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Sengupta S, Medendorp WP, Selen LPJ, Praamstra P. Exploration of sensory-motor tradeoff behavior in Parkinson’s disease. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:951313. [DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.951313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While slowness of movement is an obligatory characteristic of Parkinson’s disease (PD), there are conditions in which patients move uncharacteristically fast, attributed to deficient motor inhibition. Here we investigate deficient inhibition in an optimal sensory-motor integration framework, using a game in which subjects used a paddle to catch a virtual ball. Display of the ball was extinguished as soon as the catching movement started, segregating the task into a sensing and acting phase. We analyzed the behavior of 9 PD patients (ON medication) and 10 age-matched controls (HC). The switching times (between sensing and acting phase) were compared to the predicted optimal switching time, based on the individual estimates of sensory and motor uncertainties. The comparison showed that deviation from predicted optimal switching times were similar between groups. However, PD patients showed a weaker correlation between variability in switching time and sensory-motor uncertainty, indicating a reduced propensity to generate exploratory behavior for optimizing goal-directed movements. Analysis of the movement kinematics revealed that PD patients, compared to controls, used a lower peak velocity of the paddle and intercepted the ball with greater velocity. Adjusting the trial duration to the time for the paddle to stop moving, we found that PD patients spent a smaller proportion of the trial duration for observing the ball. Altogether, the results do not show the premature movement initiation and truncated sensory processing that we predicted to ensue from deficient inhibition in PD.
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2
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Villalba RM, Behnke JA, Pare JF, Smith Y. Comparative Ultrastructural Analysis of Thalamocortical Innervation of the Primary Motor Cortex and Supplementary Motor Area in Control and MPTP-Treated Parkinsonian Monkeys. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:3408-3425. [PMID: 33676368 PMCID: PMC8599722 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The synaptic organization of thalamic inputs to motor cortices remains poorly understood in primates. Thus, we compared the regional and synaptic connections of vGluT2-positive thalamocortical glutamatergic terminals in the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the primary motor cortex (M1) between control and MPTP-treated parkinsonian monkeys. In controls, vGluT2-containing fibers and terminal-like profiles invaded layer II-III and Vb of M1 and SMA. A significant reduction of vGluT2 labeling was found in layer Vb, but not in layer II-III, of parkinsonian animals, suggesting a potential thalamic denervation of deep cortical layers in parkinsonism. There was a significant difference in the pattern of synaptic connectivity in layers II-III, but not in layer Vb, between M1 and SMA of control monkeys. However, this difference was abolished in parkinsonian animals. No major difference was found in the proportion of perforated versus macular post-synaptic densities at thalamocortical synapses between control and parkinsonian monkeys in both cortical regions, except for a slight increase in the prevalence of perforated axo-dendritic synapses in the SMA of parkinsonian monkeys. Our findings suggest that disruption of the thalamic innervation of M1 and SMA may underlie pathophysiological changes of the motor thalamocortical loop in the state of parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Villalba
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurological Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- UDALL Center for Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Joseph A Behnke
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurological Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- UDALL Center for Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Pare
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurological Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- UDALL Center for Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurological Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- UDALL Center for Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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3
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Cataldi S, Stanley AT, Miniaci MC, Sulzer D. Interpreting the role of the striatum during multiple phases of motor learning. FEBS J 2021; 289:2263-2281. [PMID: 33977645 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The synaptic pathways in the striatum are central to basal ganglia functions including motor control, learning and organization, action selection, acquisition of motor skills, cognitive function, and emotion. Here, we review the role of the striatum and its connections in motor learning and performance. The development of new techniques to record neuronal activity and animal models of motor disorders using neurotoxin, pharmacological, and genetic manipulations are revealing pathways that underlie motor performance and motor learning, as well as how they are altered by pathophysiological mechanisms. We discuss approaches that can be used to analyze complex motor skills, particularly in rodents, and identify specific questions central to understanding how striatal circuits mediate motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Cataldi
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Pharmacology, Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY, USA
| | - Adrien T Stanley
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Pharmacology, Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY, USA
| | | | - David Sulzer
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Pharmacology, Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, NY, USA
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4
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Beste C, Mückschel M, Rosales R, Domingo A, Lee L, Ng A, Klein C, Münchau A. The Basal Ganglia Striosomes Affect the Modulation of Conflicts by Subliminal Information-Evidence from X-Linked Dystonia Parkinsonism. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:2243-2252. [PMID: 28505262 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control is relevant when distracting information induces behavioral conflicts. Such conflicts can be produced consciously and by subliminally processed information. Interestingly, both sources of conflict interact suggesting that they share neural mechanisms. Here, we ask whether conjoint effects between different sources of conflict are modulated by microstructural basal ganglia dysfunction. To this end, we carried out an electroencephalography study and examined event-related potentials (ERPs) including source localization using a combined flanker-subliminal priming task in patients with X-linked dystonia Parkinsonism (XDP) and a group of healthy controls. XDP in its early stages is known to predominantly affect the basal ganglia striosomes. The results suggest that conjoint effects between subliminal and conscious sources of conflicts are modulated by the striosomes and were stronger in XDP patients. The neurophysiological data indicate that this effect is related to modulations in conflict monitoring and response selection (N2 ERP) mechanisms engaging the anterior cingulate cortex. Bottom-up perceptual gating, attentional selection, and motor response activation processes in response to the stimuli (P1, N1, and lateralized readiness potential ERPs) were unaffected. Taken together, these data indicate that striosomes modulate the processing of conscious and subliminal sources of conflict suggesting that microstructural basal ganglia properties are relevant for cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, Germany.,Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Moritz Mückschel
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, Germany
| | - Raymond Rosales
- XDP Study Group, Philippine Children's Medical Center, Quezon Avenue Corner Agham Road, Quezon City, Manila, Philippines
| | - Aloysius Domingo
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Maria-Goeppert-Straße 1, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lillian Lee
- Faculty of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, Manila, Philippines
| | - Arlene Ng
- XDP Study Group, Philippine Children's Medical Center, Quezon Avenue Corner Agham Road, Quezon City, Manila, Philippines
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Maria-Goeppert-Straße 1, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexander Münchau
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Maria-Goeppert-Straße 1, Lübeck, Germany
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5
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Stenner MP, Baumgaertel C, Heinze HJ, Ganos C, Müller-Vahl KR. Intact automatic motor inhibition in patients with tourette syndrome. Mov Disord 2019; 33:1800-1804. [PMID: 30485912 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioral disinhibition has been proposed as a key mechanism in Tourette syndrome. Yet classic inhibition tasks have yielded inconsistent results, likely reflecting interference by strategies compensating for tic release. METHODS We examined a core inhibitory function that is immune to such interference because it suppresses movements automatically. We measured automatic motor inhibition behaviorally in 21 adults with Tourette syndrome and 21 healthy controls via the negative compatibility effect. When a motor response is activated, for example, by a subliminal prime stimulus, but execution is delayed, activation turns into inhibition, increasing reaction time and error. Diminished automatic inhibition could underlie tic release. RESULTS Both controls and patients showed strong automatic motor inhibition with no significant group difference. Bayesian statistics, allowing inference on the absence of effects, favored intact inhibition in patients. Our study was well powered. CONCLUSIONS Automatic motor inhibition in Tourette syndrome is neither impaired nor harnessed by compensation. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max-Philipp Stenner
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Baumgaertel
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Jochen Heinze
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christos Ganos
- Department of Neurology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirsten R Müller-Vahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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6
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Furstenberg A, Dewar CD, Sompolinsky H, Knight RT, Deouell LY. Effect of Aging on Change of Intention. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:264. [PMID: 31417383 PMCID: PMC6685419 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Decision making often requires making arbitrary choices ("picking") between alternatives that make no difference to the agent, that are equally desirable, or when the potential reward is unknown. Using event-related potentials we tested the effect of age on this common type of decision making. We compared two age groups: ages 18-25, and ages 41-67 on a masked-priming paradigm while recording EEG and EMG. Participants pressed a right or left button following either an instructive arrow cue or a neutral free-choice picking cue, both preceded by a masked arrow or neutral prime. The prime affected the behavior on the Instructed and the Free-choice picking conditions both in the younger and older groups. Moreover, electrophysiological "Change of Intention" (ChoI) was observed via lateralized readiness potential (LRP) in both age groups - the polarity of the LRP indicated first preparation to move the primed hand and then preparation to move the other hand. However, the older participants were more conservative in responding to the instructive cue, exhibiting a speed-accuracy trade-off, with slower response times, less errors in incongruent trials, and reduced probability of EMG activity in the non-responding hand. Additionally, "Change of Intention" was observed in both age groups in slow RT trials with a neutral prime as a result of an endogenous early intention to respond in a direction opposite the eventual instructing arrow cue. We conclude that the basic behavioral and electrophysiological signatures of implicit ChoI are common to a wide range of ages. However, older subjects, despite showing a similar dynamic decision trajectory as younger adults, are slower, more prudent and finalize the decision making process before letting the information affect the peripheral motor system. In contrast, the flow of information in younger subjects occurs in parallel to the decision process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Furstenberg
- Racah Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Callum D. Dewar
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Haim Sompolinsky
- Racah Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Edmond & Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Robert T. Knight
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Leon Y. Deouell
- Edmond & Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Psychology Department, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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7
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Dubbioso R, Manganelli F, Siebner HR, Di Lazzaro V. Fast Intracortical Sensory-Motor Integration: A Window Into the Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:111. [PMID: 31024277 PMCID: PMC6463734 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a prototypical basal ganglia disorder. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic denervation leads to progressive dysfunction of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical sensorimotor loops, causing the classical motor symptoms. Although the basal ganglia do not receive direct sensory input, they are important for sensorimotor integration. Therefore, the basal ganglia dysfunction in PD may profoundly affect sensory-motor interaction in the cortex. Cortical sensorimotor integration can be probed with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) using a well-established conditioning-test paradigm, called short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI). SAI probes the fast-inhibitory effect of a conditioning peripheral electrical stimulus on the motor response evoked by a TMS test pulse given to the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1). Since SAI occurs at latencies that match the peaks of early cortical somatosensory potentials, the cortical circuitry generating SAI may play an important role in rapid online adjustments of cortical motor output to changes in somatosensory inputs. Here we review the existing studies that have used SAI to examine how PD affects fast cortical sensory-motor integration. Studies of SAI in PD have yielded variable results, showing reduced, normal or even enhanced levels of SAI. This variability may be attributed to the fact that the strength of SAI is influenced by several factors, such as differences in dopaminergic treatment or the clinical phenotype of PD. Inter-individual differences in the expression of SAI has been shown to scale with individual motor impairment as revealed by UPDRS motor score and thus, may reflect the magnitude of dopaminergic neurodegeneration. The magnitude of SAI has also been linked to cognitive dysfunction, and it has been suggested that SAI also reflects cholinergic denervation at the cortical level. Together, the results indicate that SAI is a useful marker of disease-related alterations in fast cortical sensory-motor integration driven by subcortical changes in the dopaminergic and cholinergic system. Since a multitude of neurobiological factors contribute to the magnitude of inhibition, any mechanistic interpretation of SAI changes in PD needs to consider the group characteristics in terms of phenotypical spectrum, disease stage, and medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Dubbioso
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
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8
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Keute M, Krauel K, Heinze HJ, Stenner MP. Intact automatic motor inhibition in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Cortex 2018; 109:215-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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9
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Schmidt CC, Timpert DC, Arend I, Vossel S, Dovern A, Saliger J, Karbe H, Fink GR, Henik A, Weiss PH. Preserved but Less Efficient Control of Response Interference After Unilateral Lesions of the Striatum. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:414. [PMID: 30459578 PMCID: PMC6232767 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research on the neural basis of cognitive control processes has mainly focused on cortical areas, while the role of subcortical structures in cognitive control is less clear. Models of basal ganglia function as well as clinical studies in neurodegenerative diseases suggest that the striatum (putamen and caudate nucleus) modulates the inhibition of interfering responses and thereby contributes to an important aspect of cognitive control, namely response interference control. To further investigate the putative role of the striatum in the control of response interference, 23 patients with stroke-induced lesions of the striatum and 32 age-matched neurologically healthy controls performed a unimanual version of the Simon task. In the Simon task, the correspondence between stimulus location and response location is manipulated so that control over response interference can be inferred from the reaction time costs in incongruent trials. Results showed that stroke patients responded overall slower and more erroneous than controls. The difference in response times (RTs) between incongruent and congruent trials (known as the Simon effect) was smaller in the ipsilesional/-lateral hemifield, but did not differ significantly between groups. However, in contrast to controls, stroke patients exhibited an abnormally stable Simon effect across the reaction time distribution indicating a reduced efficiency of the inhibition process. Thus, in stroke patients unilateral lesions of the striatum did not significantly impair the general ability to control response interference, but led to less efficient selective inhibition of interfering responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Schmidt
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - David C Timpert
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Isabel Arend
- Department of Psychology and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Simone Vossel
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Dovern
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jochen Saliger
- Neurological Rehabilitation Centre Godeshöhe, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans Karbe
- Neurological Rehabilitation Centre Godeshöhe, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Avishai Henik
- Department of Psychology and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Peter H Weiss
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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10
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Cheng FY, Yang YR, Wu YR, Lu CF, Cheng SJ, Wang RY. Beta event-related desynchronization can be enhanced by different training programs and is correlated with improved postural control in individuals with Parkinson's disease. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2018; 26:1957-1964. [PMID: 30183638 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2018.2868140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a specific exercise (SE) training program focusing on balance and muscle strengthening and a turning-based treadmill (TT) training program on cortical desynchronization and postural control in Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Eighteen patients with PD were recruited and randomly assigned to the SE group, TT training group or control exercise (CE) group and participated in 12 30-min training sessions focusing on balance and strengthening, turning-based treadmill training, or general exercise training, respectively, followed by 10 minutes of over-ground walking in each session for 4 to 6 weeks. The outcomes included alpha event-related desynchronization (ERD), beta ERD, postural control ability indicated by postural instability and gait disorder (PIGD), the step/quick turn test (SQT), and the sensory organization test (SOT). All measurements were assessed at baseline and after training. RESULTS The results (n=6 for each group) showed that both the SE and TT groups had improved beta ERD, but not alpha ERD, in the Cz area, PIGD score, and turn sway/time in the SQT compared with the CE group. Furthermore, postural control ability was positively correlated with beta ERD in the Cz area. However, there was no significant correlation between SOT total score and alpha ERD in the Cz area. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that beta ERD in the central area and postural control can be improved with balance training, along with lower extremity muscle strengthening exercise and turning-based treadmill training, in patients with PD. Furthermore, improvement in beta ERD in the central area correlated with improvements in postural control ability. This trial was registered at http://www.anzctr.org.au/ (ACTRN12616000198426).
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11
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Activation, Inhibition, or Something Else: An Exploratory Study on Response Priming Using Moving Dots as Primes in Middle-Aged and Old Adults. J Aging Res 2018; 2018:7432602. [PMID: 30018823 PMCID: PMC6029502 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7432602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Response priming refers to the finding that a prime stimulus preceding a target stimulus influences the response to the following target stimulus. With young subjects, using moving dot stimuli as primes indicated faster responses to compatible targets (i.e., prime and target are associated with the same response) with short stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In contrast, with longer SOAs, participants responded faster to incompatible targets. In the present study, we extended the evidence by comparing middle-aged (50-65 years) and old (66-87 years) adults. With two different motion types, the result found in young participants was replicated in the middle-aged adults. In contrast, old adults showed large positive compatibility effects with the short SOA but neither activation nor inhibition effects with the longer SOA. We discuss our findings in light of several theoretical accounts (i.e., inhibitory deficit, deautomatization, evaluation window account, attention, rapid decay).
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12
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Eggers K, De Nil LF, Van den Bergh BRH. Exogenously triggered response inhibition in developmental stuttering. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2018; 56:33-44. [PMID: 29494965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to examine relations between children's exogenously triggered response inhibition and stuttering. METHOD Participants were 18 children who stutter (CWS; mean age = 9;01 years) and 18 children who not stutter (CWNS; mean age = 9;01 years). Participants were matched on age (±3 months) and gender. Response inhibition was assessed by a stop signal task (Verbruggen, Logan, & Stevens, 2008). RESULTS Results suggest that CWS, compared to CWNS, perform comparable to CWNS in a task where response control is externally triggered. CONCLUSIONS Our findings seem to indicate that previous questionnaire-based findings (Eggers, De Nil, & Van den Bergh, 2010) of a decreased efficiency of response inhibition cannot be generalized to all types of response inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Eggers
- Dept. of Speech-Language Therapy, Thomas More University College, Belgium; Experimental Otorinolaryngology, Dept. of Neurosciences, University of Leuven, Belgium; Dept. of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Finland.
| | - Luc F De Nil
- Experimental Otorinolaryngology, Dept. of Neurosciences, University of Leuven, Belgium; Dept. of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Bea R H Van den Bergh
- Dept. of Psychology, Tilburg University, The Netherlands; Dept. of Psychology, University of Leuven, Belgium.
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13
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Zhong J, Chen DQ, Nantes JC, Holmes SA, Hodaie M, Koski L. Combined structural and functional patterns discriminating upper limb motor disability in multiple sclerosis using multivariate approaches. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 11:754-768. [PMID: 27146291 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A structural or functional pattern of neuroplasticity that could systematically discriminate between people with impaired and preserved motor performance could help us to understand the brain networks contributing to preservation or compensation of behavior in multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to (1) investigate whether a machine learning-based technique could accurately classify MS participants into groups defined by upper extremity function (i.e. motor function preserved (MP) vs. motor function impaired (MI)) based on their regional grey matter measures (GMM, cortical thickness and deep grey matter volume) and inter-regional functional connection (FC), (2) investigate which features (GMM, FC, or GMM + FC) could classify groups more accurately, and (3) identify the multivariate patterns of GMM and FCs that are most discriminative between MP and MI participants, and between each of these groups and the healthy controls (HCs). With 26 MP, 25 MI, and 21 HCs (age and sex matched) underwent T1-weighted and resting-state functional MRI at 3 T, we applied support vector machine (SVM) based classification to learn discriminant functions indicating regions in which GMM or between which FCs were most discriminative between groups. This study demonstrates that there exist structural and FC patterns sufficient for correct classification of upper limb motor ability of people with MS. The classifier with GMM + FC features yielded the highest accuracy of 85.61 % (p < 0.001) to distinguish between the MS groups using leave-one-out cross-validation. It suggests that a machine-learning approach combining structural and functional features is useful for identifying the specific neural substrates that are necessary and sufficient to preserve motor function among people with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidan Zhong
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada.
| | - David Qixiang Chen
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour-Systems, Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julia C Nantes
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Scott A Holmes
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mojgan Hodaie
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour-Systems, Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital & University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa Koski
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Panis S, Schmidt T. What Is Shaping RT and Accuracy Distributions? Active and Selective Response Inhibition Causes the Negative Compatibility Effect. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 28:1651-1671. [PMID: 27315271 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory control such as active selective response inhibition is currently a major topic in cognitive neuroscience. Here we analyze the shape of behavioral RT and accuracy distributions in a visual masked priming paradigm. We employ discrete time hazard functions of response occurrence and conditional accuracy functions to study what causes the negative compatibility effect (NCE)-faster responses and less errors in inconsistent than in consistent prime target conditions-during the time course of a trial. Experiment 1 compares different mask types to find out whether response-relevant mask features are necessary for the NCE. After ruling out this explanation, Experiment 2 manipulates prime mask and mask target intervals to find out whether the NCE is time-locked to the prime or to the mask. We find that (a) response conflicts in inconsistent prime target conditions are locked to target onset, (b) positive priming effects are locked to prime onset whereas the NCE is locked to mask onset, (c) active response inhibition is selective for the primed response, and (d) the type of mask has only modulating effects. We conclude that the NCE is neither caused by automatic self-inhibition of the primed response due to backward masking nor by updating response-relevant features of the mask, but by active mask-triggered selective inhibition of the primed response. We discuss our results in light of a recent computational model of the role of the BG in response gating and executive control.
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15
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Movement-related potentials in Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:2509-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Wang Y, Liu P, Zhao J, Wang Y, Zhao L. Does response link updating contribute to the negative compatibility effect? Acta Psychol (Amst) 2016; 166:42-8. [PMID: 27046263 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lleras and Enns (2004) argued that the negative compatibility effect (NCE) may partly originate from object updating (OU) between a prime and mask. This process could occur not only at the feature level, which facilitates target identification via feature updating (the updated feature is identical to the target in the feature), but also at the response level, which benefits target response via response link updating (an updated response link has an identical reaction to the target). This study aims to present experimental evidence for the latter hypothesis that response link updating is one process that triggers an NCE. The design used a 4 (stimuli) to 2 (responses) paradigm in which the left-hand response was assigned to "1" and "2" and the right-hand response was assigned to "3" and "4" (counterbalanced across the participants). Additionally, we manipulated the strength of OU (strong, "1" and "3" as primes versus weak OU condition, "2" and "4" as primes), response set of prime and target (e.g., same, "1" and "3" as both primes and targets versus different response set, "1" and "3" as primes or targets but "2" and "4" as targets or primes), and compatibility (compatible versus incompatible). The results showed a significant NCE in the strong OU (effective object updating) and different response set (separating response link updating from OU process) condition. Combined with the response time quartiles, which showed a special developmental course for this condition, the results suggest that response link updating is one process that triggers an NCE when the prime and target come from different response sets, and the processing of response link updating does not share identical developmental courses as the motor inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Wang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior & Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, 710062, China.
| | - Peng Liu
- School of Public Management, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior & Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Yongchun Wang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior & Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Li Zhao
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior & Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, 710062, China
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17
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Zhang G, Zhang Z, Liu L, Yang J, Huang J, Xiong N, Wang T. Impulsive and compulsive behaviors in Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:318. [PMID: 25452726 PMCID: PMC4231987 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impulsive and compulsive behaviors (ICBs) are a heterogeneous group of conditions that may be caused by long-term dopaminergic replacement therapy (DRT) of Parkinson's disease (PD). The spectrum of ICBs includes dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS), punding, and impulse control disorders (ICDs). CONTENTS We made a detailed review regarding the epidemiology, pathology, clinical characteristics, risk factors, diagnosis as well as treatment of ICBs. RESULTS The prevalence of ICBs in PD patients is approximately 3-4% for DDS, 0.34-4.2% for punding, and 6-14% for ICDs, with higher prevalence in Western populations than in Asian. Those who take high dose of levodopa are more prone to have DDS, whereas, ICDs are markedly associated with dopamine agonists. Different subtypes of ICBs share many risk factors such as male gender, higher levodopa equivalent daily dose, younger age at PD onset, history of alcoholism, impulsive, or novelty-seeking personality. The Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorder in Parkinson's Disease-Rating Scale seems to be a rather efficacious instrument to obtain relevant information from patients and caregivers. Treatment of ICBs is still a great challenge for clinicians. Readjustment of DRT remains the primary method. Atypical antipsychotics, antidepressants, amantadine, and psychosocial interventions are also prescribed in controlling episodes of psychosis caused by compulsive DRT, but attention should be drawn to balance ICBs symptoms and motor disorders. Moreover, deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus might be a potential method in controlling ICBs. CONCLUSION The exact pathophysiological mechanisms of ICBs in PD remains poorly understood. Further researches are needed not only to study the pathogenesis, prevalence, features, and risk factors of ICBs, but to find efficacious therapy for patients with these devastating consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Jiaolong Yang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Jinsha Huang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Nian Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
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18
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Atas A, San Anton E, Cleeremans A. The reversal of perceptual and motor compatibility effects differs qualitatively between metacontrast and random-line masks. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 79:813-28. [PMID: 25257260 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-014-0611-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In masked priming tasks, participants typically respond faster to compatible than to incompatible primes, an effect that has been dubbed as the positive compatibility effect (PCE). However, when the interval between the prime and the mask is relatively long, responses are faster to incompatible than to compatible primes. This inversion is called the negative compatibility effect (NCE). Two main origins of the NCE have been proposed. The object-updating theory holds that when the masks share stimulus features with the primes, both perceptual and motor processes generate an NCE. As an example, for masks composed of overlaid left and right prime arrows, the NCE is thought to be positive priming induced by the arrow of the mask pointing in the opposite direction of the prime. In contrast, the motor inhibition theories hold that the origin of the NCE is purely motor and can be demonstrated when masks do not share features with primes. To test both hypotheses, the present study aims at delineating the respective contributions of perceptual and motor components of the NCE in the context of different types of masks. Consistent with the object-updating hypothesis, we found both perceptual and motor NCEs at the long SOA with metacontrast masks (with internal contours corresponding to left and right overlaid arrows). Consistent with the motor inhibition hypothesis, we found motor NCE but no perceptual NCE at the long SOA with random-line masks (containing no prime features). The study thus suggests that the origin of the NCE depends on the type of mask.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Atas
- Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium,
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19
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Heida T, Poppe N, de Vos C, van Putten M, van Vugt J. Event-related mu-rhythm desynchronization during movement observation is impaired in Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 125:1819-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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The relationship between reversed masked priming and the tri-phasic pattern of the lateralised readiness potential. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93876. [PMID: 24728088 PMCID: PMC3984088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the potential explanations for negative compatibility effects (NCE) in subliminal motor priming tasks has been perceptual prime-target interactions. Here, we investigate whether the characteristic tri-phasic LRP pattern associated with the NCE is caused by these prime-target interactions. We found that both the prime-related phase and the critical reversal phase remain present even on trials where the target is omitted, confirming they are elicited by the prime and mask, not by prime-target interactions. We also report that shape and size of the reversal phase are associated with response speed, consistent with a causal role for the reversal for the subsequent response latency. Additionally, we analysed sequential modulation of the NCE by previous conflicting events, even though such conflict is subliminal. In accordance with previous literature, this modulation is small but significant.
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21
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Absence of congruency sequence effects reveals neurocognitive inflexibility in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:2976-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Verleger R, Schroll H, Hamker FH. The unstable bridge from stimulus processing to correct responding in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:2512-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Impaired automatic and unconscious motor processes in Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2095. [PMID: 23807076 PMCID: PMC3695560 DOI: 10.1038/srep02095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
While it is increasingly recognized that voluntary movements are produced by an interaction between conscious and unconscious processes, the role of the latter in Parkinson's disease has received little attention to date. Here, we administered a subliminal masked prime task to 15 Parkinson's disease patients and 15 age-matched healthy elderly subjects. Compatibility effects were examined by manipulating the direction of the arrows and the interstimuli interval. Analysis of the positive compatibility effect revealed performance differences between the most and the least affected hand in Parkinson's disease patients. Additionally, patients did not show the same tendency toward a negative compatibility effect as compared to elderly controls. These novel findings provide evidence supporting the role of basal ganglia circuits in controlling the balance between automatic motor response facilitation and inhibition.
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24
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D’Ostilio K, Deville B, Cremers J, Grandjean J, Skawiniak E, Delvaux V, Garraux G. Role of the supplementary motor area in the automatic activation of motor plans in de novo Parkinson's disease patients. Neurosci Res 2013; 76:173-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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D’Ostilio K, Collette F, Phillips C, Garraux G. Evidence for a role of a cortico-subcortical network for automatic and unconscious motor inhibition of manual responses. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48007. [PMID: 23110158 PMCID: PMC3480469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now clear that non-consciously perceived stimuli can bias our decisions. Although previous researches highlighted the importance of automatic and unconscious processes involved in voluntary action, the neural correlates of such processes remain unclear. Basal ganglia dysfunctions have long been associated with impairment in automatic motor control. In addition, a key role of the medial frontal cortex has been suggested by administrating a subliminal masked prime task to a patient with a small lesion restricted to the supplementary motor area (SMA). In this task, invisible masked arrows stimuli were followed by visible arrow targets for a left or right hand response at different interstimuli intervals (ISI), producing a traditional facilitation effect for compatible trials at short ISI and a reversal inhibitory effect at longer ISI. Here, by using fast event-related fMRI and a weighted parametric analysis, we showed BOLD related activity changes in a cortico-subcortical network, especially in the SMA and the striatum, directly linked to the individual behavioral pattern. This new imaging result corroborates previous works on subliminal priming using lesional approaches. This finding implies that one of the roles of these regions was to suppress a partially activated movement below the threshold of awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D’Ostilio
- MoVeRe group, Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Collette
- Department of Psychology, Cognition and Behavior, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christophe Phillips
- Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gaëtan Garraux
- MoVeRe group, Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Center, Liège, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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26
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D'Ostilio K, Garraux G. Brain mechanisms underlying automatic and unconscious control of motor action. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:265. [PMID: 23055963 PMCID: PMC3458240 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Are we in command of our motor acts?The popular belief holds that our conscious decisions are the direct causes of our actions. However, overwhelming evidence from neurosciences demonstrates that our actions are instead largely driven by brain processes that unfold outside of our consciousness. To study these brain processes, scientists have used a range of different functional brain imaging techniques and experimental protocols, such as subliminal priming. Here, we review recent advances in the field and propose a theoretical model of motor control that may contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D'Ostilio
- MoVeRe Group, Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liege Liege, Belgium
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27
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D'Ostilio K, Garraux G. Dissociation between unconscious motor response facilitation and conflict in medial frontal areas. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:332-40. [PMID: 22250818 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Masked prime tasks have shown that sensory information that has not been consciously perceived can nevertheless modulate behavior. The neuronal correlates of behavioral manifestations of visuomotor priming remain debated, particularly with respect to the distribution and direction (i.e. increase or decrease) of activity changes in medial frontal areas. Here, we predicted that these discrepant results could be accounted for by two automatic and unconscious processes embedded in this task: response conflict and facilitation. We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), as 24 healthy participants had to respond, as fast as possible, to a target arrow presented immediately after a subliminal masked prime arrow. There were three experimental conditions defined by the prime-target relationship: compatible, incompatible, and neutral. The classical visuomotor priming effect was reproduced, with relatively longer reaction times (RTs) in incompatible trials. Longer RTs in incompatible than in neutral trials were specifically associated with stronger blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activity in a conflict-related network comprising the anterior cingulate cortex and right frontal associative areas. Motor response facilitation as shown by shorter RTs in compatible than in neutral trials was associated with reduced activation in a motor preparation network including the medial and lateral premotor cortices, as a result of the repetition suppression of the fMRI BOLD signal. The present results provide new insights into automatic and unconscious visuomotor priming processes, suggesting an involvement of either a cognitive or motor network, depending on the prime-target relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D'Ostilio
- Movere Group, Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liége, Liége, Belgium
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28
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Schlaghecken F, Birak KS, Maylor EA. Age-related deficits in efficiency of low-level lateral inhibition. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:102. [PMID: 22557955 PMCID: PMC3338071 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In a masked prime task using a 0 ms prime-target inter-stimulus-interval, responses on trials where prime and target match (compatible trials) are usually faster and more accurate than responses where prime and target mismatch (incompatible trials). This positive compatibility effect (PCE) comprises both behavioral benefits on compatible relative to neutral trials, and behavioral costs on incompatible relative to neutral trials. Comparing performance in 2- vs. 4-alternative-response versions of the task indicates that benefits are due to direct priming (i.e., pre-activation) of a motor response, whereas costs reflect an inhibition of the alternative response tendency. The present study employs this paradigm to test the hypothesis that normal aging is associated with a selective deficit in inhibitory function, affecting both low-level motor and higher-level executive control. Experiment and Results: Testing 20 young and 20 older healthy adults, we found that (1) overall, prime-induced benefits were of similar magnitude across age groups, but inhibition-based costs were smaller in older compared to young adults; (2) increasing the number of response alternatives caused the same pattern of unaltered benefits and reduced costs in both age groups; and (3) costs, but not benefits, in the 2-alternative condition were significantly predicted by scores on the digit symbol substitution task (DSST), independently of age and other background variables. Interpretation: Results demonstrate the possibility of isolating an inhibitory component in low-level perceptuo-motor control. Importantly, this component shows an age-related decline in the absence of a corresponding decline of visuo-motor excitability, and appears to be linked to performance on a higher-level processing speed task. We hypothesize that aging might affect the brain's ability to establish precise short-term lateral inhibitory links, and that even in young adults, the efficiency of such links is a significant contributing factor in higher-level cognitive performance.
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29
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Poletti M, Bonuccelli U. Impulse control disorders in Parkinson’ disease: the role of personality and cognitive status. J Neurol 2012; 259:2269-77. [PMID: 22532171 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-012-6506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Poletti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56100, Pisa, Italy
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30
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McBride J, Boy F, Husain M, Sumner P. Automatic motor activation in the executive control of action. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:82. [PMID: 22536177 PMCID: PMC3334842 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although executive control and automatic behavior have often been considered separate and distinct processes, there is strong emerging and convergent evidence that they may in fact be intricately interlinked. In this review, we draw together evidence showing that visual stimuli cause automatic and unconscious motor activation, and how this in turn has implications for executive control. We discuss object affordances, alien limb syndrome, the visual grasp reflex, subliminal priming, and subliminal triggering of attentional orienting. Consideration of these findings suggests automatic motor activation might form an intrinsic part of all behavior, rather than being categorically different from voluntary actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer McBride
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Frédéric Boy
- School of Psychology, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, UK
| | - Masud Husain
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondon, UK
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31
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Liu H, Wang EQ, Metman LV, Larson CR. Vocal responses to perturbations in voice auditory feedback in individuals with Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33629. [PMID: 22448258 PMCID: PMC3308986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most common symptoms of speech deficits in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) is significantly reduced vocal loudness and pitch range. The present study investigated whether abnormal vocalizations in individuals with PD are related to sensory processing of voice auditory feedback. Perturbations in loudness or pitch of voice auditory feedback are known to elicit short latency, compensatory responses in voice amplitude or fundamental frequency. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Twelve individuals with Parkinson's disease and 13 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects sustained a vowel sound (/α/) and received unexpected, brief (200 ms) perturbations in voice loudness (±3 or 6 dB) or pitch (±100 cents) auditory feedback. Results showed that, while all subjects produced compensatory responses in their voice amplitude or fundamental frequency, individuals with PD exhibited larger response magnitudes than the control subjects. Furthermore, for loudness-shifted feedback, upward stimuli resulted in shorter response latencies than downward stimuli in the control subjects but not in individuals with PD. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The larger response magnitudes in individuals with PD compared with the control subjects suggest that processing of voice auditory feedback is abnormal in PD. Although the precise mechanisms of the voice feedback processing are unknown, results of this study suggest that abnormal voice control in individuals with PD may be related to dysfunctional mechanisms of error detection or correction in sensory feedback processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjun Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Emily Q. Wang
- Departments of Communication Disorders and Sciences, and Otolaryngology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Leo Verhagen Metman
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Charles R. Larson
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Mirabella G, Iaconelli S, Romanelli P, Modugno N, Lena F, Manfredi M, Cantore G. Deep brain stimulation of subthalamic nuclei affects arm response inhibition in Parkinson's patients. Cereb Cortex 2011; 22:1124-32. [PMID: 21810782 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise localizations of the neural substrates of voluntary inhibition are still debated. It has been hypothesized that, in humans, this executive function relies upon a right-lateralized pathway comprising the inferior frontal gyrus and the presupplementary motor area, which would control the neural processes for movement inhibition acting through the right subthalamic nucleus (STN). We assessed the role of the right STN, via a countermanding reaching task, in 10 Parkinson's patients receiving high-frequency electrical stimulation of the STN of both hemispheres (deep brain stimulation, DBS) and in 13 healthy subjects. We compared the performance of Parkinson's patients in 4 experimental conditions: DBS-ON, DBS-OFF, DBS-OFF right, and DBS-OFF left. We found that 1) inhibitory control is improved only when both DBS are active, that is, the reaction time to the stop signal is significantly shorter in the DBS-ON condition than in all the others, 2) bilateral stimulation of STN restores the inhibitory control to a near-normal level, and 3) DBS does not cause a general improvement in task-related motor function as it does not affect the length of the reaction times of arm movements, that is, in our experimental context, STN seems to play a selective role in response inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mirabella
- Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy.
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Adam JJ, van Houdt H, Scholtissen B, Visser-Vandewalle V, Winogrodzka A, Duits A. Executive control in Parkinson's disease: Effects of dopaminergic medication and deep brain stimulation on anti-cue keypress performance. Neurosci Lett 2011; 500:113-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Maylor EA, Birak KS, Schlaghecken F. Inhibitory motor control in old age: evidence for de-automatization? Front Psychol 2011; 2:132. [PMID: 21734899 PMCID: PMC3122077 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine age-related effects on high-level consciously controlled and low-level automatically controlled inhibitory processes, the Simon task was combined with the masked prime task in a hybrid procedure. Young and older adults responded to the identity of targets (left/right key-press to left-/right-pointing arrows) that appeared on the left/right of the screen and were preceded by left-/right-pointing backward-masked arrow primes at fixation. Responses were faster and more accurate when the target was congruent with its location than incongruent (Simon effect), and when the target was incompatible with the prime than compatible (negative compatibility effect; NCE). The Simon effect was disproportionately larger, and the NCE disproportionately delayed, in older adults compared to young adults, indicating both high- and low-level inhibitory control deficits with aging. Moreover, the two effects were additive in young adults, but interactive in older adults, providing support for the dedifferentiation hypothesis of aging. Specifically, older adults’ prime-related inhibitory control appeared improved on incongruent relative to congruent trials, suggesting that impaired automatic control was substituted by high-level, non-automatic processes.
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Scally K, Charlton JL, Iansek R, Bradshaw JL, Moss S, Georgiou-Karistianis N. Impact of external cue validity on driving performance in Parkinson's disease. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2011; 2011:159621. [PMID: 21789275 PMCID: PMC3140707 DOI: 10.4061/2011/159621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to investigate the impact of external cue validity on simulated driving performance in 19 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and 19 healthy age-matched controls. Braking points and distance between deceleration point and braking point were analysed for red traffic signals preceded either by Valid Cues (correctly predicting signal), Invalid Cues (incorrectly predicting signal), and No Cues. Results showed that PD drivers braked significantly later and travelled significantly further between deceleration and braking points compared with controls for Invalid and No-Cue conditions. No significant group differences were observed for driving performance in response to Valid Cues. The benefit of Valid Cues relative to Invalid Cues and No Cues was significantly greater for PD drivers compared with controls. Trail Making Test (B-A) scores correlated with driving performance for PDs only. These results highlight the importance of external cues and higher cognitive functioning for driving performance in mild to moderate PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Scally
- Experimental Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Judith L. Charlton
- Monash Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Clayton Campus, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Robert Iansek
- Clinical Research Centre for Movement Disorders and Gait, Kingston Centre, Warrigal Road, Cheltenham, VIC 3192, Australia
| | - John L. Bradshaw
- Experimental Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Simon Moss
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Nellie Georgiou-Karistianis
- Experimental Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, VIC 3800, Australia
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36
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Obeso I, Wilkinson L, Casabona E, Bringas ML, Álvarez M, Álvarez L, Pavón N, Rodríguez-Oroz MC, Macías R, Obeso JA, Jahanshahi M. Deficits in inhibitory control and conflict resolution on cognitive and motor tasks in Parkinson’s disease. Exp Brain Res 2011; 212:371-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2736-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Viaro R, Morari M, Franchi G. Progressive motor cortex functional reorganization following 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning in rats. J Neurosci 2011; 31:4544-54. [PMID: 21430155 PMCID: PMC6622898 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5394-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have attempted to correlate changes of motor cortex activity with progression of Parkinson's disease, although results have been controversial. In the present study we used intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) combined with behavioral testing in 6-hydroxydopamine hemilesioned rats to evaluate the impact of dopamine depletion on movement representations in primary motor cortex (M1) and motor behavior. ICMS allows for motor-effective stimulation of corticofugal neurons in motor areas so as to obtain topographic movements representations based on movement type, area size, and threshold currents. Rats received unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine in the nigrostriatal bundle, causing motor impairment. Changes in M1 were time dependent and bilateral, although stronger in the lesioned than the intact hemisphere. Representation size and threshold current were maximally impaired at 15 d, although inhibition was still detectable at 60-120 d after lesion. Proximal forelimb movements emerged at the expense of the distal ones. Movement lateralization was lost mainly at 30 d after lesion. Systemic L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine partially attenuated motor impairment and cortical changes, particularly in the caudal forelimb area, and completely rescued distal forelimb movements. Local application of the GABA(A) antagonist bicuculline partially restored cortical changes, particularly in the rostral forelimb area. The local anesthetic lidocaine injected into the M1 of the intact hemisphere restored movement lateralization in the lesioned hemisphere. This study provides evidence for motor cortex remodeling after unilateral dopamine denervation, suggesting that cortical changes were associated with dopamine denervation, pathogenic intracortical GABA inhibition, and altered interhemispheric activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Viaro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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38
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Hermens F, Sumner P, Walker R. Inhibition of masked primes as revealed by saccade curvature. Vision Res 2011; 50:46-56. [PMID: 19861134 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In masked priming, responses are often speeded when primes are similar to targets ('positive compatibility effect'). However, sometimes similarity of prime and target impairs responses ('negative compatibility effect'). A similar distinction has been found for the curvature of saccade trajectories. Here, we test whether the same inhibition processes are involved in the two phenomena, by directly comparing response times and saccade curvature within the same masked priming paradigm. Interestingly, we found a dissociation between the directions of masked priming and saccade curvature, which could indicate that multiple types of inhibition are involved in the suppression of unwanted responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frouke Hermens
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
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39
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Abstract
We report the heritability of response inhibition, latency, and variability, which are potential markers of genetic risk in neuropsychiatric conditions. Genetic and environmental influences on cancellation and restraint, response latency, and variability measured in a novel variant of the stop signal task were studied in 139 eight-year-old twin pairs from a birth cohort. Cancellation (50%), restraint (27%), and response latency (41%) showed significant heritability, the balance being non-shared environmental influences and/or error. Response variability was not heritable, with 23% of the variance attributable to shared environmental influences and 77% to non-shared environmental risk or error. The phenotypic correlation between response cancellation and restraint was -.44 and between response latency and restraint was .21. These phenotypic correlations were entirely genetic in origin. The phenotypic correlation between response variability and % successful inhibition was .27, but was not genetic. Cancellation and restraint were heritable and shared genetic influences, indicating that they may be influenced by a common gene or genes. Response latency was moderately heritable and shared genetic influences with restraint, but was not correlated with cancellation. Response variability was not heritable. These results support the potential of response inhibition and latency as endophenotypes in genetic research.
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40
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Beste C, Baune BT, Falkenstein M, Konrad C. Variations in the TNF-α Gene (TNF-α -308G→A) Affect Attention and Action Selection Mechanisms in a Dissociated Fashion. J Neurophysiol 2010; 104:2523-31. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00561.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest to understand the molecular basis of complex cognitive processes. While neurotransmitter systems have frequently been examined, other, for example neuroimmunological factors have attracted much less interest. Recent evidence suggests that the A allele of the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) 308G→A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; rs1800629) enhances cognitive functions. However, it is also known that TNF-α exerts divergent, region-specific effects on neuronal functioning. Thus the finding that the A allele is associated with enhanced cognitive performance may be due to regionally specific effects of TNF-α. In this study, associations between the TNF-α −308G→A single nucleotide polymorphism (rs1800629) and cognitive function in an event-related potential (ERP) study in healthy participants ( n = 96) are investigated. We focus on subprocesses of stimulus-response compatibility that are known to be mediated by different brain systems. The results show a dissociative effect of the TNF- 308G→A SNP on ERPs reflecting attentional (N1) versus conflict and action selection processes [N2 and early-lateralized readiness potential (e-LRP)] between the AA/AG and the GG genotypes. Compared with the GG genotype group, attentional processes (N1) were enhanced in the combined AA/AG genotype group, while conflict processing functions (N2) and the selection of actions (LRP) were reduced. The results refine the picture of the effects of the TNF-α −308G→A SNP on cognitive functions and emphasize the known divergent effects of TNF-α on brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Beste
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Biopsychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
| | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Michael Falkenstein
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany; and
| | - Carsten Konrad
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Germany
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41
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Krüger D, Klapötke S, Mattler U. PRP-paradigm provides evidence for a perceptual origin of the negative compatibility effect. Conscious Cogn 2010; 20:866-81. [PMID: 20947385 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 08/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Visual stimuli (primes) that are made invisible by masking can affect motor responses to a subsequent target stimulus. When a prime is followed by a mask which is followed by a target stimulus, an inverse priming effect (or negative compatibility effect) has been found: Responses are slow and frequently incorrect when prime and target stimuli are congruent, but fast and accurate when prime and target stimuli are incongruent. To functionally localize the origins of inverse priming effects, we applied the psychological refractory period (PRP-) paradigm which distinguishes a perceptual level, a central bottleneck, and a level of motor execution. Two dual-task experiments were run with the PRP-paradigm to localize the inverse priming effect relative to the central bottleneck. Together, results of the Effect-Absorption and the Effect-Propagation Procedure suggest that inverse priming effects are generated by perceptual mechanisms. We suggest two perceptual mechanisms as the source of inverse priming effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Krüger
- Georg-Elias-Müller Institute for Psychology, Georg-August University Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
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42
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Abstract
A new study links individual differences in unconsciously triggered motor control to variability in GABA neurotransmitter concentration in the supplementary motor area of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Egner
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, and Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, LSRC Box 90999, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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43
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Boy F, Husain M, Singh KD, Sumner P. Supplementary motor area activations in unconscious inhibition of voluntary action. Exp Brain Res 2010; 206:441-8. [PMID: 20871983 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that regions within the dorsal medial frontal cortex are involved in the control of voluntary action. However, recent evidence suggests that a subset of these regions may also be important for unconscious and involuntary motor processes. Indeed, Sumner et al. (Neuron 54:697-711, 2007) showed that two patients with micro-lesions of the supplementary motor area (SMA) and supplementary eye field (SEF) demonstrated an absence of unconscious inhibition as evoked by masked-prime stimuli, while pre-SMA damage had no such effect. Here, we employ fMRI and a similar masked-prime task to test whether SMA and pre-SMA are similarly dissociated in healthy volunteers. Reaction times (RT) revealed that responses to compatible trials were slower than those to incompatible trials (negative compatibility effect, NCE), indicating automatic inhibition in every participant. BOLD signals in the SMA were modulated by prime compatibility, showing greater signal for compatible trials, but there was no change in pre-SMA. There was also no modulation in the hand motor cortex (HMC). These findings imply that the SMA is involved in automatic suppression of manual motor plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Boy
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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44
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Richard Ridderinkhof K, Forstmann BU, Wylie SA, Burle B, van den Wildenberg WPM. Neurocognitive mechanisms of action control: resisting the call of the Sirens. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2010; 2:174-192. [PMID: 26302009 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Richard Ridderinkhof
- Amsterdam Center for the Study of Adaptive Control in Brain and Behavior (Acacia), Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Birte U. Forstmann
- Spinoza Center for Neuroimaging, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Scott A. Wylie
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Borís Burle
- University of Aix‐Marseilles, CNRS, Marseilles, France
| | - Wery P. M. van den Wildenberg
- Amsterdam Center for the Study of Adaptive Control in Brain and Behavior (Acacia), Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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45
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Albert NB, Peiris Y, Cohen G, Miall RC, Praamstra P. Interference effects from observed movement in Parkinson's disease. J Mot Behav 2010; 42:145-9. [PMID: 20207605 PMCID: PMC4962902 DOI: 10.1080/00222891003612805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that Parkinson's disease patients have an increased susceptibility to response conflict. In the present study, the authors investigate whether Parkinson's patients have a similar sensitivity to interference from observed movements. In all, 10 patients and 10 controls performed horizontal and vertical arm movements while watching a video of either a person performing similar movements or a moving dot. Movements were performed in the same plane (congruent) and orthogonal to the observed movement (incongruent). The off-axis variance of movements was our index of interference. Although patients tended to exhibit more off-axis variability than did controls, both groups demonstrated similar congruence effects, with greater variance in incongruent conditions. These results indicated that increased susceptibility to interference in Parkinson's disease does not extend to interference from observed movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil B. Albert
- Behavioural Brain Sciences Centre, University of Birmingham, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, USA
| | - Yasmin Peiris
- Behavioural Brain Sciences Centre, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Georgia Cohen
- Behavioural Brain Sciences Centre, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - R. Chris Miall
- Behavioural Brain Sciences Centre, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Peter Praamstra
- Behavioural Brain Sciences Centre, University of Birmingham, UK
- Department of Neurology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, UK
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46
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Responsiveness to distracting stimuli, though increased in Parkinson's disease, is decreased in asymptomatic PINK1 and Parkin mutation carriers. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:467-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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47
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Positive and negative congruency effects in masked priming: A neuro-computational model based on representation, attention, and conflict. Brain Res 2009; 1289:124-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Doll BB, Jacobs WJ, Sanfey AG, Frank MJ. Instructional control of reinforcement learning: a behavioral and neurocomputational investigation. Brain Res 2009; 1299:74-94. [PMID: 19595993 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Humans learn how to behave directly through environmental experience and indirectly through rules and instructions. Behavior analytic research has shown that instructions can control behavior, even when such behavior leads to sub-optimal outcomes (Hayes, S. (Ed.). 1989. Rule-governed behavior: cognition, contingencies, and instructional control. Plenum Press.). Here we examine the control of behavior through instructions in a reinforcement learning task known to depend on striatal dopaminergic function. Participants selected between probabilistically reinforced stimuli, and were (incorrectly) told that a specific stimulus had the highest (or lowest) reinforcement probability. Despite experience to the contrary, instructions drove choice behavior. We present neural network simulations that capture the interactions between instruction-driven and reinforcement-driven behavior via two potential neural circuits: one in which the striatum is inaccurately trained by instruction representations coming from prefrontal cortex/hippocampus (PFC/HC), and another in which the striatum learns the environmentally based reinforcement contingencies, but is "overridden" at decision output. Both models capture the core behavioral phenomena but, because they differ fundamentally on what is learned, make distinct predictions for subsequent behavioral and neuroimaging experiments. Finally, we attempt to distinguish between the proposed computational mechanisms governing instructed behavior by fitting a series of abstract "Q-learning" and Bayesian models to subject data. The best-fitting model supports one of the neural models, suggesting the existence of a "confirmation bias" in which the PFC/HC system trains the reinforcement system by amplifying outcomes that are consistent with instructions while diminishing inconsistent outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley B Doll
- Department of Cognitive and Linguistic Sciences, Department of Psychology, Brown University, USA.
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49
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Huddy VC, Aron AR, Harrison M, Barnes TRE, Robbins TW, Joyce EM. Impaired conscious and preserved unconscious inhibitory processing in recent onset schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2009; 39:907-916. [PMID: 18796175 PMCID: PMC2682611 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291708004340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairments in inhibitory function have been found in studies of cognition in schizophrenia. These have been linked to a failure to adequately maintain the task demands in working memory. As response inhibition is known to occur in both voluntary and involuntary processes, an important question is whether both aspects of response inhibition are specifically impaired in people with schizophrenia. METHOD The subjects were 33 patients presenting with a first episode of psychosis (27 with schizophrenia and six with schizo-affective disorder) and 24 healthy controls. We administered two motor response tasks: voluntary response inhibition was indexed by the stop-signal task and involuntary response inhibition by the masked priming task. We also administered neuropsychological measures of IQ and executive function to explore their associations with response inhibition. RESULTS Patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls showed significantly increased duration of the voluntary response inhibition process, as indexed by the stop-signal reaction time (SSRT). By contrast, there were no group differences on the pattern of priming on the masked priming task, indicative of intact involuntary response inhibition. Neuropsychological measures revealed that voluntary response inhibition is not necessarily dependent on working memory. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence for a specific impairment of voluntary response inhibition in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. C. Huddy
- Division of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Imperial
College London, UK
| | - A. R. Aron
- Department of Psychology, University of California San
Diego, USA
| | - M. Harrison
- Division of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Imperial
College London, UK
| | - T. R. E. Barnes
- Division of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Imperial
College London, UK
| | - T. W. Robbins
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of
Cambridge, UK
| | - E. M. Joyce
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK
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50
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Troche SJ, Trenkwalder C, Morelli-Canelo M, Gibbons H, Rammsayer TH. To the influence of general slowing and medication on identity- and location-based priming effects in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neuropsychol 2009; 3:147-68. [PMID: 19338711 DOI: 10.1348/174866408x306872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies on inhibitory mechanisms assessed by negative priming (NP) paradigms in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD) have yielded highly ambiguous results. The present study examined two possible reasons for this heterogeneity: general slowing and anti-Parkinsonian medication. Their effects on identity and location NP and positive priming (PP) were investigated. Twenty medicated PD patients and 20 PD patients after drug withdrawal were compared to 20 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. The influence of PD patients' general slowing on priming effects was statistically controlled. Location NP was found not to be affected by PD, whereas identity NP was reduced in medicated PD patients compared to non-medicated PD patients and healthy controls. At first, identity and location PP appeared to be enhanced in both PD groups. After controlling for general slowing, however, differences between PD patients and healthy controls disappeared. These findings endorse the notion that uncontrolled effects of both, PD-related general slowing and anti-Parkinsonian medication may have contributed to previously conflicting results on priming effects in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Troche
- Institute for Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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