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Si HX, Liu XD, Sun CY, Yang SM, Zhao H, Yan XX, Chen T, Wang P. Arginine vasopressin induces analgesic effects and inhibits pyramidal cells in the anterior cingulate cortex in spared nerve injured mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 327:E700-E710. [PMID: 39441239 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00361.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2024] [Revised: 10/17/2024] [Accepted: 10/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) is a severe disease caused by a primary disease or lesion affecting the somatosensory nervous system. It is reported that NP is related to the increased activity of glutamatergic pyramidal cells and changed neural oscillations in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Arginine vasopressin (AVP), a neurohypophyseal hormone, has been shown to cause pain-alleviating effects when applied to the peripheral system. However, the extent to which, and the mechanisms by which, AVP induces analgesic effects in the central nervous system remains unclear. In the present study, we observed that intranasal delivery of AVP inhibited mechanical pain, thermal pain, and spontaneous pain sensitivity in mice with spared nerve injury. Meanwhile, AVP application exclusively reduced the FOS expression in the pyramidal cells but not interneurons in the ACC. In vivo electrophysiological recording of the ACC further showed that AVP application not only inhibited the theta oscillation in local field potential analysis but also reduced the firing rate of spikes of pyramidal cells in the ACC in neuropathic pain mice. In summary, AVP induces analgesic effects by inhibiting neural theta oscillations and the spiking of pyramidal cells of the ACC in mice with neuropathic pain, which should provide new potential noninvasive methods for clinical treatment of chronic pain.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Following intranasal administration of arginine vasopressin (AVP), the pain thresholds for mechanical and thermal nociception significantly increased in the spared nerve injury (SNI) group; exogenous intranasal delivery of AVP improved the physical coordination of SNI mice, resulting in an analgesic effect; AVP treatment significantly reduced the increased firing rate of PYRACC of the SNI group; AVP treatment significantly inhibited the elevated theta oscillation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in SNI mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Xing Si
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Die Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Yi Sun
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Ming Yang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Xia Yan
- Department of Neurosurgey, the Second Affiliated Hosptial of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Murakami K, Enatsu R, Kanno A, Kamada C, Mikuni N. Unpleasant thoughts and anxiety induced by electrical cortical stimulation. Neurocase 2024:1-3. [PMID: 39505864 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2024.2426269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2024] [Indexed: 11/08/2024]
Abstract
Emotional processing has been attracting increased attention. We herein present three patients with intractable epilepsy in whom emotional responses were elicited by electrical cortical stimulation. Negative feelings were produced in all patients; however, the content of each differed. In patient 1, the stimulation of the right anterior cingulate gyrus elicited unpleasant thoughts. In patient 2, the stimulation of the right posterior cingulate gyrus evoked anxiety. In patient 3, the stimulation of the right prefrontal cortex induced anxiety associated with a somatic sensation. Emotional responses comprise various aspects and the cortical areas responsible vary depending on each emotional aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Murakami
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rei Enatsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Aya Kanno
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chie Kamada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Mikuni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Noohi F, Kosik EL, Veziris C, Perry DC, Rosen HJ, Kramer JH, Miller BL, Holley SR, Seeley WW, Sturm VE. Structural neuroanatomy of human facial behaviors. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2024; 19:nsae064. [PMID: 39308147 PMCID: PMC11492553 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsae064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/21/2024] [Indexed: 10/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The human face plays a central role in emotions and social communication. The emotional and somatic motor networks generate facial behaviors, but whether facial behaviors have representations in the structural anatomy of the human brain is unknown. We coded 16 facial behaviors in 55 healthy older adults who viewed five videos that elicited emotions and examined whether individual differences in facial behavior were related to regional variation in gray matter volume. Voxel-based morphometry analyses revealed that greater emotional facial behavior during the disgust trial (i.e. greater brow furrowing and eye tightening as well as nose wrinkling and upper lip raising) and the amusement trial (i.e. greater smiling and eye tightening) was associated with larger gray matter volume in midcingulate cortex, supplementary motor area, and precentral gyrus, areas spanning both the emotional and somatic motor networks. When measured across trials, however, these facial behaviors (and others) only related to gray matter volume in the precentral gyrus, a somatic motor network hub. These findings suggest that the emotional and somatic motor networks store structural representations of facial behavior and that the midcingulate cortex is critical for generating the predictable movements in the face that arise during emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fate Noohi
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Eena L Kosik
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Christina Veziris
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - David C Perry
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Howard J Rosen
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Joel H Kramer
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Sarah R Holley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
- Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, United States
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Virginia E Sturm
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
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Del Vecchio M, Avanzini P, Gerbella M, Costa S, Zauli FM, d'Orio P, Focacci E, Sartori I, Caruana F. Anatomo-functional basis of emotional and motor resonance elicited by facial expressions. Brain 2024; 147:3018-3031. [PMID: 38365267 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Simulation theories predict that the observation of other's expressions modulates neural activity in the same centres controlling their production. This hypothesis has been developed by two models, postulating that the visual input is directly projected either to the motor system for action recognition (motor resonance) or to emotional/interoceptive regions for emotional contagion and social synchronization (emotional resonance). Here we investigated the role of frontal/insular regions in the processing of observed emotional expressions by combining intracranial recording, electrical stimulation and effective connectivity. First, we intracranially recorded from prefrontal, premotor or anterior insular regions of 44 patients during the passive observation of emotional expressions, finding widespread modulations in prefrontal/insular regions (anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, orbitofrontal cortex and inferior frontal gyrus) and motor territories (Rolandic operculum and inferior frontal junction). Subsequently, we electrically stimulated the activated sites, finding that (i) in the anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula, the stimulation elicited emotional/interoceptive responses, as predicted by the 'emotional resonance model'; (ii) in the Rolandic operculum it evoked face/mouth sensorimotor responses, in line with the 'motor resonance' model; and (iii) all other regions were unresponsive or revealed functions unrelated to the processing of facial expressions. Finally, we traced the effective connectivity to sketch a network-level description of these regions, finding that the anterior cingulate cortex and the anterior insula are reciprocally interconnected while the Rolandic operculum is part of the parieto-frontal circuits and poorly connected with the former. These results support the hypothesis that the pathways hypothesized by the 'emotional resonance' and the 'motor resonance' models work in parallel, differing in terms of spatio-temporal fingerprints, reactivity to electrical stimulation and connectivity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Vecchio
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Pietro Avanzini
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Marzio Gerbella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Costa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Flavia Maria Zauli
- 'Claudio Munari' Epilepsy Surgery Center, ASST GOM Niguarda, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio d'Orio
- 'Claudio Munari' Epilepsy Surgery Center, ASST GOM Niguarda, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Focacci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Ivana Sartori
- 'Claudio Munari' Epilepsy Surgery Center, ASST GOM Niguarda, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Fausto Caruana
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 43125 Parma, Italy
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Hagiwara K. [Insular lobe epilepsy. Part 1: semiology]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2024; 64:527-539. [PMID: 39069491 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001930-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The insula is often referred to as "the fifth lobe" of the brain, and its accessibility used to be very limited due to the deep location under the opercula as well as the sylvian vasculature. It was not until the availability of modern stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) technique that the intracranial electrodes could be safely and chronically implanted within the insula, thereby enabling anatomo-electro-clinical correlations in seizures of this deep origin. Since the first report of SEEG-recorded insular seizures in late 1990s, the knowledge of insular lobe epilepsy (ILE) has rapidly expanded. Being on the frontline for the diagnosis and management of epilepsy, neurologists should have a precise understanding of ILE to differentiate it from epilepsies of other lobes or non-epileptic conditions. Owing to the multimodal nature and rich anatomo-functional connections of the insula, ILE has a wide range of clinical presentations. The following symptoms should heighten the suspicion of ILE: somatosensory symptoms involving a large/bilateral cutaneous territory or taking on thermal/painful character, and cervico-laryngeal discomfort. The latter ranges from slight dyspnea to a strong sensation of strangulation (laryngeal constriction). Other symptoms include epigastric discomfort/nausea, hypersalivation, auditory, vestibular, gustatory, and aphasic symptoms. However, most of these insulo-opercular symptoms can easily be masked by those of extra-insular seizure propagation. Indeed, sleep-related hyperkinetic (hypermotor) epilepsy (SHE) is a common clinical presentation of ILE, which shows predominant hyperkinetic and/or tonic-dystonic features that are often indistinguishable from those of fronto-mesial seizures. Subtle objective signs, such as constrictive throat noise (i.e., laryngeal constriction) or aversive behavior (e.g., facial grimacing suggesting pain), are often the sole clue in diagnosing insular SHE. Insular-origin seizures should also be considered in temporal-like seizures without frank anatomo-electro-clinical correlations. All in all, ILE is not the epilepsy of an isolated island but rather of a crucial hub involved in the multifaceted roles of the brain.
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Errante A, Beccani L, Verzelloni J, Maggi I, Filippi M, Bressi B, Ziccarelli S, Bozzetti F, Costi S, Ferrari A, Fogassi L. Effectiveness of action observation treatment based on pathological model in hemiplegic children: a randomized-controlled trial. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2024; 60:643-655. [PMID: 38814197 PMCID: PMC11391395 DOI: 10.23736/s1973-9087.24.08413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Action observation treatment (AOT) is an innovative therapeutic approach consisting in the observation of actions followed by their subsequent repetition. The standard version of AOT consists in the observation/imitation of a typically developed individual, which is proposed as model (TDM-AOT). AIM This study aims to compare the effectiveness of AOT based on a pathological ameliorative model (PAM-AOT) versus TDM-AOT in improving upper limb ability in children with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP). DESIGN The study consists in a prospective randomized controlled, evaluator-blinded trial (RCT), with two active arms, designed to evaluate the effectiveness of AOT based on pathological model (PAM-AOT) as compared to a standard AOT based on TDM (TDM-AOT). SETTING The 3-week AOT program was administered in a clinical setting. For some patients, the treatment was delivered at participant's home with the remote support of the physiotherapist (tele-rehabilitation). POPULATION Twenty-six children with UCP (mean age 10.5±3.09 years; 14 females) participated in the study, with the experimental group observing a pathological model and the control group observing a typically developed model. METHODS Motor assessments included unimanual and bimanual ability measures conducted at T0 (baseline, before the treatment), T1 (3 weeks after T0), T2 (8-12 weeks after treatment) and T3 (24-28 weeks after treatment); a subset of 16 patients also underwent fMRI motor assessment. Generalized Estimating Equations models were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Both groups showed significant improvement in bimanual function (GEE, Wald 106.16; P<0.001) at T1 (P<0.001), T2 (P<0.001), and T3 (P<0.001). Noteworthy, the experimental group showed greater improvement than the control group immediately after treatment (P<0.013). Both groups exhibited similar improvement in unimanual ability (GEE, Wald 25.49; P<0.001). The fMRI assessments revealed increased activation of ventral premotor cortex after treatment in the experimental compared with control group (GEE, Wald 6.26; P<0.012). CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study highlights the effectiveness of PAM-AOT in achieving short-term improvement of upper limb ability in children with UCP. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT These findings have significant implications for rehabilitative interventions based on AOT in hemiplegic children, by proposing a non-traditional approach focused on the most functional improvement achievable by imitating a pathological model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Errante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Beccani
- Unit of Severe Disabilities of Developmental Age (UDGEE), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Jessica Verzelloni
- Unit of Severe Disabilities of Developmental Age (UDGEE), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Irene Maggi
- Unit of Severe Disabilities of Developmental Age (UDGEE), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Filippi
- Unit of Severe Disabilities of Developmental Age (UDGEE), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Barbara Bressi
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefania Costi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Scientific Directorate, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Adriano Ferrari
- Unit of Severe Disabilities of Developmental Age (UDGEE), Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Leonardo Fogassi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy -
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Zhang P, Zhang X, Gao B, Gao Y, Pan Y. The impact of metabolic syndrome on the cerebral cortex: a Mendelian randomization study. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae342. [PMID: 39191665 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome exhibits associations with diverse neurological disorders, and its potential influence on the cerebral cortex may be one of the many potential factors contributing to these adverse outcomes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the causal relationship between metabolic syndrome and changes in cerebral cortex structure using Mendelian randomization analysis. Genome-wide association study data for the 5 components of metabolic syndrome were obtained from individuals of European descent in the UK Biobank. Genome-wide association study data for 34 known cortical functional regions were sourced from the ENIGMA Consortium. Data on Alzheimer's disease, major depression, and anxiety disorder were obtained from the IEU Open genome-wide association study database. The causal links between metabolic syndrome elements and cerebral cortex architecture were evaluated using inverse variance weighting, Mendelian randomization-Egger, and weighted median techniques, with inverse variance weighting as the primary method. Inverse variance weighting, Mendelian randomization Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode methods were employed to assess the relationships between metabolic syndrome and neurological diseases (Alzheimer's disease, major depression, and anxiety disorder). Outliers, heterogeneity, and pleiotropy were assessed using Cochran's Q test, MR-PRESSO, leave-one-out analysis, and funnel plots. Globally, no causal link was found between metabolic syndrome and overall cortical thickness or surface area. However, regionally, metabolic syndrome may influence the surface area of specific regions, including the caudal anterior cingulate, postcentral, posterior cingulate, rostral anterior cingulate, isthmus cingulate, superior parietal, rostral middle frontal, middle temporal, insula, pars opercularis, cuneus, and inferior temporal. It may also affect the thickness of the medial orbitofrontal, caudal middle frontal, paracentral, superior frontal, superior parietal, and supramarginal regions. These findings were nominally significant and withstood sensitivity analyses, showing no substantial heterogeneity or pleiotropy. Furthermore, we found an association between metabolic syndrome and the risk of Alzheimer's disease, major depression, and anxiety disorder. This study suggests a potential association between metabolic syndrome and changes in cerebral cortex structure, which may underlie certain neurological disorders. Furthermore, we found an association between metabolic syndrome and the risk of Alzheimer's disease, major depression, and anxiety disorder. Early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome holds significance in preventing these neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingxi Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, 22 Wanhua Road, Dali 671000, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, 22 Wanhua Road, Dali 671000, Yunnan, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, 32 Jiashibo Road, Dali 671000, Yunnan, China
| | - Yixuan Gao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, 22 Wanhua Road, Dali 671000, Yunnan, China
| | - Yun Pan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, 32 Jiashibo Road, Dali 671000, Yunnan, China
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Mahgoub R, Bayram AK, Spencer DD, Alkawadri R. Functional parcellation of the cingulate gyrus by electrical cortical stimulation: a synthetic literature review and future directions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2024; 95:704-721. [PMID: 38242679 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2023-332246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cingulate gyrus (CG), a brain structure above the corpus callosum, is recognised as part of the limbic system and plays numerous vital roles. However, its full functional capacity is yet to be understood. In recent years, emerging evidence from imaging modalities, supported by electrical cortical stimulation (ECS) findings, has improved our understanding. To our knowledge, there is a limited number of systematic reviews of the cingulate function studied by ECS. We aim to parcellate the CG by reviewing ECS studies. DESIGN/METHODS We searched PubMed and Embase for studies investigating CG using ECS. A total of 30 studies met the inclusion criteria. We evaluated the ECS responses across the cingulate subregions and summarised the reported findings. RESULTS We included 30 studies (totalling 887 patients, with a mean age of 31.8±9.8 years). The total number of electrodes implanted within the cingulate was 3028 electrode contacts; positive responses were obtained in 941 (31.1%, median percentages, 32.3%, IQR 22.2%-64.3%). The responses elicited from the CG were as follows. Simple motor (8 studies, 26.7 %), complex motor (10 studies, 33.3%), gelastic with and without mirth (7 studies, 23.3%), somatosensory (9 studies, 30%), autonomic (11 studies, 36.7 %), psychic (8 studies, 26.7%) and vestibular (3 studies, 10%). Visual and speech responses were also reported. Despite some overlap, the results indicate that the anterior cingulate cortex is responsible for most emotional, laughter and autonomic responses, while the middle cingulate cortex controls most complex motor behaviours, and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) regulates visual, among various other responses. Consistent null responses have been observed across different regions, emphasising PCC. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a segmental mapping of the functional properties of CG, helping to improve precision in the surgical planning of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Mahgoub
- Department of Neurology, The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ayse Kacar Bayram
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Health Sciences, Kayseri City Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Dennis D Spencer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rafeed Alkawadri
- Department of Neurology, The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Yan Z, Yang Y, Wang J, Deng Q, Zhang L, Wang M, Zhou J, Guan Y, Luan G, Wang M. Posterior cingulate epilepsy: Seizure semiology and intracranial electrical stimulation using SEEG. Seizure 2024; 119:28-35. [PMID: 38772097 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to explore seizure semiology and the effects of intracerebral electrical stimulation on the human posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) using Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) to deepen our comprehension of posterior cingulate epilepsy (PCE). METHODS This study examined the characteristics of seizures through video documentation, by assessing the outcomes of intracranial electrical stimulation (iES) during SEEG. We further identified the connection between the observed semiology and precise anatomical locations within the PCC subregions where seizure onset zones (SOZ) were identified. RESULTS Analysis was conducted on 59 seizures from 15 patients recorded via SEEG. Behavioural arrest emerged as the predominant manifestation across the PCC subregions. Where ictal activity extended to both the mesial and lateral temporal cortex, automatism was predominantly observed in seizures originating from the ventral PCC (vPCC). The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is associated with complex motor behaviour, with seizure discharges spreading to the temporal lobe. Seizures originating from the PCC include axial tonic and autonomic seizures. Only one case of positive clinical seizures was documented. High frequencies of iES within the PCC induced various clinical responses, categorised as vestibular, visual, psychological, and autonomic, with vestibular reactions primarily occurring in the dorsal PCC (dPCC) and RSC, visual responses in the left RSC, and autonomic reactions in the vPCC and RSC. CONCLUSION The manifestations of seizures in PCE vary according to the SOZ and the patterns of seizure propagation. The occurrence of seizures induced by iES is exceedingly rare, indicating that mapping of the PCC could pinpoint the primary sector of PCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofen Yan
- Department of Neurology, Sanbo Hospital, Capital Medical University, No 50, Xiang-shan-yi-ke-song, Street, HaiDian District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yujiao Yang
- Department of Neurology, Sanbo Hospital, Capital Medical University, No 50, Xiang-shan-yi-ke-song, Street, HaiDian District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Sanbo Hospital, Capital Medical University, No 50, Xiang-shan-yi-ke-song, Street, HaiDian District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Qin Deng
- Department of Neurology, Sanbo Hospital, Capital Medical University, No 50, Xiang-shan-yi-ke-song, Street, HaiDian District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Sanbo Hospital, Capital Medical University, No 50, Xiang-shan-yi-ke-song, Street, HaiDian District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Neurology, Sanbo Hospital, Capital Medical University, No 50, Xiang-shan-yi-ke-song, Street, HaiDian District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Epilepsy Center, Sanbo Hospital, Capital Medical University, No 50, Xiang-shan-yi-ke-song, Street, HaiDian District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - YuGuang Guan
- Department of Epilepsy Center, Sanbo Hospital, Capital Medical University, No 50, Xiang-shan-yi-ke-song, Street, HaiDian District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Guoming Luan
- Department of Epilepsy Center, Sanbo Hospital, Capital Medical University, No 50, Xiang-shan-yi-ke-song, Street, HaiDian District, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Mengyang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Sanbo Hospital, Capital Medical University, No 50, Xiang-shan-yi-ke-song, Street, HaiDian District, Beijing 100053, China.
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10
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Bress KS, Cascio CJ. Sensorimotor regulation of facial expression - An untouched frontier. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 162:105684. [PMID: 38710425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Facial expression is a critical form of nonverbal social communication which promotes emotional exchange and affiliation among humans. Facial expressions are generated via precise contraction of the facial muscles, guided by sensory feedback. While the neural pathways underlying facial motor control are well characterized in humans and primates, it remains unknown how tactile and proprioceptive information reaches these pathways to guide facial muscle contraction. Thus, despite the importance of facial expressions for social functioning, little is known about how they are generated as a unique sensorimotor behavior. In this review, we highlight current knowledge about sensory feedback from the face and how it is distinct from other body regions. We describe connectivity between the facial sensory and motor brain systems, and call attention to the other brain systems which influence facial expression behavior, including vision, gustation, emotion, and interoception. Finally, we petition for more research on the sensory basis of facial expressions, asserting that incomplete understanding of sensorimotor mechanisms is a barrier to addressing atypical facial expressivity in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly S Bress
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Carissa J Cascio
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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11
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Nie H, Yu T, Zou Y, Li Y, Chen J, Xia J, Luo Q, Peng H. Effects of childhood maltreatment and major depressive disorder on functional connectivity in hippocampal subregions. Brain Imaging Behav 2024; 18:598-611. [PMID: 38324083 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-024-00859-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) with childhood maltreatment is a prevalent clinical phenotype. Prior studies have observed abnormal hippocampal activity in MDD patients, considering the hippocampus as a single nucleus. However, there is limited research investigating the static and dynamic changes in hippocampal subregion functional connectivity (FC) in MDD patients with childhood maltreatment. Therefore, we employed static and dynamic FC analyses using hippocampal subregions, including the anterior hippocampus and posterior hippocampus, as seed regions to investigate the neurobiological alterations associated with MDD resulting from childhood maltreatment. This study involved four groups: MDD with (n = 48) and without childhood maltreatment (n = 30), as well as healthy controls with (n = 57) and without (n = 46) childhood maltreatment. Compared to MDD patients without childhood maltreatment, those with childhood maltreatment exhibit altered FC between the hippocampal subregion and multiple brain regions, including the anterior cingulate gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, putamen, calcarine gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, angular gyrus, and supplementary motor area. Additionally, dynamic FC between the right medial-2 hippocampal head and the right calcarine gyrus shows a positive correlation with childhood maltreatment across all its subtypes. Moreover, dFC between the right hippocampal tail and the left angular gyrus moderates the relationship between childhood maltreatment and the depression severity. Our findings of distinct FC patterns within hippocampal subregions provide new clues for understanding the neurobiological basis of MDD with childhood maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Nie
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510370, China
| | - Tong Yu
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510370, China
| | - Yurong Zou
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510370, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Department of Publicity and Health Education, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Juran Chen
- The Zhongshan Torch Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone Community Health Service, Zhongshan, 528437, China
| | - Jinrou Xia
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510370, China
| | - Qianyi Luo
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510370, China.
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, 510370, China.
| | - Hongjun Peng
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510370, China.
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, 510370, China.
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12
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van Dalen T, Kirkham JF, Chari A, D'Arco F, Moeller F, Eltze C, Cross JH, Tisdall MM, Thornton RC. Characterizing Frontal Lobe Seizure Semiology in Children. Ann Neurol 2024; 95:1138-1148. [PMID: 38624073 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to analyze seizure semiology in pediatric frontal lobe epilepsy patients, considering age, to localize the seizure onset zone for surgical resection in focal epilepsy. METHODS Fifty patients were identified retrospectively, who achieved seizure freedom after frontal lobe resective surgery at Great Ormond Street Hospital. Video-electroencephalography recordings of preoperative ictal seizure semiology were analyzed, stratifying the data based on resection region (mesial or lateral frontal lobe) and age at surgery (≤4 vs >4). RESULTS Pediatric frontal lobe epilepsy is characterized by frequent, short, complex seizures, similar to adult cohorts. Children with mesial onset had higher occurrence of head deviation (either direction: 55.6% vs 17.4%; p = 0.02) and contralateral head deviation (22.2% vs 0.0%; p = 0.03), ictal body-turning (55.6% vs 13.0%; p = 0.006; ipsilateral: 55.6% vs 4.3%; p = 0.0003), and complex motor signs (88.9% vs 56.5%; p = 0.037). Both age groups (≤4 and >4 years) showed hyperkinetic features (21.1% vs 32.1%), contrary to previous reports. The very young group showed more myoclonic (36.8% vs 3.6%; p = 0.005) and hypomotor features (31.6% vs 0.0%; p = 0.003), and fewer behavioral features (36.8% vs 71.4%; p = 0.03) and reduced responsiveness (31.6% vs 78.6%; p = 0.002). INTERPRETATION This study presents the most extensive semiological analysis of children with confirmed frontal lobe epilepsy. It identifies semiological features that aid in differentiating between mesial and lateral onset. Despite age-dependent differences, typical frontal lobe features, including hyperkinetic seizures, are observed even in very young children. A better understanding of pediatric seizure semiology may enhance the accuracy of onset identification, and enable earlier presurgical evaluation, improving postsurgical outcomes. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:1138-1148.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs van Dalen
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jessica F Kirkham
- Department of Pediatric Neurophysiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Aswin Chari
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Felice D'Arco
- Department of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Friederike Moeller
- Department of Pediatric Neurophysiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, London, UK
| | - Christin Eltze
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, London, UK
| | - J Helen Cross
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, London, UK
| | - Martin M Tisdall
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Rachel C Thornton
- Department of Pediatric Neurophysiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
- Department of Neurophysiology, Cambridge University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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Du J, Liu Y, Zhu W. The altered functional status in vestibular migraine: A meta-analysis. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3591. [PMID: 38849984 PMCID: PMC11161393 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Vestibular migraine (VM) is a disorder with prominent vestibular symptoms that are causally correlated with migraine and is the most prevalent neurological cause of episodic vertigo. Nevertheless, the functional underpinnings of VM remain largely unclear. This study aimed to reveal concordant alteration patterns of functional connectivity (FC) in VM patients. METHODS We searched literature measuring resting-state FC abnormalities of VM patients in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Scopus databases before May 2023. Furthermore, we applied the anisotropic effect size-signed differential mapping (AES-SDM) to conduct a whole-brain voxel-wise meta-analysis to identify the convergence of FC alterations in VM patients. RESULTS Nine studies containing 251 VM patients and 257 healthy controls (HCs) were included. Relative to HCs, VM patients showed reduced activity in the left superior temporal gyrus and left midcingulate/paracingulate gyri, and increased activity in the precuneus, right superior parietal gyrus, and right middle frontal gyrus. Jackknife's analysis and subgroup analysis further supported the generalization and robustness of the main results. Furthermore, meta-regression analyses indicated that the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) ratings were positively correlated with the activity in the precuneus, while higher Headache Impact Test-6 and DHI scores were associated with lower activity within the left midcingulate/paracingulate gyri. CONCLUSIONS The study indicates that VM is associated with specific functional deficits of VM patients in crucial regions involved in the vestibular and pain networks and provides further information on the pathophysiological mechanisms of VM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyong Du
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Artificial IntelligenceBeijing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsBeijingChina
- School of Artificial IntelligenceUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wenhao Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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Lazari A, Tachrount M, Valverde JM, Papp D, Beauchamp A, McCarthy P, Ellegood J, Grandjean J, Johansen-Berg H, Zerbi V, Lerch JP, Mars RB. The mouse motor system contains multiple premotor areas and partially follows human organizational principles. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114191. [PMID: 38717901 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
While humans are known to have several premotor cortical areas, secondary motor cortex (M2) is often considered to be the only higher-order motor area of the mouse brain and is thought to combine properties of various human premotor cortices. Here, we show that axonal tracer, functional connectivity, myelin mapping, gene expression, and optogenetics data contradict this notion. Our analyses reveal three premotor areas in the mouse, anterior-lateral motor cortex (ALM), anterior-lateral M2 (aM2), and posterior-medial M2 (pM2), with distinct structural, functional, and behavioral properties. By using the same techniques across mice and humans, we show that ALM has strikingly similar functional and microstructural properties to human anterior ventral premotor areas and that aM2 and pM2 amalgamate properties of human pre-SMA and cingulate cortex. These results provide evidence for the existence of multiple premotor areas in the mouse and chart a comparative map between the motor systems of humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Lazari
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Mohamed Tachrount
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Juan Miguel Valverde
- DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70150 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Daniel Papp
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Antoine Beauchamp
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul McCarthy
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jacob Ellegood
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joanes Grandjean
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Heidi Johansen-Berg
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Valerio Zerbi
- Neuro-X Institute, School of Engineering (STI), EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jason P Lerch
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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15
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Caruana F. Positive emotions elicited by cortical and subcortical electrical stimulation: A commentary on Villard et al. (2023). Cortex 2024; 174:234-237. [PMID: 37659914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Caruana
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Volturno 39/E, 43125 Parma, Italy.
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16
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Li J, Wang X, Liu M, Yin Y, Wu Y, Xu G, Ma X. Sex-specific grey matter abnormalities in individuals with chronic insomnia. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:2301-2310. [PMID: 38063921 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported sex differences in altered brain function in patients with chronic insomnia (CI). However, sex-related alterations in brain morphology have rarely been investigated. This study aimed to investigate sex-specific grey matter (GM) alterations in patients with CI and to examine the relationship between GM alterations and neuropsychological assessments. Ninety-three (65 females and 28 males) patients and 78 healthy (50 females and 28 males) controls were recruited. Structural magnetic resonance imaging data were analysed using voxel-based morphometry to test for interactions between sex and diagnosis. Spearman's correlation was used to assess the associations among structure, disease duration, and sleep-, mood-, and cognition-related assessments. Males with CI showed reduced GM volume in the left inferior parietal lobe, left middle cingulate cortex, and right supramarginal gyrus. Females with CI showed increased GM volume in the right Rolandic operculum. Moreover, mood-related assessments were negatively correlated with GM volumes in the right supramarginal gyrus and left inferior parietal lobe in the male patients, and cognitive-related assessments were positively correlated with GM volumes in the Rolandic operculum in the female patients. Our findings indicate sex-specific alterations in brain morphology in CI, thereby broadening our understanding of sex differences in CI and potentially providing complementary evidence for the development of more effective therapies and individual treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Li
- Department of Nuclear medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No.466 Road XinGang, Guangzhou, 510317, P. R. China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medial University, No. 253 Industrial Avenue Central, Guangzhou, 510260, P. R. China
| | - Xinzhi Wang
- Department of Nuclear medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No.466 Road XinGang, Guangzhou, 510317, P. R. China
| | - Mengchen Liu
- Department of Nuclear medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No.466 Road XinGang, Guangzhou, 510317, P. R. China
| | - Yi Yin
- Department of Nuclear medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No.466 Road XinGang, Guangzhou, 510317, P. R. China
| | - Yunfan Wu
- Department of Nuclear medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No.466 Road XinGang, Guangzhou, 510317, P. R. China
| | - Guang Xu
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No.466 Road XinGang, Guangzhou, 510317, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofen Ma
- Department of Nuclear medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No.466 Road XinGang, Guangzhou, 510317, P. R. China.
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medial University, No. 253 Industrial Avenue Central, Guangzhou, 510260, P. R. China.
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Liu W, Cheng X, Rao J, Yu J, Lin Z, Wang Y, Wang L, Li D, Liu L, Gao R. Motor imagery therapy improved upper limb motor function in stroke patients with hemiplegia by increasing functional connectivity of sensorimotor and cognitive networks. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1295859. [PMID: 38439937 PMCID: PMC10910033 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1295859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Motor imagery therapy (MIT) showed positive effects on upper limbs motor function. However, the mechanism by which MIT improves upper limb motor function is not fully understood. Therefore, our purpose was to investigate the changes in functional connectivity (FC) within and outside the sensorimotor network (SMN) induced by MIT associated with improvement in upper limb motor function in stroke patients. Methods A total of 26 hemiplegic stroke patients were randomly divided into MIT (n = 13) and control (n = 13) groups. Fugl-Meyer Assessment Upper Extremity Scale (FMA-UL), Modified Barthel Index (MBI) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) were evaluated in the two groups before treatment and 4 weeks after treatment. The efficacy of MIT on motor function improvement in stroke patients with hemiplegia was evaluated by comparing the FMA-UL and MBI scores before and after treatment in the two groups. Furthermore, the FC within the SMN and between the SMN and the whole brain was measured and compared before and after different treatment methods in stroke patients. The correlation analysis between the improvement of upper limbs motor function and changes in FC within the SMN and between the SMN and the whole brain was examined. Results The FCs between ipsilesional primary motor cortex (M1.I) and contralateral supplementary motor area (SMA.C), M1.I and ipsilesional SMA (SMA.I), and SMA.C and contralateral dorsolateral premotor cortex (DLPM.C) significantly increased in the control group but decreased in the MIT group; while the FC between SMA.C and contralateral primary somatosensory cortex (S1.C) significantly increased in the control group but showed no significant difference in the MIT group. The FCs between M1.I and the ipsilesional hippocampal gyrus and ipsilesional middle frontal gyrus significantly decreased in the control group but increased in the MIT group; while the FC in the contralateral anterior cingulate cortex significantly increased in the MIT group but there was no significant difference in the control group. The results of the correlation analysis showed that the differences in abnormal intra-FCs within the SMN negatively correlated with the differences in FMA and MBI, and the difference in abnormal inter-FCs of the SMN positively correlated with the differences in FMA and MBI. Conclusions MIT can improve upper limb motor function and daily activities of stroke patients, and the improvement effect of conventional rehabilitation therapy (CRT) combined with MIT is significantly higher than that of CRT alone. CRT may improve the upper limb motor function of stroke patients with hemiplegia mainly through the functional reorganization between SMN, while MIT may mainly increase the interaction between SMN and other brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinxin Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiang Rao
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiawen Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Changzhou Ruihong Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lin
- Graduate Department, Nanjing Sports Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Danhui Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Run Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Electrical stimulation of the peripheral and central vestibular system using noninvasive (galvanic vestibular stimulation, GVS) or invasive (intracranial electrical brain stimulation, iEBS) approaches have a long history of use in studying self-motion perception and balance control. The aim of this review is to summarize recent electrophysiological studies of the effects of GVS, and functional mapping of the central vestibular system using iEBS in awake patients. RECENT FINDINGS The use of GVS has become increasingly common in the assessment and treatment of a wide range of clinical disorders including vestibulopathy and Parkinson's disease. The results of recent single unit recording studies have provided new insight into the neural mechanisms underlying GVS-evoked improvements in perceptual and motor responses. Furthermore, the application of iEBS in patients with epilepsy or during awake brain surgery has provided causal evidence of vestibular information processing in mostly the middle cingulate cortex, posterior insula, inferior parietal lobule, amygdala, precuneus, and superior temporal gyrus. SUMMARY Recent studies have established that GVS evokes robust and parallel activation of both canal and otolith afferents that is significantly different from that evoked by natural head motion stimulation. Furthermore, there is evidence that GVS can induce beneficial neural plasticity in the central pathways of patients with vestibular loss. In addition, iEBS studies highlighted an underestimated contribution of areas in the medial part of the cerebral hemispheres to the cortical vestibular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Lopez
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience (LNC), FR3C, Marseille, France
| | - Kathleen E. Cullen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 21205 MD, USA
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Luo D, He W, Shen D, Tang B, Tao H, Tang Q, Lai M, Liu J, Liu Y, Xu J, Meng J, Li J. Alterations in the brain functional network of abstinent male individuals with methamphetamine use disorder. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad523. [PMID: 38300175 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine is a highly addictive psychostimulant drug that is abused globally and is a serious threat to health worldwide. Unfortunately, the specific mechanism underlying addiction remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the characteristics of functional connectivity in the brain network and the factors influencing methamphetamine use disorder in patients using magnetic resonance imaging. We included 96 abstinent male participants with methamphetamine use disorder and 46 age- and sex-matched healthy controls for magnetic resonance imaging. Compared with healthy controls, participants with methamphetamine use disorder had greater impulsivity, fewer small-world attributes of the resting-state network, more nodal topological attributes in the cerebellum, greater functional connectivity strength within the cerebellum and between the cerebellum and brain, and decreased frontoparietal functional connectivity strength. In addition, after controlling for covariates, the partial correlation analysis showed that small-world properties were significantly associated with methamphetamine use frequency, psychological craving, and impulsivity. Furthermore, we revealed that the small-word attribute significantly mediated the effect of methamphetamine use frequency on motor impulsivity in the methamphetamine use disorder group. These findings may further improve our understanding of the neural mechanism of impulse control dysfunction underlying methamphetamine addiction and assist in exploring the neuropathological mechanism underlying methamphetamine use disorder-related dysfunction and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 28 Dian Xin Nan Jie, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanlin He
- Radiology Department, Hospital of Chengdu Office of People's Government of Tibetan Autonomous Region (Hospital. C.T.), No. 20, Xi Mian Qiao Heng Jie, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China
| | - Danlin Shen
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 28 Dian Xin Nan Jie, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Chengdu Compulsory Detoxification Center, No. 9 Xue Fu Lu, Shuangliu District, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongge Tao
- Chengdu Compulsory Detoxification Center, No. 9 Xue Fu Lu, Shuangliu District, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Tang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 28 Dian Xin Nan Jie, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingfeng Lai
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 28 Dian Xin Nan Jie, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Sichuan Drug Rehabilitation Administration, No. 90 Shu Tong Jie, Jinniu District, Chengdu, China
| | - Yishan Liu
- Sichuan Drug Rehabilitation Administration, No. 90 Shu Tong Jie, Jinniu District, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajun Xu
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 28 Dian Xin Nan Jie, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinli Meng
- Radiology Department, Hospital of Chengdu Office of People's Government of Tibetan Autonomous Region (Hospital. C.T.), No. 20, Xi Mian Qiao Heng Jie, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Li
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 28 Dian Xin Nan Jie, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China
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Barendse MEA, Allen NB, Sheeber L, Pfeifer JH. Associations Between Parenting Behavior and Neural Processing of Adolescent Faces in Mothers With and Without Depression. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024; 9:41-49. [PMID: 35724852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study first examined how mothers with and without depression differ in neural activation in response to adolescents' affective faces. Second, it examined the extent to which these neural activation patterns are related to observed positive and aggressive parenting behavior. METHODS Mothers with and without depression (based on self-reported symptoms and treatment history; n = 77 and n = 64, respectively; meanage = 40 years) from low-income families completed an interaction task with their adolescents (meanage = 12.8 years), which was coded for parents' aggressive and positive affective behavior. During functional magnetic resonance imaging, mothers viewed blurry, happy, sad, and angry faces of unfamiliar adolescents, with an instruction to either label the emotion or determine the clarity of the image. RESULTS The depression group showed less activation in the posterior midcingulate than the control subject group while labeling happy faces. Higher activation in the insula and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (PFC) was related to less positive parenting behavior. Ventrolateral PFC activation was most pronounced when labeling negative emotions, but stronger ventrolateral PFC response to happy faces was associated with more aggressive parenting behavior. CONCLUSIONS This demonstrates the association between parents' neural responses to adolescent faces and their behavior during interactions with their own adolescents, with relatively low insula and dorsomedial PFC activation supporting positive parenting and affect-dependent response in the ventrolateral PFC as being important to limit aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein E A Barendse
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
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21
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Clairis N, Lopez-Persem A. Debates on the dorsomedial prefrontal/dorsal anterior cingulate cortex: insights for future research. Brain 2023; 146:4826-4844. [PMID: 37530487 PMCID: PMC10690029 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex/dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dmPFC/dACC) is a brain area subject to many theories and debates over its function(s). Even its precise anatomical borders are subject to much controversy. In the past decades, the dmPFC/dACC has been associated with more than 15 different cognitive processes, which sometimes appear quite unrelated (e.g. body perception, cognitive conflict). As a result, understanding what the dmPFC/dACC does has become a real challenge for many neuroscientists. Several theories of this brain area's function(s) have been developed, leading to successive and competitive publications bearing different models, which sometimes contradict each other. During the last two decades, the lively scientific exchanges around the dmPFC/dACC have promoted fruitful research in cognitive neuroscience. In this review, we provide an overview of the anatomy of the dmPFC/dACC, summarize the state of the art of functions that have been associated with this brain area and present the main theories aiming at explaining the dmPFC/dACC function(s). We explore the commonalities and the arguments between the different theories. Finally, we explain what can be learned from these debates for future investigations of the dmPFC/dACC and other brain regions' functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Clairis
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics (LGC)- Brain Mind Institute (BMI)- Sciences de la Vie (SV), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alizée Lopez-Persem
- FrontLab, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, Sorbonne University, AP HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
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22
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Braine A, Georges F. Emotion in action: When emotions meet motor circuits. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 155:105475. [PMID: 37996047 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The brain is a remarkably complex organ responsible for a wide range of functions, including the modulation of emotional states and movement. Neuronal circuits are believed to play a crucial role in integrating sensory, cognitive, and emotional information to ultimately guide motor behavior. Over the years, numerous studies employing diverse techniques such as electrophysiology, imaging, and optogenetics have revealed a complex network of neural circuits involved in the regulation of emotional or motor processes. Emotions can exert a substantial influence on motor performance, encompassing both everyday activities and pathological conditions. The aim of this review is to explore how emotional states can shape movements by connecting the neural circuits for emotional processing to motor neural circuits. We first provide a comprehensive overview of the impact of different emotional states on motor control in humans and rodents. In line with behavioral studies, we set out to identify emotion-related structures capable of modulating motor output, behaviorally and anatomically. Neuronal circuits involved in emotional processing are extensively connected to the motor system. These circuits can drive emotional behavior, essential for survival, but can also continuously shape ongoing movement. In summary, the investigation of the intricate relationship between emotion and movement offers valuable insights into human behavior, including opportunities to enhance performance, and holds promise for improving mental and physical health. This review integrates findings from multiple scientific approaches, including anatomical tracing, circuit-based dissection, and behavioral studies, conducted in both animal and human subjects. By incorporating these different methodologies, we aim to present a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the emotional modulation of movement in both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaelle Braine
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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23
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Li X, Zhu Y, Sun H, Shen Z, Sun J, Xiao S, He X, Liu B, Wang Y, Hu Y, Liu B, Liang Y, Jiang Y, Du J, Xu C, Fang J, Shao X. Electroacupuncture Inhibits Pain Memory and Related Anxiety-Like Behaviors by Blockading the GABA B Receptor Function in the Midcingulate Cortex. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6613-6626. [PMID: 37468738 PMCID: PMC10533721 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03467-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Pain memory is commonly considered an underlying cause of chronic pain and is also responsible for a range of anxiety. Electroacupuncture (EA) has been shown to ameliorate pain memories and exert anti-anxiety effects. Previous research has indicated that GABAergic neurons and/or GABA receptors (GABARs) in the midcingulate cortex (MCC) have potential associations with chronic pain and anxiety. However, there is no known empirical research that has specifically studied the effects of EA on the GABAergic system in the MCC. Here, we used cross-injection of carrageenan to establish the pain memory rats model. Immunofluorescence were used to detect the excitability of GABAergic neurons within MCC. Von Frey filament, elevated zero maze, and open field tests were used to measure mechanical allodynia and anxiety-like behaviors, combined with chemogenetic and pharmacologic technologies. Finally, this study provides evidence that pain memories contribute to generalized negative emotions and that downregulating the activity of GABAergic neurons within MCC could block pain memories and reverse anxiety emotion. Specifically, GABABR is involved in pain memory and related anxiety-like behaviors. Activation of GABAergic neurons in the MCC did not reverse the effects of EA on pain memories and related anxiety-like behaviors, whereas these effects could be reversed by a GABABR agonist. These findings highlight the functional significance of GABABR in the EA-mediated attenuation of pain memories and related anxiety-like behaviors in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No.548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yichen Zhu
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No.548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiju Sun
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No.548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zui Shen
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No.548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Sun
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No.548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Siqi Xiao
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No.548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofen He
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No.548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Boyu Liu
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No.548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yifang Wang
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No.548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuxin Hu
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No.548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Boyi Liu
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No.548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Liang
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No.548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongliang Jiang
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No.548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junying Du
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No.548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chi Xu
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No.548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianqiao Fang
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No.548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaomei Shao
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No.548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
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24
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Lyons S, Depue BE. Not all bad decisions are alike: approach and avoidant bad decisions are associated with distinct network organization. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1249008. [PMID: 37877010 PMCID: PMC10591088 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1249008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Decisions under ambiguity occurs daily for everyone. Subsequently, we all deliberate upon options to initiate an action most appropriate for current goal demands. Researchers has attempted to identify factors which contribute to risk taking, alongside the neurocircuitry underpinning it. Empirically, uncertain decision making is frequently assessed using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Research have reliably identified varying regions implicating two broader circuits known as the reward and salience networks. However, considerable work has focused on contrasting "good" versus "bad" decisions. Methods The present investigation attempted a unique approach to analyzing the modified IGT acquired during fMRI (n = 24) and focused on active and passive bad decisions to identify potential internetwork connectivity, dissociable connectivity patterns between approach and avoidant bad decisions, and their relationship with personality traits, which can be linked with behavioral approach styles. Results Network cluster analyses revealed general internetwork connectivity when passing (avoiding) good decks; however, the OFC was functionally disconnected from the rest of the selected brain regions when playing (approaching) bad decks. Decreased reward responsiveness was linked to increased functional connectivity between the lateral OFC and aSMG, while drive was associated with increased functional connectivity between dACC and aINS. Discussion We report evidence that approach and avoidant bad decisions are associated with distinct neural communication patterns. Avoidant decisions were marked by substantial network integration and coherence, contrasted with the general scarcity of internetwork communication observed for approach decisions. Furthermore, the present investigation observed preliminary evidence of personality traits linked with neural communication between salience and reward evaluative networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siraj Lyons
- Neuroimaging Laboratory of Cognitive, Affective, and Motoric Processes, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Brendan Eliot Depue
- Neuroimaging Laboratory of Cognitive, Affective, and Motoric Processes, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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25
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Metzger BA, Kalva P, Mocchi MM, Cui B, Adkinson JA, Wang Z, Mathura R, Kanja K, Gavvala J, Krishnan V, Lin L, Maheshwari A, Shofty B, Magnotti JF, Willie JT, Sheth SA, Bijanki KR. Intracranial stimulation and EEG feature analysis reveal affective salience network specialization. Brain 2023; 146:4366-4377. [PMID: 37293814 PMCID: PMC10545499 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotion is represented in limbic and prefrontal brain areas, herein termed the affective salience network (ASN). Within the ASN, there are substantial unknowns about how valence and emotional intensity are processed-specifically, which nodes are associated with affective bias (a phenomenon in which participants interpret emotions in a manner consistent with their own mood). A recently developed feature detection approach ('specparam') was used to select dominant spectral features from human intracranial electrophysiological data, revealing affective specialization within specific nodes of the ASN. Spectral analysis of dominant features at the channel level suggests that dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC), anterior insula and ventral-medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) are sensitive to valence and intensity, while the amygdala is primarily sensitive to intensity. Akaike information criterion model comparisons corroborated the spectral analysis findings, suggesting all four nodes are more sensitive to intensity compared to valence. The data also revealed that activity in dACC and vmPFC were predictive of the extent of affective bias in the ratings of facial expressions-a proxy measure of instantaneous mood. To examine causality of the dACC in affective experience, 130 Hz continuous stimulation was applied to dACC while patients viewed and rated emotional faces. Faces were rated significantly happier during stimulation, even after accounting for differences in baseline ratings. Together the data suggest a causal role for dACC during the processing of external affective stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Metzger
- Department of Psychology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
| | - Prathik Kalva
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Madaline M Mocchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brian Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joshua A Adkinson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhengjia Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Raissa Mathura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kourtney Kanja
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jay Gavvala
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vaishnav Krishnan
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lu Lin
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Atul Maheshwari
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ben Shofty
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - John F Magnotti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jon T Willie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sameer A Sheth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kelly R Bijanki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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26
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Kunz M, Chen JI, Lautenbacher S, Rainville P. Brain mechanisms associated with facial encoding of affective states. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 23:1281-1290. [PMID: 37349604 PMCID: PMC10545577 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Affective states are typically accompanied by facial expressions, but these behavioral manifestations are highly variable. Even highly arousing and negative valent experiences, such as pain, show great instability in facial affect encoding. The present study investigated which neural mechanisms are associated with variations in facial affect encoding by focusing on facial encoding of sustained pain experiences. Facial expressions, pain ratings, and brain activity (BOLD-fMRI) during tonic heat pain were recorded in 27 healthy participants. We analyzed facial expressions by using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) and examined brain activations during epochs of painful stimulation that were accompanied by facial expressions of pain. Epochs of facial expressions of pain were coupled with activity increase in motor areas (M1, premotor and SMA) as well as in areas involved in nociceptive processing, including primary and secondary somatosensory cortex, posterior and anterior insula, and the anterior part of the mid-cingulate cortex. In contrast, prefrontal structures (ventrolateral and medial prefrontal) were less activated during incidences of facial expressions, consistent with a role in down-regulating facial displays. These results indicate that incidences of facial encoding of pain reflect activity within nociceptive pathways interacting or possibly competing with prefrontal inhibitory systems that gate the level of expressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kunz
- Department of Medical Psychology and Sociology, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.
- Bamberger Living Lab Dementia (BamLiD), University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.
| | - Jen-I Chen
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Department de stomatologie, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Stefan Lautenbacher
- Bamberger Living Lab Dementia (BamLiD), University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Pierre Rainville
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Department de stomatologie, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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d'Orio P, Revay M, Bevacqua G, Battista F, Castana L, Squarza S, Chiarello D, Lo Russo G, Sartori I, Cardinale F. Stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG)-Guided Surgery in Epilepsy With Cingulate Gyrus Involvement: Electrode Implantation Strategies and Postoperative Seizure Outcome. J Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 40:516-528. [PMID: 36930225 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000001000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Surgical treatment of cingulate gyrus epilepsy is associated with good results on seizures despite its rarity and challenging aspects. Invasive EEG monitoring is often mandatory to assess the epileptogenic zone in these patients. To date, only small surgical series have been published, and a consensus about management of these complex cases did not emerge. The authors retrospectively analyzed a large surgical series of patients in whom at least part of the cingulate gyrus was confirmed as included in the epileptogenic zone by means of stereo-electroencephalography and was thus resected. One hundred twenty-seven patients were selected. Stereo-electroencephalography-guided implantation of intracerebral electrodes was performed in the right hemisphere in 62 patients (48.8%) and in the left hemisphere in 44 patients (34.7%), whereas 21 patients (16.5%) underwent bilateral implantations. The median number of implanted electrodes per patient was 13 (interquartile range 12-15). The median number of electrodes targeting the cingulate gyrus was 4 (interquartile range 3-5). The cingulate gyrus was explored bilaterally in 19 patients (15%). Complication rate was 0.8%. A favorable outcome (Engel class I) was obtained in 54.3% of patients, with a median follow-up of 60 months. The chance to obtain seizure freedom increased in cases in whom histologic diagnosis was type-IIb focal cortical dysplasia or tumor (mostly ganglioglioma or dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor) and with male gender. Higher seizure frequency predicted better outcome with a trend toward significance. Our findings suggest that stereo-electroencephalography is a safe and effective methodology in achieving seizure freedom in complex cases of epilepsy with cingulate gyrus involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piergiorgio d'Orio
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Centre, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Martina Revay
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Centre, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Bevacqua
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Centre, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Ferrara University, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesca Battista
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Centre, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
- Neurosurgery Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology, and Child Health, Careggi University Hospital and University of Florence, Florence, Italy; and
| | - Laura Castana
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Centre, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Squarza
- Neuroradiology Department, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Chiarello
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Centre, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Lo Russo
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Centre, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivana Sartori
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Centre, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Cardinale
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Centre, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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28
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Pepin C, Brochu K, Lessard-Bonaventure P, Nguyen DK, Martineau L. Posterior Cingulate Epilepsy: A Systematic Review. J Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 40:507-515. [PMID: 36930208 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY In this review, authors discuss epilepsy originating from posterior cingulate regions, a challenging entity to diagnose and most likely underrecognized. A systematic review of posterior middle and posterior cingulate epilepsy cases was conducted to present a summary of current knowledge about this localization-based type of epilepsy. The literature search identified 32 articles, for a total of 69 patients (34 with posterior middle cingulate epilepsy [pMCE] and 35 with posterior cingulate epilepsy [PCE]). Most patients were children and young adults with drug-resistant lesional epilepsy with high seizure burden. In both groups, most patients reported auras, mainly sensory, but various types were reported, including autonomic, behavioral, and cognitive manifestations. Most pMCE and PCE showed motor manifestations (mainly respectively asymmetric tonic posturing and automotor features). Impaired awareness during seizures was more frequently reported in PCE than in pMCE. As for ictal scalp EEG, epileptogenic abnormalities were poorly lateralized and did not localize the seizure onset zone. An ictal temporal involvement was only observed in PCE. Interictal EEG findings were nonspecific. As for other presurgical noninvasive investigations, data are limited, and no studies have adequately assessed their value. Partly explained by our inclusion criteria, most patients underwent a surgical procedure (either lesionectomy or resection of epileptogenic zone as defined by intracranial EEG study results), which overall yielded good outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Pepin
- Department of Medicine, Neurology Division Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Karine Brochu
- Department of Medicine, Neurology Division Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Paule Lessard-Bonaventure
- Department of Surgery, Neurosurgery Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada and
| | - Dang Khoa Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurence Martineau
- Department of Medicine, Neurology Division Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
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29
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Pana RM, Nguyen DK. Anterior Cingulate Epilepsy: A Review. J Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 40:501-506. [PMID: 36930222 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY In this review, the semiology, and characteristics of noninvasive investigations suggestive of anterior cingulate and anterior midcingulate epilepsy are detailed by the authors. The clinical presentation is representative of a recently recognized rostrocaudal gradient of functional connectivity with seizures of the anterior cingulate cortex manifesting emotional and interoceptive aura followed by a hyperkinetic or complex motor seizures. The few reports of anterior midcingulate epilepsy show a trend toward a higher proportion of sensory auras and premotor semiology. Ictal pouting, vocalizations, and, in particular, laughter are strong indicators of epilepsy arising or spreading to this region. Although scalp EEG was traditionally thought to provide little information, the data provided in this review demonstrate that most patients will have abnormalities over the frontal or frontotemporal regions. Frontotemporal abnormalities at least interictally provide valuable information regarding lateralization. The etiology of epilepsy arising from the anterior cingulate region seems to be most frequently secondary to focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), followed by neoplasms and vascular lesions, particularly cavernomas, although one cannot rule out a publication bias. Findings of nuclear medicine imaging is seldomly reported but both positron emission tomography and ictal single-photon computed tomography can identify the generator or the network often showing abnormalities extending to the frontal regions. The few available magnetoencephalography (MEG) studies reveal mixed results, sometimes providing false lateralization of the focus. Anterior cingulate epilepsy is difficult to recognize, but the features summarized in this review should prompt suspicion in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca M Pana
- Epilepsy Service and EEG Department, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dang K Nguyen
- Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; and
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Pelliccia V, Del Vecchio M, Avanzini P, Revay M, Sartori I, Caruana F. 70 Years of Human Cingulate Cortex Stimulation. Functions and Dysfunctions Through the Lens of Electrical Stimulation. J Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 40:491-500. [PMID: 36007014 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY In this review, we retrace the results of 70 years of human cingulate cortex (CC) intracerebral electrical stimulation and discuss its contribution to our understanding of the anatomofunctional and clinical aspects of this wide cortical region. The review is divided into three main sections. In the first section, we report the results obtained by the stimulation of the anterior, middle, and posterior CC, in 30 studies conducted on approximately 1,000 patients from the 1950s to the present day. These studies show that specific manifestations can be reliably associated with specific cingulate subfields, with autonomic, interoceptive, and emotional manifestations clustered in the anterior cingulate, goal-oriented motor behaviors elicited from the anterior midcingulate and a variety of sensory symptoms characterizing the posterior cingulate regions. In the second section, we compare the effect of CC intracerebral electrical stimulation with signs and manifestations characterizing cingulate epilepsy, showing that the stimulation mapping of CC subfields provides precious information for understanding cingulate epileptic manifestations. The last section tackles the issue of the discrepancy emerging when comparing the results of clinical (electrical stimulation, epilepsy) studies-revealing the quintessential affective and motor nature of the CC-with that reported by neuroimaging studies-which focus on high-level cognitive functions. Particular attention will be paid to the hypothesis that CC hosts a "Pain Matrix" specifically involved in pain perception, which we will discuss in the light of the fact that the stimulation of CC (as well as cingulate epileptic seizures) does not induce nociceptive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Pelliccia
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milano, Italy; and
| | - Maria Del Vecchio
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Parma, Italy
| | - Pietro Avanzini
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Parma, Italy
| | - Martina Revay
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milano, Italy; and
| | - Ivana Sartori
- "Claudio Munari" Epilepsy Surgery Center, ASST GOM Niguarda, Milano, Italy; and
| | - Fausto Caruana
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Parma, Italy
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Balewski ZZ, Elston TW, Knudsen EB, Wallis JD. Value dynamics affect choice preparation during decision-making. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:1575-1583. [PMID: 37563295 PMCID: PMC10576429 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
During decision-making, neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) sequentially represent the value of each option in turn, but it is unclear how these dynamics are translated into a choice response. One brain region that may be implicated in this process is the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which strongly connects with OFC and contains many neurons that encode the choice response. We investigated how OFC value signals interacted with ACC neurons encoding the choice response by performing simultaneous high-channel count recordings from the two areas in nonhuman primates. ACC neurons encoding the choice response steadily increased their firing rate throughout the decision-making process, peaking shortly before the time of the choice response. Furthermore, the value dynamics in OFC affected ACC ramping-when OFC represented the more valuable option, ACC ramping accelerated. Because OFC tended to represent the more valuable option more frequently and for a longer duration, this interaction could explain how ACC selects the more valuable response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Z Balewski
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Thomas W Elston
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Eric B Knudsen
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Joni D Wallis
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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32
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Ryun S, Kim M, Kim JS, Chung CK. Cortical maps of somatosensory perception in human. Neuroimage 2023; 276:120197. [PMID: 37245558 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tactile and movement-related somatosensory perceptions are crucial for our daily lives and survival. Although the primary somatosensory cortex is thought to be the key structure of somatosensory perception, various cortical downstream areas are also involved in somatosensory perceptual processing. However, little is known about whether cortical networks of these downstream areas can be dissociated depending on each perception, especially in human. We address this issue by combining data from direct cortical stimulation (DCS) for eliciting somatosensation and data from high-gamma band (HG) elicited during tactile stimulation and movement tasks. We found that artificial somatosensory perception is elicited not only from conventional somatosensory-related areas such as the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices but also from a widespread network including superior/inferior parietal lobules and premotor cortex. Interestingly, DCS on the dorsal part of the fronto-parietal area including superior parietal lobule and dorsal premotor cortex often induces movement-related somatosensations, whereas that on the ventral one including inferior parietal lobule and ventral premotor cortex generally elicits tactile sensations. Furthermore, the HG mapping results of the movement and passive tactile stimulation tasks revealed considerable similarity in the spatial distribution between the HG and DCS functional maps. Our findings showed that macroscopic neural processing for tactile and movement-related perceptions could be segregated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokyun Ryun
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minkyu Kim
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - June Sic Kim
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chun Kee Chung
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Tanaka T, Togo M, Okayama K, Chihara N, Ueda T, Sekiguchi K, Matsumoto R. [Cingulate seizure as a clinical manifestation of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-positive cerebral cortical encephalitis of two cases]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2023:cn-001724. [PMID: 37394493 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
We report two male patients who had a sensory seizure, which evolved into a focal impaired awareness tonic seizure, and after that, focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure. The first case, a 20-year-old man had been treated with steroids for anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-positive optic neuritis. His seizure started with abnormal sensation in the little finger of the left hand, which spread to the left upper and then to the left lower limb. The seizure then evolved into tonic seizures of the upper and lower limbs and he finally lost awareness. The second case, a 19-year-old man experienced floating dizziness while walking, followed by numbness and a pain-like electrical shock in the right upper limb. The right arm somatosensory seizure evolved into a right upper and lower limb tonic seizure, which spread to the bilateral limbs, and finally he lost awareness. Symptoms of both patients improved after the treatment with steroids. Both patients shared a similar high-intensity FLAIR lesion in the posterior midcingulate cortex. Both patients were diagnosed with MOG antibody-positive cerebral cortical encephalitis because of a positive titer of anti-MOG antibody in the serum. Several reports showed involvement of the cingulate gyrus in MOG antibody-positive cerebral cortical encephalitis, but only a few reported seizure semiology in detail. The semiology reported here is consistent with that of cingulate epilepsy or the findings of electrical stimulation of the cingulate cortex, namely, somatosensory (electric shock or heat sensation), motor (tonic posture), and vestibular symptoms (dizziness). Cingulate seizures should be suspected when patients show somatosensory seizures or focal tonic seizures. MOG antibody-positive cerebral cortical encephalitis should be considered as one of the differential diagnoses when the young patient shows the unique symptoms of an acute symptomatic cingulate seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Tanaka
- Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Masaya Togo
- Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kiminobu Okayama
- Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Norio Chihara
- Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takehiro Ueda
- Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kenji Sekiguchi
- Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Riki Matsumoto
- Division of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
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Chen X, Li W. Relationship between temporal dynamics of intrinsic brain activity and motor function remodeling in patients with acute BGIS. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1154018. [PMID: 37469836 PMCID: PMC10353616 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1154018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background patients with acute basal ganglia ischemic stroke (BGIS) show changes in local brain activity represented by the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), but the time-varying characteristics of this local nerve activity are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the abnormal time-varying local brain activity of patients with acute BGIS by using the ALFF method combined with the sliding-window approach. Methods In this study, 34 patients with acute BGIS with motor dysfunction and 44 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. The dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (dALFF) was employed to detect the alterations in brain activity induced by acute BGIS patients. A two-sample t-test comparison was performed to compare the dALFF value between the two groups and a Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between the local brain activity abnormalities and clinical characteristics. Results Compared with HCs, the activity of neurons in the left temporal pole (TP), parahippocampal gyrus (paraHIP), middle occipital gyrus (MOG), dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus (SFGdl), medial cingulate cortex (MCC), right rectus, precuneus (PCu) and right cerebellum crus1 were significantly increased in patients with BGIS. In addition, we found that there was a negative correlation (r = -0.458, p = 0.007) between the dALFF value of the right rectus and the scores of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and a positive correlation (r = 0.488, 0.499, p < 0.05) with the scores of the Barthel Index scale (BI) and the Fugl Meyer motor function assessment (FMA). ROC analysis results demonstrated that the area under the curves (AUC) of the right rectus was 0.880, p<0.001. Conclusion The pattern of intrinsic brain activity variability was altered in patients with acute BGIS compared with HCs. The abnormal dALFF variability might be a potential tool to assess motor function in patients with acute BGIS and potentially inform the diagnosis of this disease.
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Shen Y, Cai H, Mo F, Yao S, Yu Y, Zhu J. Functional connectivity gradients of the cingulate cortex. Commun Biol 2023; 6:650. [PMID: 37337086 PMCID: PMC10279697 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity of the cingulate cortex is evident in multiple dimensions including anatomy, function, connectivity, and involvement in networks and diseases. Using the recently developed functional connectivity gradient approach and resting-state functional MRI data, we found three functional connectivity gradients that captured distinct dimensions of cingulate hierarchical organization. The principal gradient exhibited a radiating organization with transitions from the middle toward both anterior and posterior parts of the cingulate cortex and was related to canonical functional networks and corresponding behavioral domains. The second gradient showed an anterior-posterior axis across the cingulate cortex and had prominent geometric distance dependence. The third gradient displayed a marked differentiation of subgenual and caudal middle with other parts of the cingulate cortex and was associated with cortical morphology. Aside from providing an updated framework for understanding the multifaceted nature of cingulate heterogeneity, the observed hierarchical organization of the cingulate cortex may constitute a novel research agenda with potential applications in basic and clinical neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Shen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230022, Hefei, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, 230032, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Huanhuan Cai
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230022, Hefei, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, 230032, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Fan Mo
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230022, Hefei, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, 230032, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Shanwen Yao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230022, Hefei, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, 230032, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230022, Hefei, China.
- Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, 230032, Hefei, China.
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, 230032, Hefei, China.
| | - Jiajia Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 230022, Hefei, China.
- Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, 230032, Hefei, China.
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, 230032, Hefei, China.
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Trapp NT, Bruss JE, Manzel K, Grafman J, Tranel D, Boes AD. Large-scale lesion symptom mapping of depression identifies brain regions for risk and resilience. Brain 2023; 146:1672-1685. [PMID: 36181425 PMCID: PMC10319784 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding neural circuits that support mood is a central goal of affective neuroscience, and improved understanding of the anatomy could inform more targeted interventions in mood disorders. Lesion studies provide a method of inferring the anatomical sites causally related to specific functions, including mood. Here, we performed a large-scale study evaluating the location of acquired, focal brain lesions in relation to symptoms of depression. Five hundred and twenty-six individuals participated in the study across two sites (356 male, average age 52.4 ± 14.5 years). Each subject had a focal brain lesion identified on structural imaging and an assessment of depression using the Beck Depression Inventory-II, both obtained in the chronic period post-lesion (>3 months). Multivariate lesion-symptom mapping was performed to identify lesion sites associated with higher or lower depression symptom burden, which we refer to as 'risk' versus 'resilience' regions. The brain networks and white matter tracts associated with peak regional findings were identified using functional and structural lesion network mapping, respectively. Lesion-symptom mapping identified brain regions significantly associated with both higher and lower depression severity (r = 0.11; P = 0.01). Peak 'risk' regions include the bilateral anterior insula, bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Functional lesion network mapping demonstrated that these 'risk' regions localized to nodes of the salience network. Peak 'resilience' regions include the right orbitofrontal cortex, right medial prefrontal cortex and right inferolateral temporal cortex, nodes of the default mode network. Structural lesion network mapping implicated dorsal prefrontal white matter tracts as 'risk' tracts and ventral prefrontal white matter tracts as 'resilience' tracts, although the structural lesion network mapping findings did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. Taken together, these results demonstrate that lesions to specific nodes of the salience network and default mode network are associated with greater risk versus resiliency for depression symptoms in the setting of focal brain lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T Trapp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Joel E Bruss
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kenneth Manzel
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel Tranel
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Aaron D Boes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Guner YE, Comert A, Sayaci EY, Korkmaz AC, Gungor Y, Morali Guler T, Kahilogullari G, Savas A. Microsurgical anatomy of the anterior cerebral artery and the arterial supply of the cingulate gyrus. Surg Radiol Anat 2023; 45:351-358. [PMID: 36840818 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-023-03083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The cingulate gyrus is a potential surgical area to treat tumours, psychiatric diseases, intractable pain and vascular malformations. The aim of the study was to define the topographic anatomy and arterial supply of the cingulate gyrus located on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere. METHODS We studied thirty-six hemispheres, each hemisected in the midsagittal plane. The vertical thickness of the cingulate gyrus was measured at the anterior commissure (AC), posterior commissure (PC), and genu levels of the corpus callosum. The branches of the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries supplying each zone were noted separately. The arterial pathways were transformed to digital data in AutoCAD to identify the condensation and reduction areas. RESULTS The mean AC-PC distance was 27.17 ± 1.63 mm. The thinnest region was the genu level of the corpus callosum (10.29 mm). The superior internal parietal artery (SIPA), inferior internal parietal artery (IIPA) and pericallosal artery (PrCA) supplied all zones of the cingulate gyrus. The anterior zone received the greatest supply. The arterial condensation and reduction areas on both sides of cingulate gyrus and its x, y, and z coordinates specified. CONCLUSIONS The target cingulotomy (TC) area was determined for anterior cingulotomy. The properties of the TC area are that the thinnest region of the cingulate gyrus is supplied relatively less than other areas and is close to the anterior cingulotomy areas in the literature. The arterial reduction area (ARA) was found to be suitable for corpus callosotomy in terms of avoiding haemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Efe Guner
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Comert
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Emre Yagiz Sayaci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Ankara Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Can Korkmaz
- Ministry of Health, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yigit Gungor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tugba Morali Guler
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Gokmen Kahilogullari
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Savas
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Sergi A, Messina A, Vicario CM, Martino G. A Quantum-Classical Model of Brain Dynamics. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:e25040592. [PMID: 37190380 PMCID: PMC10138112 DOI: 10.3390/e25040592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The study of the human psyche has elucidated a bipartite structure of logic reflecting the quantum-classical nature of the world. Accordingly, we posited an approach toward studying the brain by means of the quantum-classical dynamics of a mixed Weyl symbol. The mixed Weyl symbol can be used to describe brain processes at the microscopic level and, when averaged over an appropriate ensemble, can provide a link to the results of measurements made at the meso and macro scale. Within this approach, quantum variables (such as, for example, nuclear and electron spins, dipole momenta of particles or molecules, tunneling degrees of freedom, and so on) can be represented by spinors, whereas the electromagnetic fields and phonon modes can be treated either classically or semi-classically in phase space by also considering quantum zero-point fluctuations. Quantum zero-point effects can be incorporated into numerical simulations by controlling the temperature of each field mode via coupling to a dedicated Nosé-Hoover chain thermostat. The temperature of each thermostat was chosen in order to reproduce quantum statistics in the canonical ensemble. In this first paper, we introduce a general quantum-classical Hamiltonian model that can be tailored to study physical processes at the interface between the quantum and the classical world in the brain. While the approach is discussed in detail, numerical calculations are not reported in the present paper, but they are planned for future work. Our theory of brain dynamics subsumes some compatible aspects of three well-known quantum approaches to brain dynamics, namely the electromagnetic field theory approach, the orchestrated objective reduction theory, and the dissipative quantum model of the brain. All three models are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sergi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Messina, viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Institute of Systems Science, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Antonino Messina
- Dipartimento di Matematica ed Informatica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 34, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Carmelo M Vicario
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cognitive, Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e degli Studi Culturali, Università degli Studi di Messina, Via Concezione 6, 98121 Messina, Italy
| | - Gabriella Martino
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Clinica Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Messina, A.O.U. "G. Martino", Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
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Central control of cardiac activity as assessed by intra-cerebral recordings and stimulations. Neurophysiol Clin 2023; 53:102849. [PMID: 36867969 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2023.102849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Some of the most important integrative control centers for the autonomic nervous system are located in the brainstem and the hypothalamus. However, growing recent neuroimaging evidence support that a set of cortical regions, named the central autonomic network (CAN), is involved in autonomic control and seems to play a major role in continuous autonomic cardiac adjustments to high-level emotional, cognitive or sensorimotor cortical activities. Intracranial explorations during stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) offer a unique opportunity to address the question of the brain regions involved in heart-brain interaction, by studying: (i) direct cardiac effects produced by the electrical stimulation of specific brain areas; (ii) epileptic seizures inducing cardiac modifications; (iii) cortical regions involved in cardiac interoception and source of cardiac evoked potentials. In this review, we detail the available data assessing cardiac central autonomic regulation using SEEG, address the strengths and also the limitations of this technique in this context, and discuss perspectives. The main cortical regions that emerge from SEEG studies as being involved in cardiac autonomic control are the insula and regions belonging to the limbic system: the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the anterior and mid-cingulate. Although many questions remain, SEEG studies have already demonstrated afferent and efferent interactions between the CAN and the heart. Future studies in SEEG should integrate these afferent and efferent dimensions as well as their interaction with other cortical networks to better understand the functional heart-brain interaction.
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40
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Wang J, Sun L, Chen L, Sun J, Xie Y, Tian D, Gao L, Zhang D, Xia M, Wu T. Common and distinct roles of amygdala subregional functional connectivity in non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:28. [PMID: 36806219 PMCID: PMC9938150 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies suggest a pivotal role of amygdala dysfunction in non-motor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the relationship between amygdala subregions (the centromedial (CMA), basolateral (BLA) and superficial amygdala (SFA)) and NMS has not been delineated. We used resting-state functional MRI to examine the PD-related alterations in functional connectivity for amygdala subregions. The left three subregions and right BLA exhibited between-group differences, and were commonly hypo-connected with the frontal, temporal, insular cortex, and putamen in PD. Each subregion displayed distinct hypoconnectivity with the limbic systems. Partial least-squares analysis revealed distinct amygdala subregional involvement in diverse NMS. Hypo-connectivity of all four subregions was associated with emotion, pain, olfaction, and cognition. Hypo-connectivity of the left SFA was associated with sleepiness. Our findings highlight the hypofunction of the amygdala subregions in PD and their preliminary associations with NMS, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of NMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Wang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XCenter for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 China
| | - Lianglong Sun
- grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100091 China ,grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100091 China ,grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Lili Chen
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XCenter for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 China
| | - Junyan Sun
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XCenter for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 China
| | - Yapei Xie
- grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100091 China ,grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100091 China ,grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Dezheng Tian
- grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100091 China ,grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100091 China ,grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Linlin Gao
- grid.417031.00000 0004 1799 2675Department of General Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300122 China
| | - Dongling Zhang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XCenter for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 China
| | - Mingrui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100091, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100091, China. .,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Tao Wu
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
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Trudel N, Lockwood PL, Rushworth MFS, Wittmann MK. Neural activity tracking identity and confidence in social information. eLife 2023; 12:71315. [PMID: 36763582 PMCID: PMC9917428 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans learn about the environment either directly by interacting with it or indirectly by seeking information about it from social sources such as conspecifics. The degree of confidence in the information obtained through either route should determine the impact that it has on adapting and changing behaviour. We examined whether and how behavioural and neural computations differ during non-social learning as opposed to learning from social sources. Trial-wise confidence judgements about non-social and social information sources offered a window into this learning process. Despite matching exactly the statistical features of social and non-social conditions, confidence judgements were more accurate and less changeable when they were made about social as opposed to non-social information sources. In addition to subjective reports of confidence, differences were also apparent in the Bayesian estimates of participants' subjective beliefs. Univariate activity in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and posterior temporoparietal junction more closely tracked confidence about social as opposed to non-social information sources. In addition, the multivariate patterns of activity in the same areas encoded identities of social information sources compared to non-social information sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadescha Trudel
- Wellcome Centre of Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Patricia L Lockwood
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Developmental Science, School of Psychology, University of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthew FS Rushworth
- Wellcome Centre of Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre of Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Marco K Wittmann
- Wellcome Centre of Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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42
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Umemoto A, Lin H, Holroyd CB. Electrophysiological measures of conflict and reward processing are associated with decisions to engage in physical effort. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14176. [PMID: 36097887 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a key brain region involved in cognitive control and decision making, is suggested to mediate effort- and value-based decision making, but the specific role of ACC in this process remains debated. Here we used frontal midline theta (FMT) and the reward positivity (RewP) to examine ACC function in a value-based decision making task requiring physical effort. We investigated whether (1) FMT power is sensitive to the difficulty of the decision or to selecting effortful actions, and (2) RewP is sensitive to the subjective value of reward outcomes as a function of effort investment. On each trial, participants chose to execute a low-effort or a high-effort behavior (that required squeezing a hand-dynamometer) to obtain smaller or larger rewards, respectively, while their brainwaves were recorded. We replicated prior findings that tonic FMT increased over the course of the hour-long task, which suggests increased application of control in the face of growing fatigue. RewP amplitude also increased following execution of high-effort compared to low-effort behavior, consistent with increased valuation of reward outcomes by ACC. Although neither phasic nor tonic FMT were associated with decision difficulty or effort selection per se, an exploratory analysis revealed that the interaction of phasic FMT and expected value of choice predicted effort choice. This interaction suggests that phasic FMT increases specifically under situations of decision difficulty when participants ultimately select a high-effort choice. These results point to a unique role for ACC in motivating and persisting at effortful behavior when decision conflict is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akina Umemoto
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hause Lin
- Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Hill/Levene Schools of Business, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Clay B Holroyd
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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43
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Scangos KW, State MW, Miller AH, Baker JT, Williams LM. New and emerging approaches to treat psychiatric disorders. Nat Med 2023; 29:317-333. [PMID: 36797480 PMCID: PMC11219030 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-02197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are highly prevalent, often devastating diseases that negatively impact the lives of millions of people worldwide. Although their etiological and diagnostic heterogeneity has long challenged drug discovery, an emerging circuit-based understanding of psychiatric illness is offering an important alternative to the current reliance on trial and error, both in the development and in the clinical application of treatments. Here we review new and emerging treatment approaches, with a particular emphasis on the revolutionary potential of brain-circuit-based interventions for precision psychiatry. Limitations of circuit models, challenges of bringing precision therapeutics to market and the crucial advances needed to overcome these obstacles are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine W Scangos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Matthew W State
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew H Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Justin T Baker
- McLean Hospital Institute for Technology in Psychiatry, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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44
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Webler RD, Oathes DJ, van Rooij SJH, Gewirtz JC, Nahas Z, Lissek SM, Widge AS. Causally mapping human threat extinction relevant circuits with depolarizing brain stimulation methods. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 144:105005. [PMID: 36549377 PMCID: PMC10210253 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.105005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory threat extinction paradigms and exposure-based therapy both involve repeated, safe confrontation with stimuli previously experienced as threatening. This fundamental procedural overlap supports laboratory threat extinction as a compelling analogue of exposure-based therapy. Threat extinction impairments have been detected in clinical anxiety and may contribute to exposure-based therapy non-response and relapse. However, efforts to improve exposure outcomes using techniques that boost extinction - primarily rodent extinction - have largely failed to date, potentially due to fundamental differences between rodent and human neurobiology. In this review, we articulate a comprehensive pre-clinical human research agenda designed to overcome these failures. We describe how connectivity guided depolarizing brain stimulation methods (i.e., TMS and DBS) can be applied concurrently with threat extinction and dual threat reconsolidation-extinction paradigms to causally map human extinction relevant circuits and inform the optimal integration of these methods with exposure-based therapy. We highlight candidate targets including the amygdala, hippocampus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and mesolimbic structures, and propose hypotheses about how stimulation delivered at specific learning phases could strengthen threat extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Webler
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Desmond J Oathes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sanne J H van Rooij
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jonathan C Gewirtz
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, AZ, USA
| | - Ziad Nahas
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, AZ, USA
| | - Shmuel M Lissek
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alik S Widge
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Discovery Team on Addictions, University of Minnesota Medical School, MN, USA
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Haber SN, Lehman J, Maffei C, Yendiki A. The rostral zona incerta: a subcortical integrative hub and potential DBS target for OCD. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:1010-1022. [PMID: 37055285 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The zona incerta (ZI) is involved in mediating survival behaviors and is connected to a wide range of cortical and subcortical structures, including key basal ganglia nuclei. Based on these connections and their links to behavioral modulation, we propose that the ZI is a connectional hub for mediating between top-down and bottom-up control and a possible target for deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder. METHODS We analyzed the trajectory of cortical fibers to the ZI in nonhuman and human primates based on tracer injections in monkeys and high-resolution diffusion magnetic resonance imaging in humans. The organization of cortical and subcortical connections within the ZI were identified in the nonhuman primate studies. RESULTS Monkey anatomical data and human diffusion magnetic resonance imaging data showed a similar trajectory of fibers/streamlines to the ZI. Prefrontal cortex/anterior cingulate cortex terminals all converged within the rostral ZI, with dorsal and lateral areas being most prominent. Motor areas terminated caudally. Dense subcortical reciprocal connections included the thalamus, medial hypothalamus, substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area, reticular formation, and pedunculopontine nucleus and a dense nonreciprocal projection to the lateral habenula. Additional connections included the amygdala, dorsal raphe nucleus, and periaqueductal gray. CONCLUSIONS Dense connections with dorsal and lateral prefrontal cortex/anterior cingulate cortex cognitive control areas and the lateral habenula and the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area, coupled with inputs from the amygdala, hypothalamus, and brainstem, suggest that the rostral ZI is a subcortical hub positioned to modulate between top-down and bottom-up control. A deep brain stimulation electrode placed in the rostral ZI would not only involve connections common to other deep brain stimulation sites but also capture several critically distinctive connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne N Haber
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts.
| | - Julia Lehman
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Chiara Maffei
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anastasia Yendiki
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Wang KL, Liang K, Wang LJ, Shen JF, Zhu GH, Zhang SX, Wang XZ, Wang Y, Wang YY. The association of glutamate level in pregenual anterior cingulate, anhedonia, and emotion-behavior decoupling in patients with major depressive disorder. Asian J Psychiatr 2022; 78:103306. [PMID: 36308992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Impairments of translating emotional salience into effortful behavior are core features of anhedonia in cohorts with major depressive disorder. Glutamate metabolism is considered to be involved in this process, but the empirical study is relatively few. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the correlations between glutamate level in pregenual anterior cingulate, anhedonia, and emotion-behavior decoupling in patients with major depressive disorder. Fifteen individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder and ten healthy individuals were recruited. All participants were asked to complete self-report instruments for anhedonia and the computerized anticipatory and consummatory pleasure task, and the in vivo glutamate levels were measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Thus, a potential lower glutamate levels in pregenual anterior cingulate in individuals with major depressive disorder were founded to be positively correlated with the ability of pleasure experiencing. The mechanism of glutamate in pregenual anterior cingulate in anhedonia in patients with major depressive disorder may be reflected in the early pleasurable experience stage, rather than in the transformation of emotional experience to motivation or reward-seeking behavior, which may be different from that in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui-Lai Wang
- School of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Kun Liang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- School of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Jian-Fei Shen
- School of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Guo-Hui Zhu
- Mental Health Centre of Weifang City, Shandong 261071, China
| | - Shu-Xian Zhang
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261031, China
| | - Xi-Zhen Wang
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261031, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Yan-Yu Wang
- School of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China.
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Soulier H, Mauguière F, Catenoix H, Montavont A, Isnard J, Hermier M, Guenot M, Rheims S, Mazzola L. Visceral and emotional responses to direct electrical stimulations of the cortex. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022; 10:5-17. [PMID: 36424874 PMCID: PMC9852394 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Visceral sensations are bodily symptoms which are component manifestations of emotions frequently reported during epileptic seizures. Nowadays, the underlying mechanism and location of brain areas involved in the processing of these sensations remain unclear. Our objectives were to characterize the type and frequency of visceral and emotional responses evoked by electrical stimulations, to produce a mapping of brain structures involved in their processing, and to assess the link between visceral sensations and emotional feelings. METHODS We reviewed 12,088 bipolar stimulations performed in 203 patients during the presurgical evaluation of drug refractory epilepsy. Responses to stimulation were divided into viscero-sensitive, viscero-vegetative, and emotional sensations. Univariate analysis and conditional logistic regression were used to assess the association between visceral and emotional sensations and localization of the stimulated contacts. RESULTS In total, 543 stimulations evoked visceral and emotional sensations. Stimulations of operculo-insulolimbic structures (amygdala, anterior and posterior insula, anterior and mid-cingulate cortex, hippocampus, parahippocampus, temporal pole, frontal and parietal operculum) were significantly more associated with visceral and emotional sensations than all other cortical regions. Preferential implication of certain brain structures, depending on the type of visceral responses was evidenced: temporo-mesial structures, insula, and frontoparietal operculum for viscero-sensitive sensations; amygdala, insula, anterior and mid-cingulate cortex, and temporal pole for viscero-vegetative sensations; temporo-mesial structures, anterior cingulate cortex, and frontal operculum for emotional sensations. INTERPRETATION Our data can help to guide SEEG explorations when visceral or emotional symptoms are part of the ictal semiology. They also bring some insights into the mechanisms of visceroception and the functional significance of the co-localization of visceral and emotional representations in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Soulier
- Department of NeurologyUniversity HospitalSt EtienneFrance
| | - François Mauguière
- Lyon Neurosciences Research Center (CRNL)INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292 and Lyon 1 UniversityLyonFrance,Department of Functional Neurology and EpileptogyHospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 UniversityLyonFrance
| | - Hélène Catenoix
- Lyon Neurosciences Research Center (CRNL)INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292 and Lyon 1 UniversityLyonFrance,Department of Functional Neurology and EpileptogyHospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 UniversityLyonFrance
| | - Alexandra Montavont
- Lyon Neurosciences Research Center (CRNL)INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292 and Lyon 1 UniversityLyonFrance,Department of Functional Neurology and EpileptogyHospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 UniversityLyonFrance
| | - Jean Isnard
- Lyon Neurosciences Research Center (CRNL)INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292 and Lyon 1 UniversityLyonFrance,Department of Functional Neurology and EpileptogyHospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 UniversityLyonFrance
| | - Marc Hermier
- Department of Neuroradiology, East Group Hospital, Hospices Civils de LyonLyonFrance
| | - Marc Guenot
- Lyon Neurosciences Research Center (CRNL)INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292 and Lyon 1 UniversityLyonFrance,Department of Functional NeurosurgeryHospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 UniversityLyonFrance
| | - Sylvain Rheims
- Lyon Neurosciences Research Center (CRNL)INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292 and Lyon 1 UniversityLyonFrance,Department of Functional Neurology and EpileptogyHospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 UniversityLyonFrance
| | - Laure Mazzola
- Department of NeurologyUniversity HospitalSt EtienneFrance,Lyon Neurosciences Research Center (CRNL)INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292 and Lyon 1 UniversityLyonFrance
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EEG analysis of the visual motion activated vection network in left- and right-handers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19566. [PMID: 36379961 PMCID: PMC9666650 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Visually-induced self-motion perception (vection) relies on interaction of the visual and vestibular systems. Neuroimaging studies have identified a lateralization of the thalamo-cortical multisensory vestibular network, with left-handers exhibiting a dominance of the left hemisphere and right-handers exhibiting a dominance of the right hemisphere. Using electroencephalography (EEG), we compare the early processing of a vection-consistent visual motion stimulus against a vection-inconsistent stimulus, to investigate the temporal activation of the vection network by visual motion stimulation and the lateralization of these processes in left- versus right-handers. In both groups, vection-consistent stimulation evoked attenuated central event-related potentials (ERPs) in an early (160-220 ms) and a late (260-300 ms) time window. Differences in estimated source activity were found across visual, sensorimotor, and multisensory vestibular cortex in the early window, and were observed primarily in the posterior cingulate, retrosplenial cortex, and precuneus in the late window. Group comparisons revealed a larger ERP condition difference (i.e. vection-consistent stimulation minus vection-inconsistent stimulation) in left-handers, which was accompanied by group differences in the cingulate sulcus visual (CSv) area. Together, these results suggest that handedness may influence ERP responses and activity in area CSv during vection-consistent and vection-inconsistent visual motion stimulation.
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Specific tractography differences in autism compared to developmental coordination disorder. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19246. [PMID: 36376319 PMCID: PMC9663575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
About 85% of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience comorbid motor impairments, making it unclear whether white matter abnormalities previously found in ASD are related to social communication deficits, the hallmark of ASD, or instead related to comorbid motor impairment. Here we aim to understand specific white matter signatures of ASD beyond those related to comorbid motor impairment by comparing youth (aged 8-18) with ASD (n = 22), developmental coordination disorder (DCD; n = 16), and typically developing youth (TD; n = 22). Diffusion weighted imaging was collected and quantitative anisotropy, radial diffusivity, mean diffusivity, and axial diffusivity were compared between the three groups and correlated with social and motor measures. Compared to DCD and TD groups, diffusivity differences were found in the ASD group in the mid-cingulum longitudinal and u-fibers, the corpus callosum forceps minor/anterior commissure, and the left middle cerebellar peduncle. Compared to the TD group, the ASD group had diffusivity differences in the right inferior frontal occipital/extreme capsule and genu of the corpus callosum. These diffusion differences correlated with emotional deficits and/or autism severity. By contrast, children with DCD showed unique abnormality in the left cortico-spinal and cortico-pontine tracts.Trial Registration All data are available on the National Institute of Mental Health Data Archive: https://nda.nih.gov/edit_collection.html?id=2254 .
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50
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Palagi E, Caruana F, de Waal FBM. The naturalistic approach to laughter in humans and other animals: towards a unified theory. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210175. [PMID: 36126670 PMCID: PMC9489289 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This opinion piece aims to tackle the biological, psychological, neural and cultural underpinnings of laughter from a naturalistic and evolutionary perspective. A naturalistic account of laughter requires the revaluation of two dogmas of a longstanding philosophical tradition, that is, the quintessential link between laughter and humour, and the uniquely human nature of this behaviour. In the spirit of Provine's and Panksepp's seminal studies, who firstly argued against the anti-naturalistic dogmas, here we review compelling evidence that (i) laughter is first and foremost a social behaviour aimed at regulating social relationships, easing social tensions and establishing social bonds, and that (ii) homologue and homoplasic behaviours of laughter exist in primates and rodents, who also share with humans the same underpinning neural circuitry. We make a case for the hypothesis that the contagiousness of laughter and its pervasive social infectiousness in everyday social interactions is mediated by a specific mirror mechanism. Finally, we argue that a naturalistic account of laughter should not be intended as an outright rejection of classic theories; rather, in the last part of the piece we argue that our perspective is potentially able to integrate previous viewpoints-including classic philosophical theories-ultimately providing a unified evolutionary explanation of laughter. This article is part of the theme issue 'Cracking the laugh code: laughter through the lens of biology, psychology and neuroscience'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Palagi
- Unit of Ethology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via A. Volta 6, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Fausto Caruana
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Volturno 39/E, Parma 43125, Italy
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