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Nteliopoulos G, Nikolakopoulou Z, Chow BHN, Corless R, Nguyen B, Dimarakis I. Lung injury following cardiopulmonary bypass: a clinical update. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2022; 20:871-880. [PMID: 36408601 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2022.2149492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is an integral component of cardiac surgery; however, one of its most critical complications is acute lung injury induced by multiple factors including systemic inflammatory response. AREAS COVERED The objective of this review is to investigate the multiple factors that can lead to CPB-induced lung injury. These include contact of blood components with the artificial surface of the CPB circuit, local and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), lung ischemia/re-perfusion injury, arrest of ventilation, and circulating endotoxins. We also focus on possible interventions to curtail the negative impact of CPB, such as off-pump surgery, impregnation of the circuit with less biologically active substances, leukocyte depletion filters and ultrafiltration, and pharmacological agents such as steroids and aprotinin. EXPERT OPINION Although many aspects of CPB are proposed to contribute to lung injury, its overall role is still not clear. Multiple interventions have been introduced to reduce the risk of pulmonary dysfunction, with many of these interventions having shown promising results, significantly attenuating inflammatory mediators and improving post-operative outcome. However, since lung injury is multifactorial and affected by inextricably linked components, multiple interventions tackling each of them is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zacharoula Nikolakopoulou
- Department of Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bobby Hiu Nam Chow
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Bao Nguyen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK
| | - Ioannis Dimarakis
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation and Mechanical Circulatory Support, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK
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Lagier D, Fischer F, Fornier W, Fellahi JL, Colson P, Cholley B, Jaber S, Baumstarck K, Guidon C. A perioperative surgeon-controlled open-lung approach versus conventional protective ventilation with low positive end-expiratory pressure in cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (PROVECS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018; 19:624. [PMID: 30424770 PMCID: PMC6234562 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2967-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) are frequent after on-pump cardiac surgery. Cardiac surgery results in a complex pulmonary insult leading to high susceptibility to perioperative pulmonary atelectasis. For technical reasons, ventilator settings interact with the surgical procedure and traditionally, low levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) have been used. The objective is to compare a perioperative, multimodal and surgeon-controlled open-lung approach with conventional protective ventilation with low PEEP to prevent PPCs in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods/design The perioperative open-lung protective ventilation in cardiac surgery (PROVECS) trial is a multicenter, two-arm, randomized controlled trial. In total, 494 patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and aortic cross-clamp will be randomized into one of the two treatment arms. In the experimental group, systematic recruitment maneuvers and perioperative high PEEP (8 cmH2O) are associated with ultra-protective ventilation during CPB. In this group, the settings of the ventilator are controlled by surgeons in relation to standardized protocol deviations. In the control group, no recruitment maneuvers, low levels of PEEP (2 cmH2O) and continuous positive airway pressure during CPB (2 cmH2O) are used. Low tidal volumes (6–8 mL/kg of predicted body weight) are used before and after CPB in each group. The primary endpoint is a composite of the single PPCs evaluated during the first 7 postoperative days. Discussion The PROVECS trial will be the first multicenter randomized controlled trial to evaluate the impact of a perioperative and multimodal open-lung ventilatory strategy on the occurrence of PPCs after on-pump cardiac surgery. The trial design includes standardized surgeon-controlled protocol deviations that guarantee a pragmatic approach. The results will help anesthesiologists and surgeons aiming to optimize ventilatory settings during cardiac surgery. Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov, NCT 02866578. Registered on 15 August 2016. Last updated 11 July 2017. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-018-2967-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lagier
- Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, La Timone University Hospital, AP-HM and Aix-Marseille University, 264 rue saint Pierre, 13005, cedex 5, Marseille, France.
| | - François Fischer
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Anesthesiology, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
| | - William Fornier
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Louis Pradel University Hospital and University Claude Bernard, 28 Avenue du Doyen Lépine, 69677, Bron, France
| | - Jean-Luc Fellahi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Louis Pradel University Hospital and University Claude Bernard, 28 Avenue du Doyen Lépine, 69677, Bron, France
| | - Pascal Colson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Arnaud de Villeneuve University Hospital, 371 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Cholley
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP and University Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 20 Rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Samir Jaber
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Saint Eloi University Hospital, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Karine Baumstarck
- Unité de Recherche EA3279, Aix-Marseille University, 27 bd Jean Moulin, Marseille, cedex 5, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Guidon
- Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, La Timone University Hospital, AP-HM and Aix-Marseille University, 264 rue saint Pierre, 13005, cedex 5, Marseille, France
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Changes in Stroke Volume Induced by Lung Recruitment Maneuver Predict Fluid Responsiveness in Mechanically Ventilated Patients in the Operating Room. Anesthesiology 2017; 126:260-267. [DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000001459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Lung recruitment maneuver induces a decrease in stroke volume, which is more pronounced in hypovolemic patients. The authors hypothesized that the magnitude of stroke volume reduction through lung recruitment maneuver could predict preload responsiveness.
Methods
Twenty-eight mechanically ventilated patients with low tidal volume during general anesthesia were included. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, stroke volume, and pulse pressure variations were recorded before lung recruitment maneuver (application of continuous positive airway pressure of 30 cm H2O for 30 s), during lung recruitment maneuver when stroke volume reached its minimal value, and before and after volume expansion (250 ml saline, 0.9%, infused during 10 min). Patients were considered as responders to fluid administration if stroke volume increased greater than or equal to 10%.
Results
Sixteen patients were responders. Lung recruitment maneuver induced a significant decrease in mean arterial pressure and stroke volume in both responders and nonresponders. Changes in stroke volume induced by lung recruitment maneuver were correlated with those induced by volume expansion (r2 = 0.56; P < 0.0001). A 30% decrease in stroke volume during lung recruitment maneuver predicted fluid responsiveness with a sensitivity of 88% (95% CI, 62 to 98) and a specificity of 92% (95% CI, 62 to 99). Pulse pressure variations more than 6% before lung recruitment maneuver discriminated responders with a sensitivity of 69% (95% CI, 41 to 89) and a specificity of 75% (95% CI, 42 to 95). The area under receiver operating curves generated for changes in stroke volume induced by lung recruitment maneuver (0.96; 95% CI, 0.81 to 0.99) was significantly higher than that for pulse pressure variations (0.72; 95% CI, 0.52 to 0.88; P < 0.05).
Conclusions
The authors’ study suggests that the magnitude of stroke volume decrease during lung recruitment maneuver could predict preload responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients in the operating room.
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Abstract
Over the past two decades there has been a steady evolution in the practice of adult cardiac surgery with the introduction of “off-pump” surgery. However, respiratory complications remain a leading cause of postcardiac surgical morbidity and can prolong hospital stays and increase costs. The high incidence of pulmonary complications is in part due to the disruption of normal ventilatory function that is inherent to surgery in the thoracic region. Furthermore, patients undergoing such surgery often have underlying illnesses such as intrinsic lung disease (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and pulmonary dysfunction secondary to cardiac disease (e.g., congestive heart failure) that increase their susceptibility to postoperative respiratory problems. Given that many patients undergoing cardiac surgery are thus susceptiple to pulmonary complications, it is remarkable that more patients do not suffer from them during and after cardiac surgery. This is to a large degree because of advances in anesthetic, surgical and critical care that, for example, have reduced the physiological insults of surgery (e.g., better myocardial preservation techniques) and streamlined care in the immediate postoperative period (e.g., early extubation). Moreover, the development of minimally invasive surgery and nonbypass techniques are further evidence of the attempts at reducing the homeostatic disruptions of cardiac surgery. This review examines the available information on the incidences, consequences, and treatments of postcardiac surgery respiratory complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Weissman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University School of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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5
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Beer L, Szerafin T, Mitterbauer A, Debreceni T, Maros T, Dworschak M, Roth GA, Ankersmit HJ. Continued mechanical ventilation during coronary artery bypass graft operation attenuates the systemic immune response. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2012; 44:282-7. [DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezs659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Ng CS, Wan S, Wan IY, Hui CW, Wong RH, Ho AM, Underwood MJ. Ventilation during Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Impact on Neutrophil Activation and Pulmonary Sequestration. J INVEST SURG 2009; 22:333-9. [DOI: 10.1080/08941930903214776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Calvin S.H. Ng
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Song Wan
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Innes Y.P. Wan
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Connie W.C. Hui
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Randolph H.L. Wong
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Anthony M.H. Ho
- Department of Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Malcolm J. Underwood
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
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Alveolar recruitment strategy during cardiopulmonary bypass does not improve postoperative gas exchange and lung function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 9:1-5. [PMID: 19259813 DOI: 10.1007/s10558-009-9063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary dysfunction with impairment of lung function and oxygenation is one of the most serious problems in the early postoperative period after cardiac surgery. In this study we investigated the effect of alveolar recruitment strategy during cardiopulmonary bypass on postoperative gas exchange and lung function. This prospective randomized study included 32 patients undergoing elective myocardial revascularization with cardiopulmonary bypass. In 16 patients 5 cm H(2)O of positive end-expiratory pressure was applied after intubation and maintained until extubation (Group I). In the other 16 patients (group II) a positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 cm H(2)O was maintained as well but was increased to 14 cm H(2)O every 20 min for 2 min during cross clamp. Measurements were taken preoperatively, before skin incision, before and after (3, 24, 48 h) cardiopulmonary bypass and before discharge (6th postoperative day). Postoperative gas exchange, extravascular lung water and lung function showed no significant difference between the groups. Postoperative pulmonary function variables were lower in both groups compared to baseline values. In patients with normal preoperative pulmonary function, application of an alveolar recruitment strategy during cardiopulmonary bypass does not improve postoperative gas exchange and lung function after cardiac surgery.
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Prevention of pulmonary dysfunction after cardiac surgery by a vital capacity maneuver: is it so simple? Crit Care Med 2009; 37:762-3. [PMID: 19325377 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e318194dee3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Carvalho EMF, Gabriel EA, Salerno TA. Pulmonary protection during cardiac surgery: systematic literature review. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2009; 16:503-7. [PMID: 18984765 DOI: 10.1177/021849230801600617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury occurs during heart surgery in which cardiopulmonary bypass is used. Current knowledge of the factors contributing to postoperative pulmonary dysfunction and the measures to avoid it are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enisa M F Carvalho
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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Ventilation During Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Impact on Cytokine Response and Cardiopulmonary Function. Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 85:154-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2007] [Revised: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chalhoub V, Yazigi A, Sleilaty G, Haddad F, Noun R, Madi-Jebara S, Yazbeck P. Effect of vital capacity manoeuvres on arterial oxygenation in morbidly obese patients undergoing open bariatric surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2006; 24:283-8. [PMID: 17087847 DOI: 10.1017/s0265021506001529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arterial oxygenation may be compromised in morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a vital capacity manoeuvre (VCM), followed by ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), on arterial oxygenation in morbidly obese patients undergoing open bariatric surgery. METHODS Fifty-two morbidly obese patients (body mass index >40 kg m-2) undergoing open bariatric surgery were enrolled in this prospective and randomized study. Anaesthesia and surgical techniques were standardized. Patients were ventilated with a tidal volume of 10 mL kg-1 of ideal body weight, a mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide (FiO2 = 40%) and respiratory rate was adjusted to maintain end-tidal carbon dioxide at a level of 30-35 mmHg. After abdominal opening, patients in Group 1 had a PEEP of 8 cm H2O applied and patients in Group 2 had a VCM followed by PEEP of 8 cm H2O. This manoeuvre was defined as lung inflation by a positive inspiratory pressure of 40 cm H2O maintained for 15 s. PEEP was maintained until extubation in the two groups. Haemodynamics, ventilatory and arterial oxygenation parameters were measured at the following times: T0 = before application of VCM and/or PEEP, T1 = 5 min after VCM and/or PEEP and T2 = before abdominal closure. RESULTS Patients in the two groups were comparable regarding patient characteristics, surgical, haemodynamic and ventilatory parameters. In Group 1, arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) and arterial haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2) were significantly increased and alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure gradient (A-aDO2) decreased at T2 when compared with T0 and T1. In Group 2, PaO2 and SaO2 were significantly increased and A-aDO2 decreased at T1 and T2 when compared with T0. Arterial oxygenation parameters at T1 and T2 were significantly improved in Group 2 when compared with Group 1. CONCLUSION The addition of VCM to PEEP improves intraoperative arterial oxygenation in morbidly obese patients undergoing open bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Chalhoub
- Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Minkovich L, Djaiani G, Katznelson R, Day F, Fedorko L, Tan J, Carroll J, Cheng D, Karski J. Effects of alveolar recruitment on arterial oxygenation in patients after cardiac surgery: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2006; 21:375-8. [PMID: 17544889 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pulmonary atelectasis and hypoxemia remain considerable problems after cardiac surgery. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of consecutive vital capacity maneuvers (C-VCMs) to improve oxygenation in patients after cardiac surgery. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, controlled clinical trial. SETTING Tertiary referral teaching center. PARTICIPANTS Ninety-five patients requiring elective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). INTERVENTION Patients were randomly allocated to either C-VCM or control groups. In the C-VCM group, lung inflation at pressure of 35 cmH(2)O was sustained for 15 seconds before separation from CPB and at 30 cmH(2)O for 5 seconds after admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The primary outcome was the ratio of arterial oxygen tension to inspired oxygen fraction measured at the following predetermined time intervals: after induction of anesthesia, 15 minutes after separation from CPB, after admission to the ICU, after 3 hours of positive-pressure ventilation, after extubation, and before ICU discharge. C-VCM resulted in better arterial oxygenation extending from the immediate postoperative period to approximately 24 hours after surgery at the time of ICU discharge. There were no significant adverse events related to C-VCM application. CONCLUSION C-VCM is an effective method to reduce hypoxemia associated with the formation of atelectasis after cardiac surgery with CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Minkovich
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Nielsen J, Nilsson M, Fredén F, Hultman J, Alström U, Kjaergaard J, Hedenstierna G, Larsson A. Central hemodynamics during lung recruitment maneuvers at hypovolemia, normovolemia and hypervolemia. A study by echocardiography and continuous pulmonary artery flow measurements in lung-injured pigs. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32:585-94. [PMID: 16520996 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-006-0082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The impact of lung-recruitment maneuvers on heart function at different volemic levels has not been studied in detail. We therefore investigated the effect on central hemodynamics of lung recruitment maneuvers at hypovolemia, normovolemia and hypervolemia in experimental lung injury. DESIGN Randomized, controlled, cross-over experimental study. SETTING Animal laboratory at a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS Eleven anesthetized and lung-lavaged pigs. INTERVENTION The animals were randomized to 10-s lung recruitment maneuvers followed by 30-s maneuvers (40 cm H(2)O airway pressure) or vice versa, performed under hypovolemia, normovolemia and hypervolemia. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Left-ventricular end-diastolic diameter and cardiac output were measured before, during, and 1 min and 5 min after the lung recruitment maneuver and left-ventricular eccentricity index was calculated for before and during the maneuver. Cardiac output and left-ventricular end-diastolic diameter (within parentheses) decreased significantly during both the 10-s and 30-s lung recruitment maneuvers at hypovolemia, by a mean of 89% (35) and 92% (33), at normovolemia by 75% (33) and 86% (32), and at hypervolemia by 56% (32) and 64% (43), respectively. At hypovolemia, cardiac output was increased above baseline 1-5 min following the 30-s maneuver. Left-ventricular eccentricity index increased significantly during the maneuver, indicating right ventricular dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS In this animal lung injury model, lung recruitment maneuvers significantly decreased left-ventricular end-diastolic volume and cardiac output at hypovolemia. Hypervolemia did partly counteract this compromise. In addition, a marked right-ventricular dysfunction during the maneuver was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Nielsen
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Niels Andersensvej 65, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark.
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Ferrante MA, Asiaii A, Ishii M, Roberts DA, Edvinsson JM, Jalali A, Spector ZZ, Meisel F, Rizi RR. An evaluation of pulmonary atelectasis and its re-expansion. Acad Radiol 2003; 10:1283-90. [PMID: 14626303 DOI: 10.1016/s1076-6332(03)00469-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Atelectasis, the collapse of small airways, is a significant clinical problem. We use hyperpolarized (HP) 3He magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or HP 3He MRI, to describe atelectasis in the normal Yorkshire pig, the pig with atelectasis, and the pig with re-expansion of atelectasis. We compare HP 3He MRI findings with depictions of atelectasis by proton MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS During end-expiration in the anesthetized and paralyzed Yorkshire pig (n = 6), HP 3He gas produced by the optical pumping spin-exchange method, was delivered via an endotracheal tube. For two separate groups, atelectasis was either induced by Fogarty-catheter occlusion balloon inflation (n = 3), or lateral chest wall administration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (n = 3). MRI was performed at time zero, at 5, 9, 13, 15, and 19 minutes after atelectasis production, 30 minutes after balloon deflation, and 10 and 30 minutes after recruitment of atelectatic areas with increased tidal volumes and added positive end-expiratory pressure. High-resolution, cross-sectional MR images were procured, and comparison was made with the traditional proton MRI. RESULTS Atelectatic areas by HP 3He MRI were easily distinguishable in both subject groups, and correlated with those located by proton MR. HP 3He MR images showed absence of ventilation, whereas proton MR images depicted dense, white areas. Re-expansion of atelectasis was well delineated by HP 3He MRI. CONCLUSION HP 3He MRI may overcome many of the shortcomings of other well-established radiographic methods. HP 3He MRI is a novel, informative method for describing atelectasis and its re-expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Ferrante
- Harbor/UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Department of Anesthesiology, 1000 West Carson Blvd, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
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15
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Abstract
Postoperative lung injury is one of the most frequent complications of cardiac surgery that impacts significantly on health-care expenditures and largely has been believed to result from the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). However, recent comparative studies between conventional and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting have indicated that CPB itself may not be the major contributor to the development of postoperative pulmonary dysfunction. In our study, we review the associated physiologic, biochemical, and histologic changes, with particular reference to the current understanding of underlying mechanisms. Intraoperative modifications aiming at limiting lung injury are discussed. The potential benefits of maintaining ventilation and pulmonary artery perfusion during CPB warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin S H Ng
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
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Magnusson L, Tenling A, Lemoine R, Högman M, Tydén H, Hedenstierna G. The safety of one, or repeated, vital capacity maneuvers during general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2000; 91:702-7. [PMID: 10960404 DOI: 10.1097/00000539-200009000-00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A vital capacity maneuver (VCM) (inflating the lungs to 40 cm H(2)O for 15 s) is effective in relieving atelectasis during general anesthesia or after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The study was undertaken to investigate the safety of one or repeated VCM. Five groups of six pigs were studied. Two groups had general anesthesia for 6 h and one group received a VCM every hour. Three other groups received CPB. VCM was performed after CPB in two of these groups. VCM was then repeated every hour in one of the groups. Lung damage was evaluated by extravascular lung water (EVLW) measurement, light microscopy, and the half-time (T(1/2)) of disappearance from the lung of a nebulized aerosol containing (99m)Tc-DTPA. No changes were noted in extravascular lung water. The pigs subjected to VCM decreased their T(1/2). In the groups exposed to repeated VCM, T(1/2) remained lowered (CPB pigs) or decreased over time (non-CPB pigs). No lung damage could be seen on the morphology study. These results suggest that one VCM is a safe procedure. The increase in lung clearance of (99m)Tc-DTPA not associated with an increase in lung water when VCM is repeated may have been caused by an increase in lung volume. Therefore, repeated VCM also appears to be safe. IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrates in an animal model that inflating the lung once or repeatedly to the vital capacity is a safe procedure. This maneuver, also called the vital capacity maneuver, can be used to relieve lung collapse which occurs in all patients during general anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Magnusson
- Departments of Clinical Physiology, Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, and Clinical Physiology, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden.
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Magnusson L, Tenling A, Lemoine R, Högman M, Tydén H, Hedenstierna G. The Safety of One, or Repeated, Vital Capacity Maneuvers During General Anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2000. [DOI: 10.1213/00000539-200009000-00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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