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Hughes FM, Vivar NP, Kennis JG, Pratt-Thomas JD, Lowe DW, Shaner BE, Nietert PJ, Spruill LS, Purves JT. Inflammasomes are important mediators of cyclophosphamide-induced bladder inflammation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 306:F299-308. [PMID: 24285499 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00297.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder inflammation (cystitis) underlies numerous bladder pathologies and is elicited by a plethora of agents such as urinary tract infections, bladder outlet obstruction, chemotherapies, and catheters. Pattern recognition receptors [Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nod-like receptors (NLRs)] that recognize pathogen- and/or damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and/or DAMPs, respectively) are key components of the innate immune system that coordinates the production (TLRs) and maturation (NLRs) of proinflammatory IL-1β. Despite multiple studies of TLRs in the bladder, none have investigated NLRs beyond one small survey. We now demonstrate that NLRP3 and NLRC4, and their binding partners apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a COOH-terminal caspase recruitment domain (ASC) and NLR family apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP), are expressed in the bladder and localized predominantly to the urothelia. Activated NLRs form inflammasomes that activate caspase-1. Placement of a NLRP3- or NLRC4-activating PAMP or NLRP3-activating DAMPs into the lumen of the bladder stimulated caspase-1 activity. To investigate inflammasomes in vivo, we induced cystitis with cyclophosphamide (CP, 150 mg/kg ip) in the presence or absence of the inflammasome inhibitor glyburide. Glyburide completely blocked CP-induced activation of caspase-1 and the production of IL-1β at 4 h. At 24 h, glyburide reduced two markers of inflammation by 30-50% and reversed much of the inflammatory morphology. Furthermore, glyburide reversed changes in bladder physiology (cystometry) induced by CP. In conclusion, NLRs/inflammasomes are present in the bladder urothelia and respond to DAMPs and PAMPs, whereas NLRP3 inhibition blocks bladder dysfunction in the CP model. The coordinated response of NLRs and TLRs in the urothelia represents a first-line innate defense that may provide an important target for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis M Hughes
- Jr., Dept. of Urology, CSB644, Medical Univ. of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Charleston, SC 29425.
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Hughes FM, Corn AG, Nimmich AR, Pratt-Thomas JD, Purves JT. Cyclophosphamide Induces an Early Wave of Acrolein-Independent Apoptosis in the Urothelium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 4. [PMID: 24353901 DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.48a2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC or bladder inflammation) affects a significant number of patients undergoing cyclophosphamide (CP) chemotherapy despite treatment with 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (Mesna) to inactivate the metabolite acrolein. While the mechanism is unknown, there is clearly acrolein-independent damage to the urothelium. In this study we have explored the induction of apoptosis in the urothelium as a marker of damage and the mechanism underlying the acrolein-independent apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Apoptosis in urothelium (caspase-3/7 activity and Poly (ADP-ribosyl) polymerase (PARP) cleavage) was measured following CP administration (80 mg/kg). Sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (Mesna) was used to mask acrolein's effect. An IL-1β receptor antagonist and a cell-permeable caspase-1 inhibitor were used to assess the involvement of IL-1β and caspase-1, respectively. RESULTS Two waves of apoptosis were detected following CP administration, one peaking at 2 h and a second at 48 h. The first wave was independent of acrolein. Caspase-1 was also active at 2 h and activation of caspase-3/7 was blocked by a caspase-1 inhibitor but not an IL-1β receptor antagonist suggesting the direct activation of caspase-3/7 by caspase-1 without the need for IL-1β as an intermediate. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that CP initiates an early, acrolein-independent wave of apoptosis that results from direct cleavage of caspase-3/7 by caspase-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis M Hughes
- Department of Urology, Medical University of South Carolina. Charleston, SC
| | - Alexa G Corn
- Department of Urology, Medical University of South Carolina. Charleston, SC
| | - Andrew R Nimmich
- Department of Urology, Medical University of South Carolina. Charleston, SC
| | | | - J Todd Purves
- Department of Urology, Medical University of South Carolina. Charleston, SC ; Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina. Charleston, SC ; Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology. Medical University of South Carolina. Charleston, SC
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Cui L, Shi Y, Qian J, Dai G, Wang Y, Xia Y, Chen J, Song L, Wang S, Wang X. Deregulation of the p16-cyclin D1/cyclin-dependent kinase 4–retinoblastoma pathway involved in the rat bladder carcinogenesis induced by terephthalic acid-calculi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 34:321-8. [PMID: 16896691 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-006-0063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged cell proliferation in response to irritation by calculi may itself evoke malignant transformation of the urothelium. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are still unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate cell cycle regulatory mechanisms in bladder carcinogenesis induced by bladder calculi. Six-week-old Wistar rats were consecutively fed a diet containing 5% terephthalic acid (TPA), 5% TPA plus 4% sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO(3)), 4% NaHCO(3), or basal diet for 48 weeks. Animals were killed at weeks 12, 24, and 48. Treatment with 5% TPA caused high incidences of bladder calculi, preneoplastic lesions, and neoplastic lesions. Immunohistochemical examination revealed overexpression of cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4), retinoblastoma (Rb), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in bladder preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. In contrast, p16 expression was reduced or absent. These results were confirmed by immunoblotting analysis. Quantitation of mRNA by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed a significant increase in cyclin D1 and PCNA mRNA in tumor cells. None of the 16 transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs) had ras mutations as examined by PCR-single strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis. These results suggested that deregulation of p16-cyclin D1/Cdk4-Rb pathway, but not oncogenic activation of ras, plays a crucial role in bladder tumorigenesis induced by bladder calculi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunbiao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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Asamoto M, Toriyama-Baba H, Ohnishi T, Naito A, Ota T, Ando A, Ochiya T, Tsuda H. Transgenic rats carrying human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene are highly susceptible to N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine induction of esophageal tumorigenesis. Jpn J Cancer Res 2002; 93:744-51. [PMID: 12149139 PMCID: PMC5927067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2002.tb01315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A transgenic rat line carrying three copies of the human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene, including its own promoter region, has been established in our laboratory (Hras128 rats), and shown to be highly susceptible to induction of mammary and urinary bladder tumors. Mutation analysis of induced lesions indicated the majority to contain some but not all cells with transgene mutation. In the present study, the susceptibility of Hras128 rats to N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA) induction of esophageal tumors was examined with a similar mutation analysis of the transgenes. Male 6-week-old Hras128 and wild littermate rats were treated with NMBA, 0.5 mg / kg subcutaneously, 3 times a week for 5 weeks and then maintained for 5 weeks without any further treatment. Multiple esophageal tumors, squamous cell papillomas and carcinomas, rapidly developed within this 10-week experimental period in Hras128 rats (11.05 +/- 7.83 / rat). In contrast, wild-type littermates had only small numbers of mostly benign tumors (1.67 +/- 2.06 / rat). The Hras128 rats had no other tumors or abnormalities. In their esophageal lesions, codon 12 GGC to GAC mutations of the transgene were frequently detected by restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) and subsequent direct sequencing analysis (19 / 25, 76%). In the endogenous rat c-Ha-ras gene they were less frequent (2 / 25, 8%), than in wild-type rats (8 / 14, 57.1%). The densities of mutated bands in the RFLP analysis indicated that mutated cells were major populations in tumors, in contrast to the case with mammary and urinary bladder lesions. Furthermore, activated ras protein, detected by binding to raf protein, was clearly increased in tumors as compared to surrounding epithelium or the normal esophagus of untreated rats. The results show that Hras128 rats are highly susceptible to NMBA esophageal carcinogenesis, as well as induction of mammary and urinary bladder tumors, but that tissue-specific characteristics exist for the roles of transgene ras mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Asamoto
- Experimental Pathology and Chemotherapy Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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Lee JS, Park EH, Choe J, Chipman JK. Nmethyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) induces papillary thyroid tumours which lack ras gene mutations in the hermaphroditic fish Rivulus marmoratus. TERATOGENESIS, CARCINOGENESIS, AND MUTAGENESIS 1999; 20:1-9. [PMID: 10607373 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6866(2000)20:1<1::aid-tcm1>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the patterns of alkylating agent-induced tumour formation, 40 fish (Rivulus marmoratus) were exposed to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) at 50 ppm in 10 mM Hepes-buffered synthetic seawater for 2 h. Tumour incidence 4 months after exposure was approximately 95%, and mainly papillary thyroid tumours were induced. For elucidating the molecular event in Rivulus papillary thyroid carcinogenesis, we first analysed for ras gene mutations based on the known ability of MNU to induce point mutations. The amplified R. Marmoratus Ha-and Ki-ras gene exon 1 and 2 regions were checked along with confirming the presence and expression patterns of the DNA repair gene O(6)-methylguanine alkyltransferase (O(6)-MT) and other oncogenes (c-src, c-fos, and c-myc). Ha- and Ki-ras genes from 38 tumour samples were tested for point mutations with direct sequencing but were not found to contain mutations. In this report, based on the lack of Ha- and Ki-ras gene mutations in papillary thyroid tumour induction in R. Marmoratus, we suggest that Ha- and Ki-ras gene-independent pathways such as ret/PTC rearrangements and other activations are involved in Rivulus papillary thyroid carcinogenesis. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 20:1-9, 2000.
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MESH Headings
- Alkylating Agents/toxicity
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Carcinoma, Papillary/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA, Neoplasm/chemistry
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Fishes
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Genes, fos/genetics
- Genes, myc/genetics
- Genes, ras/genetics
- Genes, src/genetics
- Hermaphroditic Organisms
- Methylnitrosourea/toxicity
- Mutation
- O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase/genetics
- O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase/metabolism
- Sex Determination Processes
- Thyroid Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Lee
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Review article Alterations in cyclin D1, p53, and the cell cycle related elements. Urol Oncol 1998; 4:58-72. [DOI: 10.1016/s1078-1439(98)00033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/1998] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Matsumoto K, Iwase T, Hirono I, Nishida Y, Iwahori Y, Hori T, Asamoto M, Takasuka N, Kim DJ, Ushijima T, Nagao M, Tsuda H. Demonstration of ras and p53 gene mutations in carcinomas in the forestomach and intestine and soft tissue sarcomas induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in the rat. Jpn J Cancer Res 1997; 88:129-36. [PMID: 9119740 PMCID: PMC5921361 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1997.tb00357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of ras family and p53 gene mutations in rat forestomach, intestine and liver tumors and soft tissue sarcomas induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was examined using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) followed by direct sequencing analysis. In the forestomach squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), Ha-ras and p53 mutations were detected in 2 (40%) and 4 (80%) of 5 cases, respectively. The figures for Ki-ras and p53 gene mutations in adenocarcinomas of the large and small intestines were 3 (18.8%) and 5 (31.3%) of 16 cases. Soft tissue sarcomas in different sites were found to have mutations of Ki-ras in 7 (23.3%) and of p53 in 9 (30%) of 30 cases. One forestomach SCC and 2 soft tissue sarcomas had double p53 mutations in different exons. Single cases of forestomach SCC and intestinal adenocarcinoma had mutations in both Ki-ras and p53 genes. No mutations were found in counterpart benign tumors or hepatocellular adenomas. The p53 mutation spectrum revealed preferential clustering within exon 8 for the forestomach SCCs, and exons 5 and 8 for the intestinal adenocarcinomas, whereas the distribution was evenly spread through exons 5 to 8 in soft tissue sarcomas. All the detected ras or p53 mutations were G:C to A:T transitions. These results indicate firstly that specific Ki-ras, Ha-ras and p53 gene mutations in MNU-induced lesions are related to particular alkylation sites (G:C to A:T transitions) and secondly, although not essential, Ki-ras, Ha-ras or p53 gene mutations may be involved in the progression stage of forestomach, intestine and soft tissue neoplasms induced by MNU.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/chemically induced
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenoma/chemically induced
- Adenoma/genetics
- Animals
- Carcinogens
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Genes, p53/genetics
- Genes, ras/genetics
- Intestinal Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Intestinal Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Male
- Methylnitrosourea
- Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Papilloma/chemically induced
- Papilloma/genetics
- Point Mutation
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Sarcoma, Experimental/chemically induced
- Sarcoma, Experimental/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Stomach Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsumoto
- Second Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake
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8
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Nelson E. Laboratory probing of oncogenes from human liquid and solid specimens as markers of exposure to toxicants. Crit Rev Toxicol 1996; 26:483-549. [PMID: 8891429 DOI: 10.3109/10408449609037476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent discoveries regarding the mechanistic role of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in cancer development have opened a new era of molecular diagnosis. It has been observed repeatedly that genetic lesions serve as tumor markers in a broad variety of human cancers. The ras gene family, consisting of three related genes, H-ras, K-ras, and N-ras, acquires transforming activity through amplification or mutation in many tissues. If not all, then most types of human malignancies have been found to contain an altered ras gene. Because the ras oncogenes actively participate in both early and intermediate stages of cancer, several highly specific and sensitive approaches have been introduced to detect these genetic alterations as biomarkers of exposure to carcinogens. There is also mounting evidence that implicate chemical-specific alterations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene detected in most human tumors. Therefore, it seems a reliable laboratory approach to identify both altered p53 and ras genes as biomarkers of human chronic or intermittent exposure to toxicants in a variety of occupational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nelson
- Toxicology Laboratory, University Medical Center, Essen, Germany
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9
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Badawi AF. Molecular and genetic events in schistosomiasis-associated human bladder cancer: role of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Cancer Lett 1996; 105:123-38. [PMID: 8697435 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(96)04284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Carcinoma of the urinary bladder is the most common malignancy in many tropical and subtropical countries and is mainly due to endemic schistosomal infection. Schistosomiasis-associated bladder cancer defines a characteristic pathology and cellular and molecular biology that differs from urothelial carcinoma of non-schistosomal origin. N-Nitroso compounds are suspected etiologic agents in the process of bladder cancer induction during schistosomiasis. Elevated levels of DNA alkylation damage have been detected in schistosome-infected bladders and are accompanied by an inefficient capacity of DNA repair mechanisms. Consequently, high frequency of G --> A transition mutations were observed in the H-ras gene and at the CpG sequences of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Genetic changes have also been detected in the c-erbB-1 and c-erbB-2 oncogenes and in the cdkn2 and Rb tumor suppressor genes. The potential application of these mutational patterns in providing a biological marker suitable for the biomonitoring and early detection of this neoplasm could indicate new avenues of approach that might alleviate the problem in the future. It can also assist in elucidating the mechanisms by which schistosomiasis augments human bladder cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Badawi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Masui T, Dong Y, Yamamoto S, Takada N, Nakanishi H, Inada K, Fukushima S, Tatematsu M. p53 mutations in transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder in rats treated with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine. Cancer Lett 1996; 105:105-12. [PMID: 8689624 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(96)04268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Involvement of p53 gene alterations has been demonstrated in a variety of human neoplasias including urinary bladder carcinomas. N-Butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN)-induced urinary bladder carcinogenesis models in rodents have been widely used to study carcinogenic processes in this organ. In the present study, transitional cell carcinomas induced in the urinary bladders of male F344 rats treated with 0.05% BBN for 16 or 32 weeks and then sacrificed at experimental week 32 were analyzed for mutational changes in the p53 and H-ras genes by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis and subsequent DNA sequencing. The total p53 mutation incidences were 3/10 (30%) and 8/12 (66.7%) in rats treated with BBN for 16 weeks followed by 16 weeks' non-treatment, or in rats treated with BBN for 32 weeks, respectively, while the H-ras mutation incidences were 0/10 (0%), and 1/12 (8.3%), respectively. The present results indicate that mutations in the p53 gene might be involved in the process of urinary bladder carcinogenesis by BBN as part of a multistep pathway. However, considering the decreasing tendency in lesions with p53 mutations after stopping BBN administration, a p53 mutation alone would not appear to be sufficient to give a marked selective advantage to mutant cells. No evidence of H-ras mutation involvement was gained even for the late course of rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Masui
- Laboratory of Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Kanokoden, Nagoya, Japan
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