1
|
Ursino M, Pelle S, Nekka F, Robaey P, Schirru M. Valence-dependent dopaminergic modulation during reversal learning in Parkinson's disease: A neurocomputational approach. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2024:107985. [PMID: 39270814 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Reinforcement learning, crucial for behavior in dynamic environments, is driven by rewards and punishments, modulated by dopamine (DA) changes. This study explores the dopaminergic system's influence on learning, particularly in Parkinson's Disease (PD), where medication leads to impaired adaptability. Highlighting the role of tonic DA in signaling the valence of actions, this research investigates how DA affects response vigor and decision-making in PD. DA not only influences reward and punishment learning but also indicates the cognitive effort level and risk propensity in actions, which are essential for understanding and managing PD symptoms. In this work, we adapt our existing neurocomputational model of basal ganglia (BG) to simulate two reversal learning tasks proposed by Cools et al. We first optimized a Hebb rule for both probabilistic and deterministic reversal learning, conducted a sensitivity analysis (SA) on parameters related to DA effect, and compared performances between three groups: PD-ON, PD-OFF, and control subjects. In our deterministic task simulation, we explored switch error rates after unexpected task switches and found a U-shaped relationship between tonic DA levels and switch error frequency. Through SA, we classify these three groups. Then, assuming that the valence of the stimulus affects the tonic levels of DA, we were able to reproduce the results by Cools et al. As for the probabilistic task simulation, our results are in line with clinical data, showing similar trends with PD-ON, characterized by higher tonic DA levels that are correlated with increased difficulty in both acquisition and reversal tasks. Our study proposes a new hypothesis: valence, signaled by tonic DA levels, influences learning in PD, confirming the uncorrelation between phasic and tonic DA changes. This hypothesis challenges existing paradigms and opens new avenues for understanding cognitive processes in PD, particularly in reversal learning tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Ursino
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering Guglielmo Marconi, University of Bologna, Campus of Cesena, I 47521 Cesena, Italy.
| | - Silvana Pelle
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering Guglielmo Marconi, University of Bologna, Campus of Cesena, I 47521 Cesena, Italy.
| | - Fahima Nekka
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada; Centre de recherches mathématiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada; Centre for Applied Mathematics in Bioscience and Medicine (CAMBAM), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Philippe Robaey
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Miriam Schirru
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering Guglielmo Marconi, University of Bologna, Campus of Cesena, I 47521 Cesena, Italy; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rogers K, Gold JI, Ding L. The subthalamic nucleus contributes causally to perceptual decision-making in monkeys. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.09.588715. [PMID: 38645039 PMCID: PMC11030388 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.09.588715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) plays critical roles in the motor and cognitive function of the basal ganglia (BG), but the exact nature of these roles is not fully understood, especially in the context of decision-making based on uncertain evidence. Guided by theoretical predictions of specific STN contributions, we used single-unit recording and electrical microstimulation in the STN of healthy monkeys to assess its causal, computational roles in visual-saccadic decisions based on noisy evidence. The recordings identified subpopulations of STN neurons with distinct task-related activity patterns that related to different theoretically predicted functions. Microstimulation caused changes in behavioral choices and response times that reflected multiple contributions to an "accumulate-to-bound"-like decision process, including modulation of decision bounds and evidence accumulation, and to non-perceptual processes. These results provide new insights into the multiple ways that the STN can support higher brain function.
Collapse
|
3
|
Voon V, Manssuer L, Zhao YJ, Ding Q, Zhao Y, Wang L, Wang T, Huang P, Pan Y, Sun B, Li D. Modeling impulsivity and risk aversion in the subthalamic nucleus with deep brain stimulation. NATURE. MENTAL HEALTH 2024; 2:1084-1095. [PMID: 39263364 PMCID: PMC11383798 DOI: 10.1038/s44220-024-00289-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Risk evaluation is ubiquitous in decisions. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is effective for Parkinson's disease and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and can be associated with impulsivity and hypomania. Subthalamic stimulation has seemingly contrasting effects on impulsivity enhancing conflict-induced impulsivity but decreasing risk taking. Here, using a card gambling task paired with intracranial recordings (n = 25) and within-subject case control acute stimulation (n = 15) of the right subthalamic nucleus, we dissociated objective risk and uncertainty and subjective physiological markers of risk. Acute stimulation decreased risk taking (P = 0.010, Cohen's d = 0.72) and increased subthalamic theta activity (P < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.72). Critically, stimulation negatively shifted the relationship between subthalamic physiology and a measure of evidence accumulation similar to observations with stimulation-induced conflict processing. This highlights the phenotypic and physiological heterogeneity of impulsivity, yet linking mechanisms underlying stimulation-induced conflict and risk. Finally, stimulation-induced risk seeking implicates the ventral subthalamic nucleus and dissociating anatomical and functional connectivity with the mesial prefrontal cortex. Our findings have implications for conceptualizations of impulsivity, and clinical relevance for neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Voon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luis Manssuer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yi-Jie Zhao
- Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Ding
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Linbin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixin Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bomin Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianyou Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang Q. Unraveling the enigmatic role of the subthalamic nucleus. eLife 2024; 13:e100598. [PMID: 38984395 PMCID: PMC11236414 DOI: 10.7554/elife.100598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Subpopulations of neurons in the subthalamic nucleus have distinct activity patterns that relate to the three hypotheses of the Drift Diffusion Model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianli Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Brain-inspired Intelligence Technology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ding L. Contributions of the Basal Ganglia to Visual Perceptual Decisions. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2023; 9:385-407. [PMID: 37713277 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-111022-123804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The basal ganglia (BG) make up a prominent nexus between visual and motor-related brain regions. In contrast to the BG's well-established roles in movement control and value-based decision making, their contributions to the transformation of visual input into an action remain unclear, especially in the context of perceptual decisions based on uncertain visual evidence. This article reviews recent progress in our understanding of the BG's contributions to the formation, evaluation, and adjustment of such decisions. From theoretical and experimental perspectives, the review focuses on four key stations in the BG network, namely, the striatum, pallidum, subthalamic nucleus, and midbrain dopamine neurons, which can have different roles and together support the decision process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Ding
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tichelaar JG, Sayalı C, Helmich RC, Cools R. Impulse control disorder in Parkinson's disease is associated with abnormal frontal value signalling. Brain 2023; 146:3676-3689. [PMID: 37192341 PMCID: PMC10473575 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic medication is well established to boost reward- versus punishment-based learning in Parkinson's disease. However, there is tremendous variability in dopaminergic medication effects across different individuals, with some patients exhibiting much greater cognitive sensitivity to medication than others. We aimed to unravel the mechanisms underlying this individual variability in a large heterogeneous sample of early-stage patients with Parkinson's disease as a function of comorbid neuropsychiatric symptomatology, in particular impulse control disorders and depression. One hundred and ninety-nine patients with Parkinson's disease (138 ON medication and 61 OFF medication) and 59 healthy controls were scanned with functional MRI while they performed an established probabilistic instrumental learning task. Reinforcement learning model-based analyses revealed medication group differences in learning from gains versus losses, but only in patients with impulse control disorders. Furthermore, expected-value related brain signalling in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex was increased in patients with impulse control disorders ON medication compared with those OFF medication, while striatal reward prediction error signalling remained unaltered. These data substantiate the hypothesis that dopamine's effects on reinforcement learning in Parkinson's disease vary with individual differences in comorbid impulse control disorder and suggest they reflect deficient computation of value in medial frontal cortex, rather than deficient reward prediction error signalling in striatum. See Michael Browning (https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awad248) for a scientific commentary on this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorryt G Tichelaar
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, 6525EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Centre of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ceyda Sayalı
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Rick C Helmich
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, 6525EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Centre of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roshan Cools
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, 6525EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pasquereau B, Turner RS. Neural dynamics underlying self-control in the primate subthalamic nucleus. eLife 2023; 12:e83971. [PMID: 37204300 PMCID: PMC10259453 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is hypothesized to play a central role in neural processes that regulate self-control. Still uncertain, however, is how that brain structure participates in the dynamically evolving estimation of value that underlies the ability to delay gratification and wait patiently for a gain. To address that gap in knowledge, we studied the spiking activity of neurons in the STN of monkeys during a task in which animals were required to remain motionless for varying periods of time in order to obtain food reward. At the single-neuron and population levels, we found a cost-benefit integration between the desirability of the expected reward and the imposed delay to reward delivery, with STN signals that dynamically combined both attributes of the reward to form a single integrated estimate of value. This neural encoding of subjective value evolved dynamically across the waiting period that intervened after instruction cue. Moreover, this encoding was distributed inhomogeneously along the antero-posterior axis of the STN such that the most dorso-posterior-placed neurons represented the temporal discounted value most strongly. These findings highlight the selective involvement of the dorso-posterior STN in the representation of temporally discounted rewards. The combination of rewards and time delays into an integrated representation is essential for self-control, the promotion of goal pursuit, and the willingness to bear the costs of time delays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pasquereau
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 69675 Bron CedexBronFrance
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 VilleurbanneVilleurbanneFrance
| | - Robert S Turner
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neuroscience and The Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
No effect of subthalamic deep brain stimulation on metacognition in Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10. [PMID: 36593254 PMCID: PMC9807631 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26980-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) is a powerful treatment in Parkinson's disease (PD), which provides a positive effect on motor symptoms although the way it operates on high cognitive processes such as metacognition remains unclear. To address this issue, we recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) of PD patients treated with STN-DBS that performed a reversal learning (RL) paradigm endowed with metacognitive self-assessment. We considered two stimulation conditions, namely DBS-ON (stimulation on) and DBS-OFF (stimulation off), and focused our EEG-analysis on the frontal brain region due to its involvement on high cognitive processes. We found a trend towards a significant difference in RL ability between stimulation conditions. STN-DBS showed no effect on metacognition, although a significant association between accuracy and decision confidence level held for DBS OFF, but not in the case of DBS ON. In summary, our study revealed no significant effect of STN-DBS on RL or metacognition.
Collapse
|
9
|
Karin O, Alon U. The dopamine circuit as a reward-taxis navigation system. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010340. [PMID: 35877694 PMCID: PMC9352198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying the brain circuits that control behavior is challenging, since in addition to their structural complexity there are continuous feedback interactions between actions and sensed inputs from the environment. It is therefore important to identify mathematical principles that can be used to develop testable hypotheses. In this study, we use ideas and concepts from systems biology to study the dopamine system, which controls learning, motivation, and movement. Using data from neuronal recordings in behavioral experiments, we developed a mathematical model for dopamine responses and the effect of dopamine on movement. We show that the dopamine system shares core functional analogies with bacterial chemotaxis. Just as chemotaxis robustly climbs chemical attractant gradients, the dopamine circuit performs ‘reward-taxis’ where the attractant is the expected value of reward. The reward-taxis mechanism provides a simple explanation for scale-invariant dopaminergic responses and for matching in free operant settings, and makes testable quantitative predictions. We propose that reward-taxis is a simple and robust navigation strategy that complements other, more goal-directed navigation mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omer Karin
- Dept. of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot Israel
- Dept. of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (OK); (UA)
| | - Uri Alon
- Dept. of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot Israel
- * E-mail: (OK); (UA)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Patai EZ, Foltynie T, Limousin P, Akram H, Zrinzo L, Bogacz R, Litvak V. Conflict Detection in a Sequential Decision Task Is Associated with Increased Cortico-Subthalamic Coherence and Prolonged Subthalamic Oscillatory Response in the β Band. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4681-4692. [PMID: 35501153 PMCID: PMC9186803 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0572-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Making accurate decisions often involves the integration of current and past evidence. Here, we examine the neural correlates of conflict and evidence integration during sequential decision-making. Female and male human patients implanted with deep-brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes and age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls performed an expanded judgment task, in which they were free to choose how many cues to sample. Behaviorally, we found that while patients sampled numerically more cues, they were less able to integrate evidence and showed suboptimal performance. Using recordings of magnetoencephalography (MEG) and local field potentials (LFPs; in patients) in the subthalamic nucleus (STN), we found that β oscillations signaled conflict between cues within a sequence. Following cues that differed from previous cues, β power in the STN and cortex first decreased and then increased. Importantly, the conflict signal in the STN outlasted the cortical one, carrying over to the next cue in the sequence. Furthermore, after a conflict, there was an increase in coherence between the dorsal premotor cortex and STN in the β band. These results extend our understanding of cortico-subcortical dynamics of conflict processing, and do so in a context where evidence must be accumulated in discrete steps, much like in real life. Thus, the present work leads to a more nuanced picture of conflict monitoring systems in the brain and potential changes because of disease.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Decision-making often involves the integration of multiple pieces of information over time to make accurate predictions. We simultaneously recorded whole-head magnetoencephalography (MEG) and local field potentials (LFPs) from the human subthalamic nucleus (STN) in a novel task which required integrating sequentially presented pieces of evidence. Our key finding is prolonged β oscillations in the STN, with a concurrent increase in communication with frontal cortex, when presented with conflicting information. These neural effects reflect the behavioral profile of reduced tendency to respond after conflict, as well as relate to suboptimal cue integration in patients, which may be directly linked to clinically reported side-effects of deep-brain stimulation (DBS) such as impaired decision-making and impulsivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Zita Patai
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3TH, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, School of Biological and Behavioral Sciences, Queen Mary University, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Functional Neurosurgery Unit, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Limousin
- Functional Neurosurgery Unit, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Harith Akram
- Functional Neurosurgery Unit, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Ludvic Zrinzo
- Functional Neurosurgery Unit, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Rafal Bogacz
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3TH, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir Litvak
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Moolchand P, Jones SR, Frank MJ. Biophysical and Architectural Mechanisms of Subthalamic Theta under Response Conflict. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4470-4487. [PMID: 35477903 PMCID: PMC9172290 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2433-19.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cortico-basal ganglia circuit is needed to suppress prepotent actions and to facilitate controlled behavior. Under conditions of response conflict, the frontal cortex and subthalamic nucleus (STN) exhibit increased spiking and theta band power, which are linked to adaptive regulation of behavioral output. The electrophysiological mechanisms underlying these neural signatures of impulse control remain poorly understood. To address this lacuna, we constructed a novel large-scale, biophysically principled model of the subthalamopallidal (STN-globus pallidus externus) network and examined the mechanisms that modulate theta power and spiking in response to cortical input. Simulations confirmed that theta power does not emerge from intrinsic network dynamics but is robustly elicited in response to cortical input as burst events representing action selection dynamics. Rhythmic burst events of multiple cortical populations, representing a state of conflict where cortical motor plans vacillate in the theta range, led to prolonged STN theta and increased spiking, consistent with empirical literature. Notably, theta band signaling required NMDA, but not AMPA, currents, which were in turn related to a triphasic STN response characterized by spiking, silence, and bursting periods. Finally, theta band resonance was also strongly modulated by architectural connectivity, with maximal theta arising when multiple cortical populations project to individual STN "conflict detector" units because of an NMDA-dependent supralinear response. Our results provide insights into the biophysical principles and architectural constraints that give rise to STN dynamics during response conflict, and how their disruption can lead to impulsivity and compulsivity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The subthalamic nucleus exhibits theta band power modulation related to cognitive control over motor actions during conditions of response conflict. However, the mechanisms of such dynamics are not understood. Here we developed a novel biophysically detailed and data-constrained large-scale model of the subthalamopallidal network, and examined the impacts of cellular and network architectural properties that give rise to theta dynamics. Our investigations implicate an important role for NMDA receptors and cortico-subthalamic nucleus topographical connectivities in theta power modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prannath Moolchand
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Stephanie R Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Michael J Frank
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cools R, Tichelaar JG, Helmich RCG, Bloem BR, Esselink RAJ, Smulders K, Timmer MHM. Role of dopamine and clinical heterogeneity in cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 269:309-343. [PMID: 35248200 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is commonly treated with dopaminergic medication, which enhances some, while impairing other cognitive functions. It can even contribute to impulse control disorder and addiction. We describe the history of research supporting the dopamine overdose hypothesis, which accounts for the large within-patient variability in dopaminergic medication effects across different tasks by referring to the spatially non-uniform pattern of dopamine depletion in dorsal versus ventral striatum. However, there is tremendous variability in dopaminergic medication effects not just within patients across distinct tasks, but also across different patients. In the second part of this chapter we review recent studies addressing the large individual variability in the negative side effects of dopaminergic medication on functions that implicate dopamine, such as value-based learning and choice. These studies begin to unravel the mechanisms of dopamine overdosing, thus revising the strict version of the overdose hypothesis. For example, the work shows that the canonical boosting of reward-versus punishment-based choice by medication is greater in patients with depression and a non-tremor phenotype, which both implicate, among other pathology, more rather than less severe dysregulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system. Future longitudinal cohort studies are needed to identify how to optimally combine different clinical, personality, cognitive, neural, genetic and molecular predictors of detrimental medication effects in order to account for as much of the relevant variability as possible. This will provide a useful tool for precision neurology, allowing individual and contextual tailoring of (the dose of) dopaminergic medication in order to maximize its cognitive benefits, yet minimize its side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Cools
- Radboud university medical center, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jorryt G Tichelaar
- Radboud university medical center, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick C G Helmich
- Radboud university medical center, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Radboud university medical center, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne A J Esselink
- Radboud university medical center, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Katrijn Smulders
- Radboud university medical center, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Monique H M Timmer
- Radboud university medical center, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lo Buono V, Lucà Trombetta M, Palmeri R, Bonanno L, Cartella E, Di Lorenzo G, Bramanti P, Marino S, Corallo F. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation and impulsivity in Parkinson's disease: a descriptive review. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 121:837-847. [PMID: 33961279 PMCID: PMC8349322 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-021-01684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Standard treatment of Parkinson’s disease involves the dopaminergic medications. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) is an important neurosurgical intervention often used as alternative treatment to drug therapy; however, it can be associated with increase of impulsive behaviors. This descriptive review focused on studies investigating the correlation between Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus and impulsivity in Parkinson’s disease patients, arguing, the action’s mechanism and the specific role of the subthalamic nucleus. We searched on PubMed and Web of Science databases and screening references of included studies and review articles for additional citations. From initial 106 studies, only 15 met the search criteria. Parkinson’s Disease patients with and without Deep Brain Stimulation were compared with healthy controls, through 16 different tasks that assessed some aspects of impulsivity. Both Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus and medication were associated with impulsive behavior and influenced decision-making processes. Moreover, findings demonstrated that: Impulse Control Disorders (ICDs) occurred soon after surgery, while, in pharmacological treatment, they appeared mainly after the initiation of treatment or the increase in dosage, especially with dopamine agonists. The subthalamic nucleus plays a part in the fronto-striato-thalamic-cortical loops mediating motor, cognitive, and emotional functions: this could explain the role of the Deep Brain Stimulation in behavior modulation in Parkinson’s Disease patients. Indeed, increase impulsivity has been reported also after deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus independently by dopaminergic medication status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lilla Bonanno
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Silvia Marino
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Messina, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lofredi R, Auernig GC, Irmen F, Nieweler J, Neumann WJ, Horn A, Schneider GH, Kühn AA. Subthalamic stimulation impairs stopping of ongoing movements. Brain 2021; 144:44-52. [PMID: 33253351 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus is part of a global stopping network that also includes the presupplementary motor area and inferior frontal gyrus of the right hemisphere. In Parkinson's disease, subthalamic deep brain stimulation improves movement initiation and velocity, but its effect on stopping of ongoing movement is unknown. Here, we examine the relation between movement stopping and connectivity of stimulation volumes to the stopping network. Stop and go times were collected in 17 patients with Parkinson's disease on and off subthalamic stimulation during visually cued initiation and termination of continuous, rotational movements. Deep brain stimulation contacts were localized; the stimulation volume computed and connectivity profiles estimated using an openly available, normative structural connectome. Subthalamic stimulation significantly increased stop times, which correlated with the connectivity of the stimulation volume to presupplementary motor area and inferior frontal gyrus of the right hemisphere. The robustness of this finding was validated using three separate analysis streams: voxel-wise whole-brain connectivity, region of interest connectivity and a tract-centred method. Our study sheds light on the role of the fronto-subthalamic inhibitory triangle in stopping of ongoing movements and may inspire circuit based adaptive stimulation strategies for control of stopping impairment, possibly reflected in stimulation-induced dyskinesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Lofredi
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Cem Auernig
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friederike Irmen
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Nieweler
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolf-Julian Neumann
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Horn
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Andrea A Kühn
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure, Exzellenzcluster, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,DZNE, German center for neurodegenerative diseases, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ehlen F, Al-Fatly B, Kühn AA, Klostermann F. Impact of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on natural language in patients with Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244148. [PMID: 33373418 PMCID: PMC7771859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In addition to the typical motor symptoms, a majority of patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease experience language impairments. Deep Brain Stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus robustly reduces motor dysfunction, but its impact on language skills remains ambiguous. Method To elucidate the impact of subthalamic deep brain stimulation on natural language production, we systematically analyzed language samples from fourteen individuals (three female / eleven male, average age 66.43 ± 7.53 years) with Parkinson’s disease in the active (ON) versus inactive (OFF) stimulation condition. Significant ON-OFF differences were considered as stimulation effects. To localize their neuroanatomical origin within the subthalamic nucleus, they were correlated with the volume of tissue activated by therapeutic stimulation. Results Word and clause production speed increased significantly under active stimulation. These enhancements correlated with the volume of tissue activated within the associative part of the subthalamic nucleus, but not with that within the dorsolateral motor part, which again correlated with motor improvement. Language error rates were lower in the ON vs. OFF condition, but did not correlate with electrode localization. No significant changes in further semantic or syntactic language features were detected in the current study. Conclusion The findings point towards a facilitation of executive language functions occurring rather independently from motor improvement. Given the presumed origin of this stimulation effect within the associative part of the subthalamic nucleus, this could be due to co-stimulation of the prefrontal-subthalamic circuit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Ehlen
- Department of Neurology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jüdisches Krankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Bassam Al-Fatly
- Department of Neurology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea A. Kühn
- Department of Neurology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neurocure Cluster of Excellence, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Klostermann
- Department of Neurology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Upadhyayula PS, Rennert RC, Martin JR, Yue JK, Yang J, Gillis-Buck EM, Sidhu N, Cheung CK, Lee AT, Hoshide RR, Ciacci JD. Basal impulses: findings from the last twenty years on impulsivity and reward pathways using deep brain stimulation. J Neurosurg Sci 2020; 64:544-551. [PMID: 32972108 DOI: 10.23736/s0390-5616.20.04906-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an important treatment modality for movement disorders. Its role in tasks and processes of higher cortical function continues to increase in importance and relevance. This systematic review investigates the impact of DBS on measures of impulsivity. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A total of 45 studies were collated from PubMed (30 prospective, 8 animal, 4 questionnaire-based, and 3 computational models), excluding case reports and review articles. Two areas extensively studied are the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS While both are part of the basal ganglia, the STN and NAc have extensive connections to the prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, and limbic system. Therefore, understanding cause and treatment of impulsivity requires understanding motor pathways, learning, memory, and emotional processing. DBS of the STN and NAc shell can increase objective measures of impulsivity, as measured by reaction times or reward-based learning, independent from patient insight. The ability for DBS to treat impulse control disorders, and also cause and/or worsen impulsivity in Parkinson's disease, may be explained by the affected closely-related neuroanatomical areas with discrete and sometimes opposing functions. CONCLUSIONS As newer, more refined DBS technology emerges, large-scale prospective studies specifically aimed at treatment of impulsivity disorders are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavan S Upadhyayula
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert C Rennert
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Joel R Martin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - John K Yue
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jason Yang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eva M Gillis-Buck
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nikki Sidhu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christopher K Cheung
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anthony T Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Reid R Hoshide
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Joseph D Ciacci
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA -
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Drummond NM, Chen R. Deep brain stimulation and recordings: Insights into the contributions of subthalamic nucleus in cognition. Neuroimage 2020; 222:117300. [PMID: 32828919 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in targeted interrogation of basal ganglia structures and networks with deep brain stimulation in humans has provided insights into the complex functions the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Beyond the traditional role of the STN in modulating motor function, recognition of its role in cognition was initially fueled by side effects seen with STN DBS and later revealed with behavioral and electrophysiological studies. Anatomical, clinical, and electrophysiological data converge on the view that the STN is a pivotal node linking cognitive and motor processes. The goal of this review is to synthesize the literature to date that used DBS to examine the contributions of the STN to motor and non-motor cognitive functions and control. Multiple modalities of research have provided us with an enhanced understanding of the STN and reveal that it is critically involved in motor and non-motor inhibition, decision-making, motivation and emotion. Understanding the role of the STN in cognition can enhance the therapeutic efficacy and selectivity not only for existing applications of DBS, but also in the development of therapeutic strategies to stimulate aberrant circuits to treat non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease and other disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Drummond
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.
| | - Robert Chen
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sharp ME, Duncan K, Foerde K, Shohamy D. Dopamine is associated with prioritization of reward-associated memories in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2020; 143:2519-2531. [PMID: 32844197 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease have reduced reward sensitivity related to dopaminergic neuron loss, which is associated with impairments in reinforcement learning. Increasingly, however, dopamine-dependent reward signals are recognized to play an important role beyond reinforcement learning. In particular, it has been shown that reward signals mediated by dopamine help guide the prioritization of events for long-term memory consolidation. Meanwhile, studies of memory in patients with Parkinson's disease have focused on overall memory capacity rather than what is versus what isn't remembered, leaving open questions about the effect of dopamine replacement on the prioritization of memories by reward and the time-dependence of this effect. The current study sought to fill this gap by testing the effect of reward and dopamine on memory in patients with Parkinson's disease. We tested the effect of dopamine modulation and reward on two forms of long-term memory: episodic memory for neutral objects and memory for stimulus-value associations. We measured both forms of memory in a single task, adapting a standard task of reinforcement learning with incidental episodic encoding events of trial-unique objects. Objects were presented on each trial at the time of feedback, which was either rewarding or not. Memory for the trial-unique images and for the stimulus-value associations, and the influence of reward on both, was tested immediately after learning and 2 days later. We measured performance in Parkinson's disease patients tested either ON or OFF their dopaminergic medications and in healthy older control subjects. We found that dopamine was associated with a selective enhancement of memory for reward-associated images, but that it did not influence overall memory capacity. Contrary to predictions, this effect did not differ between the immediate and delayed memory tests. We also found that while dopamine had an effect on reward-modulated episodic memory, there was no effect of dopamine on memory for stimulus-value associations. Our results suggest that impaired prioritization of cognitive resource allocation may contribute to the early cognitive deficits of Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine E Sharp
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Katherine Duncan
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Karin Foerde
- New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daphna Shohamy
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Zuckerman Mind, Brain, Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Effects of serotonin and dopamine depletion on neural prediction computations during social learning. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1431-1437. [PMID: 32330925 PMCID: PMC7360591 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that individuals with high depression scores demonstrate impaired behavioral and neural responses during social learning. Given that depression is associated with altered dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) functioning, the current study aimed to elucidate the role of these neurotransmitters in the social learning process using a dietary depletion manipulation. In a double-blind design, 70 healthy volunteers were randomly allocated to a 5-HT depletion (N = 24), DA depletion (N = 24), or placebo (N = 22) group. Participants performed a social learning task during fMRI scanning, as part of which they learned associations between name cues and rewarding (happy faces) or aversive (fearful faces) social outcomes. Behaviorally, 5-HT depleted subjects demonstrated impaired social reward learning compared to placebo controls, with a marginal effect in the same direction in the DA depletion group. On the neural level, computational modeling-based fMRI analyses revealed that 5-HT depletion altered social reward prediction signals in the insula, temporal lobe, and prefrontal cortex, while DA depletion affected social reward prediction encoding only in the prefrontal cortex. These results indicate that 5-HT depletion impairs learning from social rewards, on both the behavioral and the neural level, while DA depletion has a less extensive effect. Interestingly, the behavioral and neural responses observed after 5-HT depletion in the current study closely resemble our previous findings in individuals with high depression scores using the same task. It may thus be the case that decreased 5-HT levels contribute to social learning deficits in depression.
Collapse
|
20
|
Levodopa does not affect expression of reinforcement learning in older adults. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6349. [PMID: 31015587 PMCID: PMC6478852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42904-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine has been implicated in learning from rewards and punishment, and in the expression of this learning. However, many studies do not fully separate retrieval and decision mechanisms from learning and consolidation. Here, we investigated the effects of levodopa (dopamine precursor) on choice performance (isolated from learning or consolidation). We gave 31 healthy older adults 150 mg of levodopa or placebo (double-blinded, randomised) 1 hour before testing them on stimuli they had learned the value of the previous day. We found that levodopa did not affect the overall accuracy of choices, nor the relative expression of positively or negatively reinforced values. This contradicts several studies and suggests that overall dopamine levels may not play a role in the choice performance for values learned through reinforcement learning in older adults.
Collapse
|
21
|
London D, Pourfar MH, Mogilner AY. Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus Induces Impulsive Responses to Bursts of Sensory Evidence. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:270. [PMID: 30983958 PMCID: PMC6450191 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Decisions are made through the integration of external and internal inputs until a threshold is reached, triggering a response. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been implicated in adjusting the decision bound to prevent impulsivity during difficult decisions. We combine model-based and model-free approaches to test the theory that the STN raises the decision bound, a process impaired by deep brain stimulation (DBS). Eight male and female human subjects receiving treatment for Parkinson's disease with bilateral DBS of the STN performed an auditory two-alternative forced choice task. By ending trials unpredictably, we collected reaction time (RT) trials in which subjects reached their decision bound and non-RT trials in which subjects were forced to make a decision with less evidence. A decreased decision bound would cause worse performance on RT trials, and we found this to be the case on left-sided RT trials. Drift diffusion modeling showed a negative drift rate. This implies that in the absence of new evidence, the amount of evidence accumulated tends to drift toward zero. If evidence is accumulated at a constant rate this results in the evidence accumulated reaching an asymptote, the distance of which from the bound was decreased by DBS (p = 0.0079, random shuffle test), preventing subjects from controlling impulsivity. Subjects were more impulsive to bursts of stimuli associated with conflict (p < 0.001, cluster mass test). In addition, DBS lowered the decision bound specifically after error trials, decreasing the probability of switching to a non-RT trial after an error compared to correct response (28% vs. 38%, p = 0.005, Fisher exact test). The STN appears to function in decision-making by modulating the decision bound and drift rate to allow the suppression of impulsive responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis London
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuromodulation, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael H Pourfar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuromodulation, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alon Y Mogilner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuromodulation, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Meder D, Herz DM, Rowe JB, Lehéricy S, Siebner HR. The role of dopamine in the brain - lessons learned from Parkinson's disease. Neuroimage 2019; 190:79-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
23
|
Atkinson-Clement C, Cavazzini É, Zénon A, Witjas T, Fluchère F, Azulay JP, Baunez C, Eusebio A. Effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation and levodopa on decision-making in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2019; 34:377-385. [PMID: 30681186 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is frequently associated with behavioral disorders, particularly within the spectrum of motivated behaviors such as apathy or impulsivity. Both pharmacological and neurosurgical treatments have an impact on these impairments. However, there still is controversy as to whether subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) can cause or reduce impulsive behaviors. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify the influence of functional surgery on decision-making processes in PD. METHODS We studied 13 PD patients and 13 healthy controls. The experimental task involved squeezing a dynamometer with variable force to obtain rewards of various values under four conditions: without treatment, with l-dopa or subthalamic stimulation alone, and with both l-dopa and subthalamic stimulation. Statistical analyses consisted of generalized linear mixed models including treatment condition, reward value, level of effort, and their interactions. We analyzed acceptance rate (the percentage of accepted trials), decision time, and force applied. RESULTS Comparatively to controls, patients without treatment exhibited lower acceptance rate and force applied. Patients under l-dopa alone did not exhibit increased acceptance rate. With subthalamic stimulation, either with or without added l-dopa, all measures were improved so that patients' behaviors were undistinguishable from healthy controls'. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that l-dopa administration does not fully restore cost-benefit decision-making processes, whereas STN-DBS fully normalizes patients' behaviors. These findings suggest that dopamine is partly involved in cost-benefit valuation, and that STN-DBS can have a beneficial effect on motivated behaviors in PD and may improve certain forms of impulsive behaviors. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Atkinson-Clement
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LPL, Aix-en-Provence, France.,Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INT, Inst Neurosci Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | - Alexandre Zénon
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,INCIA, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Tatiana Witjas
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INT, Inst Neurosci Timone, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Université, APHM, CHU Timone, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Marseille, France
| | - Frédérique Fluchère
- Aix Marseille Université, APHM, CHU Timone, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LNC, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Azulay
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INT, Inst Neurosci Timone, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Université, APHM, CHU Timone, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Marseille, France
| | - Christelle Baunez
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INT, Inst Neurosci Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Eusebio
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INT, Inst Neurosci Timone, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Université, APHM, CHU Timone, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Honma M, Masaoka Y, Koyama S, Kuroda T, Futamura A, Shiromaru A, Terao Y, Ono K, Kawamura M. Impaired cognitive modification for estimating time duration in Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208956. [PMID: 30543694 PMCID: PMC6292599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with various cognitive impairments. However, the nature of cognitive modification in patients with PD remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we examined whether patients with PD could correct and maintain subjective time duration and line length estimation. After training sessions, in which participants repeatedly memorized either a duration or a length, we compared a learning performance in 20 PD patients with 20 healthy controls. In the case of duration in the PD patients, the learned durations immediately returned to baseline of pre-training within a few minutes. However, the patients’ ability to learn length estimation remained unimpaired. In contrast, healthy controls were able to retain the learned duration and length estimations. Time compression in PD's internal clock may become entrained to their altered duration estimation even after learning of accurate time duration. These deficits may be associated with disrupting cognitive modification in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motoyasu Honma
- Showa University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Kyorin University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (MH); (MK)
| | - Yuri Masaoka
- Showa University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Koyama
- University of Tsukuba, School of Art and Design, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuroda
- Showa University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinori Futamura
- Showa University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Azusa Shiromaru
- Showa University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terao
- Kyorin University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Ono
- Showa University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kawamura
- Showa University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (MH); (MK)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Irmen F, Horn A, Meder D, Neumann WJ, Plettig P, Schneider GH, Siebner HR, Kühn AA. Sensorimotor subthalamic stimulation restores risk-reward trade-off in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2018; 34:366-376. [PMID: 30485537 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND STN-DBS effectively treats motor symptoms of advanced PD. Nonmotor cognitive symptoms, such as impaired impulse control or decision making, may either improve or worsen with DBS. A potential mediating factor of DBS-induced modulation of cognition is the electrode position within the STN with regard to functional subareas of parallel motor, cognitive, and affective basal ganglia loops. However, to date, the volume of tissue activated and weighted stimulation of STN motor versus nonmotor territories are yet to be linked to differential DBS effects on cognition. OBJECTIVES We aim to investigate whether STN-DBS influences risk-reward trade-off decisions and analyze its dependency on electrode placement. METHODS Seventeen PD patients ON and OFF STN-DBS and 17 age-matched healthy controls conducted a sequential decision-making task with escalating risk and reward. We computed the effect of STN-DBS on risk-reward trade-off decisions, localized patients' bilateral electrodes, and analyzed the predictive value of volume of tissue activated in STN motor and nonmotor territories on behavioral change. RESULTS We found that STN-DBS not only improves PD motor symptoms, but also normalizes overly risk-averse decision behavior in PD. Intersubject variance in electrode location could explain this behavioral change. Specifically, if STN-DBS activated preferentially STN motor territory, patients' risk-reward trade-off decisions more resembled those of healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the notion of convergence of different functional circuits within the STN and imply a positive effect of well-placed STN-DBS on nonmotor cognitive functioning in PD. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Irmen
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biological Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Horn
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Meder
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Wolf-Julian Neumann
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Plettig
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd-Helge Schneider
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea A Kühn
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ghahremani A, Aron AR, Udupa K, Saha U, Reddy D, Hutchison WD, Kalia SK, Hodaie M, Lozano AM, Chen R. Event-related deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus affects conflict processing. Ann Neurol 2018; 84:515-526. [PMID: 30152889 PMCID: PMC6431255 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many lines of evidence suggest that response conflict recruits brain regions in the cortical-basal ganglia system. Within the basal ganglia, deep brain recordings from the subthalamic nucleus (STN) have shown that conflict triggers a transient increase in low-frequency oscillations (LFOs; 2-8Hz). Here, we deployed a new method of delivering short trains of event-related deep brain stimulation (DBS) to the STN to test the causal role of the STN and its associated circuits in conflict-related processing. METHODS In a double-blind design, we stimulated the STN in patients with Parkinson disease by locking brief trains of DBS to specific periods of the trial within a Stroop task. RESULTS Stimulation had a specific effect on conflict compared to nonconflict trials by relatively speeding responses on conflict trials (ie, reducing the Stroop effect, defined as the difference in reaction time between conflict and nonconflict trials) when it was delivered in the preresponse period in the preparation phase. Stimulation also increased errors when it was delivered early in the response window. This latter result corresponded to the timing of the conflict-induced increase in LFOs observed in the absence of stimulation but was not directly related to the reduction in the Stroop effect. INTERPRETATION These results support the theory that the time of LFO increase recorded from the STN corresponds to a conflict-processing function. They also provide one of the first demonstrations of event-related DBS of the STN in humans during a cognitive control paradigm. Ann Neurol 2018;84:515-526.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayda Ghahremani
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adam R. Aron
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kaviraja Udupa
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Utpal Saha
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Duemani Reddy
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Suneil K. Kalia
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mojgan Hodaie
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andres M. Lozano
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Chen
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Patel SR, Herrington TM, Sheth SA, Mian M, Bick SK, Yang JC, Flaherty AW, Frank MJ, Widge AS, Dougherty D, Eskandar EN. Intermittent subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation induces risk-aversive behavior in human subjects. eLife 2018; 7:36460. [PMID: 30198482 PMCID: PMC6130975 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a small almond-shaped subcortical structure classically known for its role in motor inhibition through the indirect pathway within the basal ganglia. Little is known about the role of the STN in mediating cognitive functions in humans. Here, we explore the role of the STN in human subjects making decisions under conditions of uncertainty using single-neuron recordings and intermittent deep brain stimulation (DBS) during a financial decision-making task. Intraoperative single-neuronal data from the STN reveals that on high-uncertainty trials, spiking activity encodes the upcoming decision within a brief (500 ms) temporal window during the choice period, prior to the manifestation of the choice. Application of intermittent DBS selectively prior to the choice period alters decisions and biases subject behavior towards conservative wagers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun R Patel
- Department Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Todd M Herrington
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Sameer A Sheth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Matthew Mian
- Department Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Sarah K Bick
- Department Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Jimmy C Yang
- Department Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Alice W Flaherty
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Michael J Frank
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, United States
| | - Alik S Widge
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Darin Dougherty
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Emad N Eskandar
- Department Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pan Y, Wang L, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Qiu X, Tan Y, Zhou H, Sun B, Li D. Deep Brain Stimulation of the Internal Globus Pallidus Improves Response Initiation and Proactive Inhibition in Patients With Parkinson's Disease. Front Psychol 2018; 9:351. [PMID: 29681869 PMCID: PMC5897903 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Impulse control disorder is not uncommon in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) who are treated with dopamine replacement therapy and subthalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS). Internal globus pallidus (GPi)-DBS is increasingly used, but its role in inhibitory control has rarely been explored. In this study, we evaluated the effect of GPi-DBS on inhibitory control in PD patients. Methods: A stop-signal paradigm was used to test response initiation, proactive inhibition, and reactive inhibition. The subjects enrolled in the experiment were 27 patients with PD, of whom 13 had received only drug treatment and 14 had received bilateral GPi-DBS in addition to conventional medical treatment and 15 healthy individuals. Results: Our results revealed that with GPi-DBS on, patients with PD showed significantly faster responses than the other groups in trials where it was certain that no stop signal would be presented. Proactive inhibition was significantly different in the surgical patients with GPi-DBS on versus when GPi-DBS was off, in surgical patients with GPi-DBS on versus drug-treated patients, and in healthy controls versus drug-treated patients. Correlation analyses revealed that when GPi-DBS was on, there was a statistically significant moderate positive relationship between proactive inhibition and dopaminergic medication. Conclusion: GPi-DBS may lead to an increase in response initiation speed and improve the dysfunctional proactive inhibitory control observed in PD patients. Our results may help us to understand the role of the GPi in cortical-basal ganglia circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Pan
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linbin Wang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chencheng Zhang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Qiu
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyan Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bomin Sun
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianyou Li
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Leimbach F, Georgiev D, Litvak V, Antoniades C, Limousin P, Jahanshahi M, Bogacz R. Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus Does Not Affect the Decrease of Decision Threshold during the Choice Process When There Is No Conflict, Time Pressure, or Reward. J Cogn Neurosci 2018; 30:876-884. [PMID: 29488846 PMCID: PMC6037388 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During a decision process, the evidence supporting alternative options is integrated over time, and the choice is made when the accumulated evidence for one of the options reaches a decision threshold. Humans and animals have an ability to control the decision threshold, that is, the amount of evidence that needs to be gathered to commit to a choice, and it has been proposed that the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is important for this control. Recent behavioral and neurophysiological data suggest that, in some circumstances, the decision threshold decreases with time during choice trials, allowing overcoming of indecision during difficult choices. Here we asked whether this within-trial decrease of the decision threshold is mediated by the STN and if it is affected by disrupting information processing in the STN through deep brain stimulation (DBS). We assessed 13 patients with Parkinson disease receiving bilateral STN DBS six or more months after the surgery, 11 age-matched controls, and 12 young healthy controls. All participants completed a series of decision trials, in which the evidence was presented in discrete time points, which allowed more direct estimation of the decision threshold. The participants differed widely in the slope of their decision threshold, ranging from constant threshold within a trial to steeply decreasing. However, the slope of the decision threshold did not depend on whether STN DBS was switched on or off and did not differ between the patients and controls. Furthermore, there was no difference in accuracy and RT between the patients in the on and off stimulation conditions and healthy controls. Previous studies that have reported modulation of the decision threshold by STN DBS or unilateral subthalamotomy in Parkinson disease have involved either fast decision-making under conflict or time pressure or in anticipation of high reward. Our findings suggest that, in the absence of reward, decision conflict, or time pressure for decision-making, the STN does not play a critical role in modulating the within-trial decrease of decision thresholds during the choice process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marjan Jahanshahi
- University College London Institute of Neurology.,University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zavala B, Damera S, Dong JW, Lungu C, Brown P, Zaghloul KA. Human Subthalamic Nucleus Theta and Beta Oscillations Entrain Neuronal Firing During Sensorimotor Conflict. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:496-508. [PMID: 26494798 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has suggested that prefrontal cortical structures may inhibit impulsive actions during conflict through activation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Consistent with this hypothesis, deep brain stimulation to the STN has been associated with altered prefrontal cortical activity and impaired response inhibition. The interactions between oscillatory activity in the STN and its presumably antikinetic neuronal spiking, however, remain poorly understood. Here, we simultaneously recorded intraoperative local field potential and spiking activity from the human STN as participants performed a sensorimotor action selection task involving conflict. We identified several STN neuronal response types that exhibited different temporal dynamics during the task. Some neurons showed early, cue-related firing rate increases that remained elevated longer during high conflict trials, whereas other neurons showed late, movement-related firing rate increases. Notably, the high conflict trials were associated with an entrainment of individual neurons by theta- and beta-band oscillations, both of which have been observed in cortical structures involved in response inhibition. Our data suggest that frequency-specific activity in the beta and theta bands influence STN firing to inhibit impulsivity during conflict.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baltazar Zavala
- Surgical Neurology Branch.,Experimental Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | | | - Codrin Lungu
- Office of Clinical Director, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter Brown
- Experimental Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.,Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hauser TU, Moutoussis M, Dayan P, Dolan RJ. Increased decision thresholds trigger extended information gathering across the compulsivity spectrum. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:1296. [PMID: 29249811 PMCID: PMC5802702 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Indecisiveness and doubt are cognitive phenotypes of compulsive disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder. Little is known regarding the cognitive mechanisms that drive these behaviours across a compulsivity spectrum. Here, we used a sequential information gathering task to study indecisiveness in subjects with high and low obsessive-compulsive scores. These subjects were selected from a large population-representative database, and matched for intellectual and psychiatric factors. We show that high compulsive subjects sampled more information and performed better when sampling was cost-free. When sampling was costly, both groups adapted flexibly to reduce their information gathering. Computational modelling revealed that increased information gathering behaviour could be explained by higher decision thresholds that, in turn, were driven by a delayed emergence of impatience or urgency. Our findings show that indecisiveness generalises to a compulsivity spectrum beyond frank clinical disorder, and this behaviour can be explained within a decision-theoretic framework as arising from an augmented decision threshold associated with an attenuated urgency signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias U. Hauser
- grid.450002.3Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG United Kingdom ,0000000121901201grid.83440.3bMax Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, WC1B 5EH United Kingdom
| | - Michael Moutoussis
- grid.450002.3Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG United Kingdom ,0000000121901201grid.83440.3bMax Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, WC1B 5EH United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Dayan
- 0000000121901201grid.83440.3bGatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond J. Dolan
- grid.450002.3Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG United Kingdom ,0000000121901201grid.83440.3bMax Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, WC1B 5EH United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Grogan JP, Tsivos D, Smith L, Knight BE, Bogacz R, Whone A, Coulthard EJ. Effects of dopamine on reinforcement learning and consolidation in Parkinson's disease. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28691905 PMCID: PMC5531832 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that dopamine may modulate learning and memory with important implications for understanding the neurobiology of memory and future therapeutic targeting. An influential hypothesis posits that dopamine biases reinforcement learning. More recent data also suggest an influence during both consolidation and retrieval. Eighteen Parkinson's disease patients learned through feedback ON or OFF medication, with memory tested 24 hr later ON or OFF medication (4 conditions, within-subjects design with matched healthy control group). Patients OFF medication during learning decreased in memory accuracy over the following 24 hr. In contrast to previous studies, however, dopaminergic medication during learning and testing did not affect expression of positive or negative reinforcement. Two further experiments were run without the 24 hr delay, but they too failed to reproduce effects of dopaminergic medication on reinforcement learning. While supportive of a dopaminergic role in consolidation, this study failed to replicate previous findings on reinforcement learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P Grogan
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Demitra Tsivos
- Clinical Neurosciences, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Smith
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Brogan E Knight
- Clinical Neurosciences, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rafal Bogacz
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Whone
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth J Coulthard
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.,Clinical Neurosciences, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kurzawa N, Summerfield C, Bogacz R. Neural Circuits Trained with Standard Reinforcement Learning Can Accumulate Probabilistic Information during Decision Making. Neural Comput 2016; 29:368-393. [PMID: 27870610 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Much experimental evidence suggests that during decision making, neural circuits accumulate evidence supporting alternative options. A computational model well describing this accumulation for choices between two options assumes that the brain integrates the log ratios of the likelihoods of the sensory inputs given the two options. Several models have been proposed for how neural circuits can learn these log-likelihood ratios from experience, but all of these models introduced novel and specially dedicated synaptic plasticity rules. Here we show that for a certain wide class of tasks, the log-likelihood ratios are approximately linearly proportional to the expected rewards for selecting actions. Therefore, a simple model based on standard reinforcement learning rules is able to estimate the log-likelihood ratios from experience and on each trial accumulate the log-likelihood ratios associated with presented stimuli while selecting an action. The simulations of the model replicate experimental data on both behavior and neural activity in tasks requiring accumulation of probabilistic cues. Our results suggest that there is no need for the brain to support dedicated plasticity rules, as the standard mechanisms proposed to describe reinforcement learning can enable the neural circuits to perform efficient probabilistic inference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Kurzawa
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, U.K., and Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Rafal Bogacz
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, U.K., and Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Seymour B, Barbe M, Dayan P, Shiner T, Dolan R, Fink GR. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus modulates sensitivity to decision outcome value in Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32509. [PMID: 27624437 PMCID: PMC5021944 DOI: 10.1038/srep32509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson’s disease is known to cause a subtle but important adverse impact on behaviour, with impulsivity its most widely reported manifestation. However, precisely which computational components of the decision process are modulated is not fully understood. Here we probe a number of distinct subprocesses, including temporal discount, outcome utility, instrumental learning rate, instrumental outcome sensitivity, reward-loss trade-offs, and perseveration. We tested 22 Parkinson’s Disease patients both on and off subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS), while they performed an instrumental learning task involving financial rewards and losses, and an inter-temporal choice task for financial rewards. We found that instrumental learning performance was significantly worse following stimulation, due to modulation of instrumental outcome sensitivity. Specifically, patients became less sensitive to decision values for both rewards and losses, but without any change to the learning rate or reward-loss trade-offs. However, we found no evidence that DBS modulated different components of temporal impulsivity. In conclusion, our results implicate the subthalamic nucleus in a modulation of outcome value in experience-based learning and decision-making in Parkinson’s disease, suggesting a more pervasive role of the subthalamic nucleus in the control of human decision-making than previously thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Seymour
- Computational and Biological Learning Lab, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL, London, UK.,Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute for Information and Communications Technology, Japan
| | - Michael Barbe
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
| | - Peter Dayan
- Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, UCL, London, UK
| | - Tamara Shiner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL, London, UK
| | - Ray Dolan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL, London, UK
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Williams IA, Wilkinson L, Limousin P, Jahanshahi M. Load-Dependent Interference of Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus with Switching from Automatic to Controlled Processing During Random Number Generation in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 5:321-31. [PMID: 25720447 PMCID: PMC5389041 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-140355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN DBS) ameliorates the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, some aspects of executive control are impaired with STN DBS. OBJECTIVE We tested the prediction that (i) STN DBS interferes with switching from automatic to controlled processing during fast-paced random number generation (RNG) (ii) STN DBS-induced cognitive control changes are load-dependent. METHODS Fifteen PD patients with bilateral STN DBS performed paced-RNG, under three levels of cognitive load synchronised with a pacing stimulus presented at 1, 0.5 and 0.33 Hz (faster rates require greater cognitive control), with DBS on or off. Measures of output randomness were calculated. Countscore 1 (CS1) indicates habitual counting in steps of one (CS1). Countscore 2 (CS2) indicates a more controlled strategy of counting in twos. RESULTS The fastest rate was associated with an increased CS1 score with STN DBS on compared to off. At the slowest rate, patients had higher CS2 scores with DBS off than on, such that the differences between CS1 and CS2 scores disappeared. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence for a load-dependent effect of STN DBS on paced RNG in PD. Patients could switch to more controlled RNG strategies during conditions of low cognitive load at slower rates only when the STN stimulators were off, but when STN stimulation was on, they engaged in more automatic habitual counting under increased cognitive load. These findings are consistent with the proposal that the STN implements a switch signal from the medial frontal cortex which enables a shift from automatic to controlled processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marjan Jahanshahi
- Correspondence to: Prof. M. Jahanshahi, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience & Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, 33 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. Tel.: +44 020 7837 3611;
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zavala B, Tan H, Little S, Ashkan K, Green AL, Aziz T, Foltynie T, Zrinzo L, Zaghloul K, Brown P. Decisions Made with Less Evidence Involve Higher Levels of Corticosubthalamic Nucleus Theta Band Synchrony. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 28:811-25. [PMID: 26845109 PMCID: PMC5111088 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The switch between automatic action selection and more controlled forms of decision-making is a dynamic process thought to involve both cortical and subcortical structures. During sensory conflict, medial pFC oscillations in the theta band (<8 Hz) drive those of the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and this is thought to increase the threshold of evidence needed for one competing response to be selected over another. Here, we were interested in testing whether STN activity is also altered by the rate at which evidence is presented during a congruent dot motion task absent of any explicit sensory conflict. By having a series of randomly moving dots gradually transform to congruent motion at three different rates (slow, medium, fast), we were able to show that a slower rate increased the time it took participants to make a response but did not alter the total amount of evidence that was integrated before the response. Notably, this resulted in a decision being made with a lower amount of instantaneous evidence during the slow and medium trials. Consistent with the idea that medial pFC-STN activity is involved in executing cognitive control, the higher levels of ambiguity during these trials were associated with increased theta band synchrony between the cortex and the STN, with the cortical oscillations Granger-causal to those of the STN. These results further confirm the involvement of the STN in decision-making and suggest that the disruption of this network may underlie some of the unwanted cognitive deficits associated with STN deep brain stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baltazar Zavala
- University of Oxford John Radcliffe Hospital, Bethesda, MD, USA
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Huiling Tan
- University of Oxford John Radcliffe Hospital, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, London, UK
| | | | | | - Alexander L. Green
- University of Oxford John Radcliffe Hospital, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, London, UK
| | - Tipu Aziz
- University of Oxford John Radcliffe Hospital, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Peter Brown
- University of Oxford John Radcliffe Hospital, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zavala B, Tan H, Ashkan K, Foltynie T, Limousin P, Zrinzo L, Zaghloul K, Brown P. Human subthalamic nucleus-medial frontal cortex theta phase coherence is involved in conflict and error related cortical monitoring. Neuroimage 2016; 137:178-187. [PMID: 27181763 PMCID: PMC4927260 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is thought to control the shift from automatic to controlled action selection when conflict is present or when mistakes have been recently committed. Growing evidence suggests that this process involves frequency specific communication in the theta (4-8Hz) band between the mPFC and the subthalamic nucleus (STN), which is the main target of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson's disease. Key in this hypothesis is the finding that DBS can lead to impulsivity by disrupting the correlation between higher mPFC oscillations and slower reaction times during conflict. In order to test whether theta band coherence between the mPFC and the STN underlies adjustments to conflict and to errors, we simultaneously recorded mPFC and STN electrophysiological activity while DBS patients performed an arrowed flanker task. These recordings revealed higher theta phase coherence between the two sites during the high conflict trials relative to the low conflict trials. These differences were observed soon after conflicting arrows were displayed, but before a response was executed. Furthermore, trials that occurred after an error was committed showed higher phase coherence relative to trials that followed a correct trial, suggesting that mPFC-STN connectivity may also play a role in error related adjustments in behavior. Interestingly, the phase coherence we observed occurred before increases in theta power, implying that the theta phase and power may influence behavior at separate times during cortical monitoring. Finally, we showed that pre-stimulus differences in STN theta power were related to the reaction time on a given trial, which may help adjust behavior based on the probability of observing conflict during a task.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baltazar Zavala
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, 3D20, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Huiling Tan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OX1 3TH, UK
| | - Keyoumars Ashkan
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, King's College, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience & Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1 3BG, UK
| | - Patricia Limousin
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience & Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1 3BG, UK
| | - Ludvic Zrinzo
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience & Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1 3BG, UK
| | - Kareem Zaghloul
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, 3D20, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Peter Brown
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OX1 3TH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ventre-Dominey J, Mollion H, Thobois S, Broussolle E. Distinct effects of dopamine vs STN stimulation therapies in associative learning and retention in Parkinson disease. Behav Brain Res 2016; 302:131-41. [PMID: 26778783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Evidence has been provided in Parkinson's disease patients of cognitive impairments including visual memory and learning which can be partially compensated by dopamine medication or subthalamic nucleus stimulation. The effects of these two therapies can differ according to the learning processes involving the dorsal vs ventral part of the striatum. Here we aimed to investigate and compare the outcomes of dopamine vs stimulation treatment in Parkinson patient's ability to acquire and maintain over successive days their performance in visual working memory. Parkinson patients performed conditional associative learning embedded in visual (spatial and non spatial) working memory tasks over two consecutive days either ON or OFF dopaminergic drugs or STN stimulation depending on the group of patients studied. While Parkinson patients were more accurate and faster in memory tasks ON vs OFF stimulation independent of the day of testing, performance in medicated patients differed depending on the medication status during the initial task acquisition. Patients who learnt the task ON medication the first day were able to maintain or even improve their memory performance both OFF and ON medication on the second day after consolidation. These effects were observed only in patients with dopamine replacement with or without motor fluctuations. This enhancement in memory performance after having learnt under dopamine medication and not under STN stimulation was mostly significant in visuo-spatial working memory tasks suggesting that dopamine replacement in the depleted dorsal striatum is essential for retention and consolidation of learnt skill.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyne Ventre-Dominey
- INSERM Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U846, Bron, France; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
| | - Hélène Mollion
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hopital Neurologique, Centre Mémoire Ressources Recherche, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Stephane Thobois
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hopital Neurologique, Neurologie C, Lyon, France; CNRS, Centre de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 5229, Bron, France; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuel Broussolle
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hopital Neurologique, Neurologie C, Lyon, France; CNRS, Centre de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 5229, Bron, France; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Georgiev D, Dirnberger G, Wilkinson L, Limousin P, Jahanshahi M. In Parkinson's disease on a probabilistic Go/NoGo task deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus only interferes with withholding of the most prepotent responses. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:1133-43. [PMID: 26758720 PMCID: PMC4785203 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The evidence on the impact of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) on action restraint on Go/NoGO reaction time (RT) tasks in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is inconsistent; with some studies reporting no effect and others finding that STN stimulation interferes with withholding of responses and results in more commission errors relative to STN-DBS off. We used a task in which the probability of Go stimuli varied from 100 % (simple RT task) to 80, 50 and 20 % (probabilistic Go/NoGo RT task), thus altering the prepotency of the response and the difficulty in withholding it on NoGo trials. Twenty PD patients with STN-DBS, ten unoperated PD patients and ten healthy controls participated in the study. All participants were tested twice; the order of on versus off stimulation for STN-DBS PD patients was counterbalanced. Both STN-DBS and unoperated PD patients were tested on medication. The results indicated that STN-DBS selectively decreased discriminability when the response was most prepotent (high—80 %, as compared to low Go probability trials—50 and 20 %). Movement times were faster with STN stimulation than with DBS off across different Go probability levels. There was neither an overall nor a selective effect of STN-DBS on RTs depending on the level of Go probability. Furthermore, compared to healthy controls, both STN-DBS and unoperated PD patients were more prone to making anticipatory errors; which was not influenced by STN stimulation. The results provide evidence for ‘load-dependent’ effects of STN stimulation on action restraint as a function of the prepotency of the Go response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Georgiev
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, 33 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Georg Dirnberger
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Danube University, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500, Krems, Austria
| | - Leonora Wilkinson
- Behavioural Neurology Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 10 Centre Dr., MSC 1440, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1440, USA
| | - Patricia Limousin
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, 33 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Marjan Jahanshahi
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, 33 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Boy N, Heringer J, Haege G, Glahn EM, Hoffmann GF, Garbade SF, Kölker S, Burgard P. A cross-sectional controlled developmental study of neuropsychological functions in patients with glutaric aciduria type I. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015; 10:163. [PMID: 26693825 PMCID: PMC4689061 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-015-0379-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glutaric aciduria type I (GA-I) is an inherited metabolic disease due to deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH). Cognitive functions are generally thought to be spared, but have not yet been studied in detail. Methods Thirty patients detected by newborn screening (n = 13), high-risk screening (n = 3) or targeted metabolic testing (n = 14) were studied for simple reaction time (SRT), continuous performance (CP), visual working memory (VWM), visual-motor coordination (Tracking) and visual search (VS). Dystonia (n = 13 patients) was categorized using the Barry-Albright-Dystonia Scale (BADS). Patients were compared with 196 healthy controls. Developmental functions of cognitive performances were analysed using a negative exponential function model. Results BADS scores correlated with speed tests but not with tests measuring stability or higher cognitive functions without time constraints. Developmental functions of GA-I patients significantly differed from controls for SRT and VS but not for VWM and showed obvious trends for CP and Tracking. Dystonic patients were slower in SRT and CP but reached their asymptote of performance similar to asymptomatic patients and controls in all tests. Asymptomatic patients did not differ from controls, except showing significantly better results in Tracking and a trend for slower reactions in visual search. Data across all age groups of patients and controls fitted well to a model of negative exponential development. Conclusions Dystonic patients predominantly showed motor speed impairment, whereas performance improved with higher cognitive load. Patients without motor symptoms did not differ from controls. Developmental functions of cognitive performances were similar in patients and controls. Performance in tests with higher cognitive demand might be preserved in GA-I, even in patients with striatal degeneration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13023-015-0379-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Boy
- Department of General Paediatrics, Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jana Heringer
- Department of General Paediatrics, Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Gisela Haege
- Department of General Paediatrics, Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Esther M Glahn
- Department of General Paediatrics, Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Georg F Hoffmann
- Department of General Paediatrics, Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sven F Garbade
- Faculty of Applied Psychology, SRH University of Applied Sciences, D-69123, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Kölker
- Department of General Paediatrics, Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Peter Burgard
- Department of General Paediatrics, Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ding S, Wang W, Wang X, Liang Y, Liu L, Ye Y, Yang J, Gao H, Zhuge Q. Dopamine Burden Triggers Neurodegeneration via Production and Release of TNF-α from Astrocytes in Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5324-43. [PMID: 26433377 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA)-induced learning and memory impairment is well documented in minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), but the contribution of DA to neurodegeneration and the involved underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, the effect of DA on neuronal apoptosis was initially detected. The results showed that MHE/DA (10 μg)-treated rats displayed neuronal apoptosis. However, we found that DA (10 μM) treatment did not induce evident apoptosis in primary cultured neurons (PCNs) but did produce TNF-α in primary cultured astrocytes (PCAs). Furthermore, co-cultures between PCAs and PCNs exposed to DA exhibited increased astrocytic TNF-α levels and neuronal apoptosis compared with co-cultures exposed to the vehicle, indicating the attribution of the neuronal apoptosis to astrocytic TNF-α. We also demonstrated that DA enhanced TNF-α production from astrocytes by activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway, and secreted astrocytic TNF-α-potentiated neuronal apoptosis through inactivation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Overall, the findings from this study suggest that DA stimulates substantial production and secretion of astrocytic TNF-α, consequently and indirectly triggering progressive neurodegeneration, resulting in cognitive decline and memory loss in MHE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saidan Ding
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, Department of Surgery Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Weikan Wang
- Neurosurgery Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuebao Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, Department of Surgery Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Liang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, Department of Surgery Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Leping Liu
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiru Ye
- School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjing Yang
- Neurosurgery Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongchang Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Neurosurgery Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Grogan J, Bogacz R, Tsivos D, Whone A, Coulthard E. Dopamine and Consolidation of Episodic Memory: Timing is Everything. J Cogn Neurosci 2015; 27:2035-50. [PMID: 26102227 PMCID: PMC4880040 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Memory consolidation underpins adaptive behavior and dopaminergic networks may be critical for prolonged, selective information storage. To understand the time course of the dopaminergic contribution to memory consolidation in humans, here we investigate the effect of dopaminergic medication on recall and recognition in the short and longer term in Parkinson disease (PD). Fifteen people with PD were each tested on or off dopaminergic medication during learning/early consolidation (Day 1) and/or late consolidation (Day 2). Fifteen age-matched healthy participants were tested only once. On Day 1 participants learned new information, and early episodic memory was tested after 30 min. Then on Day 2, recall and recognition were retested after a 24-hr delay. Participants on medication on Day 1 recalled less information at 30 min and 24 hr. In contrast, patients on medication on Day 2 (8-24 hr after learning) recalled more information at 24 hr than those off medication. Although recognition sensitivity was unaffected by medication, response bias was dependent on dopaminergic state: Medication during learning induced a more liberal bias 24 hr later, whereas patients off medication during learning were more conservative responders 24 hr later. We use computational modeling to propose possible mechanisms for this change in response bias. In summary, dopaminergic medication in PD patients during learning impairs early consolidation of episodic memory and makes delayed responses more liberal, but enhances late memory consolidation presumably through a dopamine-dependent consolidation pathway that may be active during sleep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alan Whone
- University of Bristol
- North Bristol NHS Trust
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Djamshidian A, O'Sullivan SS, Tomassini A, Foltynie T, Limousin P, Aviles-Olmos I, Warner TT, Lees AJ, Averbeck BB. In a rush to decide: deep brain stimulation and dopamine agonist therapy in Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2015; 4:579-83. [PMID: 25061059 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-140388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that all patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) who undergo functional neurosurgery have difficulties in slowing down in high conflict tasks. However, it is unclear whether concomitant dopaminergic medication is responsible for this impairment. OBJECTIVE To assess perceptual decision making in PD patients with bilateral deep brain stimulation. METHODS We tested 27 PD patients with bilateral deep brain stimulation on a task in which participants had to filter task relevant information from background noise. Thirteen patients were treated with Levodopa monotherapy and 14 patients were treated with Levodopa in combination with a dopamine agonist. RESULTS were compared to healthy matched controls. RESULTS We found that all PD patients who were treated with a dopamine agonist made faster decisions than controls and PD patients who were not exposed to a dopamine agonist. Further, all patients made more errors than controls, but there was no difference between the two patient groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that dopamine agonist therapy rather than deep brain stimulation is likely responsible for the inability to slow down in high conflict situations in PD. These results further strengthen the need to reduce dopamine agonists in PD patients undergoing functional neurosurgery in order to prevent them making inadvisable decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atbin Djamshidian
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Institute for Neurological Studies, University of London, London, UK Department of Neurology, University Clinic Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
| | | | - Alessandro Tomassini
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Patricia Limousin
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Iciar Aviles-Olmos
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Thomas T Warner
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Institute for Neurological Studies, University of London, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Lees
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Institute for Neurological Studies, University of London, London, UK
| | - Bruno B Averbeck
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Keuken MC, Van Maanen L, Bogacz R, Schäfer A, Neumann J, Turner R, Forstmann BU. The subthalamic nucleus during decision-making with multiple alternatives. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:4041-4052. [PMID: 26178078 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Several prominent neurocomputational models predict that an increase of choice alternatives is modulated by increased activity in the subthalamic nucleus (STN). In turn, increased STN activity allows prolonged accumulation of information. At the same time, areas in the medial frontal cortex such as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the pre-SMA are hypothesized to influence the information processing in the STN. This study set out to test concrete predictions of STN activity in multiple-alternative decision-making using a multimodal combination of 7 Tesla structural and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and ancestral graph (AG) modeling. The results are in line with the predictions in that increased STN activity was found with an increasing amount of choice alternatives. In addition, our study shows that activity in the ACC is correlated with activity in the STN without directly modulating it. This result sheds new light on the information processing streams between medial frontal cortex and the basal ganglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max C Keuken
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Prinsengracht 130, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurophysics, Max-Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Leendert Van Maanen
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Prinsengracht 130, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rafal Bogacz
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Schäfer
- Department of Neurophysics, Max-Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jane Neumann
- Department of Neurology, Max-Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Turner
- Department of Neurophysics, Max-Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Birte U Forstmann
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Prinsengracht 130, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurophysics, Max-Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Espinosa-Parrilla JF, Baunez C, Apicella P. Modulation of neuronal activity by reward identity in the monkey subthalamic nucleus. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:1705-17. [PMID: 25943702 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been argued to be an important component of reward-sensitive basal ganglia circuitry. This view is especially supported by the behavioral changes observed after STN inactivation, which could reflect impairments in the motivational control of action. However, it is still unclear how the STN integrates reward information and to what extent such integration correlates with behavior. In this study, the response properties of STN neurons in monkeys performing reaching movements with a cue predicting the identity of an upcoming liquid reward (juice or water) were investigated. Although the timing of movements reliably indicated that monkeys had greater motivation for juice than water, rarely did task-related changes in neuronal activity depend on the nature of the expected reward. Conversely, when presented with a choice of selecting a response that leads to juice or water delivery, animals showed a clear preference for juice and more than half of the neurons were differentially modulated dependent on the reward obtained, mostly after the monkeys's overt choice of action. Under such circumstances, an increase in activity specifically followed the action outcomes across the population of neurons when monkeys failed to choose the juice reward. These results indicate that STN neurons encode whether or not a preferred reward had been received when a choice between response alternatives is required. This differential neuronal activity might reflect the participation of the STN in evaluating the reward value of chosen actions, thus highlighting its contribution to decision-making processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christelle Baunez
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone UMR 7289, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, 13385, France
| | - Paul Apicella
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone UMR 7289, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, 13385, France
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mandali A, Rengaswamy M, Chakravarthy VS, Moustafa AA. A spiking Basal Ganglia model of synchrony, exploration and decision making. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:191. [PMID: 26074761 PMCID: PMC4444758 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To make an optimal decision we need to weigh all the available options, compare them with the current goal, and choose the most rewarding one. Depending on the situation an optimal decision could be to either “explore” or “exploit” or “not to take any action” for which the Basal Ganglia (BG) is considered to be a key neural substrate. In an attempt to expand this classical picture of BG function, we had earlier hypothesized that the Indirect Pathway (IP) of the BG could be the subcortical substrate for exploration. In this study we build a spiking network model to relate exploration to synchrony levels in the BG (which are a neural marker for tremor in Parkinson's disease). Key BG nuclei such as the Sub Thalamic Nucleus (STN), Globus Pallidus externus (GPe) and Globus Pallidus internus (GPi) were modeled as Izhikevich spiking neurons whereas the Striatal output was modeled as Poisson spikes. The model is cast in reinforcement learning framework with the dopamine signal representing reward prediction error. We apply the model to two decision making tasks: a binary action selection task (similar to one used by Humphries et al., 2006) and an n-armed bandit task (Bourdaud et al., 2008). The model shows that exploration levels could be controlled by STN's lateral connection strength which also influenced the synchrony levels in the STN-GPe circuit. An increase in STN's lateral strength led to a decrease in exploration which can be thought as the possible explanation for reduced exploratory levels in Parkinson's patients. Our simulations also show that on complete removal of IP, the model exhibits only Go and No-Go behaviors, thereby demonstrating the crucial role of IP in exploration. Our model provides a unified account for synchronization, action section, and explorative behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alekhya Mandali
- Computational Neuroscience Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Mehta School of BioSciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai, India
| | - Maithreye Rengaswamy
- Computational Neuroscience Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Mehta School of BioSciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai, India
| | - V Srinivasa Chakravarthy
- Computational Neuroscience Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Mehta School of BioSciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai, India
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour and School of Social Sciences and Psychology, University of Western Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rektor I, Bočková M, Chrastina J, Rektorová I, Baláž M. The modulatory role of subthalamic nucleus in cognitive functions – A viewpoint. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 126:653-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.10.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
48
|
Zavala B, Zaghloul K, Brown P. The subthalamic nucleus, oscillations, and conflict. Mov Disord 2015; 30:328-38. [PMID: 25688872 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN), which is currently the most common target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson's disease (PD), has received increased attention over the past few years for the roles it may play in functions beyond simple motor control. In this article, we highlight several of the theoretical, interventional, and electrophysiological studies that have implicated the STN in response inhibition. Most influential among this evidence has been the reported effect of STN DBS in increasing impulsive responses in the laboratory setting. Yet, how this relates to pathological impulsivity in patients' everyday lives remains uncertain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baltazar Zavala
- Experimental Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK; Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The cortico-basal-ganglia circuit plays a critical role in decision making on the basis of probabilistic information. Computational models have suggested how this circuit could compute the probabilities of actions being appropriate according to Bayes' theorem. These models predict that the subthalamic nucleus (STN) provides feedback that normalizes the neural representation of probabilities, such that if the probability of one action increases, the probabilities of all other available actions decrease. Here we report the results of an experiment testing a prediction of this theory that disrupting information processing in the STN with deep brain stimulation should abolish the normalization of the neural representation of probabilities. In our experiment, we asked patients with Parkinson's disease to saccade to a target that could appear in one of two locations, and the probability of the target appearing in each location was periodically changed. When the stimulator was switched off, the target probability affected the reaction times (RT) of patients in a similar way to healthy participants. Specifically, the RTs were shorter for more probable targets and, importantly, they were longer for the unlikely targets. When the stimulator was switched on, the patients were still faster for more probable targets, but critically they did not increase RTs as the target was becoming less likely. This pattern of results is consistent with the prediction of the model that the patients on DBS no longer normalized their neural representation of prior probabilities. We discuss alternative explanations for the data in the context of other published results.
Collapse
|
50
|
Brandt J, Rogerson M, Al-Joudi H, Reckess G, Shpritz B, Umeh CC, Aljehani N, Mills K, Mari Z. Betting on DBS: Effects of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation on risk taking and decision making in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychology 2014; 29:622-631. [PMID: 25486385 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Concerns persist that deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson's disease (PD) increases impulsivity or induces excessive reward seeking. We report here the performance of PD patients with implanted subthalamic nucleus electrodes, with stimulation on and off, on 3 laboratory tasks of risk taking and decision making. They are compared with PD patients maintained on medication and healthy participants. METHODS AND RESULTS In the Game of Dice Task, a test of "risky" decision making, PD patients with or without DBS made highest risk bets more often and ended up with less money than did healthy participants. There was a trend for DBS stimulation to ameliorate this effect. Deal or No-Deal is an "ambiguous" decision-making task that assessed preference for risk (holding on to one's briefcase) over a "sure thing" (accepting the banker's offer). Here, DBS patients were more conservative with stimulation on than with it off. They accepted smaller offers from the banker and won less money in the DBS-on condition. Overall, the 2 PD groups won less money than did healthy participants. The Framing Paradigm assessed willingness to gamble on a fixed (unambiguous) prize depending on whether the reward was "framed" as a loss or a gain. Nonsurgical PD patients tended to be more risk-averse than were healthy participants, whereas DBS patients were more willing to gamble for gains as well as losses both on and off stimulation. CONCLUSIONS On risky decision-making tasks, DBS patients took more risks than did healthy participants, but stimulation may temper this tendency. In contrast, in an ambiguous-risk situation, DBS patients were more risk-averse (conservative) than were healthy participants, and this tendency was greatest with stimulation.
Collapse
|