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Dai Z, Deng KL, Wang XM, Yang DX, Tang CL, Zhou YP. Bidirectional effects of the tryptophan metabolite indole-3-acetaldehyde on colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:2697-2715. [PMID: 38994159 PMCID: PMC11236226 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i6.2697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a high incidence and mortality. Recent studies have shown that indole derivatives involved in gut microbiota metabolism can impact the tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis of CRC. AIM To investigate the effect of indole-3-acetaldehyde (IAAD) on CRC. METHODS The effect of IAAD was evaluated in a syngeneic mouse model of CRC and CRC cell lines (HCT116 and DLD-1). Cell proliferation was assessed by Ki-67 fluorescence staining and cytotoxicity tests. Cell apoptosis was analysed by flow cytometry after staining with Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate and propidium iodide. Invasiveness was investigated using the transwell assay. Western blotting and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to evaluate the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition related genes and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) downstream genes. The PharmMapper, SEA, and SWISS databases were used to screen for potential target proteins of IAAD, and the core proteins were identified through the String database. RESULTS IAAD reduced tumorigenesis in a syngeneic mouse model. In CRC cell lines HCT116 and DLD1, IAAD exhibited cytotoxicity starting at 24 h of treatment, while it reduced Ki67 expression in the nucleus. The results of flow cytometry showed that IAAD induced apoptosis in HCT116 cells but had no effect on DLD1 cells, which may be related to the activation of AhR. IAAD can also increase the invasiveness and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of HCT116 and DLD1 cells. At low concentrations (< 12.5 μmol/L), IAAD only exhibited cytotoxic effects without promoting cell invasion. In addition, predictions based on online databases, protein-protein interaction analysis, and molecular docking showed that IAAD can bind to matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), and myeloperoxidase (MPO). CONCLUSION Indole-3-aldehyde can induce cell apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation to prevent the occurrence of CRC; however, at high concentrations (≥ 25 μmol/L), it can also promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion in CRC cells. IAAD activates AhR and directly binds MMP9, ACE, PARP1, MMP2, and MPO, which partly reveals why it has a bidirectional effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, Zhejiang Province, China
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kai-Li Deng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, Zhejiang Province, China
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dong-Xue Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, Zhejiang Province, China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine Research on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ningbo Key Laboratory, Ningbo 315020, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chun-Lan Tang
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yu-Ping Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, Zhejiang Province, China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine Research on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ningbo Key Laboratory, Ningbo 315020, Zhejiang Province, China
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Dai Z, Deng KL, Wang XM, Yang DX, Tang CL, Zhou YP. Bidirectional effects of the tryptophan metabolite indole-3-acetaldehyde on colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:2685-2703. [DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i6.2685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a high incidence and mortality. Recent studies have shown that indole derivatives involved in gut microbiota metabolism can impact the tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis of CRC.
AIM To investigate the effect of indole-3-acetaldehyde (IAAD) on CRC.
METHODS The effect of IAAD was evaluated in a syngeneic mouse model of CRC and CRC cell lines (HCT116 and DLD-1). Cell proliferation was assessed by Ki-67 fluorescence staining and cytotoxicity tests. Cell apoptosis was analysed by flow cytometry after staining with Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate and propidium iodide. Invasiveness was investigated using the transwell assay. Western blotting and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to evaluate the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition related genes and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) downstream genes. The PharmMapper, SEA, and SWISS databases were used to screen for potential target proteins of IAAD, and the core proteins were identified through the String database.
RESULTS IAAD reduced tumorigenesis in a syngeneic mouse model. In CRC cell lines HCT116 and DLD1, IAAD exhibited cytotoxicity starting at 24 h of treatment, while it reduced Ki67 expression in the nucleus. The results of flow cytometry showed that IAAD induced apoptosis in HCT116 cells but had no effect on DLD1 cells, which may be related to the activation of AhR. IAAD can also increase the invasiveness and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of HCT116 and DLD1 cells. At low concentrations (< 12.5 μmol/L), IAAD only exhibited cytotoxic effects without promoting cell invasion. In addition, predictions based on online databases, protein-protein interaction analysis, and molecular docking showed that IAAD can bind to matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), and myeloperoxidase (MPO).
CONCLUSION Indole-3-aldehyde can induce cell apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation to prevent the occurrence of CRC; however, at high concentrations (≥ 25 μmol/L), it can also promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion in CRC cells. IAAD activates AhR and directly binds MMP9, ACE, PARP1, MMP2, and MPO, which partly reveals why it has a bidirectional effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, Zhejiang Province, China
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kai-Li Deng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, Zhejiang Province, China
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dong-Xue Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, Zhejiang Province, China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine Research on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ningbo Key Laboratory, Ningbo 315020, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chun-Lan Tang
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yu-Ping Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, Zhejiang Province, China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine Research on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ningbo Key Laboratory, Ningbo 315020, Zhejiang Province, China
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Ala M. Tryptophan metabolites modulate inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer by affecting immune system. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:326-345. [PMID: 34289794 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1954638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, going through three different metabolic pathways in the intestines. Indole pathway in the gut microbiota, serotonin system in the enterochromaffin cells and kynurenine pathway in the immune cells and intestinal lining are the three arms of tryptophan metabolism in the intestines. Clinical, in vivo and in vitro studies showed that each one of these arms has a significant impact on IBD. This review explains how different metabolites of tryptophan are involved in the pathophysiology of IBD and colorectal cancer, as a major complication of IBD. Indole metabolites alleviate colitis and protect against colorectal cancer while serotonin arm follows a more complicated and receptor-specific pattern. Indole metabolites and kynurenine interact with aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) to induce T regulatory cells differentiation, confine Th17 and Th1 response and produce anti-inflammatory mediators. Kynurenine decreases tumor-infiltrating CD8+ cells and mediates tumor cells immune evasion. Serotonin system also increases colorectal cancer cells proliferation and metastasis while, indole metabolites can profoundly decrease colorectal cancer growth. Targeted therapy for tryptophan metabolites may improve the management of IBD and colorectal cancer, e.g. supplementation of indole metabolites such as indole-3-carbinol (I3C), inhibition of kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO) and selective stimulation or inhibition of specific serotonergic receptors can mitigate colitis. Furthermore, it will be explained how indole metabolites supplementation, inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), KMO and serotonin receptors can protect against colorectal cancer. Additionally, extensive molecular interactions between tryptophan metabolites and intracellular signaling pathways will be thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Comparative study of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and azoxymethane on the induction of colorectal cancer in rats. JOURNAL OF COLOPROCTOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcol.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe induced colorectal carcinogenesis in rodents has a long history and currently uses the substances 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and azoxymethane.
Objective The aim of this study was to compare the inductive effect of the substances azoxymethane and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in colorectal carcinogenesis.
Method 30 randomly chosen male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. G1 group was treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and C1 was its control group; G2 group was treated azoxymethane and C2 was its control group. The animals were weekly weighed until euthanasia, when their intestines were removed, processed and analyzed by an experienced pathologist.
Results Among the control groups (C1 and C2) no histologic changes were observed; moderate dysplasia was detected in G2 group; hyperplasia, mild dysplasia, severe dysplasia and carcinoma were observed in G1 group. When this study compared the cost of the substances, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine was more than 50 times less expensive than azoxymethane.
Conclusion Azoxymethane is able to promote histological changes consistent with colorectal carcinogenesis. 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine produced neoplasia and dysplasia, and, compared to the azoxymethane, was more efficient in the induction of colorectal cancer.
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Esteve M. Mechanisms Underlying Biological Effects of Cruciferous Glucosinolate-Derived Isothiocyanates/Indoles: A Focus on Metabolic Syndrome. Front Nutr 2020; 7:111. [PMID: 32984393 PMCID: PMC7492599 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An inverse correlation between vegetable consumption and the incidence of cancer has long been described. This protective effect is stronger when cruciferous vegetables are specifically consumed. The beneficial properties of vegetables are attributed to their bioactive components like fiber, antioxidants vitamins, antioxidants, minerals, and phenolic compounds. Cruciferous vegetables contain all these molecules; however, what makes them different are their sulfurous components, called glucosinolates, responsible for their special smell and taste. Glucosinolates are inactive biologically in the organism but are hydrolyzed by the enzyme myrosinase released as a result of chewing, leading to the formation of active derivatives such as isothiocyanates and indoles. A considerable number of in vitro and in vivo studies have reported that isothiocyanates and indoles elicit chemopreventive potency through multiple mechanisms that include modulation of phases I and II detoxification pathway enzymes, regulation of cell cycle arrest, and control of cell growth, induction of apoptosis, antioxidant activity, anti-angiogenic effects, and epigenetic regulation. Nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) are key and central regulators in all these processes with a main role in oxidative stress and inflammation control. It has been described that isothiocyanates and indoles regulate their activity directly and indirectly. Today, the metabolic syndrome (central obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension) is responsible for a majority of deaths worldwide. All components of metabolic syndrome are characterized by chronic inflammation with deregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK/EKR/JNK, Nrf2, and NF-κB signaling pathways. The effects of GLSs derivatives controlling these pathways have been widely described in relation to cancer. Changes in food consumption patterns observed in the last decades to higher consumption of ultra-processed foods, with elevation in simple sugar and saturated fat contents and lower consumption of vegetables and fruits have been directly correlated with metabolic syndrome prevalence. In this review, it is summarized the knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which cruciferous glucosinolate derivatives (isothiocyanates and indoles) directly and indirectly regulate these pathways. However, the review places a special focus on the knowledge of the effects of glucosinolates derivatives in metabolic syndrome, since this has not been reviewed before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Esteve
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Modulation of hepatic ABC transporters by Eruca vesicaria intake: Potential diet-drug interactions. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 133:110797. [PMID: 31479713 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate whether oral administration of Eruca vesicaria, a species of rocket cultivated in Argentina, could modify cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced genotoxicity through modulation of hepatic ABC transporters. Daily oral administration of E. vesicaria fresh leaves juice (1.0, 1.4 and 2.0 g/kg) for 14 days did not alter genotoxicity biomarkers -alkaline comet assay and micronucleus test -in neither male nor female mice. Instead, repeated intake of this cruciferous decreased CP-induced DNA damage dose-dependently and it caused hepatic overexpression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp; 1.4 and 2.0 g/kg) and multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2; 2.0 g/kg), but not breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp). The antigenotoxic effect of E. vesicaria was prevented by 50 mg/kg verapamil (P-gp inhibitor) or 10 mg/kg indomethacin (MRP2 inhibitor). In turn, CP-induced cytotoxicity (10 mM, 24 h) on human hepatoma cells (HepG2/C3A) was significantly reduced by preincubation with E. vesicaria (1.4 mg/ml; 48 h); this effect was absent when CP was coincubated with 35 μM verapamil, 80 μM indomethacin or 10 μM KO-143 (BCRP inhibitor). Altogether, these results allow us to demonstrate that repeated intake of E. vesicaria exhibited antigenotoxicity, at least in part, by induction of hepatic ABC transporters in vivo in mice as well as in vitro in human liver cells. This could account for other diet-drug interactions.
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Trejo-Téllez LI, Estrada-Ortiz E, Gómez-Merino FC, Becker C, Krumbein A, Schwarz D. Flavonoid, Nitrate and Glucosinolate Concentrations in Brassica Species Are Differentially Affected by Photosynthetically Active Radiation, Phosphate and Phosphite. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:371. [PMID: 30972096 PMCID: PMC6445887 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of phosphate (Pi-deficiency: 0.1 mM; Pi-sufficiency: 0.5 mM), phosphite (low-Phi: 0.1 mM; medium-Phi: 0.5 mM; and high-Phi: 2.5 mM), and two mean daily photosynthetically active radiations (lower PAR: 22.2 mol ⋅ m-2 ⋅ d-1; higher PAR: 29.7 mol ⋅ m-2 ⋅ d-1), as well as their interactions, on flavonoid, nitrate and glucosinolate (GL) concentrations and growth characteristics in hydroponically grown Brassica campestris cv. Mibuna Early and Brassica juncea cv. Red Giant. As expected, higher PAR increased dry matter and contrariwise decreased number of leaves but only in B. campestris. Total flavonoid and individual flavonoid compounds increased with the higher PAR value in B. campestris. Pi-sufficiency resulted in a lower quercetin concentration in both species, the isorhamnetin and total flavonoid concentrations in B. campestris, and the cyanidin concentration in B. juncea, in comparison to Pi-deficiency. Similarly, Pi-sufficient plants exhibited lower GL concentration, especially alkyl-GLs in B. campestris and alkenyl-GLs and an aryl-GL in B. juncea. Pi did not affect the nitrate concentration in either species, and nor did Phi influence the flavonoid concentrations in either species. In B. campestris, medium Phi (0.5 mM) increased the 1-methoxyindol-3-ylmethyl GL concentration by 28.3%, as compared to that observed at low Phi. In B. juncea, high Phi level increased the but-3-enyl-GL concentration by 18.9%, in comparison to values recorded at medium Phi. B. campestris plants exposed to higher PAR increased total flavonoids concentration. In both Brassica species, higher PAR stimulated the alkyl-, alkenyl-, and indole-GLs. The interaction of lower PAR and increasing Phi significantly decreased flavonoid concentration in B. juncea, whereas increasing Phi at higher PAR increased such concentration in this species. The same combination reduced the concentration of 2-phenylethyl- and indol-3-ylmethyl-GL in B. juncea. The highest indol-3-ylmethyl-GL concentration was observed when Pi was deficient combined with medium Phi in B. juncea. Thus, PAR, Pi and Phi may modulate flavonoid, GL and nitrate concentrations in Brassica species, which may be a useful tool to improve the nutraceutical quality of these leafy vegetables if properly managed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christine Becker
- Department of Crop Protection, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Angelika Krumbein
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schwarz
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
- *Correspondence: Dietmar Schwarz,
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Nascimento FR, Moura TA, Baeta JV, Publio BC, Ferreira PM, Santos AA, França AA, Rocha MS, Diaz-Muñoz G, Diaz MA. New antineoplastic agent based on a dibenzoylmethane derivative: Cytotoxic effect and direct interaction with DNA. Biophys Chem 2018; 239:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dietary Phenethyl Isothiocyanate Protects Mice from Colitis Associated Colon Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091908. [PMID: 28878142 PMCID: PMC5618557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported alleviation of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis signs in phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC)-treated mice. Here we investigated chemoprotective activities of PEITC in mice with Azoxymethane-DSS induced colitis associated colon carcinogenesis. We also examined the molecular mediators associated with the PEITC effects using relevant cell lines. A 0.12% PEITC-enriched mouse-diet reduced mucosal and submucosal inflammation as well as glandular atypia by 12% and the frequency of adenocarcinoma by 17% with a concomitant improvement in overall disease activity indices compared to the diseased control group. Lipopolysaccharide-induced in vitro up-regulation of key mediators of inflammation, immune response, apoptosis, and cell proliferation were attenuated by 10 μM PEITC. Three of these mediators showed concentration-dependent reduction in respective mRNAs. Furthermore, PEITC inhibited Nuclear factor kappa B1 (NFκB1) proteins in a concentration-dependent manner. The NFκB1 mRNA expression inversely correlated ( r = −0.940, p = 0.013) with tri-methylation of lysine 27 on histone 3 near its promoter region in a time-dependent manner. These results indicate that PEITC may slow down the development of colon carcinogenesis in an inflammatory intestinal setting which is potentially associated with epigenetic modulation of NFκB1 signaling.
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Niedzwiecki A, Roomi MW, Kalinovsky T, Rath M. Anticancer Efficacy of Polyphenols and Their Combinations. Nutrients 2016; 8:E552. [PMID: 27618095 PMCID: PMC5037537 DOI: 10.3390/nu8090552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols, found abundantly in plants, display many anticarcinogenic properties including their inhibitory effects on cancer cell proliferation, tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, and inflammation as well as inducing apoptosis. In addition, they can modulate immune system response and protect normal cells against free radicals damage. Most investigations on anticancer mechanisms of polyphenols were conducted with individual compounds. However, several studies, including ours, have indicated that anti-cancer efficacy and scope of action can be further enhanced by combining them synergistically with chemically similar or different compounds. While most studies investigated the anti-cancer effects of combinations of two or three compounds, we used more comprehensive mixtures of specific polyphenols and mixtures of polyphenols with vitamins, amino acids and other micronutrients. The mixture containing quercetin, curcumin, green tea, cruciferex, and resveratrol (PB) demonstrated significant inhibition of the growth of Fanconi anemia head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 secretion, cell migration and invasion through Matrigel. PB was found effective in inhibition of fibrosarcoma HT-1080 and melanoma A2058 cell proliferation, MMP-2 and -9 expression, invasion through Matrigel and inducing apoptosis, important parameters for cancer prevention. A combination of polyphenols (quercetin and green tea extract) with vitamin C, amino acids and other micronutrients (EPQ) demonstrated significant suppression of ovarian cancer ES-2 xenograft tumor growth and suppression of ovarian tumor growth and lung metastasis from IP injection of ovarian cancer A-2780 cells. The EPQ mixture without quercetin (NM) also has shown potent anticancer activity in vivo and in vitro in a few dozen cancer cell lines by inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis, MMP-2 and -9 secretion, invasion, angiogenesis, and cell growth as well as induction of apoptosis. The presence of vitamin C, amino acids and other micronutrients could enhance inhibitory effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on secretion of MMPs. In addition, enrichment of NM with quercetin (EPQ mix) enhanced anticancer activity of NM in vivo. In conclusion, polyphenols, especially in combination with other polyphenols or micronutrients, have been shown to be effective against multiple targets in cancer development and progression, and should be considered as safe and effective approaches in cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Waheed Roomi
- Dr. Rath Research Institute, 1260 Memorex Drive, Santa Clara, CA 95050, USA.
| | - Tatiana Kalinovsky
- Dr. Rath Research Institute, 1260 Memorex Drive, Santa Clara, CA 95050, USA.
| | - Matthias Rath
- Dr. Rath Research Institute, 1260 Memorex Drive, Santa Clara, CA 95050, USA.
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Romualdo GR, Fragoso MF, Borguini RG, de Araújo Santiago MCP, Fernandes AAH, Barbisan LF. Protective effects of spray-dried açaí ( Euterpe oleracea Mart) fruit pulp against initiation step of colon carcinogenesis. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Ioannides C, Konsue N. A principal mechanism for the cancer chemopreventive activity of phenethyl isothiocyanate is modulation of carcinogen metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:356-73. [PMID: 26119477 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1058819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Isothiocyanates are small molecules characterized by high chemical reactivity that allows them to interact readily with cellular constituents eliciting a plethora of biological activities. They are present exclusively in cruciferous vegetables, as glucosinolates, the intake of which has been associated with cancer chemoprevention. When the physical structure of these vegetables is disturbed, e.g. during mastication, the enzyme myrosinase is released and converts the glucosinolates to isothiocyanates (R-N=C=S), where R can be aliphatic or aromatic. Although sulforaphane, an aliphatic isothiocyanate, has received most attention worldwide, the most extensively studied aromatic isothiocyanate is phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), and there are substantial differences in biological activity between the two sub-classes. In animal cancer models, PEITC effectively antagonized the carcinogenicity of chemicals, especially nitrosocompounds. A principal mechanism of their action is to protect the integrity of DNA by decreasing the levels of the genotoxic metabolites of chemical carcinogens. Extensive studies established that PEITC modulates the metabolism of the tobacco-specific carcinogenic nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) by inhibiting its cytochrome P450-mediated bioactivation. Moreover, PEITC is a potent inducer of detoxification enzymes such as quinone reductase, glutathione S-transferase and glucuronosyl transferase. PEITC is rapidly absorbed and is characterized by a large bioavailability; Cmax concentrations achieved in plasma after dietary intake are sufficient to modulate carcinogen metabolism. PEITC is primarily metabolized by glutathione conjugation and is excreted in the urine and bile as the mercapturate. The ability of PEITC to perturb carcinogen metabolism through modulation of cytochrome P450 and phase II detoxification enzymes is comprehensively and critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas Ioannides
- a Molecular Toxicology Group, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey , Guildford, Surrey , UK and
| | - Nattaya Konsue
- b Food Technology Program, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University , Chiang Rai , Thailand
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Lynn A, Fuller Z, Collins AR, Ratcliffe B. Comparison of the effect of raw and blanched-frozen broccoli on DNA damage in colonocytes. Cell Biochem Funct 2015; 33:266-76. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Lynn
- Food Group; Sheffield Hallam University; Sheffield UK
| | - Zoë Fuller
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences; Robert Gordon University; Aberdeen UK
| | | | - Brian Ratcliffe
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences; Robert Gordon University; Aberdeen UK
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Mao CG, Tao ZZ, Chen Z, Chen C, Chen SM, Wan LJ. Indole-3-carbinol inhibits nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell growth in vivo and in vitro through inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:207-212. [PMID: 24944623 PMCID: PMC4061183 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is an active component of cruciferous vegetables and has been shown to markedly inhibit the growth of a variety of tumors. However, the role of I3C in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains unclear. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the inhibition of NPC cells by I3C in vitro and in vivo. The human CNE2 NPC cell line was treated with various concentrations (0, 100, 200 and 300 μM) of I3C and analysis of cell proliferation after 0, 24, 48 and 72 h, apoptosis after 48 h and expression levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway-associated proteins in vitro was performed. BALB/c nude mice were divided into the following groups: Prevention, treatment and control. In vivo, all the nude mice were inoculated with CNE2 NPC cells and the mice in the prevention and treatment groups were administered a diet containing 0.5% I3C prior to and following inoculation, respectively. The tumoricidal effect of I3C was investigated in the nude mice. After eight weeks, the expression levels of PI3K/Akt pathway-associated proteins were analyzed in the tumors from the nude mice in each group. The results demonstrated that with increasing I3C concentrations, cell proliferation decreased and apoptosis increased significantly. In addition, the expression levels of PI3K/Akt pathway-associated proteins decreased. In the animal experiments, the prevention and treatment groups developed smaller tumors and the expression levels of PI3K/Akt pathway-associated proteins were reduced when compared with those in the control group. In addition, very few changes to the heart, liver and kidney tissues were observed with hematoxylin and eosin staining in all the groups. Therefore, the results of the present study indicated that I3C inhibited the growth of NPC cells and induced apoptosis effectively in vivo and in vitro. The underlying mechanism may be that I3C suppresses the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Gang Mao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Zhang Tao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Ming Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Li-Jia Wan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Jingzhou Central Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, P.R. China
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Abdull Razis AF, Mohd Noor N, Konsue N. Induction of epoxide hydrolase, glucuronosyl transferase, and sulfotransferase by phenethyl isothiocyanate in male Wistar albino rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:391528. [PMID: 24592387 PMCID: PMC3921933 DOI: 10.1155/2014/391528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) is an isothiocyanate found in watercress as the glucosinolate (gluconasturtiin). The isothiocyanate is converted from the glucosinolate by intestinal microflora or when contacted with myrosinase during the chopping and mastication of the vegetable. PEITC manifested protection against chemically-induced cancers in various tissues. A potential mechanism of chemoprevention is by modulating the metabolism of carcinogens so as to promote deactivation. The principal objective of this study was to investigate in rats the effect of PEITC on carcinogen-metabolising enzyme systems such as sulfotransferase (SULT), N-acetyltransferase (NAT), glucuronosyl transferase (UDP), and epoxide hydrolase (EH) following exposure to low doses that simulate human dietary intake. Rats were fed for 2 weeks diets supplemented with PEITC at 0.06 µmol/g (low dose, i.e., dietary intake), 0.6 µmol/g (medium dose), and 6.0 µmol/g (high dose), and the enzymes were monitored in rat liver. At the Low dose, no induction of the SULT, NAT, and EH was noted, whereas UDP level was elevated. At the Medium dose, only SULT level was increased, whereas at the High dose marked increase in EH level was observed. It is concluded that PEITC modulates carcinogen-metabolising enzyme systems at doses reflecting human intake thus elucidating the mechanism of its chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis
- Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC), Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Noramaliza Mohd Noor
- Department of Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nattaya Konsue
- School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University, 333 Moo1 Thasud Muang, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
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Tong Y, Gabriel-Neumann E, Ngwene B, Krumbein A, George E, Platz S, Rohn S, Schreiner M. Topsoil drying combined with increased sulfur supply leads to enhanced aliphatic glucosinolates in Brassica juncea leaves and roots. Food Chem 2013; 152:190-6. [PMID: 24444925 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The decrease of water availability is leading to an urgent demand to reduce the plants' water supply. This study evaluates the effect of topsoil drying, combined with varying sulfur (S) supply on glucosinolates in Brassica juncea in order to reveal whether a partial root drying may already lead to a drought-induced glucosinolate increase promoted by an enhanced S supply. Without decreasing biomass, topsoil drying initiated an increase in aliphatic glucosinolates in leaves and in topsoil dried roots supported by increased S supply. Simultaneously, abscisic acid was determined, particularly in dehydrated roots, associated with an increased abscisic acid concentration in leaves under topsoil drying. This indicates that the dehydrated roots were the direct interface for the plants' stress response and that the drought-induced accumulation of aliphatic glucosinolates is related to abscisic acid formation. Indole and aromatic glucosinolates decreased, suggesting that these glucosinolates are less involved in the plants' response to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tong
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren and Erfurt e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany; Department of Crop Sciences, Humboldt University, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Elke Gabriel-Neumann
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren and Erfurt e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany; Department of Aridland Agriculture, Faculty of Food and Agriculture, UAE University, P.O. Box 17555, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Benard Ngwene
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren and Erfurt e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - Angelika Krumbein
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren and Erfurt e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - Eckhard George
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren and Erfurt e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany; Department of Crop Sciences, Humboldt University, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Platz
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Monika Schreiner
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren and Erfurt e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany
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WANG YAQIU, CHEN CHEN, CHEN ZHE, XU YONG, WANG YAN, XIAO BOKUI, CHEN SHIMING, TAO ZEZHANG. Indole-3-carbinol inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in Hep-2 laryngeal cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:227-33. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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18
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Wiesner M, Zrenner R, Krumbein A, Glatt H, Schreiner M. Genotypic variation of the glucosinolate profile in pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:1943-53. [PMID: 23350944 DOI: 10.1021/jf303970k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen different pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis) cultivars were characterized regarding their glucosinolate profile analyzed by HPLC-DAD-MS. The identified glucosinolates were subjected to principal component analysis, and three distinct groups of pak choi sprouts were identified. Group differences were marked mainly by variations in the aliphatic glucosinolate profile such as differing levels of 3-butenyl glucosinolate and 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl glucosinolate as well as by their varying proportional ratios. In addition, the three groups of pak choi sprouts varied by the presence or absence of 2-hydroxy-4-pentenyl glucosinolate and in level and composition of butyl glucosinolates. This classification is reflected by relative mRNA expression level of 2-oxoacid-dependent dioxygenase. As in sprouts, the major glucosinolates in mature leaves were found to be the aliphatic glucosinolates. However, unlike in sprouts, an additional aliphatic glucosinolate, 5-methylsulfinylpentyl glucosinolate, was detected as characteristic ontogenetic variation in mature leaves in 12 of the 13 pak choi cultivars analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Wiesner
- Department of Quality Research, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren and Erfurt eV, Grossbeeren, Germany.
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19
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Effects of Phytohormones and Jasmonic Acid on Glucosinolate Content in Hairy Root Cultures of Sinapis alba and Brassica rapa. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 169:624-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-0017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Schumacher F, Engst W, Monien BH, Florian S, Schnapper A, Steinhauser L, Albert K, Frank H, Seidel A, Glatt H. Detection of DNA adducts originating from 1-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate using isotope-dilution UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Anal Chem 2012; 84:6256-62. [PMID: 22816785 DOI: 10.1021/ac301436q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1-Methoxy-3-indolylmethyl (1-MIM) glucosinolate, present at substantial levels in several food crops (e.g., broccoli and cabbage), forms DNA adducts in vitro and is mutagenic to bacterial and mammalian cells after activation by the plant enzyme myrosinase. Moreover, a breakdown product, 1-MIM alcohol, is metabolized to a secondary reactive intermediate by some mammalian sulfotransferases (SULTs). First, we incubated herring-sperm DNA with 1-MIM glucosinolate in the presence of myrosinase. We identified and synthesized the predominant adducts, N(2)-(1-MIM)-dG and N(6)-(1-MIM)-dA, and developed an UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for their specific detection using isotopic dilution. Second, we demonstrated both DNA adducts in target cells (Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and Chinese hamster V79) of standard mutagenicity tests treated with 1-MIM glucosinolate/myrosinase as well as in 1-MIM alcohol-treated Salmonella and V79 cells engineered for expression of human SULT1A1. Similar excesses of N(2)-(1-MIM)-dG over N(6)-(1-MIM)-dA adducts were found in all cellular models independent of the test compound (1-MIM glucosinolate or alcohol), whereas dA adducts predominated in the cell-free system. Finally, we detected both DNA adducts in colon tissue of a mouse orally treated with 1-MIM glucosinolate. We are going to use this specific and sensitive method for investigating genotoxic risks of food-borne exposure to 1-MIM glucosinolate in animal and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schumacher
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
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21
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Singh SV, Singh K. Cancer chemoprevention with dietary isothiocyanates mature for clinical translational research. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1833-42. [PMID: 22739026 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inverse association between dietary intake of cruciferous vegetables and cancer risk observed in population-based case-control studies is partly attributable to structurally simple but mechanistically complex phytochemicals with an isothiocyanate (-N=C=S) functional group. Cancer protective role for dietary isothiocyanates (ITCs) is substantiated by preclinical studies in rodent models. A common feature of many naturally occurring ITCs relates to their ability to cause growth arrest and cell death selectively in cancer cells. At the same time, evidence continues to accumulate to suggest that even subtle change in chemical structure of the ITCs can have a profound effect on their activity and mechanism of action. Existing mechanistic paradigm stipulates that ITCs may not only prevent cancer initiation by altering carcinogen metabolism but also inhibit post-initiation cancer development by suppressing many processes relevant to tumor progression, including cellular proliferation, neoangiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and self-renewal of cancer stem cells. Moreover, the ITCs are known to suppress diverse oncogenic signaling pathways often hyperactive in human cancers (e.g. nuclear factor-κB, hormone receptors, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) to elicit cancer chemopreventive response. However, more recent studies highlight potential adverse effect of Notch activation by ITCs on their ability to inhibit migration of cancer cells. Mechanisms underlying ITC-mediated modulation of carcinogen metabolism, growth arrest, and cell death have been reviewed extensively. This article provides a perspective on bench-cage-bedside evidence supporting cancer chemopreventive role for some of the most promising ITCs. Structure-activity relationship and mechanistic complexity in the context of cancer chemoprevention with ITCs is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivendra V Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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22
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Schreiner M, Krumbein A, Knorr D, Smetanska I. Enhanced glucosinolates in root exudates of Brassica rapa ssp. rapa mediated by salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:1400-5. [PMID: 21265537 DOI: 10.1021/jf103585s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Elicitation studies with salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) inducing a targeted rhizosecretion of high levels of anticarcinogenic glucosinolates in Brassica rapa ssp. rapa plants were conducted. Elicitor applications not only led to an accumulation of individual indole glucosinolates and the aromatic 2-phenylethyl glucosinolate in the turnip organs but also in turnip root exudates. This indicates an extended systemic response, which comprises the phyllosphere with all aboveground plant organs and the rhizosphere including the belowground root system and also root exudates. Both elicitor applications induced a doubling in 2-phenylethyl glucosinolate in root exudates, whereas application of MJ enhanced rhizosecreted indole glucosinolates up to 4-fold. In addition, the time course study revealed that maximal elicitation was observed on the 10th day of SA and MJ treatment. This study may provide an essential contribution using these glucosinolates as bioactive additives in functional foods and nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schreiner
- Department of Quality Research, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren and Erfurt e.V. , Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany.
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23
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Cheung KL, Khor TO, Huang MT, Kong AN. Differential in vivo mechanism of chemoprevention of tumor formation in azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate mice by PEITC and DBM. Carcinogenesis 2009; 31:880-5. [PMID: 19959557 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and dibenzoylmethane (DBM) had been shown to inhibit intestinal carcinogenesis in Apc(Min/+) mice. In this study, we investigated the chemopreventive efficacy of PEITC and DBM in the azoxymethane (AOM)-initiated and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-promoted colon cancer mouse model and to compare their potential in vivo mechanisms leading to chemoprevention. The mice were fed with diet supplemented with 0.05% PEITC or 1% DBM before or after AOM initiation. Our results showed that AOM/DSS mice fed with PEITC- or DBM-supplemented diet had lower tumor incidence, lower colon tumor multiplicities and smaller polyps as compared with mice fed with the standard AIN-76A diet. PEITC was effective even after AOM initiation, whereas DBM was not as effective when fed after AOM initiation. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that mice fed with PEITC or DBM had attenuated loss of crypt, a marker of inflammation. To examine potential in vivo mechanisms involved in chemoprevention, western blotting was performed and showed that inhibition of growth of adenomas by PEITC was associated with an increase of apoptosis (increased cleaved caspase-3 and-7) and cell cycle arrest (increased p21). In contrast DBM's effect on cell cycle arrest and apoptosis markers was not as substantial as PEITC. Instead, DBM showed increased induction of NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) transcription factor and phase II detoxifying enzymes, which appears to correlate with in vitro cell lines results that DBM is a more potent Nrf2 activator than PEITC. In summary, our present study shows that PEITC and DBM are potent natural dietary compounds for chemoprevention of colon cancer induced by AOM/DSS and appears to be associated with different in vivo mechanism of actions. PEITC's chemopreventive effect appears to be due to induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, whereas DBM's effect is due to prevention of AOM initiation via induction of Nrf2 and phase II detoxifying enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Lung Cheung
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Femia AP, Salvadori M, Broekaert WF, François IEJA, Delcour JA, Courtin CM, Caderni G. Arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides (AXOS) reduce preneoplastic lesions in the colon of rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Eur J Nutr 2009; 49:127-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-009-0050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Schreiner M, Beyene B, Krumbein A, Stützel H. Ontogenetic changes of 2-propenyl and 3-indolylmethyl glucosinolates in Brassica carinata leaves as affected by water supply. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:7259-63. [PMID: 20349919 DOI: 10.1021/jf901076h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 2-propenyl and 3-indolylmethyl glucosinolates in two lines of Brassica carinata (Holeta-1 and 37-A) were assessed during the vegetative life cycle under optimal or drought-inducing water supply conditions. In the well-watered treatment, 2-propenyl and 3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate concentrations remained almost constant from the 6-8 to the 15-16 leaf stage, whereas a drought-induced water supply led to a distinct increase of these glucosinolates. Generally, the 2-propenyl concentration was higher in Holeta-1 at each leaf stage under drought stress as compared with 37-A, indicating a B. carinata line-specific drought response. The drought-induced glucosinolate accumulation seems to be integrated in the plant's process of osmotic adjustment. It seems that under drought, there is a shift from primary to secondary metabolism, thereby promoting glucosinolate synthesis. Thus, by keeping the relative soil-water content below 80%, glucosinolate concentrations could be increased up to the 15-16 leaf stage, resulting in better plant nutritional quality of B. carinata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schreiner
- Department of Quality Research, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren and Erfurt e.V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, Grossbeeren, Germany.
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Choi HJ, Lim DY, Park JHY. Induction of G1 and G2/M cell cycle arrests by the dietary compound 3,3'-diindolylmethane in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. BMC Gastroenterol 2009; 9:39. [PMID: 19480695 PMCID: PMC2700124 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-9-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM), an indole derivative produced in the stomach after the consumption of broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables, has been demonstrated to exert anti-cancer effects in both in vivo and in vitro models. We have previously determined that DIM (0 – 30 μmol/L) inhibited the growth of HT-29 human colon cancer cells in a concentration-dependent fashion. In this study, we evaluated the effects of DIM on cell cycle progression in HT-29 cells. Methods HT-29 cells were cultured with various concentrations of DIM (0 – 30 μmol/L) and the DNA was stained with propidium iodide, followed by flow cytometric analysis. [3H]Thymidine incorporation assays, Western blot analyses, immunoprecipitation and in vitro kinase assays for cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and cell division cycle (CDC)2 were conducted. Results The percentages of cells in the G1 and G2/M phases were dose-dependently increased and the percentages of cells in S phase were reduced within 12 h in DIM-treated cells. DIM also reduced DNA synthesis in a dose-dependent fashion. DIM markedly reduced CDK2 activity and the levels of phosphorylated retinoblastoma proteins (Rb) and E2F-1, and also increased the levels of hypophosphorylated Rb. DIM reduced the protein levels of cyclin A, D1, and CDK4. DIM also increased the protein levels of CDK inhibitors, p21CIP1/WAF1 and p27KIPI. In addition, DIM reduced the activity of CDC2 and the levels of CDC25C phosphatase and cyclin B1. Conclusion Here, we have demonstrated that DIM induces G1 and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in HT-29 cells, and this effect may be mediated by reduced CDK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ju Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Konsue N, Ioannides C. Tissue differences in the modulation of rat cytochromes P450 and phase II conjugation systems by dietary doses of phenethyl isothiocyanate. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:3677-83. [PMID: 18929617 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Rats were fed diets supplemented with phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) at 0.06 (low dose, dietary intake level), 0.6 (medium dose) and 6.0 micromole/g (high dose), and xenobiotic-metabolising enzymes were monitored in liver, lung and kidney. At the low dose, inhibition of the hepatic O-dealkylation of ethoxy- and methoxyresorufin was noted, whereas at the high dose increases in the O-depentylation of pentoxyresorufin and O-debenzylation of benzyloxyquinoline were observed, whereas p-nitrophenol hydroxylase was inhibited. Hepatic bioactivation of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo-[4,5-f]quinoline to mutagens was not influenced by the PEITC-treatment. In the lung, at the high dose, ethoxyresorufin dealkylation was elevated and that of pentoxyresorufin suppressed; no significant changes were seen in the kidney. Quinone reductase was markedly elevated at all doses in liver, but the lung enzyme was refractive whereas in the kidney a modest rise was observed at the high dose. Hepatic glutathione S-transferase activity was stimulated by PEITC-treatment, but no effect was evident in the lung or kidney. It is concluded that the effects of PEITC on xenobiotic-metabolising systems are dose- and tissue-dependent, with the liver being the most sensitive and the lung generally resistant. Increased detoxication rather than cytochrome P450 inhibition is the likely mechanism of the chemopreventive activity of PEITC.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Konsue
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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28
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Khor TO, Cheung WKL, Prawan A, Reddy BS, Kong ANT. Chemoprevention of familial adenomatous polyposis in Apc(Min/+) mice by phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC). Mol Carcinog 2008; 47:321-5. [PMID: 17932952 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) is an isothiocyanate which is a major constituent of watercress and other cruciferous vegetables. Its chemopreventive potential has been previously shown in various rodent models of cancer. In this study, we investigated the chemopreventive efficacy of PEITC in the Apc(Min/+) mouse model. Apc(Min/+) mice were fed with diet supplemented with 0.05% of PEITC for 3-wk. Our results clearly demonstrated that Apc(Min/+) mice fed with PEITC supplemented diet developed significantly less (31.7% reduction) and smaller polyps in comparison to mice fed with the standard AIN-76A diet. Subsequent mechanistic study using Western blotting shows that inhibition of growth of adenomas by PEITC is associated with increase of apoptosis (cleaved-caspase-3, -caspase-7, and PARP). Treatments also led to the inhibition of cell cycle-related biomarkers such as the cyclins (D1, A, and E) and activation of p21. However, PEITC has no effect on the expression of p-Erk, p-JNK or p-p38. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that PEITC is a potent natural dietary compound for chemoprevention of gastrointestinal cancers. Its mechanism of actions may include induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Oo Khor
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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29
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Arikawa AY, Gallaher DD. Cruciferous vegetables reduce morphological markers of colon cancer risk in dimethylhydrazine-treated rats. J Nutr 2008; 138:526-32. [PMID: 18287361 DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.3.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of cruciferous vegetables has been associated with reduced colon cancer risk in human populations. However, little experimental evidence exists to support this association. Here, we report the effects of diets containing cruciferous vegetables on colon cancer risk. In Expt. 1, rats were fed a vegetable-free (basal) diet or diets containing different lyophilized cruciferous vegetables in concentrations between 4 and 10%. In Expt. 2, rats were fed the basal diet or diets containing 10-22.6% fresh cruciferous vegetables. Diets were fed for 2 wk (Expt. 1) or 3 wk (Expt. 2) before and 7 wk (Expt. 1) or 12 wk (Expt. 2) after administration of the colon carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Rats fed fresh vegetables were also injected with a low dose of carcinogen 18-24 h prior to termination. Groups fed lyophilized vegetables did not differ in aberrant crypt foci (ACF), sialomucin-producing foci, or mucin-depleted foci (MDF) numbers. However, all fresh vegetable diets significantly decreased ACF (approximately 40%) and MDF numbers. Activities of the hepatic phase I enzyme CYP2E1 did not differ among groups in either experiment. Hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST) and quinone reductase activities did not differ among groups fed fresh vegetables, whereas the lyophilized cabbage diets decreased GST activity compared with the basal diet. Groups did not differ in apoptosis and cell proliferation labeling indices in colonic mucosa. This study indicates that fresh but not lyophilized cruciferous vegetables reduce colon cancer risk in rats. These results do not support changes in hepatic carcinogen metabolism or colonic crypt cytokinetics as a mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Y Arikawa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Fowke JH. Head and neck cancer: a case for inhibition by isothiocyanates and indoles from cruciferous vegetables. Eur J Cancer Prev 2007; 16:348-56. [PMID: 17554208 DOI: 10.1097/01.cej.0000236258.80522.fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemical carcinogens derived from cigarettes and other tobacco products, as well as betel quid, paan, and alcohol consumption, are commonly associated with head and neck cancer risk. This is a particularly debilitating cancer, with a high recurrence rate and long-term treatment comorbidities affecting health and lifestyle. Controlling tobacco access or use may be an ideal prevention strategy but may also be challenging or undesired. Individuals, however, may be able to reduce their risk through simple and focused dietary change. Results from epidemiologic studies, basic research, and clinical investigations suggest that a diet rich in cruciferous vegetables may increase carcinogen metabolism, induce apoptosis, and reduce the risk of developing a primary head and neck tumor. This review briefly summarizes head and neck cancer nutritional epidemiology, and then describes the biochemical and epidemiologic literature describing the effects of crucifer consumption on head and neck carcinogenesis. To translate these findings, the strengths and limitations of specific intervention models are discussed, including differences in target populations and the choice of a food-based or pill-based approach for intervention. Addressing these factors in a future intervention may define a low-cost and non-toxic approach to reduce the burden of head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay H Fowke
- Division of Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-8300, USA.
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Femia AP, Caderni G, Bottini C, Salvadori M, Dolara P, Tessitore L. Mucin-depleted foci are modulated by dietary treatments and show deregulation of proliferative activity in carcinogen-treated rodents. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:2301-5. [PMID: 17294441 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The correlation between mucin-depleted foci (MDF) and colon carcinogenesis was studied in F344 rats initiated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and treated with a chemopreventive regimen (polyethylene glycol, PEG) or with a promoting diet (high-corn oil). High corn oil diet increased MDF, while PEG reduced them. The expression of p27 and p16, inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases, which inhibit the progression of the cell cycle, was studied by immunohistochemistry in MDF and in aberrant crypt foci (ACF) of control rats. In both MDF and ACF, the nuclear expression of p27 was markedly reduced, while p16 was reduced to a lower extent. Mitotic activity was higher in MDF and ACF than in normal mucosa of control rats. MDF were also identified in azoxymethane-initiated SWR/J mice. These results further confirm that MDF are preneoplastic lesions and could be useful biomarkers of colon carcinogenesis.
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Jadhav U, Ezhilarasan R, Vaughn SF, Berhow MA, Mohanam S. Dietary isothiocyanate iberin inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2007; 103:247-51. [PMID: 17310076 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.sc0060148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of the isothiocyanate iberin, a bioactive agent in Brassicaceae species, in human glioblastoma cells. The human glioblastoma cell cultures were treated with different concentrations of iberin and tested for growth inhibition, cytotoxicity, induction of apoptosis, and activation of caspases. Iberin inhibited growth of tumor cells in cell proliferation assays, enhanced cytotoxicity, and induced apoptosis by activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9. Findings from this study could provide a basis for potential usefulness of the diet-derived isothiocyanate iberin as a promising therapeutic micronutrient in the prevention/intervention of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unmesh Jadhav
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, One Illini Drive, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
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Arranz N, Haza AI, García A, Möller L, Rafter J, Morales P. Protective effects of isothiocyanates towards N-nitrosamine-induced DNA damage in the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE)/HepG2 assay. J Appl Toxicol 2006; 26:466-73. [PMID: 16871546 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of isothiocyanates towards N-nitrosamine-induced DNA damage in the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE)/HepG2 assay. None of the isothiocyanates (ITCs) concentrations tested in the presence or absence of formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg) caused DNA damage per se. Combined treatments of HepG2 cells with phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) or indol-3-carbinol (I3C) and N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) or N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) reduced the genotoxic effects of the N-nitrosamines in a dose-dependent manner. The protective effect of the three ITCs tested was higher towards NPYR-induced oxidative DNA damage than against NDMA. The greatest protective effect towards NPYR-induced oxidative DNA damage was shown by I3C (1 microM, 79%) and by PEITC (1 microM, 67%) and I3C (1 microM, 61%) towards NDMA (in presence of Fpg enzyme). However, in absence of Fpg enzyme, AITC (1 microM, 72%) exerted the most drastic reduction towards NPYR-induced oxidative DNA damage, and PEITC (1 microM, 55%) towards NDMA. Our results indicate that ITCs protect human-derived cells against the DNA damaging effect of NPYR and NDMA, two carcinogenic compounds that occur in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Arranz
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Arranz N, Haza AI, García A, Möller L, Rafter J, Morales P. Retracted: Protective effects of isothiocyanates towardsN-nitrosamine-induced DNA damage in the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE)/HepG2 assay. J Appl Toxicol 2006; 26:493-9. [PMID: 17080405 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of isothiocyanates towards N-nitrosamine-induced DNA damage in the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE)/HepG2 assay. None of the isothiocyanates (ITCs) concentrations tested in the presence or absence of formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg), caused DNA damage per se. Combined treatments of HepG2 cells with phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) or indol-3-carbinol (I3C) and N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) or N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) reduced the genotoxic effects of the N-nitrosamines in a dose-dependent manner. The protective effect of the three ITCs tested was higher towards NPYR-induced oxidative DNA damage than against NDMA. The greatest protective effect towards NPYR-induced oxidative DNA damage was shown by I3C (1 microm, 79%) and by PEITC (1 microm, 67%) and I3C (1 microm, 61%) towards NDMA (in the presence of Fpg enzyme). However, in the absence of Fpg enzyme, AITC (1 microm, 72%) exerted the most drastic reduction towards NPYR-induced oxidative DNA damage, and PEITC (1 microm, 55%) towards NDMA. The results indicate that ITCs protect human-derived cells against the DNA damaging effect of NPYR and NDMA, two carcinogenic compounds which occur in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Arranz
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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