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Calder Stegemann KJ, Lewis L. Complementary Care Collaboration: A Call to Action. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE 2024; 30:416-419. [PMID: 38265479 DOI: 10.1089/jicm.2023.0558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Collaboration among members of a client's/patient's wellness team is a key goal for effective service delivery, and yet often remains elusive. It is proposed that complementary health care practitioners are well situated to lead the way in collaboration. In this article, a framework for how practitioners in any discipline can begin to develop these professional collaborations is presented-NOTP! Network, openness, time, patience. It is a call to action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim J Calder Stegemann
- School of Education, Faculty of Education and Social Work, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lora Lewis
- Strength in Balance, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
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Silva LDS, Sousa AFD, de Carvalho DHF, Kalinke LP. Non-pharmacological therapies for cancer patients in Portugal and Brazil: an experience report. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2023; 57:e20230091. [PMID: 37738314 PMCID: PMC10516480 DOI: 10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2023-0091en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the experience of nurses from a center in Portugal and two in Brazil regarding the use of non-pharmacological therapies in cancer patients. METHOD This is a professional experience report. RESULTS In the Portuguese institution, a group of nurses has been performing massage therapy, reflexology, postural teaching, thermotherapy, relaxation, guided imagery, Reiki, music therapy, aromatherapy, among others, for 17 years, with significant results in pain and vital signs with satisfactory perceptions. In Brazil, the clinical application is incipient, clinical studies with auriculotherapy, relaxation with guided imagery and floral therapy are taking place, with significant results for physical symptoms, anxiety, and quality of life improvement. CONCLUSION In both countries, nurses have made efforts to implement non-pharmacological therapies. While in the Portuguese reality they have been formally institutionalized in care, in Brazil the therapies take place with voluntary work and through intervention research. This report can encourage the translation of autonomous practice to clinical studies for proposing evidence of therapies in Integrative Oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel dos Santos Silva
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Programa de Pós-graduação em Enfermagem, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Mutombo PN, Kasilo OMJ, James PB, Wardle J, Kunle O, Katerere D, Wambebe C, Matsabisa MG, Rahmatullah M, Nikiema JB, Mukankubito I, Sheridan R, Sanogo R, Nissapatorn V, Sivakorn C, Tripathy S, Goyal R, Dhobi M. Experiences and challenges of African traditional medicine: lessons from COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:e010813. [PMID: 37558269 PMCID: PMC10414097 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Management of COVID-19 in Africa is challenging due to limited resources, including the high cost of vaccines, diagnostics, medical devices and routine pharmaceuticals. These challenges, in addition to wide acceptability, have resulted in increased use of herbal medicines based on African traditional medicines (ATMs) by patients in Africa. This is in spite of the often-significant gaps in evidence regarding these traditional medicines as to their efficacy and safety for COVID-19. African scientists, with some support from their governments, and guidance from WHO and other bodies, are addressing this evidence gap, developing and testing herbal medicines based on ATMs to manage mild-to-moderate cases of COVID-19. Such efforts need further support to meet public health needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polydor Ngoy Mutombo
- Faculty of Health, National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ossy Muganga Julius Kasilo
- Universal Health Coverage Life Course Cluster, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Peter Bai James
- Faculty of Health, National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jon Wardle
- Faculty of Health, National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Olobayo Kunle
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Raw Materials Development, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - David Katerere
- Pharmaceutical Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Charles Wambebe
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, International Biomedical Research Institute (IBRI), Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Mohammed Rahmatullah
- Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jean-Baptiste Nikiema
- Medicines Supply, Health Infrastructure and Equipment Maintenance (MIM) Unit, Universal Health Coverage/Life Course Cluster, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Immaculee Mukankubito
- Medicines Supply, Health Infrastructure and Equipment Maintenance (MIM) Unit, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | | | - Rokia Sanogo
- Médecine Traditionnelle, Institut National de Recherche en Sante Publique, Bamako, Mali
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- School of Allied Health Sciences and World Union for Herbal Drug Discovery (WUHeDD), Walailak University, Thai Buri, Thailand
| | - Chaisith Sivakorn
- Intensive Care Unit, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Satyajit Tripathy
- Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
| | - Ramesh Goyal
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Delhi, India
| | - Mahaveer Dhobi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Delhi, India
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Kwong MH, Ho L, Li ASC, Nilsen P, Ho FF, Zhong CCW, Chung VCH. Integrative oncology in cancer care - implementation factors: mixed-methods systematic review. BMJ Support Palliat Care 2023:spcare-2022-004150. [PMID: 37173126 DOI: 10.1136/spcare-2022-004150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrative oncology (IO) appears to be beneficial to patients with cancer, but its implementation remains a challenge. Guided by the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and the Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behaviour (COM-B) model, this systematic review identified the barriers to and facilitators of IO implementation in conventional cancer care settings. METHODS We searched eight electronic databases from their inception until February 2022 for qualitative, quantitative or mixed-methods empirical studies reporting the implementation outcomes for IO services. Critical appraisal approach was tailored according to study types. The identified implementation barriers and facilitators were mapped onto TDF domains and the COM-B model, and subsequently onto the behavioural change wheel (BCW) for formulating behavioural change interventions. RESULTS We included 28 studies (11 qualitative, 6 quantitative, 9 mixed-methods and 2 Delphi studies) of satisfied methodological quality. The main implementation barriers were the lack of IO knowledge, the absence of funding and healthcare professionals' low level of IO receptiveness. The key implementation facilitators were the dissemination of evidence on IO clinical benefits, the equipping of professionals with IO service delivery skills and the provision of a supportive organisational climate. CONCLUSION Multifaceted implementation strategies are needed to address the determinants influencing IO service delivery. Based on our BCW-based analysis of the included studies, the key behavioural change techniques are: (1) educating healthcare professionals about the value and application of traditional and complementary medicine; (2) ensuring access to actionable clinical evidence on IO effectiveness and safety and (3) designing guidelines on communicating traditional and complementary medicine interventions with patients and caregivers for biomedically trained doctors and nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hong Kwong
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Leonard Ho
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Angus S C Li
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Per Nilsen
- Division of Society and Health, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Fai Fai Ho
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Claire C W Zhong
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Vincent C H Chung
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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Peres ISA, Conceição KAO, Silva LAF, Khouri NG, Yoshida CMP, Concha VOC, Lucarini M, Durazzo A, Santini A, Souto EB, Severino P. Dragon’s Blood: antioxidant properties for nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-022-01122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPlants are the source of a large spectrum of phytochemicals, and the combined and concerted action of biologically active compounds lead to the potential beneficial properties of each plant matrix. A great attention is being addressed over the years toward herbs and medicinal plants. Dragon’s Blood is a reddish resin oil extracted from Croton lechleri tree. It has been extensively used by indigenous cultures of the Amazon River since ancient times due to the beneficial nutraceutical and pharmaceutical properties. This perspective aims at providing a current framework on Dragon’s Blood with focus on antioxidant properties for nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals in a novelty integrated and multidisciplinary manner, highlighting the current knowledge, the main research lines, and emerging strategies. A literature quantitative research analysis approach was applied as starting point. The literature search was carried out by means of the Scopus database; 365 documents have been retrieved in the year range from 1854 to 2021, and a total of 269 terms were identified. Among the top-recurring keywords appear: unclassified drug, nonhuman, plant extract/s, Dragon’s Blood, dracaena, Dragon Blood, chemistry, human, animal/s, plant resin. Source, chemical composition, potential nutraceutical, and therapeutical applications of Dragon’s Blood are discussed here. The anti-inflammatory, wound healing, antidiarrheals, anticancer, antirheumatic, antiseptic, and antioxidant activities identified in the Dragon’s Blood extracts can open novel perspectives for its use in food and pharmaceutical industries. While different bioactive compounds have already been identified in Dragon’s Blood extract, only a few studies can be found in literature.
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Chung VC, Ho FF, Lao L, Liu J, Lee MS, Chan KW, Nilsen P. Implementation science in traditional, complementary and integrative medicine: An overview of experiences from China and the United States. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 109:154591. [PMID: 36610171 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The introduction of traditional, complementary and integrative medicine (TCIM) services into health systems has been advocated by the World Health Organization, but there is a paucity of reviews synthesising the experiences of (i) implementing TCIM services in conventional healthcare settings and (ii) introducing evidence-based practice in TCIM. Knowledge of the first issue will assist policymakers to innovate implementation interventions in their own health system contexts. Addressing the second issue will facilitate the closure of the evidence-practice gap in TCIM and improve the translation of research evidence into health outcome benefits. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to identify, describe and analyse publications on these two key TCIM policy issues via an overview from an implementation science perspective. METHODS Publications describing international experiences of implementing TCIM services or evidence for TCIM practices were identified by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE and Global Health databases in November 2021. The findings were summarised using a narrative synthesis approach. RESULTS Sixty-three relevant publications were included in the analysis. Current experiences in China and the United Sates (US) reflect varying policy priorities at different stages of implementing TCIM services. In the US, where TCIM have yet to be introduced into mainstream healthcare settings, implementation interventions were designed to facilitate the provision of specific, evidence-based TCIM modalities via referrals from conventional clinicians. The application of these strategies at the health system, regulatory, financial, community, provider and patient levels provided a comprehensive picture of how TCIM implementation may be facilitated via multi-level interventions. In China, the major form of TCIM is traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), for which service provision has already been adopted at all levels of healthcare. With the high volume of clinical research that has been generated in the past several decades, a key policy question at this stage is how to translate TCM-related clinical evidence into practice. The development of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) is the main implementation intervention, but adherence by TCM clinicians has been poor, due to the conflict between classical individualised practice and CPG standardisation. While tailoring interventions to facilitate CPG uptake is indicated, concurrent innovations in TCM clinical research methods would improve the compatibility between classical and CPG-based practice. CONCLUSION Policymakers managing different stages of TCIM implementation will benefit from the experiences of practitioners in the US and China. Multi-level implementation interventions launched in the US provide ideas for the initial introduction of TCIM into a conventional medicine-dominated health system. As TCIM service provision and related clinical research become more common, China's experience will inform how clinical evidence related to TCIM may be disseminated and implemented to improve service quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Ch Chung
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Fai Fai Ho
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
| | - Lixing Lao
- Virginia University of Integrative Medicine, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Jianping Liu
- Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Myeong Soo Lee
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kam Wa Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Per Nilsen
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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El Iskandarani S, Deng G. Acupuncture in hematologic malignancies and hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood Rev 2022; 56:100985. [PMID: 35725779 PMCID: PMC10359773 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2022.100985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Acupuncture is an integrative medicine modality that has been used historically and studied recently for managing various symptoms and diseases. Patients with hematological malignancies often experience a high symptom burden including pain, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and insomnia. Pharmacological interventions are the mainstay of managing these symptoms, although they may not provide adequate control or are not well tolerated due to side effects. There have been many randomized controlled trials of acupuncture on reduction of these symptoms. In this review, we will summarize the current evidence on the effect of acupuncture on the management of common symptoms experienced by patients with hematological malignancies and the current understanding of acupuncture's mechanism of action. The evidence is the strongest for reducing pain and nausea vomiting, less strong for symptoms such as peripheral neuropathy, fatigue, constipation, insomnia, night sweat, and pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah El Iskandarani
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Integrative Medicine Service, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gary Deng
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Integrative Medicine Service, New York, NY, USA.
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Ho L, Zhong CC, Wong CH, Wu JC, Chan KK, Wu IX, Leung TH, Chung VC. Herbal medicine for functional dyspepsia: Network meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomised trials. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 283:114665. [PMID: 34592339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Conventional treatments for functional dyspepsia (FD) are limited. Herbal medicine (HM) use is prevalent despite unclear comparative effectiveness among different formulae. AIM OF THE STUDY This network meta-analysis (NMA) aimed to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of HM formulae for FD against placebo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven international and Chinese databases were searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on HM versus placebo. Risk of bias among RCTs was assessed using Cochrane Risk-of-Bias Tool 2. Data from RCTs were extracted for random-effect pairwise meta-analyses. NMAs were performed to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of HM formulae. GRADE partially contextualised framework was adopted to facilitate NMA result interpretation. RESULTS Twelve different HM formulae were identified from fifteen RCTs of mediocre quality. At 8-week follow-up, pairwise meta-analyses indicated that HM was superior to placebo in alleviating global symptoms (pooled risk difference (RD): 0.20; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.11-0.29), with effect size larger than the minimally clinically important difference of 0.20 RD. Sensitivity analysis showed no significant impact on results attributable to risk of bias. NMAs demonstrated that Xiao Yao Pill and Modified Ban Xia Xie Xin Decoction probably have a large beneficial effect on alleviating global symptoms (RD: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.03-0.99) and postprandial fullness (standardised mean difference: -0.93; 95% credible interval: -1.61 to -0.06), respectively. No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS Xiao Yao Pill and Modified Ban Xia Xie Xin Decoction may be considered as an alternative among patients unresponsive to conventional treatments. The comparative effectiveness of these two formulae should be evaluated in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Ho
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Claire Cw Zhong
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Charlene Hl Wong
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Justin Cy Wu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Karina Kh Chan
- United Christian Nethersole Community Health Service - The Chinese University of Hong Kong Chinese Medicine Clinic Cum Training and Research Centre (Tai Po District), Hong Kong.
| | - Irene Xy Wu
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China.
| | - Ting Hung Leung
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Vincent Ch Chung
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Ho L, Zhong CCW, Wong CHL, Wu JCY, Chan KKH, Wu IXY, Leung TH, Chung VCH. Chinese herbal medicine for functional dyspepsia: a network meta-analysis of prokinetic-controlled randomised trials. Chin Med 2021; 16:140. [PMID: 34930390 PMCID: PMC8691044 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prokinetic is the first-line conventional treatment for functional dyspepsia (FD) in Asia despite potential adverse events. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) may be an effective and safe substitution. This network meta-analysis (NMA) aimed to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of different CHM formulae for FD against prokinetics. METHODS Seven international and Chinese databases were searched from their inception to July 2020 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on CHM versus prokinetics. Data from each RCT were first pooled using random-effect pairwise meta-analyses and illustrated as risk difference (RD) or standardised mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Random-effect NMAs were then performed to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of CHM formulae and displayed as RD with 95% CI or SMD with 95% credible interval (CrI). The GRADE partially contextualised framework was applied for NMA result interpretation. RESULTS Twenty-six unique CHM formulae were identified from twenty-eight RCTs of mediocre quality. Pairwise meta-analyses indicated that CHM was superior to prokinetics in alleviating global symptoms at 4-week follow-up (pooled RD: 0.14; 95% CI: 0.10-0.19), even after trim and fill adjustment for publication bias. NMAs demonstrated that Modified Zhi Zhu Decoction may have a moderate beneficial effect on alleviating global symptoms at 4-week follow-up (RD: 0.28; 95% CI: - 0.03 to 0.75). Xiao Pi Kuan Wei Decoction may have a large beneficial effect on alleviating postprandial fullness (SMD: - 2.14; 95% CI: - 2.76 to 0.70), early satiety (SMD: - 3.90; 95% CI: - 0.68 to - 0.42), and epigastric pain (SMD: - 1.23; 95% CI: - 1.66 to - 0.29). No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION Modified Zhi Zhu Decoction and Xiao Pi Kuan Wei Decoction may be considered as an alternative for patients unresponsive to prokinetics. Confirmatory head-to-head trials should be conducted to investigate their comparative effectiveness against prokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Ho
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Claire C W Zhong
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Charlene H L Wong
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Justin C Y Wu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Karina K H Chan
- United Christian Nethersole Community Health Service, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Chinese Medicine Clinic Cum Training and Research Centre (Tai Po District), Tai Po, Hong Kong
| | - Irene X Y Wu
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Ting Hung Leung
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Vincent C H Chung
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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