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Suppression of PC-1/PrLZ sensitizes prostate cancer cells to ionizing radiation by attenuating DNA damage repair and inducing autophagic cell death. Oncotarget 2018; 7:62340-62351. [PMID: 27694690 PMCID: PMC5308731 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is promising and effective for treating prostate cancer but the addition of a tumor cell radiosensitizer would improve therapeutic outcomes. PC-1/PrLZ, a TPD52 protein family member is frequently upregulated in advanced prostate cancer cells and may be a biomarker of aggressive prostate cancer. Therefore, we investigated the potential role of PC-1/PrLZ for increasing radioresistance in human prostate cancer cell lines. Growth curves and survival assays after g-ray irradiation confirmed that depletion of endogenous PC-1/PrLZ significantly increased prostate cancer cell radiosensitivity. Irradiation (IR) increased PC-1/PrLZ expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner and increased radiosensitivity in PC-1/PrLZ-suppressed cells was partially due to decreased DNA double strand break (DBS) repair which was measured with comet and gH2AX foci assays. Furthermore, depletion of PC-1/PrLZ impaired the IR-induced G2/M checkpoint, which has been reported to be correlate with radioresistance in cancer cells. PC-1/PrLZ-deficient cells exhibited higher level of autophagy when compared with control cells. Thus, specific inhibition of PC-1/PrLZ might provide a novel therapeutic strategy for radiosensitizing prostate cancer cells.
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Understanding the Progression of Bone Metastases to Identify Novel Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010148. [PMID: 29300334 PMCID: PMC5796097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is one of the most preferential target site for cancer metastases, particularly for prostate, breast, kidney, lung and thyroid primary tumours. Indeed, numerous chemical signals and growth factors produced by the bone microenvironment constitute factors promoting cancer cell invasion and aggression. After reviewing the different theories proposed to provide mechanism for metastatic progression, we report on the gene expression profile of bone-seeking cancer cells. We also discuss the cross-talk between the bone microenvironment and invading cells, which impacts on the tumour actions on surrounding bone tissue. Lastly, we detail therapies for bone metastases. Due to poor prognosis for patients, the strategies mainly aim at reducing the impact of skeletal-related events on patients' quality of life. However, recent advances have led to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying bone metastases progression, and therefore of novel therapeutic targets.
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Xi Y, Chen Y. PTEN Plays Dual Roles As a Tumor Suppressor in Osteosarcoma Cells. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2684-2692. [PMID: 28106296 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone cancer, which occurs primarily in children and adolescents. Functional loss of the tumor suppressor PTEN has been demonstrated in bone malignancies including OS. We have recently reported that Pten expression inversely correlates with OS aggressiveness in mouse models. However, the mechanism whereby PTEN exerts its anti-tumor effect remains unknown. In this study, we first examined the expression of PTEN in human OS cell lines including U2OS, MG63 and Saos-2, and found that PTEN expression is reduced as compared to normal human osteoblasts. The downregulation of PTEN also associates with activation of AKT pathway. We then treated previously reported mouse OS tumor cells MOTO-RankΔ/ΔOC and human OS cell line U2OS with PTEN inhibitor VO-OHpic to investigate how PTEN impacts tumor cell behaviors. Our results showed that PTEN inhibits tumor cell proliferation, migration and invasion, but enhances tumor cell apoptosis. However, PTEN has no effects on tumor cell senescence and chemotaxis. PTEN also fails to induce tumor cells differentiation toward osteoblast lineage. On the other hand, PTEN inhibits tumor associated osteoclast differentiation. Moreover, overexpression of PTEN using gene transfer in U2OS cells inhibits proliferation but increases apoptosis. These findings indicate that PTEN not only targets tumor cells themselves by impacting cell behaviors, but also blocks osteoclast-mediated bone destruction, leading to interruption of the vicious cycle during osteosarcomagenesis. Loss of PTEN may consequently facilitate tumor growth and expansion in bone. Restoration of fully functional PTEN using gene therapy represents a potential approach against OS. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2684-2692, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Xi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Division in Signaling Biology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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Hu S, Zhou Q, Wu WR, Duan YX, Gao ZY, Li YW, Lu Q. Anticancer effect of deoxypodophyllotoxin induces apoptosis of human prostate cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2918-2923. [PMID: 27698880 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPPT) is extracted and separated from citrus-related plants, including Podophyllum (P.) peltatum, P. pleianthum, P. emodi (also called P. hexandrum) and Diphylleia grayi. DPPT has significant antitumor and antiviral activity. However, due to its strong toxicity and side effects, its use is limited in practical applications. The in vitro antitumor efficacy of DPPT on human prostate cancer (PCa) cells remains to be determined. The present study investigated the anticancer effect of DPPT on human PCa cells and its potential mechanism. The data revealed that DPPT markedly reduced cell proliferation and activated the caspase-3 expression level by an increase in apoptotic cell death in DU-145 cells. In addition, treatment with DPPT markedly downregulated the levels of phosphorylated Akt and activated the p53/B-cell lymphoma 2 associated X protein (Bax)/phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) signaling pathway in DU-145 cells, suggesting that caspase-mediated pathways were involved in DPPT-induced apoptosis. The present study suggested the role of DPPT as a novel chemotherapeutic drug for human PCa, which may function through the Akt/p53/Bax/PTEN signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Hu
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Wan-Rui Wu
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Xing Duan
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Yong Gao
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Wei Li
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Urology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
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5
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Xi Y, Chen Y. Oncogenic and Therapeutic Targeting of PTEN Loss in Bone Malignancies. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:1837-47. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Xi
- Department of Orthopaedics; Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University; China
| | - Yan Chen
- Division in Signaling Biology; Princess Margaret Cancer Center; University Health Network; Toronto Canada
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Kim SY, Hong C, Wie J, Kim E, Kim BJ, Ha K, Cho NH, Kim IG, Jeon JH, So I. Reciprocal positive regulation between TRPV6 and NUMB in PTEN-deficient prostate cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 447:192-6. [PMID: 24704446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Calcium acts as a second messenger and plays a crucial role in signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation. Recently, calcium channels related to calcium influx into the cytosol of epithelial cells have attracted attention as a cancer therapy target. Of these calcium channels, TRPV6 is overexpressed in prostate cancer and is considered an important molecule in the process of metastasis. However, its exact role and mechanism is unclear. NUMB, well-known tumor suppressor gene, is a novel interacting partner of TRPV6. We show that NUMB and TRPV6 have a reciprocal positive regulatory relationship in PC-3 cells. We repeated this experiment in two other prostate cancer cell lines, DU145 and LNCaP. Interestingly, there were no significant changes in TRPV6 expression following NUMB knockdown in DU145. We revealed that the presence or absence of PTEN was the cause of NUMB-TRPV6 function. Loss of PTEN caused a positive correlation of TRPV6-NUMB expression. Collectively, we determined that PTEN is a novel interacting partner of TRPV6 and NUMB. These results demonstrated a novel relationship of NUMB-TRPV6 in prostate cancer cells, and show that PTEN is a novel regulator of this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Young Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Chansik Hong
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhong Wie
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Euiyong Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Joo Kim
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Kotdaji Ha
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyuk Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hong Jeon
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Insuk So
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea.
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Felgueiras J, Silva JV, Fardilha M. Prostate cancer: the need for biomarkers and new therapeutic targets. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2014; 15:16-42. [PMID: 24390742 PMCID: PMC3891116 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1300106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) incidence and mortality have decreased in recent years. Nonetheless, it remains one of the most prevalent cancers in men, being a disquieting cause of men's death worldwide. Changes in many cell signaling pathways have a predominant role in the onset, development, and progression of the disease. These include prominent pathways involved in the growth, apoptosis, and angiogenesis of the normal prostate gland, such as androgen and estrogen signaling, and other growth factor signaling pathways. Understanding the foundations of PCa is leading to the discovery of key molecules that could be used to improve patient management. The ideal scenario would be to have a panel of molecules, preferably detectable in body fluids, that are specific and sensitive biomarkers for PCa. In the early stages, androgen deprivation is the gold standard therapy. However, as the cancer progresses, it eventually becomes independent of androgens, and hormonal therapy fails. For this reason, androgen-independent PCa is still a major therapeutic challenge. By disrupting specific protein interactions or manipulating the expression of some key molecules, it might be possible to regulate tumor growth and metastasis formation, avoiding the systemic side effects of current therapies. Clinical trials are already underway to assess the efficacy of molecules specially designed to target key proteins or protein interactions. In this review, we address that recent progress made towards understanding PCa development and the molecular pathways underlying this pathology. We also discuss relevant molecular markers for the management of PCa and new therapeutic challenges.
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Zheleznyak A, Wadas TJ, Sherman CD, Wilson JM, Kostenuik PJ, Weilbaecher KN, Anderson CJ. Integrin α(v)β₃ as a PET imaging biomarker for osteoclast number in mouse models of negative and positive osteoclast regulation. Mol Imaging Biol 2012; 14:500-8. [PMID: 21853370 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-011-0512-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to determine the specificity of ⁶⁴Cu-CB-TE2A-c(RGDyK) (⁶⁴Cu-RGD) for osteoclast-related diseases, such as Paget's disease or rheumatoid arthritis. PROCEDURES C57BL/6 mice were treated systemically with osteoprotegerin (OPG) for 15 days or RANKL for 11 days to suppress and stimulate osteoclastogenesis, respectively. The mice were then imaged by positron emission tomography/computed tomography using ⁶⁴Cu-RGD, followed by determination of serum TRAP5b and bone histology. Standard uptake values were determined to quantify ⁶⁴Cu-RGD in bones and other tissues. RESULTS Mice treated with OPG showed decreased bone uptake of ⁶⁴Cu-RGD at 1, 2, and 24 h post-injection of the tracer (p < 0.01 for all time points) compared to vehicle controls, which correlated with a post-treatment decrease in serum TRAP5b. In contrast, mice treated with RANKL showed significantly increased bone uptake at 2 h post-injection of (⁶⁴Cu-RGD (p < 0.05) compared to the vehicle control group, corresponding to increased serum TRAP5b and OC numbers as determined by bone histology. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that ⁶⁴Cu-RGD localizes to areas in bone with increased osteoclast numbers and support the use of ⁶⁴Cu-RGD as an imaging biomarker for osteoclast number that could be used to monitor osteoclast-related pathologies and their treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zheleznyak
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Krohn A, Diedler T, Burkhardt L, Mayer PS, De Silva C, Meyer-Kornblum M, Kötschau D, Tennstedt P, Huang J, Gerhäuser C, Mader M, Kurtz S, Sirma H, Saad F, Steuber T, Graefen M, Plass C, Sauter G, Simon R, Minner S, Schlomm T. Genomic deletion of PTEN is associated with tumor progression and early PSA recurrence in ERG fusion-positive and fusion-negative prostate cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:401-12. [PMID: 22705054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) gene is often altered in prostate cancer. To determine the prevalence and clinical significance of the different mechanisms of PTEN inactivation, we analyzed PTEN deletions in TMAs containing 4699 hormone-naïve and 57 hormone-refractory prostate cancers using fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. PTEN mutations and methylation were analyzed in subsets of 149 and 34 tumors, respectively. PTEN deletions were present in 20.2% (458/2266) of prostate cancers, including 8.1% heterozygous and 12.1% homozygous deletions, and were linked to advanced tumor stage (P < 0.0001), high Gleason grade (P < 0.0001), presence of lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0002), hormone-refractory disease (P < 0.0001), presence of ERG gene fusion (P < 0.0001), and nuclear p53 accumulation (P < 0.0001). PTEN deletions were also associated with early prostate-specific antigen recurrence in univariate (P < 0.0001) and multivariate (P = 0.0158) analyses. The prognostic impact of PTEN deletion was seen in both ERG fusion-positive and ERG fusion-negative tumors. PTEN mutations were found in 4 (12.9%) of 31 cancers with heterozygous PTEN deletions but in only 1 (2%) of 59 cancers without PTEN deletion (P = 0.027). Aberrant PTEN promoter methylation was not detected in 34 tumors. The results of this study demonstrate that biallelic PTEN inactivation, by either homozygous deletion or deletion of one allele and mutation of the other, occurs in most PTEN-defective cancers and characterizes a particularly aggressive subset of metastatic and hormone-refractory prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Krohn
- Institute of Pathology, Prostate Cancer Center and Section for Translational Prostate Cancer Research at the Clinic of Urology at University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Zolochevska O, Xia X, Williams BJ, Ramsay A, Li S, Figueiredo ML. Sonoporation delivery of interleukin-27 gene therapy efficiently reduces prostate tumor cell growth in vivo. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:1537-50. [PMID: 21801027 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have examined the potential of a novel cytokine, interleukin-27 (IL-27), for gene therapy of prostate cancer. IL-27 is the most recently characterized member of the family of heterodimeric IL-12-related cytokines and has shown promise in halting tumor growth and mediating tumor regression in several cancer models. In the present study, we examined the efficacy of a new mode of gene delivery to prostate tumors: low-frequency ultrasound irradiation or "sonoporation." We also examined the potential of IL-27 gene delivery by sonoporation to treat and reduce the growth of prostate cancer in vivo. We used three models of immune-competent prostate adenocarcinoma and characterized the tumor-growth reduction, gene-profile expression, and effector cellular profiles. Our results suggest that IL-27 can be effective in reducing tumor growth and can help enhance accumulation of effector cells in prostate tumors in vivo. These results are promising, because they are potentially relevant to developing novel therapies that can be translated by using the novel and effective sonoporation gene-therapy delivery strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Zolochevska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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11
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Harris JE, Shin J, Lee B, Pelosky K, Hooker CM, Harbom K, Hulbert A, Zahnow C, Yang SC, Baylin S, Brayton C, Brock MV. A murine xenograft model of spontaneous metastases of human lung adenocarcinoma. J Surg Res 2011; 171:e75-9. [PMID: 21872887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The flank is commonly used for primary xenografts in mice, but it is rare for these tumors to metastasize. Tail vein injection creates a pattern of metastases, but is artificial. We hypothesized that the liver is a convenient alternative xenograft site and that metastases would gradually proceed spontaneously. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using 15 NOD.CB17-Prkdc(scid)/NcrCrl (NOD/SCID) mice, 10,000 A549 cells were xenografted into the liver while a second group of five mice were xenografted in the flank with 100,000 A549 cells as a control. Mice were euthanized and grossly dissected at 7 wk. A third group of seven mice received liver xenografts with A549 and a mouse each week was euthanized for 7 wk and evaluated. The liver, lung, and spleen were examined histologically. RESULTS At 7 wk, 15/15 liver xenografted mice had gross primary tumor in the liver. Histologic review confirmed multiple microscopic foci of metastatic disease in all mice (15/15) throughout the lungs, mediastinal nodes, and spleen. The control group had primary tumor in the flank (4/5), but none had histologic evidence of metastases. Serially euthanized liver xenografted mice revealed evidence of a gradual spontaneous metastatic model system with the first histologic findings of micrometastases appearing in the lungs by wk 5, which became wide spread by wk 7. Splenic and mediastinal lymph node metastases developed in wk 6 and 7. CONCLUSIONS Liver xenografting of A549 cells into NOD/SCID mice is a reliable way of developing widespread micrometastases. This model allows the study of a gradually developing solid tumor with subsequent metastatic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Harris
- Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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Jerde TJ, Wu Z, Theodorescu D, Bushman W. Regulation of phosphatase homologue of tensin protein expression by bone morphogenetic proteins in prostate epithelial cells. Prostate 2011; 71:791-800. [PMID: 21456062 PMCID: PMC3043153 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphatase homologue of tensin (PTEN) is the most commonly mutated gene in prostate cancer. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are known to promote differentiation and inhibit proliferation. Previously published reports from other organ systems led us to investigate a mechanistic relationship between PTEN and BMP signaling in prostate epithelial cells. METHODS We analyzed growth rate and PTEN expression in E6, BPH-1, and C4-2B prostate epithelial cells treated with BMP-4. We also treated doxacyclin-inducible PTEN-C4-2B cells with BMP-4 and doxacyclin to determine the effect of BMP on growth and PTEN expression in conditions of increasing PTEN expression. We determined the dependency of BMP-mediated growth inhibition via siRNA knockdown of PTEN expression and BMP treatment. We determined PTEN protein stability by determining the effect of BMP-4 on PTEN protein at time points after treatment with cyclohexamide, a translation inhibitor. RESULTS We found that BMP-4 induces PTEN in E6 and BPH-1 cells and reduces proliferation. Knockdown of PTEN attenuated the growth-inhibiting effects of BMP-4 in these cells. BMP-4 had no effect in PTEN-negative C4-2B cells, but doxacyclin-driven PTEN C4-2B cells responded to BMP-4 with enhanced PTEN and growth inhibition. BMP-4 also increased PTEN protein stability. CONCLUSIONS BMP signaling induces PTEN expression and sustains PTEN protein expression resulting in inhibition of prostate epithelial cell growth. These data are the first to identify a mechanistic linkage between BMP signaling and PTEN in the prostate, both of which are independently identified as tumor suppressors and suggest possible coordinate dysregulation in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J. Jerde
- Departments of Pharmacology-Toxicology and Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 42606
| | - Zhong Wu
- Paul Mellon Urological Cancer Institute-University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Paul Mellon Urological Cancer Institute-University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Wade Bushman
- Department of Urology-University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health-, Madison, WI 53792
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Mimeault M, Batra SK. Frequent gene products and molecular pathways altered in prostate cancer- and metastasis-initiating cells and their progenies and novel promising multitargeted therapies. Mol Med 2011; 17:949-64. [PMID: 21607288 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent gene expression profiling analyses and gain- and loss-of-function studies performed with distinct prostate cancer (PC) cell models indicated that the alterations in specific gene products and molecular pathways often occur in PC stem/progenitor cells and their progenies during prostate carcinogenesis and metastases at distant sites, including bones. Particularly, the sustained activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), hedgehog, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, hyaluronan (HA)/CD44 and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process may provide critical functions for PC progression to locally invasive, metastatic and androgen-independent disease states and treatment resistance. Moreover, an enhanced glycolytic metabolism in PC stem/progenitor cells and their progenies concomitant with the changes in their local microenvironment, including the induction of tumor hypoxia and release of diverse soluble factors by tumor myofibroblasts, also may promote the tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastases. More particularly, these molecular transforming events may cooperate to upregulate Akt, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and stemness gene products such as Oct3/4, Sox2, Nanog and Bmi-1 in PC cells that contribute to their acquisition of high self-renewal, tumorigenic and invasive capacities and survival advantages during PC progression. Consequently, the molecular targeting of these deregulated gene products in the PC- and metastasis-initiating cells and their progenies represent new promising therapeutic strategies of great clinical interest for eradicating the total PC cell mass and improving current antihormonal treatments and docetaxel-based chemotherapies, thereby preventing disease relapse and the death of PC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Mimeault
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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14
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Zolochevska O, Figueiredo ML. Cell-cycle regulators cdk2ap1 and bicalutamide suppress malignant biological interactions between prostate cancer and bone cells. Prostate 2011; 71:353-67. [PMID: 20812223 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We examined whether the novel cell-cycle regulator cdk2-associated protein 1 (p12(cdk2ap1) or cdk2ap1), recently shown to regulate prostate cancer cell cycle and apoptosis, could have the capacity to reduce invasiveness and/or reduce malignant biological interactions between prostate cancer and bone cells. We also examined whether combining two cell-cycle arrest stimuli, cdk2ap1 plus bicalutamide (or casodex, CDX), could help enhance inhibition of prostate cancer cell phenotypes. METHODS We stably expressed cdk2ap1 in prostate cancer cell lines using lentiviral vectors, as well as several different co-culture assays to quantify cellular invasion, migration, and the effect of the treatments on interaction with the bone microenvironment. RESULTS We have determined that cdk2ap1 can further augment the effects of CDX on cell-cycle arrest, growth inhibition, and cellular invasion. Using a coculture model, we observed that either cdk2ap1 or cdk2ap1/CDX combination were able to reduce chemotaxis towards osteoblasts, and also reduce the osteoblastic proliferative response to prostate cancer. Also modified by cdk2ap1 and CDX were several signaling pathways associated with prostate cancer/bone crosstalk mechanisms involved in prostate cancer progression. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that either cdk2ap1 or the cdk2ap1/CDX combination hold promise in regulating prostate cancer growth and malignant phenotypes, and potentially also in reducing procarcinogenic interactions with a bone microenvironment model, restoring malignant phenotypes and signaling to a more benign state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Zolochevska
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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15
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Khamis ZI, Iczkowski KA, Sang QXA. Metastasis suppressors in human benign prostate, intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive cancer: their prospects as therapeutic agents. Med Res Rev 2011; 32:1026-77. [PMID: 22886631 DOI: 10.1002/med.20232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer, development of metastases remains a major clinical challenge. Research efforts are dedicated to overcome this problem by understanding the molecular basis of the transition from benign cells to prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), localized carcinoma, and metastatic cancer. Identification of proteins that inhibit dissemination of cancer cells will provide new perspectives to define novel therapeutics. Development of antimetastatic drugs that trigger or mimic the effect of metastasis suppressors represents new therapeutic approaches to improve patient survival. This review focuses on different biochemical and cellular functions of metastasis suppressors known to play a role in prostate carcinogenesis and progression. Ten putative metastasis suppressors implicated in prostate cancer are discussed. CD44s is decreased in both PIN and cancer; Drg-1, E-cadherin, KAI-1, RKIP, and SSeCKS show similar expression between benign epithelia and PIN, but are downregulated in invasive cancer; whereas, maspin, MKK4, Nm23 and PTEN are upregulated in PIN and downregulated in cancer. Moreover, the potential role of microRNA in prostate cancer progression, the understanding of the cellular distribution and localization of metastasis suppressors, their mechanism of action, their effect on prostate invasion and metastasis, and their potential use as therapeutics are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa I Khamis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, USA
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Chetram MA, Odero-Marah V, Hinton CV. Loss of PTEN permits CXCR4-mediated tumorigenesis through ERK1/2 in prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 9:90-102. [PMID: 21076047 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-10-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Loss of PTEN is frequently observed in androgen-independent prostate cancer, resulting in the deregulation of metastatic events. SDF1α activation of CXCR4 induces signaling pathways that have been implicated in prostate metastasis and progression to an advanced disease. The pathways of CXCR4 and PTEN converge, leading to the promotion and regulation of tumorigenesis, respectively. However, loss of PTEN may permit CXCR4 to progress prostate cancer to an advanced disease. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of PTEN in CXCR4-mediated tumorigenesis. When screening advanced metastatic prostate cancer cell lines for PTEN, we observed a loss of expression in PC3 and LNCaP cells whereas Du145 expressed wild-type PTEN. All three cell lines were positive for surface expression of CXCR4. Reconsitution of PTEN induced a mesenchymal to epithelial like morphologic change and inhibited CXCR4-mediated migration and proliferation in PC3 cells. Downregulation of PTEN by siRNA enhanced the CXCR4-mediated migratory behavior of Du145 cells. By Western blot analysis, we observed that PTEN inhibited basal AKT phosphorylation but not ERK1/2 phosphorylation in PTEN-expressing cells. Upon CXCR4 stimulation, PTEN inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation but not phosphorylation of AKT. The CXCR4-mediated migration of PC3 cells was through the ERK1/2 pathway, as confirmed by chemical inhibitors. On the basis of these studies, we suggest that loss of PTEN permits CXCR4-mediated functions in prostate cancer cells through the ERK1/2 pathway. Antagonizing CXCR4 and downstream signaling cascades may provide an efficient approach for treating patients with advanced prostate cancer when hormone therapy fails to the stop the growth and containment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahandranauth A Chetram
- Clark Atlanta University, Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, 223 James P. Brawley Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
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Tian T, Nan KJ, Wang SH, Liang X, Lu CX, Guo H, Wang WJ, Ruan ZP. PTEN regulates angiogenesis and VEGF expression through phosphatase-dependent and -independent mechanisms in HepG2 cells. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:1211-1219. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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PI3Kp110-, Src-, FAK-dependent and DOCK2-independent migration and invasion of CXCL13-stimulated prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:85. [PMID: 20412587 PMCID: PMC2873439 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most prostate cancer (PCa)-related deaths are due to metastasis, which is mediated in part by chemokine receptor and corresponding ligand interaction. We have previously shown that PCa tissue and cell lines express high levels of the chemokine receptor CXCR5, than compared to their normal counterparts, and interaction of CXCR5 with its specific ligand (CXCL13) promoted PCa cell invasion, migration, and differential matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. This study dissects some of the molecular mechanisms following CXCL13-CXCR5 interaction that mediate PCa cell migration and invasion. Results Using Western blot analysis, kinase-specific cell-based ELISAs, and migration and invasion assays, we show that PCa cell lines differentially express phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) catalytic subunit isoforms and dedicator of cytokinesis 2 (DOCK2). Specifically, we show that PC3 and normal prostatic epithelial (RWPE-1), but not LNCaP cell lines expressed DOCK2, while RWPE, PC3, and LNCaP cell lines expressed PI3K-p110α and -p110β. Moreover, PC3 selectively expressed PI3K-p110γ, but LNCaP and RWPE cell lines expressed PI3Kp110δ. CXCL13 caused CXCR5-dependent activation of the PI3Kp85α in LNCaP cells, and p85α as well as -p101 in PC3 cells. CXCL13-CXCR5 interaction regulated LNCaP and PC3 cell migration and invasion through extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation that was primarily dependent on the PI3Kp110 isoform(s), Src, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), but not DOCK2. Conclusions While additional studies will be needed to determine the PI3K-independent (i.e., DOCK2-mediated) and -dependent events that dictate PCa cell responsiveness to CXCL13, these data provide evidence of the existence of cell type- and stimulus-specific signaling events that support migration and invasion of PCa cells.
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Kong Z, Xie D, Boike T, Raghavan P, Burma S, Chen DJ, Habib AA, Chakraborty A, Hsieh JT, Saha D. Downregulation of human DAB2IP gene expression in prostate cancer cells results in resistance to ionizing radiation. Cancer Res 2010; 70:2829-39. [PMID: 20332235 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DAB2IP (DOC-2/DAB2 interactive protein) is a member of the RAS-GTPase-activating protein family. It is often downregulated in metastatic prostate cancer and has been reported as a possible prognostic marker to predict the risk of aggressive prostate cancer. In this study, we furnish several lines of evidence indicating that metastatic human prostate cancer PC3 cells deficient in DAB2IP (shDAB2IP) exhibit increased clonogenic survival in response to ionizing radiation (IR) compared with control cells expressing an endogenous level of DAB2IP (shVector). Radioresistance was also observed in normal prostate cells that are deficient in DAB2IP. This enhanced resistance to IR in DAB2IP-deficient prostate cancer cells is primarily due to faster DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair kinetics. More than 90% of DSBs were repaired in shDAB2IP cells by 8 hours after 2 Gy radiation, whereas only 60% of DSB repair were completed in shVector cells at the same time. Second, upon irradiation, DAB2IP-deficient cells enforced a robust G(2)-M cell cycle checkpoint compared with control cells. Finally, shDAB2IP cells showed resistance to IR-induced apoptosis that could result from a striking decrease in the expression levels of proapoptotic proteins caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9, and significantly higher levels of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and STAT3 than those in shVector cells. In summary, DAB2IP plays a significant role in prostate cell survival following IR exposure due to enhanced DSB repair, robust G(2)-M checkpoint control, and resistance to IR-induced apoptosis. Therefore, it is important to identify patients with dysregulated DAB2IP for (a) assessing prostate cancer risk and (b) alternative treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolu Kong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Park SJ, Sung WJ, Kim MJ. p16INK4a, PTEN, E-cadherin, Bcl-2 and Ki-67 Expression in Prostate Cancer: Its Relationship with the Metastatic Potential and Known Prognostic Factors. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2010.44.6.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seok Ju Park
- Department of Pathology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Woo Jung Sung
- Department of Pathology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mi Jin Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Cdc6 and cyclin E2 are PTEN-regulated genes associated with human prostate cancer metastasis. Neoplasia 2009; 11:66-76. [PMID: 19107233 DOI: 10.1593/neo.81048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is frequently inactivated in metastatic prostate cancer, yet the molecular consequences of this and their association with the metastatic phenotype are incompletely understood. We performed transcriptomic analysis and identified genes altered by conditional PTEN reexpression in C4-2, a human metastatic prostate cancer cell line with inactive PTEN. PTEN-regulated genes were disproportionately represented among genes altered in human prostate cancer progression and metastasis but not among those associated with tumorigenesis. From the former set, we identified two novel putative PTEN targets, cdc6 and cyclin E2, which were overexpressed in metastatic human prostate cancer and up-regulated as a function of PTEN depletion in poorly metastatic DU145 human prostate cancer cells harboring a wild type PTEN. Inhibition of cdc6 and cyclin E2 levels as a consequence of PTEN expression was associated with cell cycle G(1) arrest, whereas use of PTEN activity mutants revealed that regulation of these genes was dependent on PTEN lipid phosphatase activity. Computational and promoter-reporter evaluations implicated the E2F transcription factor in PTEN regulation of cdc6 and cyclin E2 expression. Our results suggest a hypothetical model whereby PTEN loss upregulates cell cycle genes such as cdc6 and cyclin E2 that in turn promote metastatic colonization at distant sites.
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Uzoh CC, Perks CM, Bahl A, Holly JMP, Sugiono M, Persad RA. PTEN-mediated pathways and their association with treatment-resistant prostate cancer. BJU Int 2009; 104:556-61. [PMID: 19220271 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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The role of PTEN/Akt/PI3K signaling in the maintenance and viability of prostate cancer stem-like cell populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 106:268-73. [PMID: 19116269 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0810956106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the molecular pathways that are required for the viability and maintenance of self-renewing tumor-initiating cells may ultimately lead to improved therapies for cancer. In this study, we show that a CD133(+)/CD44(+) population of cells enriched in prostate cancer progenitors (PCaPs) has tumor-initiating potential and that these progenitors can be expanded under nonadherent, serum-free, sphere-forming conditions. Cells grown under these conditions have increased in vitro clonogenic and in vivo tumorigenic potential. mRNA expression analysis of cells grown under sphere-forming conditions, compared with long-term monolayer cultures, revealed preferential activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. PI3K p110alpha and beta-protein levels were higher in cells grown under sphere-forming conditions, and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) knockdown by shRNA led to an increase in sphere formation as well as increased clonogenic and tumorigenic potential. Similarly, shRNA knockdown of FoxO3a led to an increase in tumorigenic potential. Consistent with these results, inhibition of PI3K activity by the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 led to growth inhibition of PCaPs. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that the PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathways are critical for prostate cancer stem-like cell maintenance and that targeting PI3K signaling may be beneficial in prostate cancer treatment by eliminating prostate cancer stem-like cells.
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Zou X, Zou L, He Y, Bünger C. Molecular treatment strategies and surgical reconstruction for metastatic bone diseases. Cancer Treat Rev 2008; 34:527-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2008.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
Integrins, which are transmembrane receptors for extracellular matrix proteins, play a key role in cell survival, proliferation, migration, gene expression, and activation of growth factor receptors. Their functions and expression are deregulated in several types of cancer, including prostate cancer. In this article, we review the role of integrins in prostate cancer progression and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Lal Goel
- Department of Cancer Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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Savli H, Szendröi A, Romics I, Nagy B. Gene network and canonical pathway analysis in prostate cancer: a microarray study. Exp Mol Med 2008; 40:176-85. [PMID: 18446056 PMCID: PMC2679302 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2008.40.2.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism playing a role in the development of prostate cancer (PCA) is not well defined. We decided to determine the changes in gene expression in PCA tissues and to compare them to those in non-cancerous samples. Prostate tissue samples were collected by needle biopsy from 21 PCA and 10 benign prostate hyperplasic (BPH) patients. Total RNA was isolated, cDNA was synthesized, and gene expression levels were determined by microarray method. In the progression to PCA, 738 up-regulated and 515 down-regulated genes were detected in samples. Analysis using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software revealed that 466 network and 423 functions-pathways eligible genes were up-regulated, and 363 network and 342 functions-pathways eligible genes were down-regulated. Up-regulated networks were identified around IL-1beta and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) genes. The NFKB gene was centered around two up- and down-regulated networks. Up-regulated canonical pathways were assigned and four of them were evaluated in detail: acute phase response, hepatic fibrosis, actin cytoskeleton, and coagulation pathways. Axonal guidance signaling was the most significant down-regulated canonical pathway. Our data provide not only networks between the genes for understanding the biologic properties of PCA but also useful pathway maps for future understanding of disease and the construction of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Savli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Clinical Research Unit, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41380, Turkey.
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