1
|
Sullivan MT, Tidball P, Yan Y, Intson K, Chen W, Xu Y, Venkatesan S, Horsfall W, Georgiou J, Finnie PSB, Lambe EK, Traynelis SF, Salahpour A, Yuan H, Collingridge GL, Ramsey AJ. Grin1 Y 647 S/+ Mice: A Preclinical Model of GRIN1 -Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.21.608984. [PMID: 39229143 PMCID: PMC11370376 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.21.608984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Objective GRIN1 -related neurodevelopmental disorder ( GRIN1 -NDD) is characterized by clinically significant variation in the GRIN1 gene, which encodes the obligatory GluN1 subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). The identified p.Tyr647Ser (Y647S) variant - carried by a 33-year-old female with seizures and intellectual disability - is located in the M3 helix in the GluN1 transmembrane domain. This study builds upon initial in vitro investigations of the functional impacts of the GRIN1 Y647S variant and examines its in vivo consequences in a mouse model. Methods To investigate in vitro functional impacts of NMDARs containing GluN1-Y647S variant subunits, GluN1-Y647S was co-expressed with wildtype GluN2A or GluN2B subunits in Xenopus laevis oocytes and HEK cells. Grin1 Y647S/+ mice were created by CRISPR-Cas9 endonuclease-mediated transgenesis and the molecular, electrophysiological, and behavioural consequences of the variant were examined. Results In vitro , NMDARs containing GluN1-Y647S show altered sensitivity to endogenous agonists and negative allosteric modulators, and reduced cell surface trafficking. Grin1 Y647S/+ mice displayed a reduction in whole brain GluN1 levels and deficiency in NMDAR-mediated synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Behaviourally, Grin1 Y647S/+ mice exhibited spontaneous seizures, altered vocalizations, muscle strength, sociability, and problem-solving. Interpretation The Y647S variant confers a complex in vivo phenotype, which reflects largely diminished properties of NMDAR function. As a result, Grin1 Y647S/+ mice display atypical behaviour in domains relevant to the clinical characteristics of GRIN1 -NDD and the individual carrying the variant. Ultimately, the characterization of Grin1 Y647S/+ mice accomplished in the present work expands our understanding of the mechanisms underlying GRIN1 -NDD and provides a foundation for the development of novel therapeutics.
Collapse
|
2
|
Ugale V, Deshmukh R, Lokwani D, Narayana Reddy P, Khadse S, Chaudhari P, Kulkarni PP. GluN2B subunit selective N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor ligands: Democratizing recent progress to assist the development of novel neurotherapeutics. Mol Divers 2024; 28:1765-1792. [PMID: 37266849 PMCID: PMC10234801 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10656-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play essential roles in vital aspects of brain functions. NMDARs mediate clinical features of neurological diseases and thus, represent a potential therapeutic target for their treatments. Many findings implicated the GluN2B subunit of NMDARs in various neurological disorders including epilepsy, ischemic brain damage, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's chorea, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although a large amount of information is growing consistently on the importance of GluN2B subunit, however, limited recent data is available on how subunit-selective ligands impact NMDAR functions, which blunts the ability to render the diagnosis or craft novel treatments tailored to patients. To bridge this gap, we have focused on and summarized recently reported GluN2B selective ligands as emerging subunit-selective antagonists and modulators of NMDAR. Herein, we have also presented an overview of the structure-function relationship for potential GluN2B/NMDAR ligands with their binding sites and connection to CNS functionalities. Understanding of design rules and roles of GluN2B selective compounds will provide the link to medicinal chemists and neuroscientists to explore novel neurotherapeutic strategies against dysfunctions of glutamatergic neurotransmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Ugale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India.
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Rutuja Deshmukh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Lokwani
- Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Buldana, Maharashtra, India
| | - P Narayana Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Saurabh Khadse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prashant Chaudhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasad P Kulkarni
- Bioprospecting Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shi Z, Liu H, Feng F, Huang Z, Chen WX. Generation of an induced pluripotent stem cell line GWCMCi006-A from a patient with autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental disorder with or without hyperkinetic movements and seizures harboring GRIN1 c.389A > G mutation. Stem Cell Res 2024; 76:103371. [PMID: 38452705 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2024.103371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental disorder with or without hyperkinetic movements and seizures (NDHMSD) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by neurodevelopmental disorder and hyperkinetic movement, with or without seizures. Heterozygous mutation in the GRIN1 encoding the subunit 1 of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor caused this disorder. We first established an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line from a male patient with c.389A > G mutation in the GRIN1, via reprogramming with KLF4, SOX2, OCT3/4, and c-MYC. Through identification examination, the iPSCs (GWCMCi006-A) stably expressed pluripotency-associated stem cell markers, maintained a normal karyotype, and showed proliferative potential for three-germ layers differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Shi
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangmei Feng
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhifang Huang
- The Assessment and Intervention Center for Autistic Children, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; The Assessment and Intervention Center for Autistic Children, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu Y, Song R, Perszyk RE, Chen W, Kim S, Park KL, Allen JP, Nocilla KA, Zhang J, XiangWei W, Tankovic A, McDaniels ED, Sheikh R, Mizu RK, Karamchandani MM, Hu C, Kusumoto H, Pecha J, Cappuccio G, Gaitanis J, Sullivan J, Shashi V, Petrovski S, Jauss RT, Lee HK, Bozarth X, Lynch DR, Helbig I, Pierson TM, Boerkoel CF, Myers SJ, Lemke JR, Benke TA, Yuan H, Traynelis SF. De novo GRIN variants in M3 helix associated with neurological disorders control channel gating of NMDA receptor. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:153. [PMID: 38538865 PMCID: PMC10973091 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are members of the glutamate receptor family and participate in excitatory postsynaptic transmission throughout the central nervous system. Genetic variants in GRIN genes encoding NMDAR subunits are associated with a spectrum of neurological disorders. The M3 transmembrane helices of the NMDAR couple directly to the agonist-binding domains and form a helical bundle crossing in the closed receptors that occludes the pore. The M3 functions as a transduction element whose conformational change couples ligand binding to opening of an ion conducting pore. In this study, we report the functional consequences of 48 de novo missense variants in GRIN1, GRIN2A, and GRIN2B that alter residues in the M3 transmembrane helix. These de novo variants were identified in children with neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders including epilepsy, developmental delay, intellectual disability, hypotonia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. All 48 variants in M3 for which comprehensive testing was completed produce a gain-of-function (28/48) compared to loss-of-function (9/48); 11 variants had an indeterminant phenotype. This supports the idea that a key structural feature of the M3 gate exists to stabilize the closed state so that agonist binding can drive channel opening. Given that most M3 variants enhance channel gating, we assessed the potency of FDA-approved NMDAR channel blockers on these variant receptors. These data provide new insight into the structure-function relationship of the NMDAR gate, and suggest that variants within the M3 transmembrane helix produce a gain-of-function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Rui Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Wenjuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sukhan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kristen L Park
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James P Allen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kelsey A Nocilla
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Wenshu XiangWei
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Anel Tankovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ellington D McDaniels
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Rehan Sheikh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ruth K Mizu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Manish M Karamchandani
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chun Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hirofumi Kusumoto
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Joseph Pecha
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Gerarda Cappuccio
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics-Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John Gaitanis
- Hasbro Children's Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jennifer Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Slave Petrovski
- Ce Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robin-Tobias Jauss
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hyun Kyung Lee
- Provincial Medical Genetics Program, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Children's and Women's Health Centre of BC, Vancouver, B.C, V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Xiuhua Bozarth
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David R Lynch
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ingo Helbig
- Division of Child Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Tyler Mark Pierson
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for the Undiagnosed Patient, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cornelius F Boerkoel
- Provincial Medical Genetics Program, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Children's and Women's Health Centre of BC, Vancouver, B.C, V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Scott J Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Timothy A Benke
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Emory Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Napoli AJ, Laderwager S, Zoodsma JD, Biju B, Mucollari O, Schubel SK, Aprea C, Sayed A, Morgan K, Napoli A, Flanagan S, Wollmuth LP, Sirotkin HI. Developmental loss of NMDA receptors results in supernumerary forebrain neurons through delayed maturation of transit-amplifying neuroblasts. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3395. [PMID: 38336823 PMCID: PMC10858180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53910-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Developmental neurogenesis is a tightly regulated spatiotemporal process with its dysregulation implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. NMDA receptors are glutamate-gated ion channels that are widely expressed in the early nervous system, yet their contribution to neurogenesis is poorly understood. Notably, a variety of mutations in genes encoding NMDA receptor subunits are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. To rigorously define the role of NMDA receptors in developmental neurogenesis, we used a mutant zebrafish line (grin1-/-) that lacks all NMDA receptors yet survives to 10 days post-fertilization, offering the opportunity to study post-embryonic neurodevelopment in the absence of NMDA receptors. Focusing on the forebrain, we find that these fish have a progressive supernumerary neuron phenotype confined to the telencephalon at the end of embryonic neurogenesis, but which extends to all forebrain regions during postembryonic neurogenesis. This enhanced neuron population does not arise directly from increased numbers or mitotic activity of radial glia cells, the principal neural stem cells. Rather, it stems from a lack of timely maturation of transit-amplifying neuroblasts into post-mitotic neurons, as indicated by a decrease in expression of the ontogenetically-expressed chloride transporter, KCC2. Pharmacological blockade with MK-801 recapitulates the grin1-/- supernumerary neuron phenotype, indicating a requirement for ionotropic signaling. Thus, NMDA receptors are required for suppression of indirect, transit amplifying cell-driven neurogenesis by promoting maturational termination of mitosis. Loss of suppression results in neuronal overpopulation that can fundamentally change brain circuitry and may be a key factor in pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders caused by NMDA receptor dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amalia J Napoli
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Stephanie Laderwager
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Josiah D Zoodsma
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Bismi Biju
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Olgerta Mucollari
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Sarah K Schubel
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Christieann Aprea
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Aaliya Sayed
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Kiele Morgan
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Annelysia Napoli
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Stephanie Flanagan
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Lonnie P Wollmuth
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5215, USA
- Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Howard I Sirotkin
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Duy PQ, Mehta NH, Kahle KT. The "microcephalic hydrocephalus" paradox as a paradigm of altered neural stem cell biology. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad432. [PMID: 37991277 PMCID: PMC10793578 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterized by enlarged brain ventricles, hydrocephalus is a common neurological disorder classically attributed to a primary defect in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis. Microcephaly ("small head") and hydrocephalus are typically viewed as two mutually exclusive phenomenon, since hydrocephalus is thought of as a fluid "plumbing" disorder leading to CSF accumulation, ventricular dilatation, and resultant macrocephaly. However, some cases of hydrocephalus can be associated with microcephaly. Recent work in the genomics of congenital hydrocephalus (CH) and an improved understanding of the tropism of certain viruses such as Zika and cytomegalovirus are beginning to shed light into the paradox "microcephalic hydrocephalus" by defining prenatal neural stem cells (NSC) as the spatiotemporal "scene of the crime." In some forms of CH and viral brain infections, impaired fetal NSC proliferation leads to decreased neurogenesis, cortical hypoplasia and impaired biomechanical interactions at the CSF-brain interface that collectively engender ventriculomegaly despite an overall and often striking decrease in head circumference. The coexistence of microcephaly and hydrocephalus suggests that these two phenotypes may overlap more than previously appreciated. Continued study of both conditions may be unexpectedly fertile ground for providing new insights into human NSC biology and our understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phan Q Duy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Neel H Mehta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
- Harvard Center for Hydrocephalus and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gjerulfsen CE, Krey I, Klöckner C, Rubboli G, Lemke JR, Møller RS. Spectrum of NMDA Receptor Variants in Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Epilepsy. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2799:1-11. [PMID: 38727899 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3830-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) are ligand-gated ion channels mediating excitatory neurotransmission and are important for normal brain development, cognitive abilities, and motor functions. Pathogenic variants in the Glutamate receptor Ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartate (GRIN) genes (GRIN1, GRIN2A-D) encoding NMDAR subunits have been associated with a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders and epilepsies ranging from treatable focal epilepsies to devastating early-onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathies. Genetic variants in NMDA receptor genes can cause a range of complex alterations to receptor properties resulting in various degrees of loss-of-function, gain-of-function, or mixtures thereof. Understanding how genetic variants affect the function of the receptors, therefore, represents an important first step in the ongoing development towards targeted therapies. Currently, targeted treatment options for GRIN-related diseases are limited. However, treatment with memantine has been reported to significantly reduce seizure frequency in a few individuals with developmental and epileptic encephalopathies harboring de novo gain-of-function GRIN2A missense variants, and supplementary treatment with L-serine has been associated with improved motor and cognitive performance as well as reduced seizure frequency in patients with GRIN2B loss-of-function missense variants as well as GRIN2A and GRIN2B null variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine E Gjerulfsen
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark
| | - Ilona Krey
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chiara Klöckner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Guido Rubboli
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rikke S Møller
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark.
- Department of Regional Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bortolami A, Sesti F. Ion channels in neurodevelopment: lessons from the Integrin-KCNB1 channel complex. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2365-2369. [PMID: 37282454 PMCID: PMC10360111 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.371347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ion channels modulate cellular excitability by regulating ionic fluxes across biological membranes. Pathogenic mutations in ion channel genes give rise to epileptic disorders that are among the most frequent neurological diseases affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Epilepsies are triggered by an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory conductances. However, pathogenic mutations in the same allele can give rise to loss-of-function and/or gain-of-function variants, all able to trigger epilepsy. Furthermore, certain alleles are associated with brain malformations even in the absence of a clear electrical phenotype. This body of evidence argues that the underlying epileptogenic mechanisms of ion channels are more diverse than originally thought. Studies focusing on ion channels in prenatal cortical development have shed light on this apparent paradox. The picture that emerges is that ion channels play crucial roles in landmark neurodevelopmental processes, including neuronal migration, neurite outgrowth, and synapse formation. Thus, pathogenic channel mutants can not only cause epileptic disorders by altering excitability, but further, by inducing morphological and synaptic abnormalities that are initiated during neocortex formation and may persist into the adult brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bortolami
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, West Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Federico Sesti
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, West Piscataway, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Napoli AJ, Laderwager S, Zoodsma JD, Biju B, Mucollari O, Schubel SK, Aprea C, Sayed A, Morgan K, Napoli A, Flanagan S, Wollmuth LP, Sirotkin HI. Loss of NMDA receptor function during development results in decreased KCC2 expression and increased neurons in the zebrafish forebrain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.25.554812. [PMID: 37786708 PMCID: PMC10541604 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.25.554812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Developmental neurogenesis is a tightly regulated spatiotemporal process with its dysregulation implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. NMDA receptors are glutamate-gated ion channels that are widely expressed in the early nervous system, yet their contribution to neurogenesis is poorly understood. Notably, a variety of mutations in genes encoding NMDA receptor subunits are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. To rigorously define the role of NMDA receptors in developmental neurogenesis, we used a mutant zebrafish line ( grin1 -/- ) that lacks all NMDA receptors yet survives to 10 days post-fertilization, offering the opportunity to study post-embryonic neurodevelopment in the absence of NMDA receptors. Focusing on the forebrain, we find that these fish have a progressive supernumerary neuron phenotype confined to the telencephalon at the end of embryonic neurogenesis, but which extends to all forebrain regions during postembryonic neurogenesis. This enhanced neuron population does not arise directly from increased numbers or mitotic activity of radial glia cells, the principal neural stem cells. Rather, it stems from a lack of timely maturation of transit-amplifying neuroblasts into post-mitotic neurons, as indicated by a decrease in expression of the ontogenetically-expressed chloride transporter, KCC2. Pharmacological blockade with MK-801 recapitulates the grin1 -/- supernumerary neuron phenotype, indicating a requirement for ionotropic signaling. Thus, NMDA receptors are required for suppression of indirect, transit amplifying cell-driven neurogenesis by promoting maturational termination of mitosis. Loss of suppression results in neuronal overpopulation that can fundamentally change brain circuitry and may be a key factor in pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders caused by NMDA receptor dysfunction.
Collapse
|
10
|
Myers SJ, Yuan H, Perszyk RE, Zhang J, Kim S, Nocilla KA, Allen JP, Bain JM, Lemke JR, Lal D, Benke TA, Traynelis SF. Classification of missense variants in the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor GRIN gene family as gain- or loss-of-function. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:2857-2871. [PMID: 37369021 PMCID: PMC10508039 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in sequencing technology have generated a large amount of genetic data from patients with neurological conditions. These data have provided diagnosis of many rare diseases, including a number of pathogenic de novo missense variants in GRIN genes encoding N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). To understand the ramifications for neurons and brain circuits affected by rare patient variants, functional analysis of the variant receptor is necessary in model systems. For NMDARs, this functional analysis needs to assess multiple properties in order to understand how variants could impact receptor function in neurons. One can then use these data to determine whether the overall actions will increase or decrease NMDAR-mediated charge transfer. Here, we describe an analytical and comprehensive framework by which to categorize GRIN variants as either gain-of-function (GoF) or loss-of-function (LoF) and apply this approach to GRIN2B variants identified in patients and the general population. This framework draws on results from six different assays that assess the impact of the variant on NMDAR sensitivity to agonists and endogenous modulators, trafficking to the plasma membrane, response time course and channel open probability. We propose to integrate data from multiple in vitro assays to arrive at a variant classification, and suggest threshold levels that guide confidence. The data supporting GoF and LoF determination are essential to assessing pathogenicity and patient stratification for clinical trials as personalized pharmacological and genetic agents that can enhance or reduce receptor function are advanced. This approach to functional variant classification can generalize to other disorders associated with missense variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- The Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- The Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sukhan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kelsey A Nocilla
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - James P Allen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- The Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jennifer M Bain
- Department of Neurology, Division of Child Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Dennis Lal
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne, Köln 50923, Germany
| | - Timothy A Benke
- Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- The Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Emory Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
T P, Katta B, Lulu S S, Sundararajan V. Gene expression analysis reveals GRIN1, SYT1, and SYN2 as significant therapeutic targets and drug repurposing reveals lorazepam and lorediplon as potent inhibitors to manage Alzheimer's disease. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-22. [PMID: 37691428 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2256878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease and a leading cause of dementia. We aim to identify key genes for the development of therapeutic targets and biomarkers for potential treatments for AD. Meta-analysis was performed on six microarray datasets and identified the differentially expressed genes between healthy and Alzheimer's disease samples. Thereafter, we filtered out the common genes which were present in at least four microarray datasets for downstream analysis. We have constructed a gene-gene network for the common genes and identified six hub genes. Furthermore, we investigated the regulatory mechanisms of these hub genes by analysing their interaction with miRNAs and transcription factors. The gene ontology analysis results highlighted the enriched terms significantly associated with hub genes. Through an extensive literature survey, we found that three of the hub genes including GRIN1, SYN2, and SYT1 were critically involved in disease development. To leverage existing drugs for potential repurposing, we predicted drug-gene interaction using the drug-gene interaction database, and performed molecular docking studies. The docking results revealed that the drug compounds had strong interactions and favorable binding with selected hub genes. Lorazepam exhibits a binding energy of -7.3 kcal/mol with GRIN1, Lorediplon exhibits binding energies of -7.7 kcal/mol and -6.3 kcal/mol with the SYT1, and SYN2 respectively. In addition, 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations were carried out for the top complexes and apo protein as well. Furthermore, the MM-PBSA free energy calculations also revealed that these complexes are stable and had favorable energies. According to our study, the identified hub gene could serve as a biomarker as well as a therapeutic target for AD, and the proposed repurposed drug molecules appear to have promising efficacy in treating the disease.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Premkumar T
- Integrative Multiomics Lab, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bhavana Katta
- Integrative Multiomics Lab, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sajitha Lulu S
- Integrative Multiomics Lab, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vino Sundararajan
- Integrative Multiomics Lab, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Montanucci L, Lewis-Smith D, Collins RL, Niestroj LM, Parthasarathy S, Xian J, Ganesan S, Macnee M, Brünger T, Thomas RH, Talkowski M, Helbig I, Leu C, Lal D. Genome-wide identification and phenotypic characterization of seizure-associated copy number variations in 741,075 individuals. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4392. [PMID: 37474567 PMCID: PMC10359300 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39539-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Copy number variants (CNV) are established risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders with seizures or epilepsy. With the hypothesis that seizure disorders share genetic risk factors, we pooled CNV data from 10,590 individuals with seizure disorders, 16,109 individuals with clinically validated epilepsy, and 492,324 population controls and identified 25 genome-wide significant loci, 22 of which are novel for seizure disorders, such as deletions at 1p36.33, 1q44, 2p21-p16.3, 3q29, 8p23.3-p23.2, 9p24.3, 10q26.3, 15q11.2, 15q12-q13.1, 16p12.2, 17q21.31, duplications at 2q13, 9q34.3, 16p13.3, 17q12, 19p13.3, 20q13.33, and reciprocal CNVs at 16p11.2, and 22q11.21. Using genetic data from additional 248,751 individuals with 23 neuropsychiatric phenotypes, we explored the pleiotropy of these 25 loci. Finally, in a subset of individuals with epilepsy and detailed clinical data available, we performed phenome-wide association analyses between individual CNVs and clinical annotations categorized through the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO). For six CNVs, we identified 19 significant associations with specific HPO terms and generated, for all CNVs, phenotype signatures across 17 clinical categories relevant for epileptologists. This is the most comprehensive investigation of CNVs in epilepsy and related seizure disorders, with potential implications for clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Montanucci
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
| | - David Lewis-Smith
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Clinical Neurosciences, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ryan L Collins
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.) and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | | | - Shridhar Parthasarathy
- The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julie Xian
- The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shiva Ganesan
- The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marie Macnee
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Brünger
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rhys H Thomas
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Clinical Neurosciences, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Michael Talkowski
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.) and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Ingo Helbig
- The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Costin Leu
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA.
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and M.I.T, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, US.
| | - Dennis Lal
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.) and Harvard, Cambridge, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and M.I.T, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, US.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dong B, Yue Y, Dong H, Wang Y. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction as a potential contributor to the progression and manifestation of many neurological disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1174738. [PMID: 37396784 PMCID: PMC10308130 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1174738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDA) are glutamate-gated ion channels critical for synaptic transmission and plasticity. A slight variation of NMDAR expression and function can result in devastating consequences, and both hyperactivation and hypoactivation of NMDARs are detrimental to neural function. Compared to NMDAR hyperfunction, NMDAR hypofunction is widely implicated in many neurological disorders, such as intellectual disability, autism, schizophrenia, and age-related cognitive decline. Additionally, NMDAR hypofunction is associated with the progression and manifestation of these diseases. Here, we review the underlying mechanisms of NMDAR hypofunction in the progression of these neurological disorders and highlight that targeting NMDAR hypofunction is a promising therapeutic intervention in some neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dong
- Department of Geriatrics, Jilin Geriatrics Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Yue
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Han Dong
- Department of Geriatrics, Jilin Geriatrics Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuehui Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Jilin Geriatrics Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen JZ, Church WB, Bastard K, Duff AP, Balle T. Binding and Dynamics Demonstrate the Destabilization of Ligand Binding for the S688Y Mutation in the NMDA Receptor GluN1 Subunit. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104108. [PMID: 37241849 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Encephalopathies are brain dysfunctions that lead to cognitive, sensory, and motor development impairments. Recently, the identification of several mutations within the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) have been identified as significant in the etiology of this group of conditions. However, a complete understanding of the underlying molecular mechanism and changes to the receptor due to these mutations has been elusive. We studied the molecular mechanisms by which one of the first mutations within the NMDAR GluN1 ligand binding domain, Ser688Tyr, causes encephalopathies. We performed molecular docking, randomly seeded molecular dynamics simulations, and binding free energy calculations to determine the behavior of the two major co-agonists: glycine and D-serine, in both the wild-type and S688Y receptors. We observed that the Ser688Tyr mutation leads to the instability of both ligands within the ligand binding site due to structural changes associated with the mutation. The binding free energy for both ligands was significantly more unfavorable in the mutated receptor. These results explain previously observed in vitro electrophysiological data and provide detailed aspects of ligand association and its effects on receptor activity. Our study provides valuable insight into the consequences of mutations within the NMDAR GluN1 ligand binding domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jake Zheng Chen
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - William Bret Church
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Karine Bastard
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Anthony P Duff
- National Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Thomas Balle
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xie L, McDaniel MJ, Perszyk RE, Kim S, Cappuccio G, Shapiro KA, Muñoz-Cabello B, Sanchez-Lara PA, Grand K, Zhang J, Nocilla KA, Sheikh R, Armengol L, Romano R, Pierson TM, Yuan H, Myers SJ, Traynelis SF. Functional effects of disease-associated variants reveal that the S1-M1 linker of the NMDA receptor critically controls channel opening. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:110. [PMID: 37000222 PMCID: PMC10641759 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04705-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The short pre-M1 helix within the S1-M1 linker (also referred to as the pre-M1 linker) between the agonist-binding domain (ABD, S1) and the M1 transmembrane helix of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) is devoid of missense variants within the healthy population but is a locus for de novo pathogenic variants associated with neurological disorders. Several de novo variants within this helix have been identified in patients presenting early in life with intellectual disability, developmental delay, and/or epilepsy. In this study, we evaluated functional properties for twenty variants within the pre-M1 linker in GRIN1, GRIN2A, and GRIN2B genes, including six novel missense variants. The effects of pre-M1 variants on agonist potency, sensitivity to endogenous allosteric modulators, response time course, channel open probability, and surface expression were assessed. Our data indicated that virtually all of the variants evaluated altered channel function, and multiple variants had profound functional consequences, which may contribute to the neurological conditions in the patients harboring the variants in this region. These data strongly suggest that the residues within the pre-M1 helix play a key role in channel gating and are highly intolerant to genetic variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Miranda J McDaniel
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sukhan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Gerarda Cappuccio
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics-Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin A Shapiro
- Department of Neurology, University of California, UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Sandler Neurosciences Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Pedro A Sanchez-Lara
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Katheryn Grand
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kelsey A Nocilla
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Rehan Sheikh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lluis Armengol
- Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratories, SL (qGenomics), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberta Romano
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Tyler Mark Pierson
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
- Center for the Undiagnosed Patient, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Scott J Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Emory Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Smuk V, López-Rivera JA, Leu C, Lal D. The phenotypic spectrum associated with loss-of-function variants in monogenic epilepsy genes in the general population. Eur J Hum Genet 2023; 31:243-247. [PMID: 36253532 PMCID: PMC9905533 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-022-01211-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants in monogenic epilepsy genes can cause phenotypes of varying severity. For example, pathogenic variants in the SCN1A gene can cause the severe, sporadic, and drug-resistant Dravet syndrome or the milder familiar GEFS + syndrome. We hypothesized that coding variants in epilepsy-associated genes could lead to other disease-related phenotypes in the general population. We selected 127 established monogenic epilepsy genes and explored rare loss-of-function (LoF) variant associations with 3700 phenotypes across 281,850 individuals from the UK Biobank with whole-exome sequencing data. For 5.5% of epilepsy genes, we found significant associations of LoF variants with non-epilepsy phenotypes, mostly related to mental health. These findings suggest that LoF variants in epilepsy genes are associated with neurological or psychiatric phenotypes in the general population. The evidence provided may warrant further research and genetic screening of patients with atypical presentation and inform clinical care of comorbid disorders in individuals with monogenic epilepsy forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Smuk
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Javier A López-Rivera
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Costin Leu
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dennis Lal
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, NRW, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Brock S, Laquerriere A, Marguet F, Myers SJ, Hongjie Y, Baralle D, Vanderhasselt T, Stouffs K, Keymolen K, Kim S, Allen J, Shaulsky G, Chelly J, Marcorelle P, Aziza J, Villard L, Sacaze E, de Wit MCY, Wilke M, Mancini GMS, Hehr U, Lim D, Mansour S, Traynelis SF, Beneteau C, Denis-Musquer M, Jansen AC, Fry AE, Bahi-Buisson N. Overlapping cortical malformations in patients with pathogenic variants in GRIN1 and GRIN2B. J Med Genet 2023; 60:183-192. [PMID: 35393335 PMCID: PMC10642159 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2021-107971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malformations of cortical development (MCDs) have been reported in a subset of patients with pathogenic heterozygous variants in GRIN1 or GRIN2B, genes which encode for subunits of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). The aim of this study was to further define the phenotypic spectrum of NMDAR-related MCDs. METHODS We report the clinical, radiological and molecular features of 7 new patients and review data on 18 previously reported individuals with NMDAR-related MCDs. Neuropathological findings for two individuals with heterozygous variants in GRIN1 are presented. We report the clinical and neuropathological features of one additional individual with homozygous pathogenic variants in GRIN1. RESULTS Heterozygous variants in GRIN1 and GRIN2B were associated with overlapping severe clinical and imaging features, including global developmental delay, epilepsy, diffuse dysgyria, dysmorphic basal ganglia and hippocampi. Neuropathological examination in two fetuses with heterozygous GRIN1 variants suggests that proliferation as well as radial and tangential neuronal migration are impaired. In addition, we show that neuronal migration is also impaired by homozygous GRIN1 variants in an individual with microcephaly with simplified gyral pattern. CONCLUSION These findings expand our understanding of the clinical and imaging features of the 'NMDARopathy' spectrum and contribute to our understanding of the likely underlying pathogenic mechanisms leading to MCD in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Brock
- Department of Pathology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Neurogenetics Research Group, Reproduction Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Cluster, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Annie Laquerriere
- Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, INSERM U1245, Rouen, France
- Department of Pathology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Florent Marguet
- Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, INSERM U1245, Rouen, France
- Department of Pathology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Scott J Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yuan Hongjie
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Diana Baralle
- Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Tim Vanderhasselt
- Department of Radiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katrien Stouffs
- Neurogenetics Research Group, Reproduction Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Cluster, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kathelijn Keymolen
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sukhan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James Allen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gil Shaulsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jamel Chelly
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascale Marcorelle
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Brest; Laboratoire Neurosciences de Brest, Université de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Jacqueline Aziza
- Department of Pathology, University Institute for Cancer, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Villard
- Inserm, Marseille Medical Genetics Center, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Department of Medical Genetics, La Timone Children's Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Elise Sacaze
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Marie C Y de Wit
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Wilke
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ute Hehr
- Center for Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Derek Lim
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service and Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sahar Mansour
- SW Thames Regional Genetics Service, University of London St George's Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Claire Beneteau
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
- UF de Fœtopathologie et Génétique, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Marie Denis-Musquer
- UF de Fœtopathologie et Génétique, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
- Department of Pathology, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Anna C Jansen
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Andrew E Fry
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nadia Bahi-Buisson
- Pediatric Neurology, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Institut Imagine (INSERM UMR-1163), Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hiraide T, Akita T, Uematsu K, Miyamoto S, Nakashima M, Sasaki M, Fukuda A, Kato M, Saitsu H. A novel de novo KCNB1 variant altering channel characteristics in a patient with periventricular heterotopia, abnormal corpus callosum, and mild seizure outcome. J Hum Genet 2023; 68:25-31. [PMID: 36257979 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-022-01090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
KCNB1 encodes the α-subunit of Kv2.1, the main contributor to neuronal delayed rectifier potassium currents. The subunit consists of six transmembrane α helices (S1-S6), comprising the voltage-sensing domain (S1-S4) and the pore domain (S5-P-S6). Heterozygous KCNB1 pathogenic variants are associated with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. Here we report an individual who shows the milder phenotype compared to the previously reported cases, including delayed language development, mild intellectual disability, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, late-onset epilepsy responsive to an antiepileptic drug, elevation of serum creatine kinase, and peripheral axonal neuropathy. On the other hand, his brain MRI showed characteristic findings including periventricular heterotopia, polymicrogyria, and abnormal corpus callosum. Exome sequencing identified a novel de novo KCNB1 variant c.574G>A, p.(Ala192Thr) located in the S1 segment of the voltage-sensing domain. Functional analysis using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique in Neuro2a cells showed that the Ala192Thr mutant reduces both activation and inactivation of the channel at membrane voltages in the range of -50 to -30 mV. Our case could expand the phenotypic spectrum of patients with KCNB1 variants, and suggested that variants located in the S1 segment might be associated with a milder outcome of seizures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Hiraide
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tenpei Akita
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan. .,Division of Health Science, Department of Basic Nursing, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
| | - Kenji Uematsu
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Miyamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Nakashima
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sasaki
- Department of Child Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuo Fukuda
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Characteristic features of electroencephalogram in a pediatric patient with GRIN1 encephalopathy. BRAIN DISORDERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2022.100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
20
|
Sivakumar S, Ghasemi M, Schachter SC. Targeting NMDA Receptor Complex in Management of Epilepsy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101297. [PMID: 36297409 PMCID: PMC9609646 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) and play critical roles in neuronal excitability in the CNS. Both clinical and preclinical studies have revealed that the abnormal expression or function of these receptors can underlie the pathophysiology of seizure disorders and epilepsy. Accordingly, NMDAR modulators have been shown to exert anticonvulsive effects in various preclinical models of seizures, as well as in patients with epilepsy. In this review, we provide an update on the pathologic role of NMDARs in epilepsy and an overview of the NMDAR antagonists that have been evaluated as anticonvulsive agents in clinical studies, as well as in preclinical seizure models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shravan Sivakumar
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (S.C.S.)
| | - Steven C. Schachter
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Consortia for Improving Medicine with Innovation & Technology (CIMIT), Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (S.C.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Benske TM, Mu TW, Wang YJ. Protein quality control of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:907560. [PMID: 35936491 PMCID: PMC9352929 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.907560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are glutamate-gated cation channels that mediate excitatory neurotransmission and are critical for synaptic development and plasticity in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Functional NMDARs typically form via the heterotetrameric assembly of GluN1 and GluN2 subunits. Variants within GRIN genes are implicated in various neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Due to the significance of NMDAR subunit composition for regional and developmental signaling at synapses, properly folded receptors must reach the plasma membrane for their function. This review focuses on the protein quality control of NMDARs. Specifically, we review the quality control mechanisms that ensure receptors are correctly folded and assembled within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and trafficked to the plasma membrane. Further, we discuss disease-associated variants that have shown disrupted NMDAR surface expression and function. Finally, we discuss potential targeted pharmacological and therapeutic approaches to ameliorate disease phenotypes by enhancing the expression and surface trafficking of subunits harboring disease-associated variants, thereby increasing their incorporation into functional receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ting-Wei Mu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ya-Juan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fischer J, Di Donato N. Diagnostic pitfalls in patients with malformations of cortical development. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2022; 37:123-128. [PMID: 35228169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Malformations of cortical development (MCDs) are a major source of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric patient cohort. Correct diagnosis of the cause is essential for symptom management, disease prognosis and family counselling but is frequently hampered due to numerous potential pitfalls in the diagnostic process. This review highlights potential problems that either prevent the establishment of a diagnosis or are the sources of diagnostic errors. The focus is placed on hereditary causes of MCDs and strategies will be proposed to circumvent potential diagnostic pitfalls. Errors may occur during variant detection, filtering, or interpretation in relation to patient's phenotype. Based on detailed clinical assessment suitable targeted and untargeted methods to identify pathogenic variants with context-dependent filtering and evaluation approaches will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Fischer
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nataliya Di Donato
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Nervous system activity regulates development, homeostasis, and plasticity of the brain as well as other organs in the body. These mechanisms are subverted in cancer to propel malignant growth. In turn, cancers modulate neural structure and function to augment growth-promoting neural signaling in the tumor microenvironment. Approaching cancer biology from a neuroscience perspective will elucidate new therapeutic strategies for presently lethal forms of cancer. In this review, we highlight the neural signaling mechanisms recapitulated in primary brain tumors, brain metastases, and solid tumors throughout the body that regulate cancer progression. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 45 is July 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Keough
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA;
| | - Michelle Monje
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Polymicrogyria in a child with KCNMA1-related channelopathy. Brain Dev 2022; 44:173-177. [PMID: 34674900 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACK GROUND Polymicrogyria is a malformation of cortical development with overfolding of the cerebral cortex and abnormal cortical layering. Polymicrogyria constitutes a heterogenous collection of neuroimaging features, neuropathological findings, and clinical associations, and is due to multiple underlying etiologies. In the last few years, some glutamate and sodium channelopathies have been associated with cortical brain malformations such as polymicrogyria. The potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M alpha 1 (KCNMA1) gene encodes each of the four alpha-subunits that make up the large conductance calcium and voltage-activated potassium channel "Big K+". KCNMA1-related channelopathies are associated with various neurological abnormalities, including epilepsy, ataxia, paroxysmal dyskinesias, developmental delay and cognitive disorders. CASE REPORT We report the observation of a patient who presented since the age of two months with drug-resistant epilepsy with severe developmental delay initially related to bilateral asymmetric frontal polymicrogyria. Later, exome sequencing revealed a de novo heterozygous variation in the KCNMA1 gene (c.112delG) considered pathogenic. CONCLUSION This first case of polymicrogyria associated with KCNMA1-related channelopathy may expand the phenotypic spectrum of KCNMA1-related channelopathies and enrich the recently identified group of developmental channelopathies with polymicrogyria.
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu YP, Wu X, Meng JH, Xing JX, Xuan JF, Xia X, Yao J, Wang BJ. The effect of human GRIN1 gene 5' functional region on gene expression regulation in vitro. Gene 2022; 808:145973. [PMID: 34592350 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Abnormal expression of ionotropic glutamate receptor NMDA type subunit 1, the key subunit of the NMDA receptor, may be related to many neuropsychiatric disorders. In this study, we explored the functional sequence of the 5' regulatory region of the human GRIN1 gene and discussed the transcription factors that may regulate gene expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve recombinant pGL3 vectors with gradually truncated fragment lengths were constructed, transfected into HEK-293, U87, and SK-N-SH cell lines, and analyzed through the luciferase reporter gene assay. JASPAR database is used to predict transcription factors. RESULTS In SK-N-SH and U87 cell lines, regions from -337 to -159 bp, -704 to -556 bp inhibited gene expression, while -556 to -337 bp upregulated gene expression. In HEK-293 and U87 cell lines, the expression of fragment -1703 to + 188 bp was significantly increased compared to adjacent fragments -1539 to + 188 bp and -1843 to + 188 bp. The protein expressions of fragments -2162 to + 188 bp and -2025 to + 188 bp, -1539 to + 188 bp and -1215 to + 188 bp, -1215 to + 188 bp and -1066 to + 188 bp were significantly different in HEK-293 and SK-N-SH cells. According to the predictions of the JASPAR database, the transcription factors REST, EGR1, and CREB1/HIC2 may bind the DNA sequences of GRIN1 gene from the -337 to -159, -556 to -337, and -704 to -556, respectively. In addition, zinc finger transcription factors may regulate the expression of other differentially expressed fragments. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal transcription regulation in the proximal promoter region of GRIN1 (-704 to + 188 bp) may be involved in the course of neuropsychiatric diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ping Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Department of Clinic Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Xue Wu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Jing-Hua Meng
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Jia-Xin Xing
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Jin-Feng Xuan
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Xi Xia
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Bao-Jie Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen S, Xu D, Fan L, Fang Z, Wang X, Li M. Roles of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors (NMDARs) in Epilepsy. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:797253. [PMID: 35069111 PMCID: PMC8780133 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.797253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders characterized by recurrent seizures. The mechanism of epilepsy remains unclear and previous studies suggest that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play an important role in abnormal discharges, nerve conduction, neuron injury and inflammation, thereby they may participate in epileptogenesis. NMDARs belong to a family of ionotropic glutamate receptors that play essential roles in excitatory neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity in the mammalian CNS. Despite numerous studies focusing on the role of NMDAR in epilepsy, the relationship appeared to be elusive. In this article, we reviewed the regulation of NMDAR and possible mechanisms of NMDAR in epilepsy and in respect of onset, development, and treatment, trying to provide more evidence for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Man Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Benke TA, Park K, Krey I, Camp CR, Song R, Ramsey AJ, Yuan H, Traynelis SF, Lemke J. Clinical and therapeutic significance of genetic variation in the GRIN gene family encoding NMDARs. Neuropharmacology 2021; 199:108805. [PMID: 34560056 PMCID: PMC8525401 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Considerable genetic variation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) has recently become apparent, with many hundreds of de novo variants identified through widely available clinical genetic testing. Individuals with GRIN variants present with neurological conditions such as epilepsy, autism, intellectual disability (ID), movement disorders, schizophrenia and behavioral disorders. Determination of the functional consequence of genetic variation for NMDARs should lead to precision therapeutics. Furthermore, genetic animal models harboring human variants have the potential to reveal mechanisms that are shared among different neurological conditions, providing strategies that may allow treatment of individuals who are refractory to therapy. Preclinical studies in animal models and small open label trials in humans support this idea. However, additional functional data for variants and animal models corresponding to multiple individuals with the same genotype are needed to validate this approach and to lead to thoughtfully designed, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials, which could provide data in order to determine safety and efficacy of potential precision therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim A Benke
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, Neurology, and Otolaryngology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, United States.
| | - Kristen Park
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, United States
| | - Ilona Krey
- Institute of Human Genetics, Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chad R Camp
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and the Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rui Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and the Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Amy J Ramsey
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and the Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and the Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Johannes Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hansen KB, Wollmuth LP, Bowie D, Furukawa H, Menniti FS, Sobolevsky AI, Swanson GT, Swanger SA, Greger IH, Nakagawa T, McBain CJ, Jayaraman V, Low CM, Dell'Acqua ML, Diamond JS, Camp CR, Perszyk RE, Yuan H, Traynelis SF. Structure, Function, and Pharmacology of Glutamate Receptor Ion Channels. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:298-487. [PMID: 34753794 PMCID: PMC8626789 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many physiologic effects of l-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, are mediated via signaling by ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). These ligand-gated ion channels are critical to brain function and are centrally implicated in numerous psychiatric and neurologic disorders. There are different classes of iGluRs with a variety of receptor subtypes in each class that play distinct roles in neuronal functions. The diversity in iGluR subtypes, with their unique functional properties and physiologic roles, has motivated a large number of studies. Our understanding of receptor subtypes has advanced considerably since the first iGluR subunit gene was cloned in 1989, and the research focus has expanded to encompass facets of biology that have been recently discovered and to exploit experimental paradigms made possible by technological advances. Here, we review insights from more than 3 decades of iGluR studies with an emphasis on the progress that has occurred in the past decade. We cover structure, function, pharmacology, roles in neurophysiology, and therapeutic implications for all classes of receptors assembled from the subunits encoded by the 18 ionotropic glutamate receptor genes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Glutamate receptors play important roles in virtually all aspects of brain function and are either involved in mediating some clinical features of neurological disease or represent a therapeutic target for treatment. Therefore, understanding the structure, function, and pharmacology of this class of receptors will advance our understanding of many aspects of brain function at molecular, cellular, and system levels and provide new opportunities to treat patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasper B Hansen
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Lonnie P Wollmuth
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Derek Bowie
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Frank S Menniti
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Alexander I Sobolevsky
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Geoffrey T Swanson
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Sharon A Swanger
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Ingo H Greger
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Terunaga Nakagawa
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chris J McBain
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chian-Ming Low
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Mark L Dell'Acqua
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Jeffrey S Diamond
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chad R Camp
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Stolz JR, Foote KM, Veenstra-Knol HE, Pfundt R, Ten Broeke SW, de Leeuw N, Roht L, Pajusalu S, Part R, Rebane I, Õunap K, Stark Z, Kirk EP, Lawson JA, Lunke S, Christodoulou J, Louie RJ, Rogers RC, Davis JM, Innes AM, Wei XC, Keren B, Mignot C, Lebel RR, Sperber SM, Sakonju A, Dosa N, Barge-Schaapveld DQCM, Peeters-Scholte CMPCD, Ruivenkamp CAL, van Bon BW, Kennedy J, Low KJ, Ellard S, Pang L, Junewick JJ, Mark PR, Carvill GL, Swanson GT. Clustered mutations in the GRIK2 kainate receptor subunit gene underlie diverse neurodevelopmental disorders. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:1692-1709. [PMID: 34375587 PMCID: PMC8456161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kainate receptors (KARs) are glutamate-gated cation channels with diverse roles in the central nervous system. Bi-allelic loss of function of the KAR-encoding gene GRIK2 causes a nonsyndromic neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) with intellectual disability and developmental delay as core features. The extent to which mono-allelic variants in GRIK2 also underlie NDDs is less understood because only a single individual has been reported previously. Here, we describe an additional eleven individuals with heterozygous de novo variants in GRIK2 causative for neurodevelopmental deficits that include intellectual disability. Five children harbored recurrent de novo variants (three encoding p.Thr660Lys and two p.Thr660Arg), and four children and one adult were homozygous for a previously reported variant (c.1969G>A [p.Ala657Thr]). Individuals with shared variants had some overlapping behavioral and neurological dysfunction, suggesting that the GRIK2 variants are likely pathogenic. Analogous mutations introduced into recombinant GluK2 KAR subunits at sites within the M3 transmembrane domain (encoding p.Ala657Thr, p.Thr660Lys, and p.Thr660Arg) and the M3-S2 linker domain (encoding p.Ile668Thr) had complex effects on functional properties and membrane localization of homomeric and heteromeric KARs. Both p.Thr660Lys and p.Thr660Arg mutant KARs exhibited markedly slowed gating kinetics, similar to p.Ala657Thr-containing receptors. Moreover, we observed emerging genotype-phenotype correlations, including the presence of severe epilepsy in individuals with the p.Thr660Lys variant and hypomyelination in individuals with either the p.Thr660Lys or p.Thr660Arg variant. Collectively, these results demonstrate that human GRIK2 variants predicted to alter channel function are causative for early childhood development disorders and further emphasize the importance of clarifying the role of KARs in early nervous system development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Stolz
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kendall M Foote
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hermine E Veenstra-Knol
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700, the Netherlands
| | - Rolph Pfundt
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6525, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne W Ten Broeke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole de Leeuw
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6525, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Roht
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu 50406, Estonia; Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tartu University, Tartu 51003, Estonia
| | - Sander Pajusalu
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu 50406, Estonia; Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tartu University, Tartu 51003, Estonia
| | - Reelika Part
- Department of Neonatal and Infant Medicine, Tallinn Children's Hospital, Tallinn 13419, Estonia
| | - Ionella Rebane
- Department of Neonatal and Infant Medicine, Tallinn Children's Hospital, Tallinn 13419, Estonia
| | - Katrin Õunap
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu 50406, Estonia; Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Tartu University, Tartu 51003, Estonia
| | - Zornitza Stark
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Australian Genomics Health Alliance, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Edwin P Kirk
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - John A Lawson
- Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Sebastian Lunke
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Australian Genomics Health Alliance, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - John Christodoulou
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Australian Genomics Health Alliance, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | | | | | | | - A Micheil Innes
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Xing-Chang Wei
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Boris Keren
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris 75013, France
| | - Cyril Mignot
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris 75013, France
| | - Robert Roger Lebel
- Division of Development, Behavior, and Genetics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Steven M Sperber
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Ai Sakonju
- Department of Neurology, Upstate Health Care Center, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Nienke Dosa
- Division of Development, Behavior, and Genetics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | | | | | - Claudia A L Ruivenkamp
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bregje W van Bon
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6525, the Netherlands
| | - Joanna Kennedy
- University Hospital Bristol, NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS1 3NU, UK
| | - Karen J Low
- University Hospital Bristol, NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS1 3NU, UK
| | - Sian Ellard
- Exeter Genomics Laboratory, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Lewis Pang
- Exeter Genomics Laboratory, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Joseph J Junewick
- Department of Radiology, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Paul R Mark
- Spectrum Health Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Gemma L Carvill
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Swanson
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wilding TJ, Huettner JE. Cadmium activates AMPA and NMDA receptors with M3 helix cysteine substitutions. J Gen Physiol 2021; 152:151704. [PMID: 32342094 PMCID: PMC7335009 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201912537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AMPA and NMDA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that depolarize postsynaptic neurons when activated by the neurotransmitter L-glutamate. Changes in the distribution and activity of these receptors underlie learning and memory, but excessive change is associated with an array of neurological disorders, including cognitive impairment, developmental delay, and epilepsy. All of the ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) exhibit similar tetrameric architecture, transmembrane topology, and basic framework for activation; conformational changes induced by extracellular agonist binding deform and splay open the inner helix bundle crossing that occludes ion flux through the channel. NMDA receptors require agonist binding to all four subunits, whereas AMPA and closely related kainate receptors can open with less than complete occupancy. In addition to conventional activation by agonist binding, we recently identified two locations along the inner helix of the GluK2 kainate receptor subunit where cysteine (Cys) substitution yields channels that are opened by exposure to cadmium ions, independent of agonist site occupancy. Here, we generate AMPA and NMDA receptor subunits with homologous Cys substitutions and demonstrate similar activation of the mutant receptors by Cd. Coexpression of the auxiliary subunit stargazin enhanced Cd potency for activation of Cys-substituted GluA1 and altered occlusion upon treatment with sulfhydryl-reactive MTS reagents. Mutant NMDA receptors displayed voltage-dependent Mg block of currents activated by agonist and/or Cd as well as asymmetry between Cd effects on Cys-substituted GluN1 versus GluN2 subunits. In addition, Cd activation of each Cys-substituted iGluR was inhibited by protons. These results, together with our earlier work on GluK2, reveal a novel mechanism shared among the three different iGluR subtypes for prying open the gate that controls ion entry into the pore.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Wilding
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO
| | - James E Huettner
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Developmental HCN channelopathy results in decreased neural progenitor proliferation and microcephaly in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2009393118. [PMID: 34429357 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009393118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the cerebral cortex relies on the controlled division of neural stem and progenitor cells. The requirement for precise spatiotemporal control of proliferation and cell fate places a high demand on the cell division machinery, and defective cell division can cause microcephaly and other brain malformations. Cell-extrinsic and -intrinsic factors govern the capacity of cortical progenitors to produce large numbers of neurons and glia within a short developmental time window. In particular, ion channels shape the intrinsic biophysical properties of precursor cells and neurons and control their membrane potential throughout the cell cycle. We found that hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation (HCN) channel subunits are expressed in mouse, rat, and human neural progenitors. Loss of HCN channel function in rat neural stem cells impaired their proliferation by affecting the cell-cycle progression, causing G1 accumulation and dysregulation of genes associated with human microcephaly. Transgene-mediated, dominant-negative loss of HCN channel function in the embryonic mouse telencephalon resulted in pronounced microcephaly. Together, our findings suggest a role for HCN channel subunits as a part of a general mechanism influencing cortical development in mammals.
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang J, Tang W, Bhatia NK, Xu Y, Paudyal N, Liu D, Kim S, Song R, XiangWei W, Shaulsky G, Myers SJ, Dobyns W, Jayaraman V, Traynelis SF, Yuan H, Bozarth X. A de novo GRIN1 Variant Associated With Myoclonus and Developmental Delay: From Molecular Mechanism to Rescue Pharmacology. Front Genet 2021; 12:694312. [PMID: 34413877 PMCID: PMC8369916 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.694312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are highly expressed in brain and play important roles in neurodevelopment and various neuropathologic conditions. Here, we describe a new phenotype in an individual associated with a novel de novo deleterious variant in GRIN1 (c.1595C>A, p.Pro532His). The clinical phenotype is characterized with developmental encephalopathy, striking stimulus-sensitive myoclonus, and frontal lobe and frontal white matter hypoplasia, with no apparent seizures detected. NMDARs that contained the P532H within the glycine-binding domain of GluN1 with either the GluN2A or GluN2B subunits were evaluated for changes in their pharmacological and biophysical properties, which surprisingly revealed only modest changes in glycine potency but a significant decrease in glutamate potency, an increase in sensitivity to endogenous zinc inhibition, a decrease in response to maximally effective concentrations of agonists, a shortened synaptic-like response time course, a decreased channel open probability, and a reduced receptor cell surface expression. Molecule dynamics simulations suggested that the variant can lead to additional interactions across the dimer interface in the agonist-binding domains, resulting in a more open GluN2 agonist-binding domain cleft, which was also confirmed by single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements. Based on the functional deficits identified, several positive modulators were evaluated to explore potential rescue pharmacology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Weiting Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nidhi K. Bhatia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yuchen Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Nabina Paudyal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ding Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sukhan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rui Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenshu XiangWei
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Gil Shaulsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Scott J. Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - William Dobyns
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Stephen F. Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Xiuhua Bozarth
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dendrites of Neocortical Pyramidal Neurons: The Key to Understand Intellectual Disability. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:147-153. [PMID: 34216332 PMCID: PMC8732981 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Pyramidal neurons (PNs) are the most abundant cells of the neocortex and display a vast dendritic tree, divided into basal and apical compartments. Morphological and functional anomalies of PN dendrites are at the basis of virtually all neurological and mental disorders, including intellectual disability. Here, we provide evidence that the cognitive deficits observed in different types of intellectual disability might be sustained by different parts of the PN dendritic tree, or by a dysregulation of their interaction.
Collapse
|
34
|
Xu Y, Song R, Chen W, Strong K, Shrey D, Gedela S, Traynelis SF, Zhang G, Yuan H. Recurrent seizure-related GRIN1 variant: Molecular mechanism and targeted therapy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:1480-1494. [PMID: 34227748 PMCID: PMC8283169 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic variants in the GRIN genes that encode N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits have been identified in various neurodevelopmental disorders, including epilepsy. We identified a GRIN1 variant from an individual with early-onset epileptic encephalopathy, evaluated functional changes to NMDAR properties caused by the variant, and screened FDA-approved therapeutic compounds as potential treatments for the patient. METHODS Whole exome sequencing identified a missense variant in GRIN1. Electrophysiological recordings were made from Xenopus oocytes and transfected HEK cells to determine the NMDAR biophysical properties as well as the sensitivity to agonists and FDA-approved drugs that inhibit NMDARs. A beta-lactamase reporter assay in transfected HEK cells evaluated the effects of the variant on the NMDAR surface expression. RESULTS A recurrent de novo missense variant in GRIN1 (c.1923G>A, p.Met641Ile), which encodes the GluN1 subunit, was identified in a pediatric patient with drug-resistant seizures and early-onset epileptic encephalopathy. In vitro analysis indicates that GluN1-M641I containing NMDARs showed enhanced agonist potency and reduced Mg2+ block, which may be associated with the patient's phenotype. Results from screening FDA-approved drugs suggested that GluN1-M641I containing NMDARs are more sensitive to the NMDAR channel blockers memantine, ketamine, and dextromethorphan compared to the wild-type receptors. The addition of memantine to the seizure treatment regimen significantly reduced the patient's seizure burden. INTERPRETATION Our finding contributes to the understanding of the phenotype-genotype correlations of patients with GRIN1 gene variants, provides a molecular mechanism underlying the actions of this variant, and explores therapeutic strategies for treating GRIN1-related neurological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical BiologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Department of NeurologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Rui Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical BiologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Department of NeurologyXiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Wenjuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical BiologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Present address:
Department of PsychiatrySir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Katie Strong
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical BiologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Daniel Shrey
- Division of NeurologyChildren’s Hospital of Orange CountyOrangeCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Satyanarayana Gedela
- Division of NeurologyDepartment of PediatricsEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Stephen F. Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical BiologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV)Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Guojun Zhang
- Division of NeurologyDepartment of PediatricsEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical BiologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV)Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hickmott RA, Bosakhar A, Quezada S, Barresi M, Walker DW, Ryan AL, Quigley A, Tolcos M. The One-Stop Gyrification Station - Challenges and New Technologies. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 204:102111. [PMID: 34166774 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of the folded cortical surface is an iconic feature of the human brain shared by a subset of mammals and considered pivotal for the emergence of higher-order cognitive functions. While our understanding of the neurodevelopmental processes involved in corticogenesis has greatly advanced over the past 70 years of brain research, the fundamental mechanisms that result in gyrification, along with its originating cytoarchitectural location, remain largely unknown. This review brings together numerous approaches to this basic neurodevelopmental problem, constructing a narrative of how various models, techniques and tools have been applied to the study of gyrification thus far. After a brief discussion of core concepts and challenges within the field, we provide an analysis of the significant discoveries derived from the parallel use of model organisms such as the mouse, ferret, sheep and non-human primates, particularly with regard to how they have shaped our understanding of cortical folding. We then focus on the latest developments in the field and the complementary application of newly emerging technologies, such as cerebral organoids, advanced neuroimaging techniques, and atomic force microscopy. Particular emphasis is placed upon the use of novel computational and physical models in regard to the interplay of biological and physical forces in cortical folding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Hickmott
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia; BioFab3D@ACMD, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Abdulhameed Bosakhar
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Sebastian Quezada
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Mikaela Barresi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - David W Walker
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Amy L Ryan
- Hastings Centre for Pulmonary Research, Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA, USA and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Anita Quigley
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia; BioFab3D@ACMD, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia; School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Mary Tolcos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
By evaluating children with a malformed cerebral cortex, we identified an ATPase pump (ATP1A3) with an early role in brain development. The ATP1A3 pump maintains the physiological concentration of sodium and potassium ions in cells, a process critical for osmotic equilibrium and membrane potential across several developing cell populations. We employed single-cell sequencing approaches to identify key enrichments for ATP1A3 expression during human cortex development. Unravelling this early cell-type–specific pathophysiology in the developing brain offers a potential basis for the treatment of ATP1A3-related diseases affecting prenatal and early childhood development. Osmotic equilibrium and membrane potential in animal cells depend on concentration gradients of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions across the plasma membrane, a function catalyzed by the Na+,K+-ATPase α-subunit. Here, we describe ATP1A3 variants encoding dysfunctional α3-subunits in children affected by polymicrogyria, a developmental malformation of the cerebral cortex characterized by abnormal folding and laminar organization. To gain cell-biological insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of prenatal ATP1A3 expression, we built an ATP1A3 transcriptional atlas of fetal cortical development using mRNA in situ hybridization and transcriptomic profiling of ∼125,000 individual cells with single-cell RNA sequencing (Drop-seq) from 11 areas of the midgestational human neocortex. We found that fetal expression of ATP1A3 is most abundant to a subset of excitatory neurons carrying transcriptional signatures of the developing subplate, yet also maintains expression in nonneuronal cell populations. Moving forward a year in human development, we profiled ∼52,000 nuclei from four areas of an infant neocortex and show that ATP1A3 expression persists throughout early postnatal development, most predominantly in inhibitory neurons, including parvalbumin interneurons in the frontal cortex. Finally, we discovered the heteromeric Na+,K+-ATPase pump complex may form nonredundant cell-type–specific α-β isoform combinations, including α3-β1 in excitatory neurons and α3-β2 in inhibitory neurons. Together, the developmental malformation phenotype of affected individuals and single-cell ATP1A3 expression patterns point to a key role for α3 in human cortex development, as well as a cell-type basis for pre- and postnatal ATP1A3-associated diseases.
Collapse
|
37
|
Vetro A, Nielsen HN, Holm R, Hevner RF, Parrini E, Powis Z, Møller RS, Bellan C, Simonati A, Lesca G, Helbig KL, Palmer EE, Mei D, Ballardini E, Van Haeringen A, Syrbe S, Leuzzi V, Cioni G, Curry CJ, Costain G, Santucci M, Chong K, Mancini GMS, Clayton-Smith J, Bigoni S, Scheffer IE, Dobyns WB, Vilsen B, Guerrini R. ATP1A2- and ATP1A3-associated early profound epileptic encephalopathy and polymicrogyria. Brain 2021; 144:1435-1450. [PMID: 33880529 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutional heterozygous mutations of ATP1A2 and ATP1A3, encoding for two distinct isoforms of the Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) alpha-subunit, have been associated with familial hemiplegic migraine (ATP1A2), alternating hemiplegia of childhood (ATP1A2/A3), rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia-areflexia-progressive optic atrophy, and relapsing encephalopathy with cerebellar ataxia (all ATP1A3). A few reports have described single individuals with heterozygous mutations of ATP1A2/A3 associated with severe childhood epilepsies. Early lethal hydrops fetalis, arthrogryposis, microcephaly, and polymicrogyria have been associated with homozygous truncating mutations in ATP1A2. We investigated the genetic causes of developmental and epileptic encephalopathies variably associated with malformations of cortical development in a large cohort and identified 22 patients with de novo or inherited heterozygous ATP1A2/A3 mutations. We characterized clinical, neuroimaging and neuropathological findings, performed in silico and in vitro assays of the mutations' effects on the NKA-pump function, and studied genotype-phenotype correlations. Twenty-two patients harboured 19 distinct heterozygous mutations of ATP1A2 (six patients, five mutations) and ATP1A3 (16 patients, 14 mutations, including a mosaic individual). Polymicrogyria occurred in 10 (45%) patients, showing a mainly bilateral perisylvian pattern. Most patients manifested early, often neonatal, onset seizures with a multifocal or migrating pattern. A distinctive, 'profound' phenotype, featuring polymicrogyria or progressive brain atrophy and epilepsy, resulted in early lethality in seven patients (32%). In silico evaluation predicted all mutations to be detrimental. We tested 14 mutations in transfected COS-1 cells and demonstrated impaired NKA-pump activity, consistent with severe loss of function. Genotype-phenotype analysis suggested a link between the most severe phenotypes and lack of COS-1 cell survival, and also revealed a wide continuum of severity distributed across mutations that variably impair NKA-pump activity. We performed neuropathological analysis of the whole brain in two individuals with polymicrogyria respectively related to a heterozygous ATP1A3 mutation and a homozygous ATP1A2 mutation and found close similarities with findings suggesting a mainly neural pathogenesis, compounded by vascular and leptomeningeal abnormalities. Combining our report with other studies, we estimate that ∼5% of mutations in ATP1A2 and 12% in ATP1A3 can be associated with the severe and novel phenotypes that we describe here. Notably, a few of these mutations were associated with more than one phenotype. These findings assign novel, 'profound' and early lethal phenotypes of developmental and epileptic encephalopathies and polymicrogyria to the phenotypic spectrum associated with heterozygous ATP1A2/A3 mutations and indicate that severely impaired NKA pump function can disrupt brain morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Vetro
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Hang N Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Rikke Holm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Elena Parrini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Zoe Powis
- Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, CA, USA
| | - Rikke S Møller
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine Danish Epilepsy Centre, Filadelfia, Denmark.,Department of Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Cristina Bellan
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Bolognini Hospital, ASST-Bergamo Est, Seriate, Italy
| | - Alessandro Simonati
- Neurology (Child Neurology and Neuropathology), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gaétan Lesca
- Department of Medical Genetics, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, University Hospital of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Katherine L Helbig
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Palmer
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Davide Mei
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Ballardini
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Pediatric Section, Department of Medical Sciences, Ferrara University, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Arie Van Haeringen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Steffen Syrbe
- Division of Pediatric Epileptology, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Leuzzi
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cioni
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cynthia J Curry
- Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco/Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Gregory Costain
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margherita Santucci
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,DIBINEM, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Karen Chong
- The Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Grazia M S Mancini
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jill Clayton-Smith
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Stefania Bigoni
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Mother and Child, Ferrara University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Institutes, Melbourne, Australia
| | - William B Dobyns
- Department of Pediatrics (Genetics), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Bente Vilsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Vieira MM, Jeong J, Roche KW. The role of NMDA receptor and neuroligin rare variants in synaptic dysfunction underlying neurodevelopmental disorders. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 69:93-104. [PMID: 33823469 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Many genes encoding synaptic proteins are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), intellectual disability (ID), and epilepsy. Here we review recent studies on the synaptic effects of disease-associated rare variants identified in two families of synaptic proteins: NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and the postsynaptic adhesion molecules neuroligins (NLGNs). Many NMDAR subunit genes (GRINs) are highly intolerant to variation, and both gain-of-function (GOF) and loss-of-function (LOF) variants are implicated in disease. NLGN genes are also associated with ASDs, and in some cases, contribute to the male bias identified in these patients. Understanding the molecular basis of synaptic dysfunction of rare variants in these genes will help the design of new therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mota Vieira
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jaehoon Jeong
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Katherine W Roche
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Diverse genetic causes of polymicrogyria with epilepsy. Epilepsia 2021; 62:973-983. [PMID: 33818783 PMCID: PMC10838185 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to identify novel genes and to establish the contribution of known genes in a large cohort of patients with nonsyndromic sporadic polymicrogyria and epilepsy. METHODS We enrolled participants with polymicrogyria and their parents through the Epilepsy Phenome/Genome Project. We performed phenotyping and whole exome sequencing (WES), trio analysis, and gene-level collapsing analysis to identify de novo or inherited variants, including germline or mosaic (postzygotic) single nucleotide variants, small insertion-deletion (indel) variants, and copy number variants present in leukocyte-derived DNA. RESULTS Across the cohort of 86 individuals with polymicrogyria and epilepsy, we identified seven with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in PIK3R2, including four germline and three mosaic variants. PIK3R2 was the only gene harboring more than expected de novo variants across the entire cohort, and likewise the only gene that passed the genome-wide threshold of significance in the gene-level rare variant collapsing analysis. Consistent with previous reports, the PIK3R2 phenotype consisted of bilateral polymicrogyria concentrated in the perisylvian region with macrocephaly. Beyond PIK3R2, we also identified one case each with likely causal de novo variants in CCND2 and DYNC1H1 and biallelic variants in WDR62, all genes previously associated with polymicrogyria. Candidate genetic explanations in this cohort included single nucleotide de novo variants in other epilepsy-associated and neurodevelopmental disease-associated genes (SCN2A in two individuals, GRIA3, CACNA1C) and a 597-kb deletion at 15q25, a neurodevelopmental disease susceptibility locus. SIGNIFICANCE This study confirms germline and postzygotically acquired de novo variants in PIK3R2 as an important cause of bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria, notably with macrocephaly. In total, trio-based WES identified a genetic diagnosis in 12% and a candidate diagnosis in 6% of our polymicrogyria cohort. Our results suggest possible roles for SCN2A, GRIA3, CACNA1C, and 15q25 deletion in polymicrogyria, each already associated with epilepsy or other neurodevelopmental conditions without brain malformations. The role of these genes in polymicrogyria will be further understood as more patients with polymicrogyria undergo genetic evaluation.
Collapse
|
40
|
Poot M. Precision Medicine: from Molecular Diagnoses to Treatment Opportunities in Medical Genetics. Mol Syndromol 2021; 12:65-68. [PMID: 34012375 PMCID: PMC8114084 DOI: 10.1159/000515363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
41
|
Excitatory/Inhibitory Synaptic Ratios in Polymicrogyria and Down Syndrome Help Explain Epileptogenesis in Malformations. Pediatr Neurol 2021; 116:41-54. [PMID: 33450624 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ratio between excitatory (glutamatergic) and inhibitory (GABAergic) inputs into maturing individual cortical neurons influences their epileptic potential. Structural factors during development that alter synaptic inputs can be demonstrated neuropathologically. Increased mitochondrial activity identifies neurons with excessive discharge rates. METHODS This study focuses on the neuropathological examinaion of surgical resections for epilepsy and at autopsy, in fetuses, infants, and children, using immunocytochemical markers, and electron microscopy in selected cases. Polymicrogyria and Down syndrome are highlighted. RESULTS Factors influencing afferent synaptic ratios include the following: (1) synaptic short-circuitry in fused molecular zones of adjacent gyri (polymicrogyria); (2) impaired development of dendritic spines decreasing excitation (Down syndrome); (3) extracellular keratan sulfate proteoglycan binding to somatic membranes but not dendritic spines may be focally diminished (cerebral atrophy, schizencephaly, lissencephaly, polymicrogyria) or augmented, ensheathing individual axons (holoprosencephaly), or acting as a barrier to axonal passage in the U-fiber layer. If keratan is diminished, glutamate receptors on the neuronal soma enable ectopic axosomatic excitatory synapses to form; (4) dysplastic, megalocytic neurons and balloon cells in mammalian target of rapamycin disorders; (5) satellitosis of glial cells displacing axosomatic synapses; (6) peri-neuronal inflammation (tuberous sclerosis) and heat-shock proteins. CONCLUSIONS Synaptic ratio of excitatory/inhibitory afferents is a major fundamental basis of epileptogenesis at the neuronal level. Neuropathology can demonstrate subcellular changes that help explain either epilepsy or lack of seizures in immature brains. Synaptic ratios in malformations influence postnatal epileptogenesis. Single neurons can be hypermetabolic and potentially epileptogenic.
Collapse
|
42
|
Miyatake S, Kato M, Kumamoto T, Hirose T, Koshimizu E, Matsui T, Takeuchi H, Doi H, Hamada K, Nakashima M, Sasaki K, Yamashita A, Takata A, Hamanaka K, Satoh M, Miyama T, Sonoda Y, Sasazuki M, Torisu H, Hara T, Sakai Y, Noguchi Y, Miura M, Nishimura Y, Nakamura K, Asai H, Hinokuma N, Miya F, Tsunoda T, Togawa M, Ikeda Y, Kimura N, Amemiya K, Horino A, Fukuoka M, Ikeda H, Merhav G, Ekhilevitch N, Miura M, Mizuguchi T, Miyake N, Suzuki A, Ohga S, Saitsu H, Takahashi H, Tanaka F, Ogata K, Ohtaka-Maruyama C, Matsumoto N. De novo ATP1A3 variants cause polymicrogyria. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/13/eabd2368. [PMID: 33762331 PMCID: PMC7990330 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd2368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymicrogyria is a common malformation of cortical development whose etiology remains elusive. We conducted whole-exome sequencing for 124 patients with polymicrogyria and identified de novo ATP1A3 variants in eight patients. Mutated ATP1A3 causes functional brain diseases, including alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC), rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism (RDP), and cerebellar ataxia, areflexia, pes cavus, optic nerve atrophy, and sensorineural deafness (CAPOS). However, our patients showed no clinical features of AHC, RDP, or CAPOS and had a completely different phenotype: a severe form of polymicrogyria with epilepsy and developmental delay. Detected variants had different locations in ATP1A3 and different functional properties compared with AHC-, RDP-, or CAPOS-associated variants. In the developing cerebral cortex of mice, radial neuronal migration was impaired in neurons overexpressing the ATP1A3 variant of the most severe patients, suggesting that this variant is involved in cortical malformation pathogenesis. We propose a previously unidentified category of polymicrogyria associated with ATP1A3 abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Miyatake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
- Clinical Genetics Department, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan
| | - Takuma Kumamoto
- Developmental Neuroscience Project, Department of Brain & Neurosciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Tomonori Hirose
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Eriko Koshimizu
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takaaki Matsui
- Gene Regulation Research, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Doi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hamada
- Department of Biochemistry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Nakashima
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Akio Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takata
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
- Laboratory for Molecular Pathology of Psychiatric Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kohei Hamanaka
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Mai Satoh
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takabumi Miyama
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yuri Sonoda
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Momoko Sasazuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Torisu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Toshiro Hara
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka 813-0017, Japan
| | - Yasunari Sakai
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yushi Noguchi
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Mazumi Miura
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yoko Nishimura
- Division of Child Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Asai
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan
| | - Nodoka Hinokuma
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Miya
- Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
- Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masami Togawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Tottori Prefectural Central Hospital, Tottori 680-0901, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ikeda
- Department of Neonatology, Japanese Red Cross Otsu Hospital, Otsu, Shiga 520-8511, Japan
| | - Nobusuke Kimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Naniwa Ikuno Hospital, Osaka, Shiga 556-0014, Japan
| | - Kaoru Amemiya
- Department of Pediatrics, Saiwai Kodomo Clinic, Tachikawa 190-0002, Japan
| | - Asako Horino
- Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Shizuoka 420-8688, Japan
| | - Masataka Fukuoka
- Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Shizuoka 420-8688, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ikeda
- Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Shizuoka 420-8688, Japan
| | - Goni Merhav
- Radiology Department, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Nina Ekhilevitch
- The Genetics Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Masaki Miura
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2085, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mizuguchi
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Molecular Cellular Biology Laboratory, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Shouichi Ohga
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Tanaka
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ogata
- Department of Biochemistry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ohtaka-Maruyama
- Developmental Neuroscience Project, Department of Brain & Neurosciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Park KB, Chapman T, Aldinger KA, Mirzaa GM, Zeiger J, Beck A, Glass IA, Hevner RF, Jansen AC, Marshall DA, Oegema R, Parrini E, Saneto RP, Curry CJ, Hall JG, Guerrini R, Leventer RJ, Dobyns WB. The spectrum of brain malformations and disruptions in twins. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 185:2690-2718. [PMID: 33205886 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Twins have an increased risk for congenital malformations and disruptions, including defects in brain morphogenesis. We analyzed data on brain imaging, zygosity, sex, and fetal demise in 56 proband twins and 7 less affected co-twins with abnormal brain imaging and compared them to population-based data and to a literature series. We separated our series into malformations of cortical development (MCD, N = 39), cerebellar malformations without MCD (N = 13), and brain disruptions (N = 11). The MCD group included 37/39 (95%) with polymicrogyria (PMG), 8/39 (21%) with pia-ependymal clefts (schizencephaly), and 15/39 (38%) with periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) including 2 with PNH but not PMG. Cerebellar malformations were found in 19 individuals including 13 with a cerebellar malformation only and another 6 with cerebellar malformation and MCD. The pattern varied from diffuse cerebellar hypoplasia to classic Dandy-Walker malformation. Brain disruptions were seen in 11 individuals with hydranencephaly, porencephaly, or white matter loss without cysts. Our series included an expected statistically significant excess of monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs (22/41 MZ, 54%) compared to population data (482/1448 MZ, 33.3%; p = .0110), and an unexpected statistically significant excess of dizygotic (DZ) twins (19/41, 46%) compared to the literature cohort (1/46 DZ, 2%; p < .0001. Recurrent association with twin-twin transfusion syndrome, intrauterine growth retardation, and other prenatal factors support disruption of vascular perfusion as the most likely unifying cause.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee B Park
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Teresa Chapman
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kimberly A Aldinger
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ghayda M Mirzaa
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jordan Zeiger
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anita Beck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ian A Glass
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anna C Jansen
- Neurogenetics Research Group, Reproduction Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Cluster, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Pediatric Neurology Unit, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Desiree A Marshall
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Renske Oegema
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Genetics, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Parrini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Russell P Saneto
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cynthia J Curry
- Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Fresno, California, USA
| | - Judith G Hall
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Richard J Leventer
- Department of Neurology, Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and University of Melbourne Department of Pediatrics, Melbourne, Australia
| | - William B Dobyns
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Advances in the evaluation and management of cortical/cerebral visual impairment in children. Surv Ophthalmol 2020; 65:708-724. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
45
|
The pathogenic S688Y mutation in the ligand-binding domain of the GluN1 subunit regulates the properties of NMDA receptors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18576. [PMID: 33122756 PMCID: PMC7596085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75646-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although numerous pathogenic mutations have been identified in various subunits of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), ionotropic glutamate receptors that are central to glutamatergic neurotransmission, the functional effects of these mutations are often unknown. Here, we combined in silico modelling with microscopy, biochemistry, and electrophysiology in cultured HEK293 cells and hippocampal neurons to examine how the pathogenic missense mutation S688Y in the GluN1 NMDAR subunit affects receptor function and trafficking. We found that the S688Y mutation significantly increases the EC50 of both glycine and d-serine in GluN1/GluN2A and GluN1/GluN2B receptors, and significantly slows desensitisation of GluN1/GluN3A receptors. Moreover, the S688Y mutation reduces the surface expression of GluN3A-containing NMDARs in cultured hippocampal neurons, but does not affect the trafficking of GluN2-containing receptors. Finally, we found that the S688Y mutation reduces Ca2+ influx through NMDARs and reduces NMDA-induced excitotoxicity in cultured hippocampal neurons. These findings provide key insights into the molecular mechanisms that underlie the regulation of NMDAR subtypes containing pathogenic mutations.
Collapse
|
46
|
Nishimura N, Kumaki T, Murakami H, Enomoto Y, Katsumata K, Toyoshima K, Kurosawa K. Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita with polymicrogyria and infantile encephalopathy caused by a novel GRIN1 variant. Hum Genome Var 2020; 7:29. [PMID: 33062288 PMCID: PMC7519642 DOI: 10.1038/s41439-020-00116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants of GRIN1, which encodes GluN1, are associated with developmental delay, epilepsy, and cortical malformation. Here, we report a case of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita with polymicrogyria and infantile encephalopathy caused by a heterozygous variant, c.1949A>C, p.(Asn650Thr) of GRIN1, which could result in the disruption of the third transmembrane domain (M3) of GluN1. This case expands our understanding of the known phenotypes of GRIN1-related neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Nishimura
- Division of Medical Genetics, Kanagawa Children’s Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Kumaki
- Division of Medical Genetics, Kanagawa Children’s Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Murakami
- Division of Medical Genetics, Kanagawa Children’s Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yumi Enomoto
- Clinical Research Institute, Kanagawa Children’s Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kaoru Katsumata
- Department of Neonatology, Kanagawa Children’s Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Toyoshima
- Department of Neonatology, Kanagawa Children’s Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenji Kurosawa
- Division of Medical Genetics, Kanagawa Children’s Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kumar P, Sharma D. Ameliorative effect of curcumin on altered expression of CACNA1A and GABRD in the pathogenesis of FeCl 3-induced epilepsy. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5699-5710. [PMID: 32803504 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05538-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pivotal role played by ion-channel dysregulations in the pathogenesis of epilepsy has always garnered much attention. Since mutation of ion-channel proteins CACNA1A and GABRD have been associated with epilepsy, it is important to determine the post-traumatic epilepsy-associated changes in expression levels of these ion channel proteins. Additionally, curcumin is already known for its antiepileptic and neuroprotective potential in FeCl3-induced model of post-traumatic epilepsy. Thus, we investigated FeCl3-induced epilepsy mediated differential expression of CACNA1A and GABRD in the cortical region of the rat brain. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of curcumin on the expression of both proteins. For this, epilepsy was induced by intracortical FeCl3 injection (5 μl of 100 mM). Additionally, curcumin (conc. 1000 ppm; 75 mg/kg of b.wt.; for 14 and 28 days) was administered, mixed with normal food pellets. Results obtained from EEG-MUA and Morris water maze assay demonstrate the progression of epilepsy after FeCl3 injection. Additionally, western blotting and histological studies show the downregulation of CACNA1A and GABRD during epileptogenesis. It was observed that epilepsy-associated decline in learning and memory of animals might be linked with the dysregulation of both proteins. Results also demonstrated that curcumin administration ameliorated epilepsy-associated change in expression of both CACNA1A and GABRD proteins. In conclusion, the neuroprotective effect of curcumin against iron-induced epilepsy might be accompanied by the alleviated upregulation of these channel proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prince Kumar
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zaman T, Helbig KL, Clatot J, Thompson CH, Kang SK, Stouffs K, Jansen AE, Verstraete L, Jacquinet A, Parrini E, Guerrini R, Fujiwara Y, Miyatake S, Ben‐Zeev B, Bassan H, Reish O, Marom D, Hauser N, Vu T, Ackermann S, Spencer CE, Lippa N, Srinivasan S, Charzewska A, Hoffman‐Zacharska D, Fitzpatrick D, Harrison V, Vasudevan P, Joss S, Pilz DT, Fawcett KA, Helbig I, Matsumoto N, Kearney JA, Fry AE, Goldberg EM. SCN3A
‐Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder: A Spectrum of Epilepsy and Brain Malformation. Ann Neurol 2020; 88:348-362. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.25809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Zaman
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Katherine L. Helbig
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
- Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Jérôme Clatot
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
- Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Christopher H. Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Seok Kyu Kang
- Department of Pharmacology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Katrien Stouffs
- Center for Medical Genetics/Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics University Hospital Brussels, Free University of Brussels Brussels Belgium
| | - Anna E. Jansen
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics University Hospital Brussels Brussels Belgium
- Neurogenetics Research Group Free University of Brussels Brussels Belgium
| | | | - Adeline Jacquinet
- Human Genetics Service Sart Tilman University Hospital Center Liege Belgium
| | - Elena Parrini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics, and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics, and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience A. Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Yuh Fujiwara
- Department of Pediatrics Yokohama City University Medical Center Yokohama Japan
| | - Satoko Miyatake
- Department of Human Genetics Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama Japan
| | - Bruria Ben‐Zeev
- Pediatric Neurology Unit Edmond and Lili Safra Children's Hospital, Haim Sheba Medical Center Ramat Gan Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Haim Bassan
- Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
- Pediatric Neurology & Development Center Shamir Medical Center (Assaf Harofe) Zerifin Israel
| | - Orit Reish
- Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
- Genetics Institute Shamir Medical Center (Assaf Harofe) Zerifin Zerifin Israel
| | - Daphna Marom
- Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
- Genetics Institute Shamir Medical Center (Assaf Harofe) Zerifin Zerifin Israel
| | - Natalie Hauser
- Inova Translational Medicine Institute Inova Health System Fairfax Virginia USA
| | - Thuy‐Anh Vu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, and Pediatric Specialists of Virginia Fairfax Virginia USA
| | - Sally Ackermann
- Division of Paediatric Neurology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Careni E. Spencer
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Medicine University of Cape Town, South Africa and Groote Schuur Hospital Cape Town South Africa
| | - Natalie Lippa
- Institute for Genomic Medicine Columbia University Medical Center New York New York USA
| | - Shraddha Srinivasan
- Department of Neurology Columbia University Medical Center New York New York USA
| | | | | | - David Fitzpatrick
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Harrison
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service Princess Anne Hospital Southampton United Kingdom
| | - Pradeep Vasudevan
- Department of Clinical Genetics University Hospitals Leicester National Health Service Trust Leicester United Kingdom
| | - Shelagh Joss
- West of Scotland Clinical Genetics Service Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Glasgow United Kingdom
| | - Daniela T. Pilz
- West of Scotland Clinical Genetics Service Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Glasgow United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer and Genetics School of Medicine, Cardiff University Cardiff United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A. Fawcett
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Computational Genomics Analysis and Training Programme, MRC Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Ingo Helbig
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
- Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama Japan
| | - Jennifer A. Kearney
- Department of Pharmacology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Andrew E. Fry
- Division of Cancer and Genetics School of Medicine, Cardiff University Cardiff United Kingdom
- Institute of Medical Genetics University Hospital of Wales Cardiff United Kingdom
| | - Ethan M. Goldberg
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
- Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
- Department of Neuroscience Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Amador A, Bostick CD, Olson H, Peters J, Camp CR, Krizay D, Chen W, Han W, Tang W, Kanber A, Kim S, Teoh J, Sah M, Petri S, Paek H, Kim A, Lutz CM, Yang M, Myers SJ, Bhattacharya S, Yuan H, Goldstein DB, Poduri A, Boland MJ, Traynelis SF, Frankel WN. Modelling and treating GRIN2A developmental and epileptic encephalopathy in mice. Brain 2020; 143:2039-2057. [PMID: 32577763 PMCID: PMC7363493 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors play crucial roles in excitatory synaptic transmission. Rare variants in GRIN2A encoding the GluN2A subunit are associated with a spectrum of disorders, ranging from mild speech and language delay to intractable neurodevelopmental disorders, including but not limited to developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. A de novo missense variant, p.Ser644Gly, was identified in a child with this disorder, and Grin2a knock-in mice were generated to model and extend understanding of this intractable childhood disease. Homozygous and heterozygous mutant mice exhibited altered hippocampal morphology at 2 weeks of age, and all homozygotes exhibited lethal tonic-clonic seizures by mid-third week. Heterozygous adults displayed susceptibility to induced generalized seizures, hyperactivity, repetitive and reduced anxiety behaviours, plus several unexpected features, including significant resistance to electrically-induced limbic seizures and to pentylenetetrazole induced tonic-clonic seizures. Multielectrode recordings of neuronal networks revealed hyperexcitability and altered bursting and synchronicity. In heterologous cells, mutant receptors had enhanced NMDA receptor agonist potency and slow deactivation following rapid removal of glutamate, as occurs at synapses. NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic currents in heterozygous hippocampal slices also showed a prolonged deactivation time course. Standard anti-epileptic drug monotherapy was ineffective in the patient. Introduction of NMDA receptor antagonists was correlated with a decrease in seizure burden. Chronic treatment of homozygous mouse pups with NMDA receptor antagonists significantly delayed the onset of lethal seizures but did not prevent them. These studies illustrate the power of using multiple experimental modalities to model and test therapies for severe neurodevelopmental disorders, while revealing significant biological complexities associated with GRIN2A developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Amador
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Heather Olson
- Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jurrian Peters
- Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chad R Camp
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Krizay
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wenjuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Weiting Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Ayla Kanber
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sukhan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - JiaJie Teoh
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Megha Sah
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sabrina Petri
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hunki Paek
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ana Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cathleen M Lutz
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mu Yang
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott J Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David B Goldstein
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Annapurna Poduri
- Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Boland
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Wayne N Frankel
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Perszyk RE, Myers SJ, Yuan H, Gibb AJ, Furukawa H, Sobolevsky AI, Traynelis SF. Hodgkin-Huxley-Katz Prize Lecture: Genetic and pharmacological control of glutamate receptor channel through a highly conserved gating motif. J Physiol 2020; 598:3071-3083. [PMID: 32468591 DOI: 10.1113/jp278086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate receptors are essential ligand-gated ion channels in the central nervous system that mediate excitatory synaptic transmission in response to the release of glutamate from presynaptic terminals. The structural and biophysical basis underlying the function of these receptors has been studied for decades by a wide range of approaches. However recent structural, pharmacological and genetic studies have provided new insight into the regions of this protein that are critical determinants of receptor function. Lack of variation in specific areas of the protein amino acid sequences in the human population has defined three regions in each receptor subunit that are under selective pressure, which has focused research efforts and driven new hypotheses. In addition, these three closely positioned elements reside near a cavity that is shown by multiple studies to be a likely site of action for allosteric modulators, one of which is currently in use as an FDA-approved anticonvulsant. These structural elements are capable of controlling gating of the pore, and appear to permit some modulators bound within the cavity to also alter permeation properties. This creates a new precedent whereby features of the channel pore can be modulated by exogenous drugs that bind outside the pore. The convergence of structural, genetic, biophysical and pharmacological approaches is a powerful means to gain insight into the complex biological processes defined by neurotransmitter receptor function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riley E Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Scott J Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Alasdair J Gibb
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Alexander I Sobolevsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Center for Functional Evaluation of Rare Variants (CFERV), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|