1
|
Katoh I, Tsukinoki K, Hata RI, Kurata SI. ΔNp63 silencing, DNA methylation shifts, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition resulted from TAp63 genome editing in squamous cell carcinoma. Neoplasia 2023; 45:100938. [PMID: 37778252 PMCID: PMC10544079 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2023.100938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
TP63 (p63) is strongly expressed in lower-grade carcinomas of the head and neck, skin, breast, and urothelium to maintain a well-differentiated phenotype. TP63 has two transcription start sites at exons 1 and 3' that produce TAp63 and ΔNp63 isoforms, respectively. The major protein, ΔNp63α, epigenetically activates genes essential for epidermal/craniofacial differentiation, including ΔNp63 itself. To examine the specific role of weakly expressed TAp63, we disrupted exon 1 using CRISPR-Cas9 homology-directed repair in a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) line. Surprisingly, TAp63 knockout cells having either monoallelic GFP cassette insertion paired with a frameshift deletion allele or biallelic GFP cassette insertion exhibited ΔNp63 silencing. Loss of keratinocyte-specific gene expression, switching of intermediate filament genes from KRT(s) to VIM, and suppression of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion components indicated the core events of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Many of the positively and negatively affected genes, including ΔNp63, displayed local DNA methylation changes. Furthermore, ΔNp63 expression was partially rescued by transfection of the TAp63 knockout cells with TAp63α and application of DNA methyltransferase inhibitor zebularine. These results suggest that TAp63, a minor part of the TP63 gene, may be involved in the auto-activation mechanism of ΔNp63 by which the keratinocyte-specific epigenome is maintained in SCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iyoko Katoh
- Faculty of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan.
| | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Department of Environmental Pathology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Ryu-Ichiro Hata
- Faculty of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Kurata
- Faculty of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mundhe D, Mishra R, Basu S, Dalal S, Kumar S, Teni T. ΔNp63 overexpression promotes oral cancer cell migration through hyperactivated Activin A signaling. Exp Cell Res 2023; 431:113739. [PMID: 37567436 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Oral cancer is a common malignant tumor of the oral cavity that affects many countries with a prevalent distribution in the Indian subcontinent, with poor prognosis rate on account of locoregional metastases. Gain-of-function mutations in p53 and overexpression of its related transcription factor, p63 are both widely reported events in oral cancers. However, targeting these alterations remains a far-achieved aim due to lack of knowledge on their downstream signaling pathways. In the present study, we characterize the isoforms of p63 and using knockdown strategy, decipher the functions and oncogenic signaling of p63 in oral cancers. Using Microarray and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation experiments, we decipher a novel transcriptional regulatory axis between p63 and Activin A and establish its functional significance in migration of oral cancer cells. Using an orally bioavailable inhibitor of the Activin A pathway to attenuate oral cancer cell migration and invasion, we further demonstrate the targetability of this signaling axis. Our study highlights the oncogenic role of ΔNp63 - Activin A - SMAD2/3 signaling and provides a basis for targeting this oncogenic pathway in oral cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanashree Mundhe
- Teni Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Plot No. 1 & 2, Sector 22, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, Maharashtra, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, 2nd Floor, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rupa Mishra
- Teni Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Plot No. 1 & 2, Sector 22, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, Maharashtra, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, 2nd Floor, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, Maharashtra, India
| | - Srikanta Basu
- Cell and Tumor Biology, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Plot No. 1 & 2, Sector 22, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, Maharashtra, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, 2nd Floor, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sorab Dalal
- Cell and Tumor Biology, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Plot No. 1 & 2, Sector 22, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, Maharashtra, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, 2nd Floor, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- BioCOS Life Sciences Private Limited, AECS Layout, B-Block, Singasandra, Hosur Road, 851/A, Bengaluru, 560068, Karnataka, India; Department of AIML- Computer Science, School of Engineering, Dayananda Sagar University, Bengaluru, 560068, Karnataka, India
| | - Tanuja Teni
- Teni Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Plot No. 1 & 2, Sector 22, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, Maharashtra, India; Cell and Tumor Biology, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Plot No. 1 & 2, Sector 22, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, Maharashtra, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Long E, Patel H, Byun J, Amos CI, Choi J. Functional studies of lung cancer GWAS beyond association. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:R22-R36. [PMID: 35776125 PMCID: PMC9585683 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fourteen years after the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) of lung cancer was published, approximately 45 genomic loci have now been significantly associated with lung cancer risk. While functional characterization was performed for several of these loci, a comprehensive summary of the current molecular understanding of lung cancer risk has been lacking. Further, many novel computational and experimental tools now became available to accelerate the functional assessment of disease-associated variants, moving beyond locus-by-locus approaches. In this review, we first highlight the heterogeneity of lung cancer GWAS findings across histological subtypes, ancestries and smoking status, which poses unique challenges to follow-up studies. We then summarize the published lung cancer post-GWAS studies for each risk-associated locus to assess the current understanding of biological mechanisms beyond the initial statistical association. We further summarize strategies for GWAS functional follow-up studies considering cutting-edge functional genomics tools and providing a catalog of available resources relevant to lung cancer. Overall, we aim to highlight the importance of integrating computational and experimental approaches to draw biological insights from the lung cancer GWAS results beyond association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erping Long
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Harsh Patel
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jinyoung Byun
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jiyeon Choi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Balinth S, Fisher ML, Hwangbo Y, Wu C, Ballon C, Sun X, Mills AA. EZH2 regulates a SETDB1/ΔNp63α axis via RUNX3 to drive a cancer stem cell phenotype in squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2022; 41:4130-4144. [PMID: 35864175 PMCID: PMC10132824 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and SET domain bifurcated 1 (SETDB1, also known as ESET) are oncogenic methyltransferases implicated in a number of human cancers. These enzymes typically function as epigenetic repressors of target genes by methylating histone H3 K27 and H3-K9 residues, respectively. Here, we show that EZH2 and SETDB1 are essential to proliferation in 3 SCC cell lines, HSC-5, FaDu, and Cal33. Additionally, we find both of these proteins highly expressed in an aggressive stem-like SCC sub-population. Depletion of either EZH2 or SETDB1 disrupts these stem-like cells and their associated phenotypes of spheroid formation, invasion, and tumor growth. We show that SETDB1 regulates this SCC stem cell phenotype through cooperation with ΔNp63α, an oncogenic isoform of the p53-related transcription factor p63. Furthermore, EZH2 is upstream of both SETDB1 and ΔNp63α, activating these targets via repression of the tumor suppressor RUNX3. We show that targeting this pathway with inhibitors of EZH2 results in activation of RUNX3 and repression of both SETDB1 and ΔNp63α, antagonizing the SCC cancer stem cell phenotype. This work highlights a novel pathway that drives an aggressive cancer stem cell phenotype and demonstrates a means of pharmacological intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seamus Balinth
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Yon Hwangbo
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Caizhi Wu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Carlos Ballon
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Xueqin Sun
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Alea A Mills
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Inactivation of tumor suppressor TAp63 by hepatitis B virus X protein in hepatocellular carcinoma. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:1728-1733. [PMID: 35950770 PMCID: PMC9509107 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the early stage of the disease, HBx facilitates tumor onset by inactivating the tumor suppressor p53. The p53-encoding gene, however, is frequently mutated or deleted as the cancer progresses to the late stage and, under such circumstance, the p53 homolog TAp63 can harness HCC growth by transactivating several important p53-target genes. METHODS To determine whether HBx regulates TAp63, we performed co-immunoprecipitation assay, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and flow cytometry analysis in p53-null cancer cell lines, Hep3B and H1299. RESULTS HBx interacts with the transactivation domain of TAp63, as HBx was co-immunoprecipitated with TAp63 but not with ΔNp63. The interaction between HBx and TAp63 abolished transcriptional activity of TAp63, as evidenced by the reduction of the levels of its target genes p21 and PUMA , consequently leading to restricted apoptosis and augmented proliferation of HCC cells. CONCLUSION HBV induces progression of HCC that harbors defective p53 by inhibiting the tumor suppressor TAp63.
Collapse
|
6
|
Genest M, Comunale F, Planchon D, Govindin P, Noly D, Vacher S, Bièche I, Robert B, Malhotra H, Schoenit A, Tashireva LA, Casas J, Gauthier-Rouvière C, Bodin S. Upregulated flotillins and sphingosine kinase 2 derail AXL vesicular traffic to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274986. [PMID: 35394045 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered endocytosis and vesicular trafficking are major players during tumorigenesis. Flotillin overexpression, a feature observed in many invasive tumors and identified as a marker of poor prognosis, induces a deregulated endocytic and trafficking pathway called upregulated flotillin-induced trafficking (UFIT). Here, we found that in non-tumoral mammary epithelial cells, induction of the UFIT pathway promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and accelerates the endocytosis of several transmembrane receptors, including AXL, in flotillin-positive late endosomes. AXL overexpression, frequently observed in cancer cells, is linked to EMT and metastasis formation. In flotillin-overexpressing non-tumoral mammary epithelial cells and in invasive breast carcinoma cells, we found that the UFIT pathway-mediated AXL endocytosis allows its stabilization and depends on sphingosine kinase 2, a lipid kinase recruited in flotillin-rich plasma membrane domains and endosomes. Thus, the deregulation of vesicular trafficking following flotillin upregulation, and through sphingosine kinase 2, emerges as a new mechanism of AXL overexpression and EMT-inducing signaling pathway activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Genest
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Comunale
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Damien Planchon
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Pauline Govindin
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Dune Noly
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Vacher
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris 75005, France
| | - Ivan Bièche
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris 75005, France
| | - Bruno Robert
- IRCM, Campus Val d'Aurelle, 208 avenue des Apothicaires, 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Himanshu Malhotra
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Andreas Schoenit
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Liubov A Tashireva
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Josefina Casas
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain.,Liver and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBER-EHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Stéphane Bodin
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Molecular Mechanisms of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073478. [PMID: 35408839 PMCID: PMC8998533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancers are cutaneous malignancies representing the most common form of cancer in the United States. They are comprised predominantly of basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas (cSCC). The incidence of cSCC is increasing, resulting in substantial morbidity and ever higher treatment costs; currently in excess of one billion dollars, per annum. Here, we review research defining the molecular basis and development of cSCC that aims to provide new insights into pathogenesis and drive the development of novel, cost and morbidity saving therapies.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang HT, Lee HW, Weng MW, Liu Y, Huang WC, Lepor H, Wu XR, Tang MS. The role of TAp63γ and P53 point mutations in regulating DNA repair, mutational susceptibility and invasion of bladder cancer cells. eLife 2021; 10:71184. [PMID: 34747697 PMCID: PMC8575459 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been recognized that non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) has a low propensity (20%) of becoming muscle-invasive (MIBC), and that MIBC carry many more p53 point mutations (p53m) than NMIBC (50% vs 10%). MIBC also has a higher mutation burden than NMIBC. These results suggest that DNA repair capacities, mutational susceptibility and p53m are crucial for MIBC development. We found MIBC cells are hypermutable, deficient in DNA repair and have markedly downregulated DNA repair genes, XPC, hOGG1/2 and Ref1, and the tumor suppressor, TAp63γ. In contrast, NMIBC cells are hyperactive in DNA repair and exhibit upregulated DNA repair genes and TAp63γ. A parallel exists in human tumors, as MIBC tissues have markedly lower DNA repair activity, and lower expression of DNA repair genes and TAp63γ compared to NMIBC tissues. Forced TAp63γ expression in MIBC significantly mitigates DNA repair deficiencies and reduces mutational susceptibility. Knockdown of TAp63γ in NMIBC greatly reduces DNA repair capacity and enhances mutational susceptibility. Manipulated TAp63γ expression or knockdown of p53m reduce the invasion of MIBC by 40–60%. However, the combination of p53m knockdown with forced TAp63γ expression reduce the invasion ability to nil suggesting that p53m contributes to invasion phenotype independent from TAp63γ. These results indicate that in BC, TAp63γ regulates DNA repair capacities, mutational susceptibility and invasion, and that p53m contribute to the invasion phenotype. We conclude that concurrent TAp63γ suppression and acquisition of p53m are a major cause for MIBC development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Hyun-Wook Lee
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Mao-Wen Weng
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Urology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - William C Huang
- Department of Urology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Herbert Lepor
- Department of Urology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Moon-Shong Tang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Iscan E, Ekin U, Yildiz G, Oz O, Keles U, Suner A, Cakan-Akdogan G, Ozhan G, Nekulova M, Vojtesek B, Uzuner H, Karakülah G, Alotaibi H, Ozturk M. TAp73β Can Promote Hepatocellular Carcinoma Dedifferentiation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040783. [PMID: 33668566 PMCID: PMC7918882 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly complex and heterogeneous type of cancer. Hepatocyte dedifferentiation is one of the important steps in the development of HCC. However, its molecular mechanisms are not well known. In this study, we report that transcriptionally active TAp73 isoforms are overexpressed in HCC. We also show that TAp73β suppresses the expression of the hepatocyte markers including CYP3A4, AFP, ALB, HNF4α, while increasing the expression of several cholangiocyte markers in HCC cell lines. In conclusion, this report reveals a pro-oncogenic role for TAp73β in liver cancer. Abstract Hepatocyte dedifferentiation is a major source of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but its mechanisms are unknown. We explored the p73 expression in HCC tumors and studied the effects of transcriptionally active p73β (TAp73β) in HCC cells. Expression profiles of p73 and patient clinical data were collected from the Genomic Data Commons (GDC) data portal and the TSVdb database, respectively. Global gene expression profiles were determined by pan-genomic 54K microarrays. The Gene Set Enrichment Analysis method was used to identify TAp73β-regulated gene sets. The effects of TAp73 isoforms were analyzed in monolayer cell culture, 3D-cell culture and xenograft models in zebrafish using western blot, flow cytometry, fluorescence imaging, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry and morphological examination. TAp73 isoforms were significantly upregulated in HCC, and high p73 expression correlated with poor patient survival. The induced expression of TAp73β caused landscape expression changes in genes involved in growth signaling, cell cycle, stress response, immunity, metabolism and development. Hep3B cells overexpressing TAp73β had lost hepatocyte lineage biomarkers including ALB, CYP3A4, AFP, HNF4α. In contrast, TAp73β upregulated genes promoting cholangiocyte lineage such as YAP, JAG1 and ZO-1, accompanied with an increase in metastatic ability. Our findings suggest that TAp73β may promote malignant dedifferentiation of HCC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evin Iscan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35000, Turkey; (E.I.); (U.E.); (O.O.); (U.K.); (G.C.-A.); (G.O.); (H.U.); (G.K.); (H.A.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35000, Turkey
| | - Umut Ekin
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35000, Turkey; (E.I.); (U.E.); (O.O.); (U.K.); (G.C.-A.); (G.O.); (H.U.); (G.K.); (H.A.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35000, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Yildiz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61000, Turkey;
| | - Ozden Oz
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35000, Turkey; (E.I.); (U.E.); (O.O.); (U.K.); (G.C.-A.); (G.O.); (H.U.); (G.K.); (H.A.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35000, Turkey
- Izmir Bozyaka Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Izmir 35000, Turkey
| | - Umur Keles
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35000, Turkey; (E.I.); (U.E.); (O.O.); (U.K.); (G.C.-A.); (G.O.); (H.U.); (G.K.); (H.A.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35000, Turkey
| | - Aslı Suner
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35000, Turkey;
| | - Gulcin Cakan-Akdogan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35000, Turkey; (E.I.); (U.E.); (O.O.); (U.K.); (G.C.-A.); (G.O.); (H.U.); (G.K.); (H.A.)
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35000, Turkey
| | - Gunes Ozhan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35000, Turkey; (E.I.); (U.E.); (O.O.); (U.K.); (G.C.-A.); (G.O.); (H.U.); (G.K.); (H.A.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35000, Turkey
| | - Marta Nekulova
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.N.); (B.V.)
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.N.); (B.V.)
| | - Hamdiye Uzuner
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35000, Turkey; (E.I.); (U.E.); (O.O.); (U.K.); (G.C.-A.); (G.O.); (H.U.); (G.K.); (H.A.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35000, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Karakülah
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35000, Turkey; (E.I.); (U.E.); (O.O.); (U.K.); (G.C.-A.); (G.O.); (H.U.); (G.K.); (H.A.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35000, Turkey
| | - Hani Alotaibi
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35000, Turkey; (E.I.); (U.E.); (O.O.); (U.K.); (G.C.-A.); (G.O.); (H.U.); (G.K.); (H.A.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35000, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ozturk
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35000, Turkey; (E.I.); (U.E.); (O.O.); (U.K.); (G.C.-A.); (G.O.); (H.U.); (G.K.); (H.A.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
P63 modulates the expression of the WDFY2 gene which is implicated in cancer regulation and limb development. Biosci Rep 2020; 39:221381. [PMID: 31789342 PMCID: PMC6914664 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20192114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
TP63 is a member of the TP53 gene family, sharing a common gene structure that produces two groups of mRNAs' encoding proteins with different N-terminal regions (ΔN and TA isoforms); both transcripts are also subjected to alternative splicing mechanisms at C-terminus, generating a variety of isoforms. p63 is a master regulator of epidermal development and homoeostasis as well as an important player in tumorigenesis and cancer progression with both oncogenic and tumour suppressive roles. A number of studies have aimed at the identification of p63 target genes, allowing the dissection of the molecular pathways orchestrated by the different isoforms. In the present study we investigated in more detail the p63 responsiveness of the WDFY2 (WD repeat and FYVE domain containing 2) gene, encoding for an endosomal protein identified as a binding partner of the PI-3K/AKT signalling pathway. We showed that overexpression of different p63 isoforms was able to induce WDFY2 expression in TP53-null cells. The p63-dependent transcriptional activation was associated with specific response elements (REs) that have been identified by a bioinformatics tool and validated by yeast- and mammal-based assays. Interestingly, to confirm that WDFY2 belongs to the p63 network of cancer regulation, we analysed the impact of WDFY2 alterations, by showing its frequent deletion in different types of tumours and suggesting its expression level as a prognostic biomarker. Lastly, we identified a chromosomal translocation involving the WDFY2 locus in a patient affected by a rare congenital limb anomaly, indicating WDFY2 as a possible susceptibility gene placed downstream p63 in the network of limb development.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kudo KI, Takabatake M, Nagata K, Nishimura Y, Daino K, Iizuka D, Nishimura M, Suzuki K, Kakinuma S, Imaoka T. Flow Cytometry Definition of Rat Mammary Epithelial Cell Populations and Their Distinct Radiation Responses. Radiat Res 2020; 194:22-37. [PMID: 32352870 DOI: 10.1667/rr15566.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Breast tissue is very susceptible to radiation-induced carcinogenesis, and mammary stem/progenitor cells are potentially important targets of this. The mammary epithelium is maintained as two mostly independent lineages of luminal and basal cells. To elucidate their immediate radiation responses, we analyzed the mammary glands of female Sprague-Dawley rats, a radiation carcinogenesis model, using colony formation, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. The results revealed that flow cytometry successfully fractionates rat mammary cells into CD49fhi CD24lo basal, CD49fmed CD24hi luminal progenitor, and CD49flo CD24hi mature luminal populations, resembling human breast, rather than mouse tissues. The colony-forming ability of the basal cells was more radiosensitive than the luminal progenitor cells. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence showed more efficient cell cycle arrest, γ-H2AX responses, and apoptosis in the irradiated luminal progenitor cells, than in the basal cells. These results provide important insights into the early phase of radiation-induced breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Kudo
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaru Takabatake
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kento Nagata
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nishimura
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Daino
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daisuke Iizuka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nishimura
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keiji Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Imaoka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fu H, Zhang Y, Chen J, Zhou B, Chen G, Chen P. Tmub1 Suppresses Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Promoting the Ubiquitination of ΔNp63 Isoforms. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 18:126-136. [PMID: 32671188 PMCID: PMC7338996 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane and ubiquitin-like domain-containing 1 (Tmub1) inhibits hepatocyte proliferation during liver regeneration, but its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has yet to be revealed. In this study, we show that the levels of Tmub1 were significantly lower in HCC tissues and cells than they were in adjacent tissues and normal hepatic cells, and the low levels of Tmub1 indicated a poor prognosis in HCC patients. Xenograft growth assay revealed that Tmub1 represses HCC growth in vivo. In addition, Tmub1 formed a protein complex with apoptosis-associated protein tumor protein 63 (p63), especially with the ΔN isoforms (ΔNp63α, β, and γ). Further loss- and gain-of-function analyses indicated that Tmub1 promotes apoptosis of Hep3B and MHCC-LM3 cells. Tmub1 decreased the protein expression of ΔNp63, and the pro-apoptotic effect of Tmub1 can be reversed by ΔNp63 isoforms (α, β, and γ). Additionally, we report that Tmub1 promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of ΔNp63 proteins. Finally, we confirmed in HCC tissues that Tmub1 is negatively correlated with ΔNp63 and positively correlated with the level of apoptosis. Taken together, Tmub1 suppresses HCC by enhancing the ubiquitination and degradation of ΔNp63 isoforms to induce HCC cell apoptosis. These findings provide a potential strategy for the management of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hangwei Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Yida Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Junying Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Geng Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
- Corresponding author: Geng Chen, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, #10 Changjiangzhilu Daping, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China.
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
- Corresponding author: Ping Chen, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, #10 Changjiangzhilu Daping, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Smirnov A, Anemona L, Novelli F, Piro CM, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli M, Melino G, Candi E. p63 Is a Promising Marker in the Diagnosis of Unusual Skin Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5781. [PMID: 31744230 PMCID: PMC6888618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide. Ozone depletion and climate changes might cause a further increase in the incidence rate in the future. Although the early detection of skin cancer enables it to be treated successfully, some tumours can evolve and become more aggressive, especially in the case of melanoma. Therefore, good diagnostic and prognostic markers are needed to ensure correct detection and treatment. Transcription factor p63, a member of the p53 family of proteins, plays an essential role in the development of stratified epithelia such as skin. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive review of p63 expression in different types of skin cancer and discuss its possible use in the diagnosis and prognosis of cutaneous tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artem Smirnov
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Anemona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Novelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina M. Piro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- MRC-Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, 00163 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Coelomic Fluid of Lumbricus rubellus Synergistically Enhances Cytotoxic Effect of 5-Fluorouracil through Modulation of Focal Adhesion Kinase and p21 in HT-29 Cancer Cell Line. ScientificWorldJournal 2019; 2019:5632859. [PMID: 31097925 PMCID: PMC6487099 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5632859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coelomic fluid of Lumbricus rubellus (CFL) has attracted interest due to its pharmacological properties, including antitumor effect. Furthermore, it is necessary to evaluate the response to treatment with new cancer therapeutic agents. This study aims to investigate whether the combination of CFL and 5-fluorouracil could reduce FAK protein level and iCa2+ and enhance p21 level. Furthermore, it is necessary to evaluate the response to treatment with new cancer therapeutic agents. After 24 hours of treatment, it was necessary to assess the percentage of apoptosis, FAK, and p21 protein expression by flow cytometry. iCa2+ concentration was measured using immunofluorescence. The combination therapy of CFL with 5-fluorouracil potently suppressed six treatment groups were included in this study. HT-29 cell lines were cultured and divided into six groups: group 1 was treated with vehicle (negative control), groups 2-5 were treated with 5-fluorouracil, groups 3-5 were treated with either CFL 5, 10, or 20 µg/ml immediately after 5-fluorouracil, and group 6 was treated with CFL 20 µg/ml, the progression of colorectal cancer. Combination of CFL and 5-fluorouracil significantly decreased FAK expression (p<0.05), iCa2+ (p<0.05), and increased p21 expression (p<0.05) in HT-29 cells. Our results suggest that CFL has an anticancer potential in colorectal cancer when combined with 5-fluorouracil.
Collapse
|
15
|
El Husseini N, Hales BF. The Roles of P53 and Its Family Proteins, P63 and P73, in the DNA Damage Stress Response in Organogenesis-Stage Mouse Embryos. Toxicol Sci 2019; 162:439-449. [PMID: 29228353 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the P53 transcription factor family, P53, P63, and P73, play important roles in normal development and in regulating the expression of genes that control apoptosis and cell cycle progression in response to genotoxic stress. P53 is involved in the DNA damage response pathway that is activated by hydroxyurea in organogenesis-stage murine embryos. The extent to which P63 and P73 contribute to this stress response is not known. To address this question, we examined the roles of P53, P63, and P73 in mediating the response of Trp53-positive and Trp53-deficient murine embryos to a single dose of hydroxyurea (400 mg/kg) on gestational day 9. Hydroxyurea treatment downregulated the expression of Trp63 and upregulated Trp73 in the absence of effects on the levels of Trp53 transcripts; Trp73 upregulation was P53-dependent. At the protein level, hydroxyurea treatment increased the levels and phosphorylation of P53 in the absence of effects on P63 and P73. Upregulation of the expression of genes that regulate cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, Cdkn1a, Rb1, Fas, Trp53inp1, and Pmaip1, was P53-dependent in hydroxyurea-treated embryos. The increase in cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved mammalian sterile-20-like-1 kinase levels induced by hydroxyurea was also P53-dependent; in contrast, the increase in phosphorylated H2AX, a marker of DNA double-strand breaks, in response to hydroxyurea treatment was only partially P53-dependent. Together, our data show that P53 is the principal P53 family member that is activated in the embryonic DNA damage response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazem El Husseini
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Barbara F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Somerville TDD, Xu Y, Miyabayashi K, Tiriac H, Cleary CR, Maia-Silva D, Milazzo JP, Tuveson DA, Vakoc CR. TP63-Mediated Enhancer Reprogramming Drives the Squamous Subtype of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cell Rep 2018; 25:1741-1755.e7. [PMID: 30428345 PMCID: PMC6296757 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant expression of squamous lineage markers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) has been correlated with poor clinical outcomes. However, the functional role of this putative transdifferentiation event in PDA pathogenesis remains unclear. Here, we show that expression of the transcription factor TP63 (ΔNp63) is sufficient to install and sustain the enhancer landscape and transcriptional signature of the squamous lineage in human PDA cells. We also demonstrate that TP63-driven enhancer reprogramming promotes aggressive tumor phenotypes, including enhanced cell motility and invasion, and an accelerated growth of primary PDA tumors and metastases in vivo. This process ultimately leads to a powerful addiction of squamous PDA cells to continuous TP63 expression. Our study demonstrates the functional significance of squamous transdifferentiation in PDA and reveals TP63-based reprogramming as an experimental tool for investigating mechanisms and vulnerabilities linked to this aberrant cell fate transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yali Xu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Koji Miyabayashi
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Hervé Tiriac
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Cristian R Cleary
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Diogo Maia-Silva
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Watson School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Joseph P Milazzo
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - David A Tuveson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Increased p63 Expression in Canine Perianal Gland Tumours. J Vet Res 2018; 62:229-235. [PMID: 30364817 PMCID: PMC6200288 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction p63 is a homologous molecule of p53 and was recently identified as playing important roles in several key cellular processes, including epithelial development and proliferation. Since then, several studies have demonstrated altered p63 expression in various cancers of epithelial origin. Canine perianal gland tumour is one of the most common skin neoplasms in dogs; however, the molecular characteristics of this tumour remain poorly understood. The objective of the present study was to analyse and compare the expression of p63 in canine perianal gland adenomas and carcinomas. Material and Methods Haematoxylin and eosin-stained slides were examined and immunohistochemistry was conducted for a total of 65 samples. Immunohistochemical data for p63 expressions were compared between groups using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results The p63 expression level was increased in perianal gland carcinomas compared to that in the adenoma samples (P < 0.0001). The percentage of cells expressing p63 was higher in perianal gland carcinomas than in adenomas, although the intensity of immunostaining did not differ significantly between the two groups. Conclusion p63 is a candidate factor contributing to the malignant transformation and progression of canine perianal gland tumours.
Collapse
|
18
|
Gokey JJ, Snowball J, Sridharan A, Speth JP, Black KE, Hariri LP, Perl AKT, Xu Y, Whitsett JA. MEG3 is increased in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and regulates epithelial cell differentiation. JCI Insight 2018; 3:122490. [PMID: 30185671 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic interstitial lung disease causing fibrotic remodeling of the peripheral lung, leading to respiratory failure. Peripheral pulmonary epithelial cells lose normal alveolar epithelial gene expression patterns and variably express genes associated with diverse conducting airway epithelial cells, including basal cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing of pulmonary epithelial cells isolated from IPF lung tissue demonstrated altered expression of LncRNAs, including increased MEG3. MEG3 RNA was highly expressed in subsets of the atypical IPF epithelial cells and correlated with conducting airway epithelial gene expression patterns. Expression of MEG3 in human pulmonary epithelial cell lines increased basal cell-associated RNAs, including TP63, KRT14, STAT3, and YAP1, and enhanced cell migration, consistent with a role for MEG3 in regulating basal cell identity. MEG3 reduced expression of TP73, SOX2, and Notch-associated RNAs HES1 and HEY1, in primary human bronchial epithelial cells, demonstrating a role for MEG3 in the inhibition of genes influencing basal cell differentiation into club, ciliated, or goblet cells. MEG3 induced basal cell genes and suppressed genes associated with terminal differentiation of airway cells, supporting a role for MEG3 in regulation of basal progenitor cell functions, which may contribute to tissue remodeling in IPF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Gokey
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - John Snowball
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Anusha Sridharan
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph P Speth
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Lida P Hariri
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anne-Karina T Perl
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Čechová J, Coufal J, Jagelská EB, Fojta M, Brázda V. p73, like its p53 homolog, shows preference for inverted repeats forming cruciforms. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195835. [PMID: 29668749 PMCID: PMC5905954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
p73 is a member of the p53 protein family and has essential functions in several signaling pathways involved in development, differentiation, DNA damage responses and cancer. As a transcription factor, p73 achieves these functions by binding to consensus DNA sequences and p73 shares at least partial target DNA binding sequence specificity with p53. Transcriptional activation by p73 has been demonstrated for more than fifty p53 targets in yeast and/or human cancer cell lines. It has also been shown previously that p53 binding to DNA is strongly dependent on DNA topology and the presence of inverted repeats that can form DNA cruciforms, but whether p73 transcriptional activity has similar dependence has not been investigated. Therefore, we evaluated p73 binding to a set of p53-response elements with identical theoretical binding affinity in their linear state, but different probabilities to form extra helical structures. We show by a yeast-based assay that transactivation in vivo correlated more with the relative propensity of a response element to form cruciforms than to its expected in vitro DNA binding affinity. Structural features of p73 target sites are therefore likely to be an important determinant of its transactivation function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Čechová
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Královopolská, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Coufal
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Královopolská, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva B. Jagelská
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Královopolská, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Fojta
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Královopolská, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Brázda
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Královopolská, Brno, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mitkin NA, Muratova AM, Sharonov GV, Korneev KV, Sviriaeva EN, Mazurov D, Schwartz AM, Kuprash DV. p63 and p73 repress CXCR5 chemokine receptor gene expression in p53-deficient MCF-7 breast cancer cells during genotoxic stress. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2017; 1860:1169-1178. [PMID: 29107083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many types of chemotherapeutic agents induce of DNA-damage that is accompanied by activation of p53 tumor suppressor, a key regulator of tumor development and progression. In our previous study we demonstrated that p53 could repress CXCR5 chemokine receptor gene in MCF-7 breast cancer cells via attenuation of NFkB activity. In this work we aimed to determine individual roles of p53 family members in the regulation of CXCR5 gene expression under genotoxic stress. DNA-alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate caused a reduction in CXCR5 expression not only in parental MCF-7 cells but also in MCF-7-p53off cells with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated inactivation of the p53 gene. Since p53 knockout was associated with elevated expression of its p63 and p73 homologues, we knocked out p63 using CRISPR/Cas9 system and knocked down p73 using specific siRNA. The CXCR5 promoter activity, CXCR5 expression and CXCL13-directed migration in MCF-7 cells with inactivation of all three p53 family genes were completely insensitive to genotoxic stress, while pairwise p53+p63 or p53+p73 inactivation resulted in partial effects. Using deletion analysis and site-directed mutagenesis, we demonstrated that effects of NFkB on the CXCR5 promoter inversely correlated with p63 and p73 levels. Thus, all three p53 family members mediate the effects of genotoxic stress on the CXCR5 promoter using the same mechanism associated with attenuation of NFkB activity. Understanding of this mechanism could facilitate prognosis of tumor responses to chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita A Mitkin
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alisa M Muratova
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Department of Immunology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye gory 1, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - George V Sharonov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye gory 1, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill V Korneev
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Department of Immunology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye gory 1, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N Sviriaeva
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Mazurov
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Anton M Schwartz
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Kuprash
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Department of Immunology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye gory 1, 119234 Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Expression of p63 protein in anaplastic large cell lymphoma: implications for genetic subtyping. Hum Pathol 2017; 64:19-27. [PMID: 28153507 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs) are CD30-positive T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas that bear chromosomal rearrangements of the TP53 homologue TP63 in a subset of cases that demonstrate aggressive clinical behavior. In the present study, we examined the relationship between p63 protein expression by immunohistochemistry and the results of fluorescence in situ hybridization using TP63 probes in 116 ALCLs. We also determined the relative expression of full-length TAp63 and truncated ΔNp63 isoforms (eg, p40) in ALCL cell lines and a subset of clinical cases. Overall, 35.3% of ALCLs were positive for p63 protein. Primary cutaneous and anaplastic lymphoma kinase-negative ALCLs were positive more frequently than anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive ALCLs (P=.0034). As previously reported, cases with TP63 gene rearrangements expressed p63 uniformly. p63 expression in nonrearranged cases was associated with extra copies of TP63 on 3q28 (P<.0001). Extra copies of TP63 correlated with extra copies of the DUSP22 locus on 6p25.3 (P<.0001). Results of immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and RNA sequencing indicated that p63 expression in nonrearranged cases was entirely attributable to TAp63 isoforms. Taken together, these findings indicate that ALCLs without TP63 rearrangements may express TAp63 isoforms of p63 and that this expression is associated with extra copies of TP63, probably due to widespread genomic copy number abnormalities rather than focal gains. Immunohistochemistry for p63 in ALCL is not specific for TP63 rearrangements but is useful clinically as a screening test to select cases for further testing by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Immunohistochemistry for ΔNp63 (p40) is not informative in the evaluation of ALCL.
Collapse
|
22
|
Armstrong SR, Wu H, Wang B, Abuetabh Y, Sergi C, Leng RP. The Regulation of Tumor Suppressor p63 by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122041. [PMID: 27929429 PMCID: PMC5187841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein p63 has been identified as a homolog of the tumor suppressor protein p53 and is capable of inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, or senescence. p63 has at least six isoforms, which can be divided into two major groups: the TAp63 variants that contain the N-terminal transactivation domain and the ΔNp63 variants that lack the N-terminal transactivation domain. The TAp63 variants are generally considered to be tumor suppressors involved in activating apoptosis and suppressing metastasis. ΔNp63 variants cannot induce apoptosis but can act as dominant negative inhibitors to block the function of TAp53, TAp73, and TAp63. p63 is rarely mutated in human tumors and is predominately regulated at the post-translational level by phosphorylation and ubiquitination. This review focuses primarily on regulation of p63 by the ubiquitin E-3 ligase family of enzymes via ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation, and introduces a new key regulator of the p63 protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Armstrong
- 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
| | - Hong Wu
- 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
| | - Benfan Wang
- 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
| | - Yasser Abuetabh
- 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
| | - Consolato Sergi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (5B4. 09), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada.
| | - Roger P Leng
- 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Involvement of p53 in insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 regulation in the breast cancer cell response to DNA damage. Oncotarget 2016; 6:26583-98. [PMID: 26378048 PMCID: PMC4694938 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy drugs that induce apoptosis by causing DNA double-strand breaks, upregulate the tumor suppressor p53. This study investigated the regulation of the growth-regulatory protein insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), a p53 target, by DNA-damaging agents in breast cancer cells. IGFBP-3 was upregulated 1.4- to 13-fold in response to doxorubicin and etoposide in MCF-10A, Hs578T, MCF-7 and T47D cells, which express low to moderate basal levels of IGFBP-3. In contrast, IGFBP-3 was strongly downregulated by these agents in cells with high basal levels of IGFBP-3 (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-436 and MDA-MB-468). In MDA-MB-468 cells containing the R273H p53 mutation, reported to display gain-of-function properties, chemotherapy-induced suppression of IGFBP-3 was not reversed by the p53 reactivating drug, PRIMA-1, or by p53 silencing, suggesting that the decrease in IGFBP-3 following DNA damage is not a mutant p53 gain-of-function response. SiRNA-mediated downregulation of endogenous IGFBP-3 modestly attenuated doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-468 and Hs578T cells. IGFBP-3 downregulation in some breast cancer cell lines in response to DNA-damaging chemotherapy may have clinical implications because suppression of IGFBP-3 may modulate the apoptotic response. These observations provide further evidence that endogenous IGFBP-3 plays a role in breast cancer cell responsiveness to DNA damaging therapy.
Collapse
|
24
|
β-catenin activation drives thymoma initiation and progression in mice. Oncotarget 2016; 6:13978-93. [PMID: 26101855 PMCID: PMC4546445 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymoma is the most commonly identified cancer in the anterior mediastinum. To date, the causal mechanism that drives thymoma progression is not clear. Here, we generated K5-ΔN64Ctnnb1/ERT2 transgenic mice, which express an N-terminal deletion mutant of β-catenin fused to a mutated ligand-binding domain of estrogen receptor (ERT2) under the control of the bovine cytokeratin 5 (K5) promoter. The transgenic mouse lines named Tg1 and Tg4 were characterized. Forced expression of ΔN64Ctnnb1/ERT2 in the Tg1 and Tg4 mice developed small thymoma lesions in response to tamoxifen treatment. In the absence of tamoxifen, the Tg1 mice exhibited leaky activation of β-catenin, which activated the TOP-Gal transgene and Wnt/β-catenin-targeted genes. As the Tg1 mice aged in the absence of tamoxifen, manifest thymomas were found at 10-12 months. Interestingly, we detected loss of AIRE and increase of p63 in the thymomas of Tg1 mice, similar to that observed in human thymomas. Moreover, the β5t protease subunit, which was reported as a differential marker for human type B3 thymoma, was expressed in the Tg1 thymomas. Thus, the Tg1 mice generated in this study accurately mimic the characteristics of human thymomas and may serve as a model for understanding thymoma pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
25
|
Estrogen Enhances the Cell Viability and Motility of Breast Cancer Cells through the ERα-ΔNp63-Integrin β4 Signaling Pathway. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148301. [PMID: 26845172 PMCID: PMC4742232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen induces ERα-positive breast cancer aggressiveness via the promotion of cell proliferation and survival, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and stem-like properties. Integrin β4 signaling has been implicated in estrogen/ERα-induced tumorigenicity and anti-apoptosis; however, this signaling cascade poorly understood. ΔNp63, an N-terminally truncated isoform of the p63 transcription factor, functions as a transcription factor of integrinβ4 and therefore regulates cellular adhesion and survival. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the estrogen-induced interaction between ERα, ΔNp63 and integrin β4 in breast cancer cells. In ERα-positive MCF-7 cells, estrogen activated ERα transcription, which induced ΔNp63 expression. And ΔNp63 subsequently induced integrin β4 expression, which resulted in AKT phosphorylation and enhanced cell viability and motility. Conversely, there was no inductive effect of estrogen on ΔNp63-integrinβ4-AKT signaling or on cell viability and motility in ERα-negative MDA-MB-231 cells. ΔNp63 knockdown abolishes these estrogen-induced effects and reduces cell viability and motility in MCF-7 cells. Nevertheless, ΔNp63 knockdown also inhibited cell migration in MDA-MB-231 cells through reducing integrin β4 expression and AKT phosphorylation. In conclusion, estrogen enhances ERα-positive breast cancer cell viability and motility through activating the ERα-ΔNp63-integrin β4 signaling pathway to induce AKT phosphorylated activation. Those findings should be useful to elucidate the crosstalk between estrogen/ER signaling and ΔNp63 signaling and provide novel insights into the effects of estrogen on breast cancer progression.
Collapse
|
26
|
Yang K, Wu WM, Chen YC, Lo SH, Liao YC. ΔNp63α Transcriptionally Regulates the Expression of CTEN That Is Associated with Prostate Cell Adhesion. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147542. [PMID: 26784942 PMCID: PMC4718700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
p63 is a member of the p53 transcription factor family and a linchpin of epithelial development and homeostasis. p63 drives the expression of many target genes involved in cell survival, adhesion, migration and cancer. In this study, we identify C-terminal tensin-like (CTEN) molecule as a downstream target of ΔNp63α, the predominant p63 isoform expressed in epithelium. CTEN belongs to the tensin family and is mainly localized to focal adhesions, which mediate many biological events such as cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and gene expression. Our study demonstrate that ΔNp63 and CTEN are both highly expressed in normal prostate epithelial cells and are down-regulated in prostate cancer. In addition, reduced expression of CTEN and ΔNp63 is correlated with prostate cancer progression from primary tumors to metastatic lesions. Silencing of ΔNp63 leads to decreased mRNA and protein levels of CTEN. ΔNp63α induces transcriptional activity of the CTEN promoter and a 140-bp fragment upstream of the transcription initiation site is the minimal promoter region required for activation. A putative binding site for p63 is located between -61 and -36 within the CTEN promoter and mutations of the critical nucleotides in this region abolish ΔNp63α-induced promoter activity. The direct interaction of ΔNp63α with the CTEN promoter was demonstrated using a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Moreover, impaired cell adhesion caused by ΔNp63α depletion is rescued by over-expression of CTEN, suggesting that CTEN is a downstream effector of ΔNp63α-mediated cell adhesion. In summary, our findings demonstrate that ΔNp63α functions as a trans-activation factor of CTEN promoter and regulates cell adhesion through modulating CTEN. Our study further contributes to the potential regulatory mechanisms of CTEN in prostate cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Yang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ming Wu
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chi Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su Hao Lo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Yi-Chun Liao
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Baxter RC. Nuclear actions of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3. Gene 2015; 569:7-13. [PMID: 26074086 PMCID: PMC4496269 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its actions outside the cell, cellular uptake and nuclear import of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) has been recognized for almost two decades, but knowledge of its nuclear actions has been slow to emerge. IGFBP-3 has a functional nuclear localization signal and interacts with the nuclear transport protein importin-β. Within the nucleus IGFBP-3 appears to have a role in transcriptional regulation. It can bind to the nuclear receptor, retinoid X receptor-α and several of its dimerization partners, including retinoic acid receptor, vitamin D receptor (VDR), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ). These interactions modulate the functions of these receptors, for example inhibiting VDR-dependent transcription in osteoblasts and PPARγ-dependent transcription in adipocytes. Nuclear IGFBP-3 can be detected by immunohistochemistry in cancer and other tissues, and its presence in the nucleus has been shown in many cell culture studies to be necessary for its pro-apoptotic effect, which may also involve interaction with the nuclear receptor Nur77, and export from the nucleus. IGFBP-3 is p53-inducible and in response to DNA damage, forms a complex with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), translocating to the nucleus to interact with DNA-dependent protein kinase. Inhibition of EGFR kinase activity or downregulation of IGFBP-3 can inhibit DNA double strand-break repair by nonhomologous end joining. IGFBP-3 thus has the ability to influence many cell functions through its interactions with intranuclear pathways, but the importance of these interactions in vivo, and their potential to be targeted for therapeutic benefit, require further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Baxter
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Level 8, Kolling Building, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Stindt MH, Muller PAJ, Ludwig RL, Kehrloesser S, Dötsch V, Vousden KH. Functional interplay between MDM2, p63/p73 and mutant p53. Oncogene 2015; 34:4300-10. [PMID: 25417702 PMCID: PMC4351904 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Many cancers express mutant p53 proteins that have lost wild-type tumor suppressor activity and, in many cases, have acquired oncogenic functions that can contribute to tumor progression. These activities of mutant p53 reflect interactions with several other proteins, including the p53 family members p63 and p73. Mutations in p53 that affect protein conformation (such as R175H) show strong binding to p63 and p73, whereas p53 mutants that only mildly affect the conformation (such as R273H) bind less well. A previously described aggregation domain of mutant p53 is not required for p63 or p73 binding; indeed, mutations within this region lead to the acquisition of a mutant p53 phenotype-including a conformational shift, p63/p73 binding and the ability to promote invasion. The activity of wild-type p53 is regulated by an interaction with MDM2 and we have investigated the potential role of MDM2 in the mutant p53/p63/p73 interactions. Both mutant p53 and p73 bind MDM2 well, whereas p63 binds much more weakly. We found that MDM2 can inhibit p63 binding to p53R175H but enhances the weaker p53R273H/p73 interaction. These effects on the interactions are reflected in an ability of MDM2 to relieve the inhibition of p63 by p53R175H, but enhance the inhibition of p73 activity by p53R175H and R273H. We propose a model in which MDM2 competes with p63 for binding to p53R175H to restore p63 activity, but forms a trimeric complex with p73 and p53R273H to more strongly inhibit p73 function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Stindt
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - P A J Muller
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - R L Ludwig
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - V Dötsch
- University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - K H Vousden
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Koh LF, Ng BK, Bertrand J, Thierry F. Transcriptional control of late differentiation in human keratinocytes by TAp63 and Notch. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:754-60. [PMID: 26013684 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that in cervical carcinoma cells, the TAp63β isoform of the p63 transcription factor is negatively interfering with the carcinogenic pathways promoting anchorage-independent growth. In this study, we have defined the mechanisms underlying the effects of TAp63β through a transcriptome analysis of human keratinocytes overexpressing this protein. TAp63β modulated expression of 1203 genes (944 activated and 259 repressed; P-value <0.05), notably genes involved in epithelial development and keratinocyte differentiation. In comparison, while TAp63γ acts similarly to TAp63β to transactivate a selected panel of target genes, other p63 isoforms, including ΔNp63α, which is highly expressed in keratinocytes, are inactive. Upon induction of differentiation of primary human keratinocytes, we observed endogenous expression of TAp63β and γ isoforms, along with transcriptional activation of selected target genes. Intriguingly, our data also indicated that TAp63β activates transcription of members of the Notch pathway, which is known to promote keratinocyte differentiation. By inhibiting and activating the Notch pathway, we revealed a subset of TAp63β-activated genes that were co-dependent on Notch for their expression. Our work demonstrates that the shorter TAp63 isoforms (TAp63β/γ) are specifically induced in human keratinocytes and cooperate with Notch signalling to activate transcription of late differentiation genes supporting their role as putative tumor suppressors in HPV-associated tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Fang Koh
- Papillomavirus Regulation and Cancer Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, Biopolis, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Boon Kiat Ng
- Papillomavirus Regulation and Cancer Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, Biopolis, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Juliette Bertrand
- Papillomavirus Regulation and Cancer Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, Biopolis, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Françoise Thierry
- Papillomavirus Regulation and Cancer Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, Biopolis, Singapore City, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hallam D, Wan T, Saretzki G. Dietary restriction mitigates age-related accumulation of DNA damage, but not all changes in mouse corneal epithelium. Exp Gerontol 2015; 67:72-9. [PMID: 25937374 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cornea protects the anterior eye and accounts for two thirds of the eyes refractive capacity. The homeostasis of corneal epithelium is thought to be maintained by putative stem cells residing in the epithelial basal layer. As a tissue constantly exposed to environmental stress, the cornea is hypothesised to accumulate persistent DNA damage events with time in stem cell populations. Recently, telomere associated DNA damage foci (TAFs) have been suggested as a marker for persistent DNA damage which can be used to detect senescent cells during ageing. Dietary restriction (DR) is the only known non-genetic intervention that is able to increase both life and health span among various animal species. The aim of this study was to analyse changes in corneal properties with age and under 16 months of DR. We employed immunofluorescence staining for ɣH2A.X together with telomere fluorescence in situ hybridisation (immuno-FISH) on mouse corneas from young, old ad libitum (AL) fed as well as dietary restricted (DR) mice. Our data show that the central corneas of old mice had significantly more general and telomere-associated DNA damage compared to young mice while DR treatment was able to reduce the amount of DNA damage significantly. We also found that the thickness of the peripheral region of the cornea, where the putative stem cells may reside, decreased with age regardless of whether the animals underwent DR treatment or not. Number of bullae, which indicates corneal edema, accumulated in old corneas in the central area and DR treatment mitigated the formation of these bullae. Moreover, the protein levels of the stem cell marker TAp63 decreased with age only in the central but not the peripheral region of the cornea. This finding suggests that epithelial progenitors might be better maintained in the peripheral than the central cornea during ageing. Together with the finding that the peripheral corneal showed no increase in DNA damage during age, we speculate that in mice, like humans, the putative stem cells reside in the peripheral cornea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dean Hallam
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Bioscience, Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tengfei Wan
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Bioscience, Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gabriele Saretzki
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Bioscience, Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
TAp63γ and ΔNp63β promote osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells: regulation by vitamin D3 Metabolites. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123642. [PMID: 25849854 PMCID: PMC4388628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p63 is required for skeletal formation, and is important for the regulation of 1α,25(OH)2D3 receptor (VDR) in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). Herein we report that TAp63γ and ΔNp63β appear to be an integral part of the osteoblastic differentiation of hMSC and are differentially regulated by the vitamin D3 metabolites 1α,25(OH)2D3 and 24R,25(OH)2D3. We compared the endogenous expression of p63 isoforms (TA- and ΔNp63) and splice variants (p63α, -β, -γ), in naive hMSC and during osteoblastic differentiation of hMSC. TAp63α and -β were the predominant p63 variants in naive, proliferating hMSC. In contrast, under osteoblastic differentiation conditions, expression of p63 changed from the TAp63α and -β to the TAp63γ and ΔNp63β variants. Transient overexpression of the p63 variants demonstrated that TAp63β, ΔNp63β, and ΔNp63γ increased alkaline phosphatase activity and ΔNp63α and -γ increased the expression of mRNA for osteocalcin and osterix. Our results support the hypothesis that TAp63α and -β promote a naive state in hMSC. Moreover, TAp63γ is increased during and promotes early osteoblastic differentiation through the expression of pro-osteogenic genes; VDR, Osterix, Runx2 and Osteopontin. ΔNp63β also appears to support osteogenic maturation through increased alkaline phosphatase activity. Treatment with 1α,25(OH)2D3 increased the expression of mRNA for ΔNp63, while addition of 24R,25(OH)2D3 increased the expression of TA- and ΔNp63γ variants. These novel findings demonstrate for the first time that p63 variants are differentially expressed in naive hMSC (TAp63α,β), are important during the osteoblastic differentiation of hMSC (TAp63γ and ΔNp63β), and are differentially regulated by the vitamin D3 metabolites, 1α,25(OH)2D3 and 24R,25(OH)2D3. The molecular nuances and mechanisms of osteoblastic differentiation presented here will hopefully improve our understanding of bone development, complications in bone repair (mal- and non-union fractures), osteoporosis and possibly lead to new modalities of treatment.
Collapse
|
32
|
Jin YX, Jiang GN, Zheng H, Duan L, Ding JA. Common genetic variants on 3q28 contribute to non-small cell lung cancer susceptibility: evidence from 10 case-control studies. Mol Genet Genomics 2014; 290:573-84. [PMID: 25344291 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-014-0934-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The association between common variations (rs10937405, rs4488809) on 3q28 and lung cancer has been widely evaluated in various ethnic groups, since it was first identified through genome-wide association approach. However, the results have been inconclusive. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship and the effect of factors that might modify the risk, we performed this meta-analysis. The random-effects model was applied, addressing heterogeneity and publication bias. A total of 10 articles involving 36,221 cases and 58,108 controls were included. Overall, the summary per-allele OR of 1.19 (95 % CI 1.14-1.25, P < 10(-5)) and 1.17 (95 % CI 1.10-1.23, P < 10(-5)) was found for the rs10937405 and rs4488809 polymorphisms, respectively. Significant results were also observed in heterozygous and homozygous when compared with wild genotype for these polymorphisms. Significant results were found in East Asians when stratified by ethnicity, whereas no significant associations were found among Caucasians. After stratifying by sample size, study design, control source and sex, significant associations were also obtained. In addition, our data indicate that these polymorphisms are involved in lung cancer susceptibility and confer its effect primarily in lung adenocarcinoma when stratified by histological subtype. Furthermore, significant associations were also detected both never-smokers and smokers for these polymorphisms. In conclusion, this meta-analysis demonstrated that rs10937405 and rs4488809 are a risk factor associated with increased non-small cell lung cancer susceptibility, particularly for East Asian populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-xing Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, No. 507 Zhengmin Rd, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mestrinho LA, Pissarra H, Faísca PB, Bragança M, Peleteiro MC, Niza MMRE. p63 and E-cadherin Expression in Canine Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:614-20. [PMID: 25248518 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814547391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The expression of p63 and E-cadherin was studied in 22 oral squamous cell carcinomas in the dog according to immunohistochemical techniques. The association between these markers and clinicopathologic parameters was assessed. All tumor cells studied showed enhanced p63 expression. Regarding E-cadherin expression, 17 of 22 cases (77.3%) showed decreased immunoreactivity, and in 13 of 22 cases (59.1%), its expression was cytoplasmic. Neither p63 nor E-cadherin expression patterns were associated with tumor size, bone invasion, or lymph node metastasis. p63 score was related to proliferating cell nuclear antigen proliferative index (P = .020). A statistically significant correlation between the expression patterns of these 2 markers was noted (P = .026). Furthermore, they were related with tumor grade. An atypical p63 labeling and a cytoplasmic E-cadherin staining were statistically related with a higher tumor grade (P = .022 and P = .017, respectively). These findings suggest that changes in p63 and E-cadherin expression are frequent events in oral squamous cell carcinoma in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A Mestrinho
- CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULisboa; Avenida da Universidade Técnica 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - H Pissarra
- CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULisboa; Avenida da Universidade Técnica 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - P B Faísca
- Research Centre for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University of Humanities and Technologies, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Bragança
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University of Humanities and Technologies, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M C Peleteiro
- CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULisboa; Avenida da Universidade Técnica 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M M R E Niza
- CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULisboa; Avenida da Universidade Técnica 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang Y, McKay JD, Rafnar T, Wang Z, Timofeeva M, Broderick P, Zong X, Laplana M, Wei Y, Han Y, Lloyd A, Delahaye-Sourdeix M, Chubb D, Gaborieau V, Wheeler W, Chatterjee N, Thorleifsson G, Sulem P, Liu G, Kaaks R, Henrion M, Kinnersley B, Vallée M, LeCalvez-Kelm F, Stevens VL, Gapstur SM, Chen WV, Zaridze D, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Mates D, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Krokan HE, Gabrielsen ME, Skorpen F, Vatten L, Njølstad I, Chen C, Goodman G, Benhamou S, Vooder T, Valk K, Nelis M, Metspalu A, Lener M, Lubiński J, Johansson M, Vineis P, Agudo A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Bueno-de-Mesquita H, Trichopoulos D, Khaw KT, Johansson M, Weiderpass E, Tjønneland A, Riboli E, Lathrop M, Scelo G, Albanes D, Caporaso NE, Ye Y, Gu J, Wu X, Spitz MR, Dienemann H, Rosenberger A, Su L, Matakidou A, Eisen T, Stefansson K, Risch A, Chanock SJ, Christiani DC, Hung RJ, Brennan P, Landi MT, Houlston RS, Amos CI. Rare variants of large effect in BRCA2 and CHEK2 affect risk of lung cancer. Nat Genet 2014; 46:736-41. [PMID: 24880342 PMCID: PMC4074058 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We conducted imputation to the 1000 Genomes Project of four genome-wide association studies of lung cancer in populations of European ancestry (11,348 cases and 15,861 controls) and genotyped an additional 10,246 cases and 38,295 controls for follow-up. We identified large-effect genome-wide associations for squamous lung cancer with the rare variants BRCA2 p.Lys3326X (rs11571833, odds ratio (OR) = 2.47, P = 4.74 × 10(-20)) and CHEK2 p.Ile157Thr (rs17879961, OR = 0.38, P = 1.27 × 10(-13)). We also showed an association between common variation at 3q28 (TP63, rs13314271, OR = 1.13, P = 7.22 × 10(-10)) and lung adenocarcinoma that had been previously reported only in Asians. These findings provide further evidence for inherited genetic susceptibility to lung cancer and its biological basis. Additionally, our analysis demonstrates that imputation can identify rare disease-causing variants with substantive effects on cancer risk from preexisting genome-wide association study data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - James D. McKay
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Thorunn Rafnar
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-9769, USA
| | - Maria Timofeeva
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Peter Broderick
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Xuchen Zong
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital. Toronto, Canada
| | - Marina Laplana
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yongyue Wei
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 617-432-1641, USA
| | - Younghun Han
- Center for Genomic Medicine Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 46 Centerra Parkway, Suite 330, Lebanon, NH 03766
| | - Amy Lloyd
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | | | - Daniel Chubb
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Valerie Gaborieau
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - William Wheeler
- Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Nilanjan Chatterjee
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-9769, USA
| | | | - Patrick Sulem
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Henrion
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Ben Kinnersley
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Maxime Vallée
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | | | - Victoria L. Stevens
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, 30301, USA
| | - Susan M. Gapstur
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, 30301, USA
| | - Wei V. Chen
- Department of Genetics, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - David Zaridze
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, Russian N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Centre, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Jolanta Lissowska
- The M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw 02781, Poland
| | - Peter Rudnai
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest 1097, Hungary
| | - Eleonora Fabianova
- Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska’ Bystrica 97556, Slovak Republic
| | - Dana Mates
- National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest 050463, Romania
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- 1st Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Charles University in Prague, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Foretova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno 65653, Czech Republic
| | | | - Hans E. Krokan
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7489, Norway
| | - Maiken Elvestad Gabrielsen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7489, Norway
| | - Frank Skorpen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s and Women’s Health, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Lars Vatten
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7489, Norway
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromso, Tromso 9037, Norway
| | - Chu Chen
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Gary Goodman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Tonu Vooder
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Kristjan Valk
- Competence Centre on Reproductive Medicine and Biology, 50410 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari Nelis
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Marcin Lener
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Lubiński
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mattias Johansson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
- HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Agudo
- Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francoise Clavel-Chapelon
- INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women’s Health team, F-94805, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France
- IGR, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - H.Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Trichopoulos
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, 23 Alexandroupoleos Street, Athens, GR-115 27, Greece
- Hellenic Health Foundation, 13 Kaisareias Street, Athens, GR-115 27, Greece
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Gerontology Unit Box 251, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Mikael Johansson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå universitet, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sverige, Sweden
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, DK 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris 75010, France
| | - Ghislaine Scelo
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-9769, USA
| | - Neil E. Caporaso
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-9769, USA
| | - Yuanqing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jian Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Margaret R. Spitz
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hendrik Dienemann
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Thoraxklinik at University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Albert Rosenberger
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Li Su
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 617-432-1641, USA
| | - Athena Matakidou
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Timothy Eisen
- Department of Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hill’s Road Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Angela Risch
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-9769, USA
| | - David C. Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 617-432-1641, USA
| | - Rayjean J. Hung
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital. Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-9769, USA
| | - Richard S. Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Christopher I. Amos
- Center for Genomic Medicine Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 46 Centerra Parkway, Suite 330, Lebanon, NH 03766
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhang L, Wang XF, Ma YS, Xia Q, Zhang F, Fu D, Wang YC. Quantitative assessment of the influence of TP63 gene polymorphisms and lung cancer risk: evidence based on 93,751 subjects. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87004. [PMID: 24466311 PMCID: PMC3900682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several genome-wide association studies on lung cancer (LC) have reported similar findings of a new susceptibility locus, 3q28. After that, a number of studies reported that the rs10937405, and rs4488809 polymorphism in chromosome 3q28 has been implicated in LC risk. However, the studies have yielded contradictory results. METHODS PubMed, ISI web of science, EMBASE and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were systematically searched to identify relevant studies. Data were abstracted independently by two reviewers. A meta-analysis was performed to examine the association between rs10937405, rs4488809 polymorphism at 3q28 and susceptibility to LC. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated. Heterogeneity and publication bias were also tested. RESULTS A total of 9 studies including 35,961 LC cases and 57,790 controls were involved in this meta-analysis. An overall random-effects per-allele OR of1.19 (95% CI: 1.14-1.25; P<10(-5)) and 1.19 (95% CI: 1.13-1.25; P<10(-5)) was found for the rs10937405 and rs4488809 polymorphism respectively. Similar results were also observed using dominant or recessive genetic model. After stratified by ethnicity, significant associations were found among East Asians (per-allele OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.17-1.27; P<10(-5)); whereas no significant associations were found among Caucasians for rs10937405. In the sub-group analysis by sample size, significantly increased risks were found for these polymorphisms in all genetic models. When analyzed according to histological type, the effects of rs10937405, and rs4488809 at 3q28 on the risk of lung cancer were significant mostly for lung adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that rs10937405-G allele and rs4488809-G allele might be risk-conferring factors for the development of lung cancer, especially for East Asian populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Shui Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai 10th People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Da Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (DF); (YCW)
| | - Yi-Chao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (DF); (YCW)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pathak A, Wenzlaff AS, Hyland PL, Cote ML, Keele GR, Land S, Boulton ML, Schwartz AG. Apoptosis-Related Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and the Risk of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in Women. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 3. [PMID: 24790730 DOI: 10.7243/2049-7962-3-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germline apoptosis-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been shown to contribute to the risk of developing non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, very few studies have looked specifically at apoptosis-related SNPs in a racially-stratified analysis of white and African-American women. METHODS We examined the risk of developing NSCLC associated with 98 germline SNPs in 32 apoptosis-related genes among women in a population-based case-control study from the Detroit metropolitan area. We examined 453 cases of NSCLC and 478 control subjects. We used an unconditional logistic regression with a dominant model, stratified by race, and adjusted for age, pack-years smoked, ever/never smoking status, family history of lung cancer, history of COPD, BMI and education. RESULTS Our logistic regression identified 3 significant apoptosis-related SNPs in whites (APAF-1, rs1007573; CD40 rs3765459, and CD40 rs1535045), and 7 significant SNPs (ATM, rs1801516; BAK1, rs513349; TNF, rs1800629; TP63, rs6790167; TP63, rs7613791, TP63, rs35592567 and TP63, rs3856775) in African-Americans. In a downstream analysis, these SNPs were further prioritized utilizing the False Positive Report Percentage (FPRP) methodology and backwards elimination. In whites, APAF-1 (rs1007573), CD40 (rs3765459) and CD40 (rs1535045) were all found to be significant by FPRP. In African-Americans, TP63 SNPs rs6790167 and rs7613791 were found to have a significant FPRP. In parallel, a backward elimination procedure was used on the 3 significant SNPs in whites and 7 significant SNPs in African-Americans. This procedure identified APAF-1 rs1007573 (OR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.17-2.95) and CD40 rs1535045 (OR=0.58, 95% CI: 0.40-0.84) as significant independent predictors of risk among whites, and ATM rs1801516 (OR=24.15, 95% CI: 3.50-166.55), TNF rs1800629 (OR= 0.42, 95% CI: 0.18-0.99) and TP63 rs6790167 (OR: 2.85, 95% CI: 1.33-6.09) as significant, independent predictors in African-Americans. CONCLUSION In whites, only SNPs APAF-1 rs1007573 and CD40 rs1535045 were significant by both FPRP and backwards elimination, while in African-Americans, only TP63 rs6790167 was significant by both methodologies. Thus, we have identified three promising variants associated with increased risk of NSCLC that warrant additional investigation in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Pathak
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Angela S Wenzlaff
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, 4100 John R., Mail Code: MM04EP, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Paula L Hyland
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Michele L Cote
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, 4100 John R., Mail Code: MM04EP, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Greg R Keele
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, 4100 John R., Mail Code: MM04EP, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Susan Land
- Applied Genomics Technology Center and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, CS Mott Center. 275 East Hancock St., Detroit MI 48201
| | - Matthew L Boulton
- Preventive Medicine Residency, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights -M5216 SPH II Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ann G Schwartz
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, 4100 John R., Mail Code: MM04EP, Detroit, MI 48201
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Das RK, Anura A, Pal M, Bag S, Majumdar S, Barui A, Chakraborty C, Ray AK, Sengupta S, Paul RR, Chatterjee J. Epithelio-mesenchymal transitional attributes in oral sub-mucous fibrosis. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 95:259-69. [PMID: 23994666 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating molecular attributes in association with its epithelial and sub-epithelial changes of oral sub-mucous fibrosis is meaningful in exploring the plausibility of an epithelio-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and malignant potentiality of this pathosis. In this study histopathological and histochemical attributes for basement membrane and connective tissue in biopsies of oral sub-mucous fibrosis (n = 55) and normal oral mucosa (n = 16) were assessed and expressions of p63, E-cadherin, β-catenin, N-cadherin and TWIST were analyzed immunohistochemically. The p63 and its isoforms (TA and ∆N), PARD3, E-cadherin and β-catenin were also assessed transcriptomically by q-PCR and EMT players like TWIST1, ZEB1, MMP9 and micro-RNA 205 were searched in gene expression microarrays. Oral epithelium demonstrating impairment in progressive maturation in oral sub-mucous fibrosis concomitantly experienced an increase in basement membrane thickness and collagen deposition along with alteration in target molecular expressions. In comparison to non-dysplastic conditions dysplastic stages exhibited significant increase in p63 and p63∆N expressions whereas, E-cadherin and β-catenin exhibited loss from the membrane with concurrent increase in cytoplasm. Further the N-cadherin and TWIST were gained remarkably along with the appearance of nuclear accumulation features of β-catenin. The microarray search had noticed the up-regulation of TWIST1, ZEB1 and MMP9 along with down regulation of micro-RNA 205. The simultaneous increase in basement membrane thickness and sub-epithelial collagen deposition were the plausible indicators for increased matrix stiffness with expected impact on oral epithelial functional homoeostasis. This was corroborated with the increase in expressions of epithelial master regulator p63 and its oncogenic isoform (∆N) along with membranous loss of E-cadherin (EMT hallmark) and its associate β-catein and gain of mesenchymal markers like N-cadherin and TWIST. These also became indicative for the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transitional mechanism in oral sub-mucous fibrosis when connoted here with the relevant modulation in expressions of EMT regulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raunak Kumar Das
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Characterization of specific p63 and p63-N-terminal isoform antibodies and their application for immunohistochemistry. Virchows Arch 2013; 463:415-25. [PMID: 23887585 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-013-1459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The TP63 gene gives rise to protein isoforms with different properties and functions due to the presence (TAp63) or absence (ΔNp63) of an N-terminal p53-like transactivation domain. Immunohistochemistry for p63 has clinical value for certain tumour types, but investigations have been hampered by a lack of well characterized antibodies and the inability to discriminate between these N-terminal isoforms with opposite functional properties. We have extensively characterized a series of monoclonal antibodies to recombinant human TAp63 and two commercial p63 monoclonals by Western blot, immunostaining and phage display epitope mapping. Twenty-eight of 29 (96.6 %) novel monoclonals that recognized all p63 isoforms showed substantial cross-reactivity with p73, as did the commercial antibody, 4A4. One novel clone, PANp63-6.1, showed slight cross-reaction with p73 by Western blotting but not immunohistochemistry and the SFI-6 monoclonal did not cross-react with p73 or p53. Phage display revealed that the PANp63-6.1 epitope has one amino acid difference between p63 and p73, the 4A4 epitope is identical in both, whereas the SFI-6 epitope is unique to p63, accounting for these findings. We also produced and characterized a TAp63-specific clone that does not recognize p53 or p73, and we prepared polyclonal sera specific for ΔNp63 isoforms. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that TAp63 is expressed in a variety of epithelial and other cell types during development, often in a converse pattern to ΔNp63, but has a very limited expression in normal adult tissues and is independent of ΔNp63. TAp63 was expressed in 17.6 % of squamous cancers of cervix that expressed p63, unlike normal cervix where TAp63 was not expressed. TAp63 did not associate with proliferative index, but cervical carcinomas with TAp63 expression showed improved survival. These data highlight the need for rigorous antibody characterization and indicate that p63-isoform identification may improve the clinical value of p63 expression analyses.
Collapse
|
39
|
Giacobbe A, Bongiorno-Borbone L, Bernassola F, Terrinoni A, Markert EK, Levine AJ, Feng Z, Agostini M, Zolla L, Agrò AF, Notterman DA, Melino G, Peschiaroli A. p63 regulates glutaminase 2 expression. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1395-405. [PMID: 23574722 DOI: 10.4161/cc.24478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p63 is critical for many biological processes, including development and maintenance of epidermal tissues and tumorigenesis. Here, we report that the TAp63 isoforms regulate cell metabolism through the induction of the mitochondrial glutaminase 2 (GLS2) gene both in primary cells and tumor cell lines. By ChIP analysis and luciferase assay, we confirmed that TAp63 binds directly to the p53/p63 consensus DNA binding sequence within the GLS2 promoter region. Given the critical role of p63 in epidermal differentiation, we have investigated the regulation of GLS2 expression during this process. GLS2 and TAp63 expression increases during the in vitro differentiation of primary human keratinocytes, and depletion of GLS2 inhibits skin differentiation both at molecular and cellular levels. We found that GLS2 and TAp63 expression are concomitantly induced in cancer cells exposed to oxidative stresses. siRNA-mediated depletion of GLS2 sensitizes cells to ROS-induced apoptosis, suggesting that the TAp63/GLS2 axis can be functionally important as a cellular antioxidant pathway in the absence of p53. Accordingly, we found that GLS2 is upregulated in colon adenocarcinoma. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that GLS2 is a bona fide TAp63 target gene, and that the TAp63-dependent regulation of GLS2 is important for both physiological and pathological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Giacobbe
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lu Y, Abbassi S, Li F, Ding M, Wu G, Gu J, Zheng Q. Distinct function of P63 isoforms during embryonic skeletal development. Gene 2013; 519:251-9. [PMID: 23481305 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
P63 belongs to the P53 family of transcription factors. There are multiple P63 isoforms that play important functions both in cancer and development. The obvious limb defect in p63 null mice and in human skeletal syndromes with P63 mutations suggest its essential role in long bone development. However, how the different P63 isoforms function during long bone development is largely unknown. We have previously shown that TAP63α, the longest P63 isoform, plays a positive role in embryonic skeletal development, since targeting TAP63α expression in hypertrophic chondrocytes accelerates endochondral ossification at both E17.5 and P1 stages. Here, we report transgenic studies of ΔNP63α, another P63 isoform which lacks the N-terminal transactivation domain compared to TAP63α, using the same hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific Col10a1 control element. No skeletal abnormalities were detected in these Col10a1-ΔNP63α transgenic mice at both E17.5 and P1 stages, suggesting less importance of ΔNP63α during late embryonic skeletal development. To further investigate the function of P63 isoforms during early skeletal development, we have generated ΔNP63α and TAP63α transgenic mice using a chondrocyte-specific Col2a1 control element. Surprisingly, while no skeletal defect was shown in the Col2a1-ΔNP63α transgenic mice, reduced ossification was observed in the digit and tail bones of Col2a1-TAP63α transgenic mice at both E17.5 and P1 stages compared to their wild-type littermates. Expression profiling and immunohistochemical analysis detected upregulated expression of Sox9, a major negative regulator of endochondral ossification, in Col2a1-TAP63α transgenic mice. Taken together, our results suggest a distinct function of P63 isoforms, herein, ΔNP63α and TAP63α, during endochondral ossification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaojuan Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Conditionally reprogrammed cells represent a stem-like state of adult epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:20035-40. [PMID: 23169653 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213241109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of irradiated fibroblast feeder cells and Rho kinase inhibitor, Y-27632, conditionally induces an indefinite proliferative state in primary mammalian epithelial cells. These conditionally reprogrammed cells (CRCs) are karyotype-stable and nontumorigenic. Because self-renewal is a recognized property of stem cells, we investigated whether Y-27632 and feeder cells induced a stem-like phenotype. We found that CRCs share characteristics of adult stem cells and exhibit up-regulated expression of α6 and β1 integrins, ΔNp63α, CD44, and telomerase reverse transcriptase, as well as decreased Notch signaling and an increased level of nuclear β-catenin. The induction of CRCs is rapid (occurs within 2 d) and results from reprogramming of the entire cell population rather than the selection of a minor subpopulation. CRCs do not overexpress the transcription factor sets characteristic of embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells (e.g., Sox2, Oct4, Nanog, or Klf4). The induction of CRCs is also reversible, and removal of Y-27632 and feeders allows the cells to differentiate normally. Thus, when CRCs from ectocervical epithelium or tracheal epithelium are placed in an air-liquid interface culture system, the cervical cells form a well differentiated stratified squamous epithelium, whereas the tracheal cells form a ciliated airway epithelium. We discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities afforded by a method that can generate adult stem-like cells in vitro without genetic manipulation.
Collapse
|
42
|
Almazi JG, Mactier S, Best OG, Crossett B, Mulligan SP, Christopherson RI. Fludarabine nucleoside induces accumulations of p53, p63 and p73 in the nuclei of human B-lymphoid cell lines, with cytosolic and mitochondrial increases in p53. Proteomics Clin Appl 2012; 6:279-90. [PMID: 22641291 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human Raji cells treated with fludarabine nucleoside (2-FaraA, 3 μM) undergo apoptosis with accumulation of p53 in the nuclei as multiple phosphorylated isoforms and C-terminal truncated derivatives. Changes induced by 2-FaraA in the levels of p53, p63 and p73 in the nuclear, cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions have been determined in four human B-lymphoid cell lines that are TP53-functional (Raji and IM9) and TP53-mutated (MEC1 and U266). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The B-lymphoid cell lines were treated with 2-FaraA (3 μM, 24 h, 48 h) and viability determined. Protein extracts of subcellular fractions from 2-FaraA-treated cells were analysed by 1D and 2D electrophoresis; multiple phosphorylated isoforms and truncated derivatives were identified by Western blots for p53, p63 and p73. RESULTS p53 and p63 were present in all three fractions, while p73 was only detected in nuclei. After treatment with 2-FaraA, nuclear p53, p63 and p73 accumulated as multiple phosphorylated isoforms and truncated derivatives. The association of p63 with mitochondria in human cells is novel. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Comprehensive information on the subcellular distributions and responses of p53, p63 and p73 to 2-FaraA provides additional insight into mechanisms for induction of apoptosis in the treatment of B-lymphoproliferative disorders with fludarabine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juhura G Almazi
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Masse I, Barbollat-Boutrand L, Molina M, Berthier-Vergnes O, Joly-Tonetti N, Martin MT, Caron de Fromentel C, Kanitakis J, Lamartine J. Functional interplay between p63 and p53 controls RUNX1 function in the transition from proliferation to differentiation in human keratinocytes. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e318. [PMID: 22673192 PMCID: PMC3388234 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The interfollicular epidermis is continuously renewed, thanks to a regulated balance between proliferation and differentiation. The ΔNp63 transcription factor has a key role in the control of this process. It has been shown that ΔNp63 directly regulates Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) transcription factor expression in mouse keratinocytes. The present study showed for the first time that RUNX1 is expressed in normal human interfollicular epidermis and that its expression is tightly regulated during the transition from proliferation to differentiation. It demonstrated that ΔNp63 directly binds two different RUNX1 regulatory DNA sequences and modulates RUNX1 expression differentially in proliferative or differentiated human keratinocytes. It also showed that the regulation of RUNX1 expression by ΔNp63 is dependent on p53 and that this coregulation relies on differential binding and activation of RUNX1 regulatory sequences by ΔNp63 and p53. We also found that RUNX1 inhibits keratinocyte proliferation and activates directly the expression of KRT1, a critical actor in early keratinocyte differentiation. Finally, we described that RUNX1 expression, similar to ΔNp63 and p53, was strongly expressed and downregulated in basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas respectively. Taken together, these data shed light on the importance of tight control of the functional interplay between ΔNp63 and p53 in regulating RUNX1 transcription factor expression for proper regulation of interfollicular epidermal homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Masse
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaires et Cellulaires, CNRS UMR5534-Université Lyon I, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Caron de Fromentel C, Aberdam E, Aberdam D. [The two faces of p63, Janus of the p53 gene family]. Med Sci (Paris) 2012; 28:381-7. [PMID: 22549865 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2012284015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The TP53 family member TP63 encodes two main isoforms TAp63 and ΔNp63 with distinct, often opposite functions during development and in the adult. ΔNp63 is crucial for the formation of the ectodermal derivatives and epidermis, while TAp63 is essential for heart development. In the adult, ΔNp63 behaves as a cell survival factor, controlling cell proliferation, adhesion and cell differentiation. In contrast, TAp63 is a proapoptotic factor that protects oocytes from genotoxic insults and prevents premature aging of dermal stem cells. In agreement with these activities, TAp63 is often lost and ΔNp63 overexpressed in cancer cells. Because of their opposite and competitive effects, p63 isoforms could be viewed as Janus two faces. The review focuses on the accumulating data on the p63 functions and regulation in the last decade.
Collapse
|
45
|
Differential regulation of cutaneous oncoprotein HPVE6 by wtp53, mutant p53R248W and ΔNp63α is HPV type dependent. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35540. [PMID: 22530045 PMCID: PMC3329482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UV exposure and p53 mutations are major factors in non-melanoma skin cancer, whereas a role for HPV infections has not been defined. Previous data demonstrated the wtp53-mediated degradation of cutaneous HPV20E6 by caspase-3. ΔNp63α and hot-spot mutant p53R248W conveyed a protective effect on HPV20E6 under these conditions. We demonstrate a differential regulation by wtp53 of the E6 genes of cutaneous types HPV4, HPV5, HPV7, HPV27, HPV38, HPV48, HPV60 and HPV77. Caspase- or proteasome-mediated down-regulation was HPV type dependent. Mutant p53R248W up-regulated expression of all these E6 proteins as did ΔNp63α except for HPV38E6 which was down-regulated by the latter. None of these cellular proteins affected HPV41E6 expression. Ectopic expression of both mutp53R248W and ΔNp63α in the normal NIKS keratinocyte cell line harbouring endogenous p53 and p63however led to a down-regulation of HPV20E6. We demonstrate that HPV20E6 expression in these cells is modulated by additional, yet unidentified, cellular protein(s), which are not necessarily involved in apoptosis or autophagy. We further demonstrate proliferation of HPV20E6-expressing keratinocytes. Levels of proteins involved in cell cycle control, cyclin-D1, cdk6 and p16INK4a, phosphorylated pRB, as well as c-Jun and p-c-Jun, were all increased in these cells. HPV20E6 did not compete for the interaction between p16INK4a with cyclin-D1 or cdk6. Phosphorylation of pRB in the HPV20E6 expressing cells seems to be sufficient to override the cytokenetic block induced by the p16INK4a/pRB pathway. The present study demonstrates the diverse influence of p53 family members on individual cutaneous HPVE6 proteins. HPV20E6 expression also resulted in varying protein levels of factors involved in proliferation and differentiation.
Collapse
|
46
|
Li F, Lu Y, Ding M, Wu G, Sinha S, Wang S, Zheng Q. Putative function of TAP63α during endochondral bone formation. Gene 2012; 495:95-103. [PMID: 22244744 PMCID: PMC3278498 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
P63, a member of the P53 tumor suppressor family, is known to play important functions in cancer and development. Interestingly, previous studies have shown that p63 null mice are absent or have truncated limbs, while mutations in human P63 cause several skeletal syndromes that also show limb and digit abnormalities, suggesting its essential role in long bone development. Indeed, we detected increased level of p63 transcript in hypertrophic MCT cells (an established cell model of chondrocyte maturation) than in proliferative MCT cells. To investigate the in vivo role of P63 upon endochondral bone formation, we have established transgenic mouse lines in which HA- and Flag-tagged TAP63α (the longest P63 isoform) is driven by the hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific Col10a1 regulatory elements. Skeletal staining of Col10a1-TAP63α transgenic mice at either embryonic day 17.5 (E17.5) or postnatal day 1 (P1) observed accelerated ossification in long bone, digit and tail bones compared to their wild-type littermates, suggesting a putative function of P63 during skeletal development. We also detected decreased level of Sox9 and Bcl-2 transcripts, while Alp and Ank are slightly upregulated in Col10a1-TAP63α transgenic mouse limbs. Further immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the decreased Sox9 expression in the proliferative and hypertrophic zone of these mice. Von Kossa staining suggests increased mineralization in hypertrophic zone of transgenic mice compared to littermate controls. Together, our results suggest a role of TAP63α upon skeletal development. TAP63a may promote endochondral ossification through interaction with genes relevant to matrix mineralization and chondrocyte maturation or apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
- Department of Pathophysiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yaojuan Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Ming Ding
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Guojun Wu
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Satrajit Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Siying Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Qiping Zheng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sullivan KD, Gallant-Behm CL, Henry RE, Fraikin JL, Espinosa JM. The p53 circuit board. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1825:229-44. [PMID: 22333261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor is embedded in a large gene network controlling diverse cellular and organismal phenotypes. Multiple signaling pathways converge onto p53 activation, mostly by relieving the inhibitory effects of its repressors, MDM2 and MDM4. In turn, signals originating from increased p53 activity diverge into distinct effector pathways to deliver a specific cellular response to the activating stimuli. Much attention has been devoted to dissecting how the various input pathways trigger p53 activation and how the activity of the p53 protein itself can be modulated by a plethora of co-factors and post-translational modifications. In this review we will focus instead on the multiple configurations of the effector pathways. We will discuss how p53-generated signals are transmitted, amplified, resisted and eventually integrated by downstream gene circuits operating at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. We will also discuss how context-dependent variations in these gene circuits define the cellular response to p53 activation and how they may impact the clinical efficacy of p53-based targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly D Sullivan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute & Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Liu J, Lin M, Zhang C, Wang D, Feng Z, Hu W. TAp63γ enhances nucleotide excision repair through transcriptional regulation of DNA repair genes. DNA Repair (Amst) 2012; 11:167-76. [PMID: 22056305 PMCID: PMC3348579 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
p63 and p73, two p53 family members, play crucial roles in development and tumor suppression. p63 and p73 have multiple isoforms, which have similar or distinct biological functions. Transactivation (TA) isoforms of p63 and p73 have high similarity with p53 and often have biological functions similar to p53. p53 plays an important role in nucleotide excision repair (NER) through transcriptional regulation of target genes involved in NER, including DDB2, XPC and GADD45. To investigate whether TAp63 and TAp73 play a similar role in NER, Saos2 cells with inducible expression of specific isoforms of TAp63 and TAp73, including TAp63α/β/γ and TAp73α/β/γ isoforms, were employed. Overexpression of TAp63γ significantly enhances NER of ultraviolet (UV)-induced DNA damage, including cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and 6-4 photoproducts, and enhances cell survival after UV irradiation in Soas2 cells. The enhancement of NER of UV-induced DNA damage by TAp63γ was also confirmed in H1299 cells with overexpression of TAp63γ. Consistently, knockdown of endogenous TAp63 decreases NER of UV-induced DNA damage in H1299 cells. TAp63α/β and TAp73α/β/γ isoforms do not have a clear effect on NER in Saos2 or H1299 cells. TAp63γ overexpression clearly induces the expression of DDB2, XPC and GADD45 at both RNA and protein levels. Furthermore, luciferase reporter assays show that TAp63γ transcriptionally activates DDB2, XPC and GADD45 genes through the regulation of the p53 binding elements in these genes. These results demonstrate that TAp63γ enhances NER to remove UV-induced DNA damage and maintain genomic stability through transcriptional induction of a set of NER proteins, which provides an additional important mechanism that contributes to the function of TAp63 in tumor suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Meihua Lin
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Cen Zhang
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Duoduo Wang
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Zhaohui Feng
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Wenwei Hu
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ben Khalifa Y, Teissier S, Tan MKM, Phan QT, Daynac M, Wong WQ, Thierry F. The human papillomavirus E6 oncogene represses a cell adhesion pathway and disrupts focal adhesion through degradation of TAp63β upon transformation. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002256. [PMID: 21980285 PMCID: PMC3182928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical carcinomas result from cellular transformation by the human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 oncogenes which are constitutively expressed in cancer cells. The E6 oncogene degrades p53 thereby modulating a large set of p53 target genes as shown previously in the cervical carcinoma cell line HeLa. Here we show that the TAp63β isoform of the p63 transcription factor is also a target of E6. The p63 gene plays an essential role in skin homeostasis and is expressed as at least six isoforms. One of these isoforms, ΔNp63α, has been found overexpressed in squamous cell carcinomas and is shown here to be constitutively expressed in Caski cells associated with HPV16. We therefore explored the role of p63 in these cells by performing microarray analyses after repression of endogenous E6/E7 expression. Upon repression of the oncogenes, a large set of p53 target genes was found activated together with many p63 target genes related to cell adhesion. However, through siRNA silencing and ectopic expression of various p63 isoforms we demonstrated that TAp63β is involved in activation of this cell adhesion pathway instead of the constitutively expressed ΔNp63α and β. Furthermore, we showed in cotransfection experiments, combined with E6AP siRNA silencing, that E6 induces an accelerated degradation of TAp63β although not through the E6AP ubiquitin ligase used for degradation of p53. Repression of E6 transcription also induces stabilization of endogenous TAp63β in cervical carcinoma cells that lead to an increased concentration of focal adhesions at the cell surface. Consequently, TAp63β is the only p63 isoform suppressed by E6 in cervical carcinoma as demonstrated previously for p53. Down-modulation of focal adhesions through disruption of TAp63β therefore appears as a novel E6-dependent pathway in transformation. These findings identify a major physiological role for TAp63β in anchorage independent growth that might represent a new critical pathway in human carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Qi Wong
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Melino G. p63 is a suppressor of tumorigenesis and metastasis interacting with mutant p53. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18:1487-99. [PMID: 21760596 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 mutations, occurring in two-thirds of all human cancers, confer a gain of function phenotype, including the ability to form metastasis, the determining feature in the prognosis of most human cancer. This effect seems mediated at least partially by its ability to physically interact with p63, thus affecting a cell invasion pathway, and accordingly, p63 is deregulated in human cancers. In addition, p63, as an 'epithelial organizer', directly impinges on epidermal mesenchimal transition, stemness, senescence, cell death and cell cycle arrest, all determinant in cancer, and thus p63 affects chemosensitivity and chemoresistance. This demonstrates an important role for p63 in cancer development and its progression, and the aim of this review is to set this new evidence that links p63 to metastasis within the context of the long conserved other functions of p63.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Melino
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Leicester University, Leicester, UK.
| |
Collapse
|