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Grant AH, Terminel MA, Ramos J, Alatorre LF, Castañeda E. Electrical Stimulation Evokes Rotational Behavior In Tandem with Exocytotic-like Increases in Dopamine Measured by In Vivo Intracerebral Microdialysis. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 346:108894. [PMID: 32771372 PMCID: PMC7606747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrical Stimulation is a traditional tool in neuroscience and is commonly used in vivo to evoke behavior and in vitro to study neural mechanisms. In vivo intracerebral microdialysis, also a traditional technique, is used to assay neurotransmitter release. However, the combination of these techniques is highly limited to studies using anesthetized animals; therefore, evoking and measuring exocytotic neurotransmitter release in awake models is lacking. Combining these techniques in an awake animal preparation is presented here with evidence to support the mechanistic action of electrical stimulation in vivo. NEW METHODS This report presents converging evidence to validate the combination of intracerebral electrical stimulation with microdialysis as a novel procedure to study exocytotic-like dopamine release in behaving animals. RESULTS It is shown that electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle can be used to evoke frequency- and intensity-dependent exocytotic-like dopamine overflow and rotational behavior that are sensitive to Na+ channel blockade and Ca++ availability. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Studies using modern techniques to evoke neurotransmitter release, combined with in vivo intracerebral microdialysis, and measured behavioral output are scarce. In contrast, commonly used pharmacological methods often are less precise and inefficient to evoke exocytotic dopamine release and behavior. Here we demonstrate, the combination of in vivo intracerebral microdialysis with electrical stimulation as a simple approach to simultaneously assess physiologically relevant neurotransmitter 'release' and behavior. CONCLUSIONS Research that aims to understand how dopamine neurotransmission is altered in behavioral disorders can utilize this innovative combination of electrical stimulation with in vivo intracerebral microdialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice H Grant
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave, El Paso, TX, USA.
| | - Mabel A Terminel
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave, El Paso, TX, USA.
| | - Jeremiah Ramos
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave, El Paso, TX, USA.
| | - Luisa F Alatorre
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave, El Paso, TX, USA.
| | - Edward Castañeda
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave, El Paso, TX, USA; Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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van den Brink WJ, Palic S, Köhler I, de Lange ECM. Access to the CNS: Biomarker Strategies for Dopaminergic Treatments. Pharm Res 2018; 35:64. [PMID: 29450650 PMCID: PMC5814527 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2333-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite substantial research carried out over the last decades, it remains difficult to understand the wide range of pharmacological effects of dopaminergic agents. The dopaminergic system is involved in several neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. This complex system features multiple pathways implicated in emotion and cognition, psychomotor functions and endocrine control through activation of G protein-coupled dopamine receptors. This review focuses on the system-wide effects of dopaminergic agents on the multiple biochemical and endocrine pathways, in particular the biomarkers (i.e., indicators of a pharmacological process) that reflect these effects. Dopaminergic treatments developed over the last decades were found to be associated with numerous biochemical pathways in the brain, including the norepinephrine and the kynurenine pathway. Additionally, they have shown to affect peripheral systems, for example the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Dopaminergic agents thus have a complex and broad pharmacological profile, rendering drug development challenging. Considering the complex system-wide pharmacological profile of dopaminergic agents, this review underlines the needs for systems pharmacology studies that include: i) proteomics and metabolomics analysis; ii) longitudinal data evaluation and mathematical modeling; iii) pharmacokinetics-based interpretation of drug effects; iv) simultaneous biomarker evaluation in the brain, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma; and v) specific attention to condition-dependent (e.g., disease) pharmacology. Such approach is considered essential to increase our understanding of central nervous system (CNS) drug effects and substantially improve CNS drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Johan van den Brink
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Semra Palic
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Köhler
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth Cunera Maria de Lange
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Taharabaru S, Satomoto M, Tamura T, Adachi YU. Smaller effect of propofol than sevoflurane anesthesia on dopamine turnover induced by methamphetamine and nomifensine in the rat striatum: an in vivo microdialysis study. Exp Anim 2017; 67:147-153. [PMID: 29176298 PMCID: PMC5955746 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.17-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile anesthetics accelerate dopamine turnover in the brain, especially when used in
conjunction with psychotropic agents such as methamphetamine and nomifensine. The effect
of intravenous propofol anesthesia on the extracellular dopamine concentrations is
unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two anesthetics on the
extracellular concentrations of dopamine and metabolites using an in vivo
microdialysis model. Male Sprague Dawley rats were implanted with a microdialysis probe
into the right striatum. The probe was perfused with modified Ringer’s solution, and the
dialysate was directly injected into a high-performance liquid chromatography system every
20 min. The rats were intraperitoneally administered saline, methamphetamine at 2 mg/kg,
or nomifensine at 10 mg/kg. After treatment, the rats were anesthetized with intravenous
propofol (20 mg/kg followed by 25 or 50 mg/kg/h) or inhalational sevoflurane (2.5%) for 1
h. Propofol showed no effect on the extracellular concentration of dopamine during
anesthesia; however, propofol decreased the dopamine concentration after anesthesia in the
high-dose group. Sevoflurane anesthesia increased the concentration of metabolites.
Systemic administration of methamphetamine and nomifensine increased the extracellular
concentration of dopamine. Sevoflurane anesthesia significantly enhanced the increase in
the dopamine concentration induced by both methamphetamine and nomifensine, whereas
propofol anesthesia showed no effect on the methamphetamine- and nomifensine-induced
dopamine increase during anesthesia. The enhancing effect of psychotropic agent-induced
acceleration of dopamine turnover was smaller for propofol anesthesia than for sevoflurane
anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Taharabaru
- Department of Anesthesia, Nagoya University Hospital, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Maiko Satomoto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tamura
- Department of Anesthesia, Nagoya University Hospital, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yushi U Adachi
- Departemnt of Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showaku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
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Kimura-Kuroiwa K, Adachi YU, Mimuro S, Obata Y, Kawamata M, Sato S, Matsuda N. The effect of aging on dopamine release and metabolism during sevoflurane anesthesia in rat striatum: an in vivo microdialysis study. Brain Res Bull 2012; 89:223-30. [PMID: 22960643 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that halothane anesthesia increases extracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA) metabolites in rat striatum using in vivo microdialysis techniques. Aging induces many changes in the brain, including neurotransmission. However, the relationship between aging and changes in neurotransmitter release during inhalational anesthesia has not been fully investigated. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of sevoflurane on methamphetamine (MAPT)-induced DA release and metabolism in young and middle-aged rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with a microdialysis probe into the right striatum. The probe was perfused with a modified Ringer's solution and 40μl of dialysate was directly injected to an HPLC every 20min. Rats were administered saline, the same volume of 2mgkg(-1) MAPT intraperitoneally, or 5μM MAPT locally perfused. After treatments, the rats were anesthetized with 1% or 3% sevoflurane for 1h. Sevoflurane anesthesia significantly increased the extracellular concentration of DA only in middle-aged rats (52-weeks-old). In young rats (8-weeks-old), sevoflurane significantly enhanced MAPT-induced DA when administered both intraperitoneally and perfused locally, whereas no significant additive interaction was found in middle-aged rats. These results suggest that aging changes DA release and metabolism in rat brains primarily by decreasing the DA transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Kimura-Kuroiwa
- 2nd Department of Anesthesia, Nagano Red Cross Hospital, Wakasato, Nagano, Nagano, Japan
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Kimura-Kuroiwa K, Adachi YU, Mimuro S, Kawamata M, Sato S, Matsuda N. Pentobarbital Decreased Nitric Oxide Release in the Rat Striatum but Ketamine Increased the Release Independent of Cholinergic Regulation. Exp Anim 2012; 61:165-70. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.61.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yushi U. Adachi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital
| | - Soichiro Mimuro
- Department of Anesthesia and Resuscitation, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
| | - Mikito Kawamata
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Shinshu University School of Medicine
| | - Shigehito Sato
- Department of Anesthesia and Resuscitation, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
| | - Naoyuki Matsuda
- Department of Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
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Müller CP, Pum ME, Amato D, Schüttler J, Huston JP, De Souza Silva MA. The in vivo neurochemistry of the brain during general anesthesia. J Neurochem 2011; 119:419-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Okada M, Nakao R, Hosoi R, Zhang MR, Fukumura T, Suzuki K, Inoue O. Microdialysis with radiometric monitoring of L-[β-11C]DOPA to assess dopaminergic metabolism: effect of inhibitors of L-amino acid decarboxylase, monoamine oxidase, and catechol-O-methyltransferase on rat striatal dialysate. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:124-31. [PMID: 20407462 PMCID: PMC3049477 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The catecholamine, dopamine (DA), is synthesized from 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). Dopamine metabolism is regulated by monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). To measure dopaminergic metabolism, we used microdialysis with radiometric detection to monitor L-[β-(11)C]DOPA metabolites in the extracellular space of the rat striatum. We also evaluated the effects of AADC, MAO, and COMT inhibitors on metabolite profiles. The major early species measured after administration of L-[β-(11)C]DOPA were [(11)C]3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid ([(11)C]DOPAC) and [(11)C]homovanillic acid ([(11)C]HVA) in a 1:1 ratio, which shifted toward [(11)C]HVA with time. An AADC inhibitor increased the uptake of L-[β-(11)C]DOPA and L-3-O-methyl-[(11)C]DOPA and delayed the accumulation of [(11)C]DOPAC and [(11)C]HVA. The MAO and COMT inhibitors increased the production of [(11)C]3-methoxytyramine and [(11)C]DOPAC, respectively. These results reflect the L-DOPA metabolic pathway, suggesting that this method may be useful for assessing dopaminergic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Okada
- Molecular Probe Group, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
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The Constitutive Activity of 5-HT2C Receptors as an Additional Modality of Interaction of the Serotonergic System. 5-HT2C RECEPTORS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CNS DISEASE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-941-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Mochizuki T, Kim J, Sasaki K. Microinjection of neuropeptide S into the rat ventral tegmental area induces hyperactivity and increases extracellular levels of dopamine metabolites in the nucleus accumbens shell. Peptides 2010; 31:926-31. [PMID: 20156501 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2010] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The newly identified neuropeptide S (NPS) is mainly expressed in a group of neurons located between the locus coeruleus and Barrington's nucleus in the brainstem. Central administration of NPS increases motor activity and wakefulness, and it decreases anxiety-like behavior and feeding. The NPS receptor (NPSR) is widely distributed in various brain regions including the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The mesolimbic dopaminergic system originates in the VTA, and activation of the system produces hypermotor activity. Therefore, we hypothesized that NPS-induced hypermotor activity might be mediated by activation of the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway via the NPSR expressed in the VTA. Intra-VTA injection of NPS significantly and dose-dependently increased horizontal and vertical motor activity in rats, and the hyperactivity was significantly and dose-dependently inhibited by pre-administration of sulpiride, a DA D(2)-like receptor antagonist, into the shell of the nucleus accumbens (NAcSh). Intra-VTA injection of NPS also significantly increased extracellular 3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl acetic acid and homovanillic acid levels in the NAcSh of freely moving rats. These results support the idea that NPS activates the mesolimbic dopaminergic system presumably via the NPSR located in the VTA, thereby stimulating motor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Mochizuki
- Division of Bio-Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
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Adachi YU, Yamada S, Satomoto M, Higuchi H, Watanabe K, Kazama T, Mimuro S, Sato S. Isoflurane anesthesia inhibits clozapine- and risperidone-induced dopamine release and anesthesia-induced changes in dopamine metabolism was modified by fluoxetine in the rat striatum: an in vivo microdialysis study. Neurochem Int 2007; 52:384-91. [PMID: 17719143 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have reported that halothane anesthesia increases the extracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA) metabolites in the rat striatum using in vivo microdialysis techniques, and we have suggested that volatile anesthetics affect DA release and metabolism in various ways. The present investigation assesses the effect of isoflurane, widely used in clinical anesthesia, on DA release and metabolism. A microdialysis probe was implanted in the striatum of male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=5-7 per group). After recovery, the probe was perfused with modified Ringer's solution and 40 microl of dialysate were injected into a high performance liquid chromatograph every 20 min. The rats were given saline or the same volume of 10 mg kg(-1) clozapine, risperidone, fluoxetine or citalopram. After the pharmacological treatment, the rats were anesthetized with 1.0% or 2.5% isoflurane for 1h. The data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). For each drug with significant (p<0.05) drug-time interactions, the statistical analysis included one-way ANOVA and Newman-Keuls post hoc comparisons. A high concentration of isoflurane (2.5%) anesthesia increased the extracellular concentration of DA metabolites during emergence from anesthesia. The levels of DA metabolites increased in an isoflurane concentration-dependent manner. Isoflurane attenuated DA release induced by clozapine and risperidone. Fluoxetine, but not citalopram, antagonized the isoflurane-induced increase in metabolites. The results of current investigation suggest that isoflurane enhances presynaptic DA metabolism, and that the oxidation of DA might be partially modulated by the activities of the dopaminergic-serotonergic pathway at a presynaptic site in the rat striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi U Adachi
- Intensive Care Unit of University Hospital, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu city, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
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Andersson DR, Nissbrandt H, Bergquist F. Partial depletion of dopamine in substantia nigra impairs motor performance without altering striatal dopamine neurotransmission. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 24:617-24. [PMID: 16903863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous data indicate that the release of somatodendritic dopamine in substantia nigra influences motor activity and coordination, but the relative importance of somatodendritic dopamine release vs. terminal striatal dopamine release remains to be determined. We utilized simultaneous measurement of dopamine neurotransmission by microdialysis and motor performance assessment by rotarod test to investigate the effects of local dopamine depletion in rats. The vesicular monoamine transporter inhibitor tetrabenazine (100 microm) was administered locally in substantia nigra as well as in striatum. Nigral tetrabenazine administration decreased nigral dopamine dialysate concentrations to 7% of baseline and whole-tissue dopamine content by 60%. Nigral dopamine depletion was associated with a reduction in motor performance to 73 +/- 6% of pretreatment value, but did not alter dialysate dopamine concentrations in the ipsilateral striatum. Striatal tetrabenazine administration decreased striatal dopamine dialysate concentrations to 5% of baseline and doubled the somatodendritic dopamine response to motor activity, but it was not associated with changes in motor performance or dopamine content in striatal tissue. Simultaneous treatment of substantia nigra and striatum reduced motor performance to 58 +/- 5% of the pretreatment value. The results of this study indicate that partial depletion of nigral dopamine stores can significantly impair motor functions, and that increased nigral dopamine release can counteract minor impairments of striatal dopamine transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Andersson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Box 431, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Adachi YU, Yamada S, Satomoto M, Watanabe K, Higuchi H, Kazama T, Doi M, Sato S. Pentobarbital inhibits l-DOPA-induced dopamine increases in the rat striatum: An in vivo microdialysis study. Brain Res Bull 2006; 69:593-6. [PMID: 16647588 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pentobarbital is reported to inhibit ketamine-induced dopamine (DA) release in the rat nucleus accumbens. The accumbens is a part of the limbic dopaminergic system in the brain, and the dopaminergic neural activity of other components may also be sensitive to pentobarbital. We investigated the effect of pentobarbital administration on DA release in the striatum known as DA-rich basal ganglia, and the interaction between pentobarbital and L-DOPA, using in vivo microdialysis techniques. Male SD rats were implanted microdialysis probe into the right striatum. The probe was perfused with modified Ringer's solution and dialysate was directly injected to an HPLC. Every group of rats was consisted of six to seven animals. In the first experiment, rats were given saline, 25 and 50 mg kg(-1) pentobarbital. The second, each rat was given a local administration of 2 and 5 microg ml(-1) of L-DOPA with perfusate. Finally, other sets of rats were given 5 microg ml(-1) of L-DOPA and 25, 50, or 100 mg kg(-1) pentobarbital. Pentobarbital anaesthesia decreased the extracellular concentration of DA, and local administration of L-DOPA significantly increased DA concentration. Pretreatment with pentobarbital diminished the L-DOPA-induced DA increase. The results of the present investigation demonstrate that administration of pentobarbital might inhibit dopaminergic neural activity not only in the nucleus accumbens but also in the rat striatum. Pentobarbital anaesthesia antagonizes DA increase induced by L-DOPA and suggests the inhibition of metabolism of L-DOPA. The results of some animal experiments on dopaminergic activity under pentobarbital anaesthesia should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi U Adachi
- Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
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