. [PMID: 35923190 PMCID: PMC9343229 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Ehrlich
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Anne H Ehrlich
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
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L Blum Dc C. Category forward head posture (FHP): A multidisciplinary approach to care of craniomandibular, airway compromise, and myofascial skeletal kinematic chain disorders. Cranio 2022; 40:289-292. [PMID: 35765782 DOI: 10.1080/08869634.2022.2086360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Blum Dc
- Research Director: Sacro Occipital Technique Organization, Chiropractic Section Editor, CRANIO, Private Practice, Santa Monica, CA,USA
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Relationship between Craniocervical Posture and Sagittal Position of the Mandible: A Systematic Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12115331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Changes in craniocervical posture are a critical issue in modern society. Alterations of the mandible position in the anterior-posterior direction in association with head and neck posture are reported. The objective of the present review was to evaluate the relationship between craniocervical posture and sagittal position of the mandible and to evaluate the risk of bias inthe included studies. Electronic databases used to perform the search were PubMed, Wiley Online Library, and Cochrane. Only clinical trials that assessed sagittal craniocervical posture and mandible position in lateral cephalograms were included. Selected inclusion criteria were used to assess the finally selected studies. The upper and lower cervical spine was evaluated by seven and six studies, respectively. The risk of bias in the included studies varied from low to moderate. Literature research identified 438 records from 3 databases. Eventually, seven eligible clinical trials were included in this review. Evaluating the relationship between craniocervical posture and mandible position in the sagittal plane, it can be concluded that increased cervical inclination and head upright position are associated with the posterior position of the mandible. Attention to patients’ craniocervical posture should be paid as a part of clinical evaluation since it might be the reason for the changed mandible position.
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Lyros I, Ferdianakis E, Halazonetis D, Lykogeorgos T, Alexiou A, Alexiou KE, Georgaki M, Vardas E, Yfanti Z, Tsolakis AI. Three-Dimensional Analysis of Posterior Mandibular Displacement in Rats. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030144. [PMID: 35324872 PMCID: PMC8953185 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mandibular protrusion and its treatment is challenging for the orthodontist. The aim of the present research was to identify macroscopic changes in the mandible, based on three-dimensional Cone Beam Computed Tomography analysis. Seventy-two male Wistar rats were divided into two equal groups, experimental (group A) and control (group B). Each consisted of three equal subgroups of 12 rats (A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, B3). Full-cast orthodontic intraoral devices were attached to the maxillary incisors of the experimental animals, and effected functional posterior mandibular displacement. Throughout the experimental period, all animals were fed with mashed food. Animals were sacrificed at 30 days (A1, B1), 60 days (A2, B2) and 90 days (A3, B3). At the 60th day of the experiment, the orthodontic devices were removed from the remaining experimental subgroup A3. Measurements revealed significant differences in the anteroposterior dimensions between experimental and control subgroups. However, the observed changes in the vertical dimensions, Condylion/Go’–Menton and the Intercondylar distance proved insignificant. Posterior mandibular displacement of the mandible in growing rats affects the morphology of the mandible and culminates in the development of a smaller mandible at a grown age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Lyros
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.F.); (D.H.); (A.A.); (A.I.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Efstratios Ferdianakis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.F.); (D.H.); (A.A.); (A.I.T.)
| | - Demetrios Halazonetis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.F.); (D.H.); (A.A.); (A.I.T.)
| | | | - Antigoni Alexiou
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.F.); (D.H.); (A.A.); (A.I.T.)
| | - Konstantina-Eleni Alexiou
- Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece; (K.-E.A.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Maria Georgaki
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece; (M.G.); (E.V.)
| | - Emmanouil Vardas
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece; (M.G.); (E.V.)
| | - Zafeiroula Yfanti
- Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece; (K.-E.A.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Apostolos I. Tsolakis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.F.); (D.H.); (A.A.); (A.I.T.)
- Department of Orthodontics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Yu JL, Tangutur A, Thuler E, Evans M, Dedhia RC. The role of craniofacial maldevelopment in the modern OSA epidemic: a scoping review. J Clin Sleep Med 2022; 18:1187-1202. [PMID: 34984972 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.9866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES There is increasing recognition that environmental factors affect human craniofacial development and our risk for disease. A scoping review of the literature was performed looking at environmental influences on craniofacial development to better understand this relationship and investigate what further study is needed to determine how this relationship may impact obstructive sleep apnea. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was performed using the Ovid Medline database from inception to May, 2020 with relevance to craniofacial development in 5 clinically-oriented variables: diet, secular change, breastfeeding/non-nutritive sucking habits (NNSH), nasal obstruction/mouth breathing, and masticatory muscle function. The Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence (LoE) was used to assess studies based on study design. RESULTS 18,196 articles were initially identified, of which 260 studies were fully reviewed and 97 articles excluded. The remaining 163 articles were categorized as follows: Secular change (n = 16), Diet (n = 33), Breastfeeding/NNSH (n = 28), Nasal obstruction/Mouth breathing (n = 57), and Masticatory muscle function (n = 35). 93% of included studies reported a significant association between craniofacial morphology and environmental factors. The majority of studies were characterized as low LoE studies with 90% of studies being LoE 4 or 5. CONCLUSIONS The studies in this review suggest that environmental factors are associated with changes in craniofacial development. However, most studies were heterogeneous and low-level studies, making strong conclusions about these relationships difficult. Future rigorous studies are needed to further our understanding of environmental influences on craniofacial development and OSA risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Yu
- Division of Sleep Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA
| | - Akshay Tangutur
- Division of Sleep Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA
| | - Eric Thuler
- Division of Sleep Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA
| | - Marianna Evans
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA
| | - Raj C Dedhia
- Division of Sleep Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA
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Geiger M. Pattern and pace of morphological change due to variable human impact: the case of Japanese macaques. Primates 2021; 62:955-970. [PMID: 34403015 PMCID: PMC8526449 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-021-00933-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human impact influences morphological variation in animals, as documented in many captive and domestic animal populations. However, there are different levels of human impact, and their influence on the pattern and rate of morphological variation remains unclear. This study contributes to the ongoing debate via the examination of cranial and mandibular shape and size variation and pace of change in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). This species is ideal for tackling such questions because different wild, wild-provisioned, and captive populations have been monitored and collected over seven decades. Linear measurements were taken on 70 skulls from five populations, grouped into three 'human impact groups' (wild, wild-provisioned, and captive). This made it possible to investigate the pattern and pace of skull form changes among the human impact groups as well as over time within the populations. It was found that the overall skull shape tends to differ among the human impact groups, with captive macaques having relatively longer rostra than wild ones. Whether these differences are a result of geographic variation or variable human impact, related to nutritional supply and mechanical properties of the diet, is unclear. However, this pattern of directed changes did not seem to hold when the single captive populations were examined in detail. Although environmental conditions have probably been similar for the two examined captive populations (same captive locality), skull shape changes over the first generations in captivity were mostly different. This varying pattern, together with a consistent decrease in body size in the captive populations over generations, points to genetic drift playing a role in shaping skull shape and body size in captivity. In the captive groups investigated here, the rates of change were found to be high compared to literature records from settings featuring different degrees of human impact in different species, although they still lie in the range of field studies in a natural context. This adds to the view that human impact might not necessarily lead to particularly fast rates of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Geiger
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, CH-8006, Zurich, Switzerland.
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12
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Hassan R, Aslam Khan MU, Abdullah AM, Abd Razak SI. A Review on Current Trends of Polymers in Orthodontics: BPA-Free and Smart Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1409. [PMID: 33925332 PMCID: PMC8123702 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric materials have always established an edge over other classes of materials due to their potential applications in various fields of biomedical engineering. Orthodontics is an emerging field in which polymers have attracted the enormous attention of researchers. In particular, thermoplastic materials have a great future utility in orthodontics, both as aligners and as retainer appliances. In recent years, the use of polycarbonate brackets and base monomers bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (bis-GMA) has been associated with the potential release of bisphenol A (BPA) in the oral environment. BPA is a toxic compound that acts as an endocrine disruptor that can affect human health. Therefore, there is a continuous search for non-BPA materials with satisfactory mechanical properties and an esthetic appearance as an alternative to polycarbonate brackets and conventional bis-GMA compounds. This study aims to review the recent developments of BPA-free monomers in the application of resin dental composites and adhesives. The most promising polymeric smart materials are also discussed for their relevance to future orthodontic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozita Hassan
- Orthodontic Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia;
| | - Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Malaysia;
- Nanoscience and Technology Department (NS & TD), National Center for Physics, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Abdul Manaf Abdullah
- Orthodontic Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia;
| | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Malaysia;
- Center for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Malaysia
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Lyros I, Makrygiannakis MA, Lykogeorgos T, Ferdianakis E, Tsolakis AI. Posterior Mandibular Displacement-A Systematic Review Based on Animal Studies. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030823. [PMID: 33804016 PMCID: PMC8000001 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Treating extreme mandibular growth is challenging. The mandible is pushed backwards to address itsprotrusion. Nevertheless, conclusions after such displacement in animals have been contradictory. The aim of the present review is to present measurable alterations of the mandible and the condyle following retractionin healthy rats or rabbits. PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were accessed for relevant studies up to October 2020. Eligibility was determined by the PICOS process, while the risk of bias was estimated with SYRCLE's risk of bias tool. Retraction resulted in a more distal molar occlusion and the condyle rested more posteriorly. Mandibular anteroposterior bilateral growth restriction was achieved, the condylar process measured smaller and its angulation increased. The condylar neck thickened, its posterior surface flattened, the coronoid process was measured longer, and enlarged retromolar density was registered. Differences in the ramus height and the intercondylar distance were insignificant. Changes persisted for the period of study and subsequently the mandible resumed its inherited growth pattern. The timing of mandibular shaping and TMJ outcomes might depend on the properties of the applied force. Stability is of concern and well-structured, long-term studies are expected to resolve the issue and further clarify the results of posterior mandibular displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Lyros
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.A.M.); (E.F.); (A.I.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Miltiadis A. Makrygiannakis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.A.M.); (E.F.); (A.I.T.)
| | - Theodoros Lykogeorgos
- Paediatric Dentist, “Hatzikosta” General Hospital of Messolonghi, 30200 Messolonghi, Greece;
| | - Efstratios Ferdianakis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.A.M.); (E.F.); (A.I.T.)
| | - Apostolos I. Tsolakis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.A.M.); (E.F.); (A.I.T.)
- Department of Orthodontics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Response to “The Jaw Epidemic: Recognition, Origins, Cures, and Prevention”. Bioscience 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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15
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Homme KG, Kennedy DC, Aschner M. Pervasive, Unsafe Exposures to Mercury and Fluoride, Developmental Toxicants that Are Biologically Plausible Causal Agents in the Jaw Epidemic. Bioscience 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin G Homme
- International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology, Champions Gate, Florida
| | - David C Kennedy
- International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology, Champions Gate, Florida
| | - Michael Aschner
- Harold and Muriel Block Chair, Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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