1
|
Tang L, Yang M, Li B, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Guo X. Analysis of sports records evolution and limits based on integrated features. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14554. [PMID: 38914671 PMCID: PMC11196580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65350-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Sports records play a crucial role in understanding the limits of human achievement in sports. However, a thorough exploration of a comprehensive analysis of various sports records utilizing the existing statistical model has been lacking. This study introduces a framework for analyzing the integrated features and evolutionary trends of 23 sports records for men and women. It includes world records and intercontinental records from six continents, covering 6440 athletes from 2001 to 2020. Our findings indicate that human beings have not yet reached sports limits in athletic performance, suggesting a continuous improvement over time. Furthermore, we have investigated the contributions of our model's parameters to the integrated features, emphasizing their robustness and convergence in handling data flow and information entropy. Additionally, our model underscores the significance of integrating various sports for ongoing advancement, in line with the Olympic motto "Together," thereby promoting coordinated development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tang
- Department of Physical Education, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, 618307, China
- Integrated Sports Medicine Innovation Hub for Pilots, Civil Aviation Flight, University of China, Guanghan, 618307, China
- Institute of Aviation Sports, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, 618307, China
| | - Mingliang Yang
- Department of Physical Education, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, 618307, China.
- Integrated Sports Medicine Innovation Hub for Pilots, Civil Aviation Flight, University of China, Guanghan, 618307, China.
- Institute of Aviation Sports, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, 618307, China.
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Physical Education, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, 618307, China.
| | - Yumin Chen
- Department of Physical Education, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, 618307, China
| | - Yeting Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, 618307, China
| | - Xubin Guo
- Department of Physical Education, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, 618307, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jin Z, Liu G, Zhu H, Zheng Z, Pan X, Pan H. Does swing leg braking matter in long jump take-off? A 3-D kinematic analysis based on elite athletes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31015. [PMID: 38813208 PMCID: PMC11133768 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the braking technical characteristics of the swing leg of elite male athletes in long jump take-off and its dependencies on the extension velocity of the support leg and the balance. Two cameras were used to capture 8 elite male long jump athletes (25.88 ± 3.00 years) under competitive conditions at a National Indoor Athletic Championships Final, a 3-D kinematic analysis method was conducted to analyze the take-off technique of the athletes. The results showed that the rapid braking of the swing leg increased the extension velocity of the support leg. Compared to the swing leg that started braking at the moment of maximum knee flexion of the support leg (SPKnee maximum flexion moment), athletes' performance was greater when swing leg started braking at the moment of maximum ankle flexion of the support leg (SPAnkle maximum flexion moment). Furthermore, the swing leg exhibited an inward movement during its forward swing, and the inward angle was significantly correlated with the balance maintenance (r = - 0.50,P = 0.004). In conclusion, a relatively delayed rapid braking and moderate inward movement of the swing leg during the take-off phase are conducive to achieving a better take-off effect in long jump.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gongju Liu
- Scientific Research Department, Zhejiang College of Sports, Hangzhou, China
| | - Houwei Zhu
- College of Physical Education and Health Science, Zhejiang Normal University, China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- College of Physical Education and Health Science, Zhejiang Normal University, China
| | - Xu Pan
- Scientific Research Department, Zhejiang College of Sports, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiju Pan
- College of Physical Education and Health Science, Zhejiang Normal University, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mason J, Niedziela D, Morin JB, Groll A, Zech A. The potential impact of advanced footwear technology on the recent evolution of elite sprint performances. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16433. [PMID: 38034865 PMCID: PMC10688325 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Elite track and field sprint performances have reached a point of stability as we near the limits of human physiology, and further significant improvements may require technological intervention. Following the widely reported performance benefits of new advanced footwear technology (AFT) in road-running events, similar innovations have since been applied to sprint spikes in hope of providing similar performance enhancing benefits. However, it is not yet clear based on current evidence whether there have been subsequent improvements in sprint performance. Therefore, the aims of this study were to establish if there have been recent year-to-year improvements in the times of the annual top 100 and top 20 athletes in the men's and women's sprint events, and to establish if there is an association between the extensive use of AFT and potential recent improvements in sprint performances. Methods For the years 2016-19 and 2021-2022, the season best performances of the top 100 athletes in each sprint event were extracted from the World Athletics Top lists. Independent t-tests with Holm corrections were performed using the season's best performance of the top 100 and top 20 athletes in each year to identify significant differences between years for each sprint discipline. Following the classification of shoes worn by the top 20 athletes in each event during their annual best race (AFT or non-AFT), separate linear mixed-model regressions were performed to determine the influence of AFT on performance times. Results For the top 100 and top 20 athletes, there were no significant differences year-to-year in any sprint event prior to the release of AFT (2016-2019). There were significant differences between AFT years (2021 or 2022) and pre-AFT years (2016-2019) in eight out of 10 events. These differences ranged from a 0.40% improvement (men's 100 m) to a 1.52% improvement (women's 400 m hurdles). In the second analysis, multiple linear mixed model regressions revealed that the use of AFT was associated with improved performance in six out of ten events, including the men's and women's 100 m, women's 200 m, men's 110 m hurdles, women's 100 m hurdles and women's 400 m hurdles (estimate range: -0.037 - 0.521, p = <0.001 - 0.021). Across both analyses, improvements were more pronounced in women's sprint events than men's sprint events. Conclusion Following a period of stability, there were significant improvements in most sprint events which may be partly explained by advances in footwear technology. These improvements appear to be mediated by event, sex and potentially level of athlete.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Mason
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Jean-Benoit Morin
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, University Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Andreas Groll
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Heintz EC, Scott DP, Simms KR, Foreman JJ. Air Quality Is Predictive of Mistakes in Professional Baseball and American Football. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:542. [PMID: 36612864 PMCID: PMC9819793 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Air quality is a growing environmental concern that has implications for human physical and mental health. While air pollution has been linked to cognitive disease progression and declines in overall health, the impacts of air quality on athletic performance have not been extensively investigated. Much of the previous research focused on endurance sports indicates that air quality negatively impacts athletic performance; however, the effects of air quality on non-endurance elite team performance remains largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of air quality on errors committed by Major League Baseball (MLB) teams, interceptions thrown by quarterbacks in the National Football League (NFL), and overall quarterback performance in the NFL. Linear regression analysis was used to determine the impact of the median air quality index (AQI) of counties with MLB and NFL teams on errors, interceptions, and overall quarterback performance of players on those MLB and NFL teams. AQI was a significant positive predictor of errors and interceptions, indicating increased errors and interceptions with decreased air quality. Similarly, quarterback performance was significantly reduced for quarterbacks from teams in counties with worse air quality. These findings suggest that air quality has a significant impact on performance in the MLB and NFL, indicating impairments in physical and cognitive performance in professional athletes when competing in areas with poorer air quality. Hence, it is likely that air quality impacts athletic performance in numerous sports that have not yet been investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Heintz
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Derek P. Scott
- School of Kinesiology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| | - Kolby R. Simms
- School of Kinesiology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| | - Jeremy J. Foreman
- School of Kinesiology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rauer T, Pape HC, Knobe M, Pohlemann T, Ganse B. Figure skating: Increasing numbers of revolutions in jumps at the European and World Championships. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265343. [PMID: 36449462 PMCID: PMC9710745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Figure skating is associated with a high prevalence of sport-specific injuries and overuse symptoms. Impacts are of greater magnitude in jumps with more revolutions that are thus connected to a greater risk of injury. While figure skating programs seem to have recently increased in difficulty, performance trends have not yet been reported in the literature. We hypothesized increasing performance and decreasing age trends of the best athletes who competed at international level in recent years. Furthermore, we aimed to identify and analyse objective performance parameters and to assess a potential link between age and the risk of injury. The development of the number of double, triple and quadruple jumps in the singles figure skating events at the World and European Championships since the introduction of the new ISU Judging System in the 2004/2005 season was analysed using regression statistics and Student's T-Tests. In all groups, the numbers of jumps with fewer rotations significantly decreased in the favour of jumps with more rotations. Women only started to perform jumps with four rotations in 2019. In the men, the number of quadruple jumps increased from an average of less than one to more than three in recent years (European and World Championships, both p < 0.001). In the European, but not in the World Championships, the average age increased in the men and decreased in the women (European Championships, men and women p = 0.006). Our study was the first to assess performance trends in elite figure skating. The incidence of injuries and overuse syndromes in figure skating needs to be monitored cautiously, as increases can be expected following recent gains in performance and jump complexity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rauer
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Hans-Christoph Pape
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Knobe
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Lucerne Cantonal Hospital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Tim Pohlemann
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Bergita Ganse
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
- Werner Siemens Foundation Endowed Chair of Innovative Implant Development, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rauer T, Pape HC, Stehlin Z, Heining S, Knobe M, Pohlemann T, Ganse B. Performance Increases in Pair Skating and Ice Dance at International Championships and Olympic Games. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11806. [PMID: 36142074 PMCID: PMC9517212 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In pair skating and ice dance, performance seems to have increased at international competitions, which is potentially associated with changes in athlete age. We hypothesized increasing age, numbers of total points and more complex jumps of the best elite couples at international championships in recent years. Corresponding data were assessed via the results databases of the European and World Championships, as well as the Winter Olympics since 2005. Linear regression statistics were conducted, and significance was assessed via one-way ANOVAs. There were no significant changes in age. Increases in total points were found in both disciplines (World and European Championships both p < 0.001 for both disciplines, Olympics pair skating p = 0.003, ice dance n/a). Significant increases were found in the number of double and triple twist jumps at the European Championships (Double p = 0.046, triple p = 0.041), but not at the World Championships or the Olympics. At the World Championships, single solo jumps decreased (p = 0.031) in favor of triple jumps, which increased (p = 0.020), without a similar effect at the European Championships or Olympics. In conclusion, increases in total points and more complex jumps were observed at international championships without associated changes in age. Attention should be given to possible changes in the incidence of acute and overuse injuries following this development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rauer
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Christoph Pape
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zoé Stehlin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Heining
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Knobe
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Lucerne Cantonal Hospital, 6000 Luzern, Switzerland
| | - Tim Pohlemann
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Bergita Ganse
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
- Werner Siemens Foundation Endowed Chair of Innovative Implant Development, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hołub M, Stanula A, Baron J, Głyk W, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Predicting Breaststroke and Butterfly Stroke Results in Swimming Based on Olympics History. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126621. [PMID: 34202950 PMCID: PMC8296408 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe historic variations in Olympic breaststroke and butterfly performance and predict swimming results for the 2021 Olympic Games in Tokyo. The results of the finalists, winners, and last participants in the women’s and men’s finals were analyzed, and a mathematical predictive model was created. The predicted times for the future Olympics were presented. Swimming performance among Olympians has been steadily improving, with record times of 18.51 s for female finalists in the 100 m butterfly (a 24.63% improvement) and 31.33 s for male finalists in the 200 m butterfly (21.44%). The results in all analyzed groups showed improvement in athletic performance, and the gap between the finalists has narrowed. Women Olympians’ performances have improved faster than men’s, reducing the gap between genders. We conclude that swimming performance among Olympians is continuing to improve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Hołub
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (M.H.); (A.S.); (J.B.); (W.G.)
| | - Arkadiusz Stanula
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (M.H.); (A.S.); (J.B.); (W.G.)
| | - Jakub Baron
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (M.H.); (A.S.); (J.B.); (W.G.)
| | - Wojciech Głyk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (M.H.); (A.S.); (J.B.); (W.G.)
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dyer B. Development of high performance parasport prosthetic limbs: A proposed framework and case study. Assist Technol 2020; 32:214-221. [PMID: 30373480 DOI: 10.1080/10400435.2018.1527795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sport with a disability has progressed from undertaking physical activity for recreation to one of a high performance environment at competitions such as the Paralympic Games. There is currently limited information and guidance to help inform stakeholders as to how to develop the high performance technology of elite athletes who possess limb absence. In this manuscript, a conceptual framework for high performance prosthetic limb creation is presented. This utilises a synthesis between contemporary product design theory and a review of existing case studies. This proposed framework is then applied to a case study. Ultimately, the framework provides an indicative guide to the creation of prosthetic limbs that emphasise technological performance enhancement over that of mere sporting participation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryce Dyer
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University , Bournemouth, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schneider AL, Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B. Improved Performance in Master Runners Competing in the European Championships Between 1978 and 2014. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2559-2569. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
10
|
Kundert AML, Di Gangi S, Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B. Jumping and throwing performance in the World Masters' Athletic Championships 1975-2016. Res Sports Med 2018; 27:374-411. [PMID: 30318929 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1528975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Participation and performance of elite age group athletes from 35-39 to 95-99 years competing in World Masters Athletics (WMA) Championships 1975-2016 were examined for throwing (discus, hammer, javelin and shot put) and jumping (high jump, long jump, pole vault and triple jump) events. Overall, 21,723 observations from 8,974 master athletes were analysed. A mixed regression model with sex, age group, calendar year and interactions terms (sex-age group; sex-year) defined as fixed effects was performed for each event separately. Performances over time were increasing overall for each event, with a cubic trend. Compared with women, men had better performances (e.g. in triple jump the estimated difference was 3.378 meters, p < 0.001). However, women improved their performance more than men across calendar years. Performances declined with age for each event (e.g. in triple jump, compared with age group 45-49 years, performance in age group 35-39 years was 1.041 meter better and in age group 85-89 years was 5.342 meter worse). In summary, performance in jumping and throwing events of WMA Championships improved across calendar years, whereas the decline of performance with age was dependent on sex and event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefania Di Gangi
- a Institute of Primary Care , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | | | - Beat Knechtle
- a Institute of Primary Care , University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.,c Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz , St. Gallen , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Achilles tendinopathy is a common cause of disability. Despite the economic and social relevance of the problem, the causes and mechanisms of Achilles tendinopathy remain unclear. Tendon vascularity, gastrocnemius-soleus dysfunction, age, sex, body weight and height, pes cavus, and lateral ankle instability are considered common intrinsic factors. The essence of Achilles tendinopathy is a failed healing response, with haphazard proliferation of tenocytes, some evidence of degeneration in tendon cells and disruption of collagen fibers, and subsequent increase in noncollagenous matrix. Tendinopathic tendons have an increased rate of matrix remodeling, leading to a mechanically less stable tendon which is more susceptible to damage. The diagnosis of Achilles tendinopathy is mainly based on a careful history and detailed clinical examination. The latter remains the best diagnostic tool. Over the past few years, various new therapeutic options have been proposed for the management of Achilles tendinopathy. Despite the morbidity associated with Achilles tendinopathy, many of the therapeutic options described and in common use are far from scientifically based. New minimally invasive techniques of stripping of neovessels from the Kager's triangle of the tendo Achillis have been described, and seem to allow faster recovery and accelerated return to sports, rather than open surgery. A genetic component has been implicated in tendinopathies of the Achilles tendon, but these studies are still at their infancy.
Collapse
|
12
|
Edwards AM, Jones AM, Pyne DB. Proposal to disregard athletics world records prior to 2005: a radical and misjudged initiative. Br J Sports Med 2017; 52:1071-1072. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
13
|
Marck A, Antero J, Berthelot G, Saulière G, Jancovici JM, Masson-Delmotte V, Boeuf G, Spedding M, Le Bourg É, Toussaint JF. Are We Reaching the Limits of Homo sapiens? Front Physiol 2017; 8:812. [PMID: 29123486 PMCID: PMC5662890 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Echoing scientific and industrial progress, the Twentieth century was an unprecedented period of improvement for human capabilities and performances, with a significant increase in lifespan, adult height, and maximal physiological performance. Analyses of historical data show a major slow down occurring in the most recent years. This triggered large and passionate debates in the academic scene within multiple disciplines; as such an observation could be interpreted as our upper biological limits. Such a new phase of human history may be related to structural and functional limits determined by long term evolutionary constraints, and the interaction between complex systems and their environment. In this interdisciplinary approach, we call into question the validity of subsequent forecasts and projections through innovative and related biomarkers such as sport, lifespan, and height indicators. We set a theoretical framework based on biological and environmental relevance rather than using a typical single-variable forecasting approach. As demonstrated within the article, these new views will have major social, economical, and political implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Marck
- Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES) EA 7329, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 Université Paris Diderot, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Juliana Antero
- Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES) EA 7329, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Geoffroy Berthelot
- Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES) EA 7329, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Group Adaptation and Prospective, High Council of Public Health, Paris, France.,Research Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Studies, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Saulière
- Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES) EA 7329, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Valérie Masson-Delmotte
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et l'Environnement, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, CEA-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gilles Boeuf
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | | | - Éric Le Bourg
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-François Toussaint
- Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES) EA 7329, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Group Adaptation and Prospective, High Council of Public Health, Paris, France.,Centre d'Investigations en Médecine du Sport (CIMS), Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dyer B, Hassani H, Shadi M. The analysis and forecasting of male cycling time trial records established within England and Wales. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:1222-30. [PMID: 26708927 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1105378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The format of cycling time trials in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, involves riders competing individually over several fixed race distances of 10-100 miles in length and using time constrained formats of 12 and 24 h in duration. Drawing on data provided by the national governing body that covers the regions of England and Wales, an analysis of six male competition record progressions was undertaken to illustrate its progression. Future forecasts are then projected through use of the Singular Spectrum Analysis technique. This method has not been applied to sport-based time series data before. All six records have seen a progressive improvement and are non-linear in nature. Five records saw their highest level of record change during the 1950-1969 period. Whilst new record frequency generally has reduced since this period, the magnitude of performance improvement has generally increased. The Singular Spectrum Analysis technique successfully provided forecasted projections in the short to medium term with a high level of fit to the time series data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryce Dyer
- a Faculty of Science & Technology , Bournemouth University , Poole , UK
| | - Hossein Hassani
- b The Statistical Research Centre , Bournemouth University , Poole , UK
| | - Mehran Shadi
- b The Statistical Research Centre , Bournemouth University , Poole , UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
The effect of course length on individual medley swimming performance in national and international athletes. J Hum Kinet 2014; 42:187-200. [PMID: 25414752 PMCID: PMC4234758 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2014-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of course length (25 m versus 50 m) and advances in performance of individual medley swimming were examined for men and women in Swiss national competitions and FINA World Championships during 2000–2011. Linear regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyse 200 m and 400 m race results for 26,081 swims on the Swiss high score list and 382 FINA finalists. Swiss and FINA swimmers of both sexes were, on average, 4.3±3.2% faster on short courses for both race distances. Sex-related differences in swim speed were significantly greater for FINA swimmers competing in short-course events than in long-course events (10.3±0.2% versus 9.7±0.3%, p<0.01), but did not differ for Swiss swimmers (p>0.05). Sex-related differences in swimming speed decreased with increasing race distance for both short- and long-course events for Swiss athletes, and for FINA athletes in long-course events. Performance improved significantly (p<0.05) during 2000–2011 for FINA men competing in either course length and FINA females competing in short-course events, but not for Swiss swimmers. Overall, the results showed that men and women individual medley swimmers, competing at both national and international levels, have faster average swimming speeds on short courses than on long courses, for both 200 m and 400 m distances. FINA athletes demonstrate an improving performance in the vast majority of individual medley events, while performance at national level seems to have reached a plateau during 2000–2011.
Collapse
|
16
|
de Hon O, Kuipers H, van Bottenburg M. Prevalence of Doping Use in Elite Sports: A Review of Numbers and Methods. Sports Med 2014; 45:57-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
17
|
Haake S, James D, Foster L. An improvement index to quantify the evolution of performance in field events. J Sports Sci 2014; 33:255-67. [PMID: 25056859 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.938099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The mean of the top 25 performances in 8 men's and 5 women's field events since the 1890s showed that performances increased dramatically after the Second World War II and subsequently plateaued during the late twentieth century. A performance improvement index, developed on the basis of work done, was set to 100% in 1948. The underlying rise found in all events was modelled using an exponential function with a superposition of steps and linear changes to account for the introduction of rule changes, drugs testing and the introduction of new technologies. The performance improvement index in throwing events increased to 140.9% compared with 125.8% in jumping events, and women's performance improvement always exceeded that of men's. Around half of all events were shown to have reached 99.9% of their predicted limit with a majority reaching it within the next 25 years. It was concluded that performance will only change in the future if an intervention takes place: this could be the emergence of a new technology, a rule change or a new athlete population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Haake
- a Centre for Sports Engineering Research , Sheffield Hallam University , Sheffield , UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Haake SJ, Foster LI, James DM. An improvement index to quantify the evolution of performance in running. J Sports Sci 2013; 32:610-22. [PMID: 24073888 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.841974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Improvements in track and field sports have been attributed to factors such as population increase, drugs and new technologies, but previous research has found it difficult to distinguish the contributions from specific influences. Here it is shown how this is possible by means of a performance improvement index based on useful work done combined with modelling of the annual top 25 performances. The index was set to 100 in 1948 and showed that, by 2012, it had increased in running events to between 110.5 and 146.7 (men's 100 m and marathon). Underlying global effects accounted for the majority of all improvements (16.2 to 46.7) with smaller influences attributable to an influx of African runners (3.6 to 9.3), and a 4-year oscillation that arose from staging of the Olympic Games (±0.2 to ±0.6). Performance decreased with the introduction of compulsory random drug testing (-0.9 to -3.9) the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA; -0.5 to -2.5) and fully automated timing (-0.6 to -2.5). Changes in elite sporting performance since the 1890s are attributable to societal changes caused by the industrial revolution and globalisation superimposed on millennia of human evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve J Haake
- a The Centre for Sports Engineering Research , Sheffield Hallam University , Sheffield , UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Robbins DW, Goodale TL, Kuzmits FE, Adams AJ. Changes in the Athletic Profile of Elite College American Football Players. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:861-74. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182610be2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
20
|
Buhl C, Knechtle B, Rüst CA, Rosemann T, Lepers R. A comparison of medley and freestyle performance for national and international swimmers between 1994 and 2011. Open Access J Sports Med 2013; 4:79-87. [PMID: 24379712 PMCID: PMC3871904 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s41171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The change in swim performance over time has been investigated for freestyle, but not for other strokes, such as in the medley. The aim of the study was to examine changes in 200 m and 400 m swim performances in medley swimmers at national (Switzerland) and international level (world championship finals) from 1994 to 2011. The 200 m and 400 m freestyle performances were also analyzed for comparison. Swim performances were analyzed using linear regression and one-way analysis of variance. Male Swiss swimmers improved swim speed by 5.4% in the 200 m medley, 5.3% in the 200 m freestyle, 5.1% in the 400 m medley, and 5.7% in the 400 m freestyle (P < 0.01). Female Swiss swimmers improved swim speed by 4.4% in the 200 m medley, 3.3% in the 200 m freestyle, 3.9% in the 400 m medley, and 3.4% in the 400 m freestyle (P < 0.05). Male swimmers at international level improved swim speed by 4.5% in the 200 m medley, 4.6% in the 200 m freestyle, 2.6% in the 400 m medley, and 2.7% in the 400 m freestyle (P < 0.01). Female swimmers improved swim speed by 4.3% in the 200 m medley, 3.5% in the 400 m medley, and 3.1% in the 400 m freestyle (P ≤ 0.02), but 200 m freestyle performance remained unchanged (P > 0.05). The sex difference in national swim performance remained unchanged at 10.2% ± 0.6% for the 200 m medley (P > 0.05) and increased from 8.8% to 9.8% for the 400 m medley (P < 0.05). In freestyle, it increased from 8.8% to 10.7% in the 200 m, and from 7.8% to 9.4% in the 400 m (P < 0.01). The sex difference in international athletes remained unchanged at 11.1% ± 0.9% in the 200 m medley, 10.1% ± 0.8% in the 400 m medley, 10.0% ± 1.3% in the 200 m, and 9.2% ± 0.6% in the 400 m freestyle (P > 0.05). For the 400 m medley, the sex difference was lower compared to the 200 m medley for national (9.3% ± 0.8% vs 10.2% ± 0.6%, P = 0.01) and for international (10.1% ± 0.8% vs 11.1% ± 0.9%) athletes. For the 400 m freestyle, the sex difference was lower compared to the 200 m freestyle for national (7.9% ± 0.9% vs 9.3% ± 0.8%) and international (9.2% ± 0.6% vs 10.0% ± 1.3%) athletes (P < 0.01), and lower in the freestyle than the medley for the same distances (P < 0.01). Future studies should investigate the reasons for the greater sex difference in the medley than the freestyle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christof Buhl
- Institute of General Practice and for Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of General Practice and for Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Gesundheitszentrum St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Alexander Rüst
- Institute of General Practice and for Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of General Practice and for Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Romuald Lepers
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lippi G, Sanchis-Gomar F. Improvement in sprint performance: doping or nature? Drug Test Anal 2012; 5:135. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Academic Hospital of Parma; Italy
| | - Fabian Sanchis-Gomar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine; University of Valencia. Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA; Valencia; Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Balmer N, Pleasence P, Nevill A. Evolution and revolution: Gauging the impact of technological and technical innovation on Olympic performance. J Sports Sci 2012; 30:1075-83. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.587018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
23
|
Maffulli N, Longo UG, Loppini M, Denaro V. Current treatment options for tendinopathy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011; 11:2177-86. [PMID: 20569088 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2010.495715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Tendon disorders are frequent and are responsible for much morbidity, both in sport and the workplace. Although several therapeutic options are routinely used, very few well-conducted randomised prospective, placebo, controlled trials have been performed to assist in choosing the best evidence-based management. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW We performed a comprehensive search of PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, CINAHL, and Embase databases over the years 1966 - 2010 to review the best evidence-based options for the management of patients with tendinopathy. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will obtain information on the available medical and surgical therapies used to manage tendinopathy-related symptoms. The effectiveness of therapies, the length of management and the adverse effects are examined. TAKE-HOME MESSAGE Management of tendinopathy is often anecdotic and lacking well-researched scientific evidence. Teaching patients to control the symptoms may be more beneficial than leading them to believe that tendinopathy is fully curable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Maffulli
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Hospital, Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 275 Bancroft Road, London E1 4 DG, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
|