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Khan A, Singh D, Waidha K, Sisodiya S, Gopinath P, Hussian S, Tanwar P, Katare DP. Analysis of Inhibition Potential of Nimbin and its Analogs against NF-κB Subunits p50 and p65: A Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Study. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:280-287. [PMID: 37694791 DOI: 10.2174/1871520623666230908101204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer remains the major cause of morbidity and mortality. The nuclear factor kappa-B (NF- κB) plays an indispensable role in cancer cell proliferation and drug resistance. The role of NF-κB is not only limited to tumor cell proliferation and suppression of apoptotic genes but it also induces EMT transition responsible for metastasis. Inhibition of the NF-κB pathway in cancer cells by herbal derivatives makes it a favorable yet promising target for cancer therapeutics. AIM The purpose of the study is to explore the inhibition potential of Nimbin and its analogs against NF-κB subunits p50 and p65. METHODS In the present study, an herbal compound Nimbin and its derivative analogs were investigated to examine their impact on the p50 and p65 subunits of the NF-κB signaling pathway using in silico tools, namely molecular docking and simulation. RESULTS The molecular docking analysis revealed that Nimbin and its analogs may bind to p50 and p65 subunits with dG bind values ranging from -33.23 to -50.49 Kcal/mol. Interestingly, molecular dynamic simulation for the NO5-p65 complex displayed a stable conformation and convergence when compared to the NO4-p50 complex. CONCLUSION These results indicate that NO5 may have a potential inhibitory effect against NF-κB subunit p65, which needs to be further validated in in vitro and in vivo systems. Also, the results obtained emphasize and pave the way for exploring the Nimbin scaffold against NF-κB inhibition for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiya Khan
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Rotary Cancer Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Divyam Singh
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Molecular Diagnostics, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Noida, India
| | - Kamran Waidha
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Molecular Diagnostics, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Noida, India
| | - Sandeep Sisodiya
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Molecular Diagnostics, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Noida, India
| | - Pushparathinam Gopinath
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Showket Hussian
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Molecular Diagnostics, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Noida, India
| | - Pranay Tanwar
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Rotary Cancer Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepshikha Pande Katare
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Anti-coccidial effects of dietary chamomile against experimentally induced coccidiosis in broiler chicken. CZECH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.17221/160/2022-cjas] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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3
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Blend of neem oil based polyesteramide as magnetic nanofiber mat for efficient cancer therapy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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John A, Raza H. Alterations in Inflammatory Cytokines and Redox Homeostasis in LPS-Induced Pancreatic Beta-Cell Toxicity and Mitochondrial Stress: Protection by Azadirachtin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:867608. [PMID: 35794865 PMCID: PMC9251516 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.867608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and redox imbalance are hallmarks of cancer, diabetes, and other degenerative disorders. Pathophysiological response to these disorders leads to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction by alterations and reprogramming in cellular signaling and metabolism. Pancreatic beta cells are very sensitive to the inflammatory and altered nutrient signals and hence play a crucial role in diabetes and cancer. In this study, we treated insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells, Rin-5F, with the bacterial endotoxin, LPS (1 μg/ml) to induce an inflammatory response in vitro and then treated the cells with a known anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant phytochemical, azadirachtin (AZD, 25 µM for 24 h). Our results demonstrated lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide production causing increased nitro/oxidative stress and alterations in the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase after LPS treatment. Pro-inflammatory responses caused by translocation of nuclear factor kappa B and release of inflammatory cytokines were also observed. These changes were accompanied by GSH-dependent redox imbalance and alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential and respiratory complexes enzyme activities leading to mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction, reduced ATP synthesis, and intrinsic caspase-9 mediated apoptosis. Caspase-9 was activated due to alterations in Bcl-2 and Bax proteins and release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. The activities of oxidative stress-sensitive mitochondrial matrix enzymes, aconitase, and glutamate dehydrogenase were also inhibited. Treatment with AZD showed beneficial effects on the recovery of antioxidant enzymes, inflammatory responses, and mitochondrial functions. GSH-dependent redox homeostasis also recovered after the treatment with AZD. This study may help in better understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of inflammation-induced disorders in pancreatic beta cells to better manage therapeutic strategies.
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Mamur S, Gündüzer E, Yaman M. Toxicological aspect of bioinsecticide pyrethrum extract and expressions of apoptotic gene levels in human hepotacellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2022; 32:373-384. [PMID: 35321623 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2057266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pyrethrum extract (PE), an important natural bioinsecticide, is extensively used across the world to control pest insects in homes and farms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential cytotoxic effect of PE using MTT assay and genotoxic effect using micronucleus (MN) assay. The changes in the expressions of the apoptosis genes in mRNA levels were also investigated using Real Time qPCR analysis as well as the ratio of apoptotic/necrotic cells with AnnexinV-FITC/Propidium iodide (PI) assay in HepG2 cells. PE markedly suppressed the cell proliferation on HepG2 cells. It significantly increased the frequency of micronucleus (MN) at 500 and 1000 µg/mL. PE also induced the percentage of cell population of late apoptotic/necrotic cells (FITC + PI+) and necrotic cells (FITC- PI+) especially at 4000 μg/mL analyzed by flow cytometry. PE caused significant fold changes in the expression of several apoptotic genes including APAF1, BIK, BAX, BAD, BİD, MCL-1, CASP3, CASP1, CASP2, FAS, FADD and TNFRSF1A. In particularly, the pro-apoptotic gene Hrk (Harakiri) remarkably and dose-dependently was overexpressed of the mRNA level. As a result, PE may exhibit cyto-genotoxic effects especially at higher concentrations and lead to significant changes in the expression of mRNA levels in several apoptotic genes.Highlights [Database][Mismatch]Natural bioinsecticide PE exhibited cytotoxic effect in HepG2 cells.PE significantly induced the micronucleus (MN) frequency at 500 and 1000 µg/mL.This bioinsecticide induced cell death and it lead to significant fold changes in the expression of mRNA levels in several apoptotic genes in HepG2 cells.The highest increase of the expression of mRNA levels was determined in Hrk (Harakiri) at 4000 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevcan Mamur
- Gazi University, Life Sciences Application and Research Center, 06830, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Gündüzer
- Gazi University, Science Faculty, Deparment of Biology, 06560, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Melek Yaman
- Gazi University, Medicine Faculty, Department of Immunology, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
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Sharma M, Grewal K, Jandrotia R, Batish DR, Singh HP, Kohli RK. Essential oils as anticancer agents: Potential role in malignancies, drug delivery mechanisms, and immune system enhancement. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112514. [PMID: 34963087 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer retains a central place in fatality rates among the wide variety of diseases known world over, and the conventional synthetic medicaments, albeit used until now, produce numerous side effects. As a result, newer, better, and safer alternatives such as natural plant products, are gravely required. Essential oils (EOs) offer a plethora of bioactivities including antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, therefore, the use of EOs in combination with synthetic drugs or aromatherapy continues to be popular in many settings. In view of the paramount importance of EOs and their potential bioactivities, this review summarizes the current knowledge on the interconnection between EOs and cancer treatment. In particular, the current review presents an updated summary of the chemical composition of EOs, their current applications in cancer treatments based on clinical studies, and the mechanism of action against the cancer cell lines. Similarly, an overview of using EOs in aromatherapy and enhancing immunity during cancer treatment is provided. Further, this review focuses on the recent technological advancements such as the loading of EOs using protein microspheres, ligands, or nanoemulsions/nanoencapsulation, which offer multiple benefits in cancer treatment via site-specific and target-oriented delivery of drugs. The continuing clinical studies of EOs implicate that their pharmacological applications are a rewarding research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Sharma
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
| | - Kamaljit Grewal
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
| | - Rupali Jandrotia
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
| | | | - Harminder Pal Singh
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India.
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Essential Oil-Loaded NLC for Potential Intranasal Administration. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081166. [PMID: 34452126 PMCID: PMC8399280 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicines represent an interesting field of research on which worldwide academics are focusing many efforts. In particular, the possibility to exploit pharmaceutical technology strategies, such as the nanoencapsulation, for the delivery of essential oils is emerging as a promising strategy not only in Italy but also all over the world. The aim of this work was the development of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for the delivery of essential oils (Lavandula, Mentha, and Rosmarinus) by intranasal administration, an interesting topic in which Italian contributions have recently increased. Essential oil-loaded NLC, projected as a possible add-on strategy in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, were characterized in comparison to control formulations prepared with Tegosoft CT and Neem oil. Homogeneous (polydispersity index, PDI < 0.2) nanoparticles with a small size (<200 nm) and good stability were obtained. Morphological and physical-chemical studies showed the formation of different structures depending on the nature of the liquid oil component. In particular, NLC prepared with Lavandula or Rosmarinus showed the formation of a more ordered structure with higher cytocompatibility on two cell lines, murine and human fibroblasts. Taken together, our preliminary results show that optimized positively charged NLC containing Lavandula or Rosmarinus can be proposed as a potential add-on strategy in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases through intranasal administration, due to the well-known beneficial effects of essential oils and the mucoadhesive properties of NLC.
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Sarkar S, Singh RP, Bhattacharya G. Exploring the role of Azadirachta indica (neem) and its active compounds in the regulation of biological pathways: an update on molecular approach. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:178. [PMID: 33927969 PMCID: PMC7981372 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In ethnomedicine, plant parts and compounds are used traditionally to treat different diseases. Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is the most versatile and useful medicinal plant ever found. Its every part is rich in bioactive compounds, which have traditionally been used to treat different ailments including infectious diseases. Bioactive compounds such as nimbolide, azarirachtin, and gedunin of neem are reported to have a tremendous ability to regulate numerous biological processes in vitro and in vivo. The present review article aims to explore the importance of neem extracts and bioactive compounds in the regulation of different biological pathways. We have reviewed research articles up to March 2020 on the role of neem in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, immunomodulatory, and apoptotic activities. Studies on the concerned fields demonstrate that the bioactive compounds and extracts of neem have a regulatory effect on several biological mechanisms. It has been unveiled that extensive research is carried out on limonoids such as nimbolide and azarirachtin. It is evidenced by different studies that neem extracts are the potential to scavenge free radicals and reduce ROS-mediated damage to cells. Neem can be used to normalize lipid peroxidation and minimize ROS-mediated cell death. Besides, neem extracts can significantly reduce the release of proinflammatory cytokines and elevate the count of CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells. This review indicates the pivotal roles of A. indica in the regulation of different biological pathways. However, future investigations on other bioactive compounds of neem may reveal different therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subendu Sarkar
- Department of Surgery, University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Rajender Pal Singh
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Gorachand Bhattacharya
- Jagannath Gupta Institute of Medical Sciences & Hospital, KP Mondal Road, Buita, Nishchintapur, Budge Budge, Kolkata 700137 India
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Lakshmi S, Renjitha J, B Sasidhar S, Priya S. Epoxyazadiradione induced apoptosis/anoikis in triple-negative breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231, by modulating diverse cellular effects. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:1-17. [PMID: 33684251 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive forms of its kind, which accounts for 15-20% of all breast cancers. As this cancer form lacks hormone receptors, targeted chemotherapy remains the best treatment option. Apoptosis and anoikis (detachment-induced cell death) induction by small molecules can prevent TNBC metastasis to a greater extent. Epoxyazadiradione (EAD) is a limonoid from the neem plant with an anticancer property. Here, we demonstrate that EAD induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and anoikis in TNBC cells (MDA-MB-231). Apart from this, it promotes antimigration, inhibition of colony formation, downregulation of MMP-9 and fibronectin, induction of G2/M phase arrest with downregulation of cyclin A2/cdk2, interference in cellular metabolism, and inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB) nuclear translocation. Moreover, a significant reduction is observed in the expression of EGFR on the plasma membrane and nucleus upon treatment with EAD. Among the diverse cellular effects, anoikis induction, metabolic interference, and downregulation of membrane/nuclear EGFR expression by EAD are reported here for the first time. To summarize, EAD targets multiple cellular events to induce growth arrest in TNBC, and hence can be developed into the best antineoplastic agent in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreerenjini Lakshmi
- Biochemistry Section, Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Jalaja Renjitha
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.,Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Somappa B Sasidhar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.,Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Sulochana Priya
- Biochemistry Section, Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Kharwar RN, Sharma VK, Mishra A, Kumar J, Singh DK, Verma SK, Gond SK, Kumar A, Kaushik N, Revuru B, Kusari S. Harnessing the Phytotherapeutic Treasure Troves of the Ancient Medicinal Plant Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Associated Endophytic Microorganisms. PLANTA MEDICA 2020; 86:906-940. [PMID: 32126583 DOI: 10.1055/a-1107-9370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, is an evergreen tree of the tropics and sub-tropics native to the Indian subcontinent with demonstrated ethnomedicinal value and importance in agriculture as well as in the pharmaceutical industry. This ancient medicinal tree, often called the "wonder tree", is regarded as a chemical factory of diverse and complex compounds with a plethora of structural scaffolds that is very difficult to mimic by chemical synthesis. Such multifaceted chemical diversity leads to a fantastic repertoire of functional traits, encompassing a wide variety of biological activity and unique modes of action against specific and generalist pathogens and pests. Until now, more than 400 compounds have been isolated from different parts of neem including important bioactive secondary metabolites such as azadirachtin, nimbidin, nimbin, nimbolide, gedunin, and many more. In addition to its insecticidal property, the plant is also known for antimicrobial, antimalarial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, hypoglycaemic, antiulcer, antifertility, anticarcinogenic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anxiolytic, molluscicidal, acaricidal, and antifilarial properties. Notwithstanding the chemical and biological virtuosity of neem, it has also been extensively explored for associated microorganisms, especially a class of mutualists called endophytic microorganisms (or endophytes). More than 30 compounds, including neem "mimetic" compounds, have been reported from endophytes harbored in the neem trees in different ecological niches. In this review, we provide an informative and in-depth overview of the topic that can serve as a point of reference for an understanding of the functions and applications of a medicinal plant such as neem, including associated endophytes, within the overall theme of phytopathology. Our review further exemplifies the already-noted current surge of interest in plant and microbial natural products for implications both within the ecological and clinical settings, for a more secure and sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra N Kharwar
- Mycopathology and Microbial Technology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vijay K Sharma
- Mycopathology and Microbial Technology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Ashish Mishra
- Mycopathology and Microbial Technology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Mycopathology and Microbial Technology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Dheeraj K Singh
- Mycopathology and Microbial Technology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Satish K Verma
- Mycopathology and Microbial Technology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Anuj Kumar
- Department of Botany, Buddha PG College, Kushinagar, India
| | - Nutan Kaushik
- Amity Food and Agriculture Foundation, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Bharadwaj Revuru
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Souvik Kusari
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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Zhao T, Lai D, Zhou Y, Xu H, Zhang Z, Kuang S, Shao X. Azadirachtin A inhibits the growth and development of Bactrocera dorsalis larvae by releasing cathepsin in the midgut. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109512. [PMID: 31398584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Azadirachtin, a botanical insecticide with high potential, has been widely used in pest control. Azadirachtin has shown strong biological activity against Bactrocera dorsalis in toxicological reports, but its mechanism remains unclear. This study finds that azadirachtin A inhibits the growth and development of Bactrocera dorsalis larvae. The larval weights and body sizes of the azadirachtin-treated group were significantly less than those of the control group in a concentration-dependent manner. Further, pathological sections revealed that azadirachtin destroyed the midgut cell structure and intestinal walls, while TUNEL staining showed that azadirachtin could induce apoptosis of midgut cells, and Western blot analysis indicated that Bcl-XL expression was inhibited and cytochrome c (CytC) released into the cytoplasm. The results also imply azadirachtin-induced structural alterations in the Bactrocera dorsalis larvae midgut by activation of apoptosis. RNA-seq analysis of midgut cells found that 482 and 708 unique genes were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. These differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in apoptotic and lysosomal signaling pathways and included 26 genes of the cathepsin family. qRT-PCR verified the expression patterns of some DEGs, indicating that Cathepsin F was upregulated by 278.47-fold and that Cathepsin L and Cathepsin D were upregulated by 28.06- and 8.97-fold, respectively. Finally, association analysis between DEGs and DEMs (differentially expressed metabolites) revealed that azadirachtin significantly reduced the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals in the midgut. In conclusion, azadirachtin induces the release of cathepsin from lysosomes, causing apoptosis in the midgut. Ultimately, this leads to reduced digestion and absorption of nutrient metabolites in the midgut and inhibition of the growth and development of Bactrocera dorsalis larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Duo Lai
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - You Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hanhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Shizi Kuang
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Xuehua Shao
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Xu J, Zhang G, Tong Y, Yuan J, Li Y, Song G. Corilagin induces apoptosis, autophagy and ROS generation in gastric cancer cells in vitro. Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:967-979. [PMID: 30569134 PMCID: PMC6317684 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.4031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Corilagin, a unique component of the tannin family, has been identified in several medicinal plants. In previous literature, corilagin exhibited a marked anticancer property in a variety of human cancer cells. However, the biological effects of corilagin on gastric cancer and the mechanisms involved remain to be fully elucidated. In the present study, it was reported that corilagin induced inhibition of cell growth in SGC7901 and BGC823 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. It was found that corilagin exhibited less toxicity towards normal GES-1 cells. Furthermore, the study showed that corilagin induced the apoptosis of gastric cancer cells mainly via activating caspase-8, -9, -3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase proteins. Simultaneously, it was verified that corilagin triggered autophagy in gastric cancer cells and the inhibition of autophagy improved the activity of corilagin on cell growth suppression. In addition, corilagin significantly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species production, which is important in inhibiting the growth of gastric cancer cells. Finally, it was shown that necroptosis cannot be induced by corilagin-incubation in SGC7901 and BGC823 cell lines. Consequently, these findings indicate that corilagin may be developed as a potential therapeutic drug for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Xu
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P.R. China
| | - Gongye Zhang
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Yinping Tong
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Yuan
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyue Li
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P.R. China
| | - Gang Song
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
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Tong Y, Zhang G, Li Y, Xu J, Yuan J, Zhang B, Hu T, Song G. Corilagin inhibits breast cancer growth via reactive oxygen species-dependent apoptosis and autophagy. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:3795-3807. [PMID: 29923307 PMCID: PMC6050496 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Corilagin is a component of Phyllanthus urinaria extract and has been found of possessing anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidative, and anti‐tumour properties in clinic treatments. However, the underlying mechanisms in anti‐cancer particularly of its induction of cell death in human breast cancer remain undefined. Our research found that corilagin‐induced apoptotic and autophagic cell death depending on reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human breast cancer cell, and it occurred in human breast cancer cell (MCF‐7) only comparing with normal cells. The expression of procaspase‐8, procaspase‐3, PARP, Bcl‐2 and procaspase‐9 was down‐regulated while caspase‐8, cleaved PARP, caspase‐9 and Bax were up‐regulated after corilagin treatment, indicating apoptosis mediated by extrinsic and mitochondrial pathways occurred in MCF‐7 cell. Meanwhile, autophagy mediated by suppressing Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway was detected with an increase in autophagic vacuoles and LC3‐II conversion. More significantly, inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine diphosphate salt (CQ) remarkably enhanced apoptosis, while the caspase inhibitor z‐VAD‐fmk failed in affecting autophagy, suggesting that corilagin‐induced autophagy functioned as a survival mechanism in MCF‐7 cells. In addition, corilagin induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, when reduced by ROS scavenger NAC, apoptosis and autophagy were both down‐regulated. Nevertheless, in SK‐BR3 cell which expressed RIP3, necroptosis inhibitor Nec‐1 could not alleviate cell death induced by corilagin, indicating necroptosis was not triggered. Subcutaneous tumour growth in nude mice was attenuated by corilagin, consisting with the results in vitro. These results imply that corilagin inhibits cancer cell proliferation through inducing apoptosis and autophagy which regulated by ROS release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinping Tong
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Gongye Zhang
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yang Li
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiajia Xu
- Fisheries college, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiahui Yuan
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tianhui Hu
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Gang Song
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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14
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Shu B, Jia J, Zhang J, Sethuraman V, Yi X, Zhong G. DnaJ homolog subfamily A member1 (DnaJ1) is a newly discovered anti-apoptotic protein regulated by azadirachtin in Sf9 cells. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:413. [PMID: 29843605 PMCID: PMC5975434 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4801-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Azadirachtin, one of the most promising botanical insecticides, has been widely used for pest control. Azadirachtin induces apoptosis in insect cell lines, including Sf9, SL-1 and BTI-Tn-5B1–4. Mitochondrial and lysosomal pathways are likely involved in the azadirachtin-induced apoptosis, however, detailed molecular mechanisms remain largely undefined. Results Azadirachtin-induced apoptosis in Sf9 cells was verified by morphological observation, Hoechst 33258 staining, and a Caspase-3-based analysis. Comparative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with a linear ion trap quadrupole (LTQ)-MS/MS analysis identified 12 prominent, differentially expressed proteins following azadirachtin treatment. These differentially expressed genes are involved in regulating cytoskeleton development, signal transduction, gene transcription, and cellular metabolism. Knockdown gene expression of a gene encoding a DnaJ homolog enhanced apoptosis induced by azadirachtin in Sf9 cells. Conclusion Azadirachtin treatment induces apoptosis in Sf9 cells and affects expression of multiple genes with functions in cytoskeleton development, signal transduction, gene regulation, and cellular metabolisms. Azadirachtin induces apoptosis at least partially by down-regulation of Sf-DnaJ in Sf9 cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4801-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benshui Shu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianwen Jia
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Veeran Sethuraman
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. .,Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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15
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Gupta P, Zaidi AH, Manna SK. Suppression of IKK, but not activation of p53 is responsible for cell death mediated by naturally occurring oxidized tetranortriterpenoid. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:6828-6841. [PMID: 29738082 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tetranortriterpenoids (limonoids) obtained from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) have gained significant attention due to their anti-proliferative properties. Here we are investigating the role of a highly oxidized tetranortriterpenoid, azadirachtin on induction of the cell death. Using various apoptotic assays, we show that azadirachtin induces cell death independent of cell types. Although azadirachtin-treated cells show increased expression of p53, but no phosphorylation of p53 (at Ser15 and Ser46) is detected. In silico analysis reveals that azadirachtin interacts with Mdm2 in the p53 binding site, postulating the mutually exclusive interaction of p53 and azadirachtin with Mdm2. Surprisingly, azadirachtin potentiates cell death efficiently in both p53 wild-type and p53 negative cells. In addition, we find azadirachtin suppresses nuclear transcription factor kappaB (NF-κB) by inhibiting the phosphorylation of upstream inhibitory subunit of NF-κB (IκB) kinase (IKK). Further, azadirachtin is unable to potentiate apoptosis in NF-κB-downregulated (IκB-DN) cells, whereas ectopic expression of p65 rescues azadirachtin-mediated apoptosis, regardless of their p53 status. Hence, our data suggest that azadirachtin mediates cell death through inhibition of NF-κB, but not due to the activation of p53. In conclusion, this study proposes azadirachtin as a potential therapeutic agent where insensitivity toward chemotherapy occurs due to the inactivation or mutations in p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Gupta
- Laboratory of Immunology and Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Adeel H Zaidi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sunil K Manna
- Laboratory of Immunology and Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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16
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Kumar D, Haldar S, Gorain M, Kumar S, Mulani FA, Yadav AS, Miele L, Thulasiram HV, Kundu GC. Epoxyazadiradione suppresses breast tumor growth through mitochondrial depolarization and caspase-dependent apoptosis by targeting PI3K/Akt pathway. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:52. [PMID: 29310608 PMCID: PMC5759831 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3876-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed invasive cancers among women around the world. Among several subtypes, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is highly aggressive and chemoresistant. Treatment of TNBC patients has been challenging due to heterogeneity and devoid of well-defined molecular targets. Thus, identification of novel effective and selective agents against TNBC is essential. Methods We used epoxyazadiradione to assess the cell viability, mitochondrial potential, ROS level, cell migration, apoptosis and protein expression in cell culture models of TNBC MDA-MB-231 and ER+ MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The molecular mechanism was examined in two different type of breast cancer cells in response to epoxyazadiradione. We have also analyzed the effect of epoxyazadiradione on breast tumor growth using in vivo mice model. Results In this study, we for the first time investigated that out of 10 major limonoids isolated from Azadirachta indica, epoxyazadiradione exhibits most potent anti-cancer activity in both TNBC and ER+ breast cancer cells. Epoxyazadiradione induces apoptosis and inhibits PI3K/Akt-mediated mitochondrial potential, cell viability, migration and angiogenesis. It also inhibits the expression of pro-angiogenic and pro-metastatic genes such as Cox2, OPN, VEGF and MMP-9 in these cells. Furthermore, epoxyazadiradione attenuates PI3K/Akt-mediated AP-1 activation. Our in vivo data revealed that epoxyazadiradione suppresses breast tumor growth and angiogenesis in orthotopic NOD/SCID mice model. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that epoxyazadiradione inhibits PI3K/Akt-dependent mitochondrial depolarisation, induces apoptosis and attenuates cell migration, angiogenesis and breast tumor growth suggesting that this compound may act as a potent therapeutic agent for the management of breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-017-3876-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Kumar
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, 411007, India
| | - Saikat Haldar
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Mahadeo Gorain
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, 411007, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington D.C., 20057, USA
| | - Fayaj A Mulani
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Amit S Yadav
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, 411007, India
| | - Lucio Miele
- Department of Genetics, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | | | - Gopal C Kundu
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, 411007, India.
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17
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Mokhamatam RB, Sahoo BK, Manna SK. Suppression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, but not NF-kappa B sensitizes melanoma specific cell death. Apoptosis 2018; 21:928-40. [PMID: 27325430 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutation in B-Raf leads to gain of function in melanoma and causes aggressive behavior for proliferation. Most of the therapeutics are ineffective in this scenario. However, regulation of this aggressive behavior by targeting the key molecules would be viable strategy to develop novel and effective therapeutics. In this report we provide evidences that the resveratrol is potent to regulate melanoma cell growth than other inducers of apoptosis. Resveratrol inhibits pronounced cell proliferation in melanoma than other tumor cell types. Cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry shows that the treatment with resveratrol results in S phase arrest. Resveratrol inhibits microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and its dependent genes without interfering the MITF DNA binding in vitro. Resveratrol-mediated cell death is protected in MITF overexpressed cells and it is aggravated in MITF knocked down cells. These suggest the resveratrol-mediated decrease in MITF is the possible cause of melanoma cell death. Though resveratrol-mediated downregulation of NF-κB is responsible for cell apoptosis, but the downregulation of MITF is the main reason for melanoma-specific cell death. Thus, resveratrol can be effective chemotherapeutic agent against rapid proliferative melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raveendra B Mokhamatam
- Laboratory of Immunology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Nampally, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 001, India.,Graduate studies, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Binay K Sahoo
- Laboratory of Immunology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Nampally, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 001, India
| | - Sunil K Manna
- Laboratory of Immunology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Nampally, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 001, India.
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18
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Srivastava P, Paluch BE, Matsuzaki J, James SR, Collamat-Lai G, Blagitko-Dorfs N, Ford LA, Naqash R, Lübbert M, Karpf AR, Nemeth MJ, Griffiths EA. Induction of cancer testis antigen expression in circulating acute myeloid leukemia blasts following hypomethylating agent monotherapy. Oncotarget 2017; 7:12840-56. [PMID: 26883197 PMCID: PMC4914325 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer testis antigens (CTAs) are promising cancer associated antigens in solid tumors, but in acute myeloid leukemia, dense promoter methylation silences their expression. Leukemia cell lines exposed to HMAs induce expression of CTAs. We hypothesized that AML patients treated with standard of care decitabine (20mg/m2 per day for 10 days) would demonstrate induced expression of CTAs. Peripheral blood blasts serially isolated from AML patients treated with decitabine were evaluated for CTA gene expression and demethylation. Induction of NY-ESO-1 and MAGEA3/A6, were observed following decitabine. Re-expression of NY-ESO-1 and MAGEA3/A6 was associated with both promoter specific and global (LINE-1) hypomethylation. NY-ESO-1 and MAGEA3/A6 mRNA levels were increased irrespective of clinical response, suggesting that these antigens might be applicable even in patients who are not responsive to HMA therapy. Circulating blasts harvested after decitabine demonstrate induced NY-ESO-1 expression sufficient to activate NY-ESO-1 specific CD8+ T-cells. Induction of CTA expression sufficient for recognition by T-cells occurs in AML patients receiving decitabine. Vaccination against NY-ESO-1 in this patient population is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin E Paluch
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Junko Matsuzaki
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Smitha R James
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Golda Collamat-Lai
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Nadja Blagitko-Dorfs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Freiburg, Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laurie Ann Ford
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rafeh Naqash
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael Lübbert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Freiburg, Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adam R Karpf
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michael J Nemeth
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Griffiths
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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19
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Rinaldi F, Hanieh PN, Longhi C, Carradori S, Secci D, Zengin G, Ammendolia MG, Mattia E, Del Favero E, Marianecci C, Carafa M. Neem oil nanoemulsions: characterisation and antioxidant activity. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:1265-1273. [PMID: 28965424 PMCID: PMC6009939 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1378190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work is to develop nanoemulsions (NEs), nanosized emulsions, manufactured for improving the delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients. In particular, nanoemulsions composed of Neem seed oil, contain rich bioactive components, and Tween 20 as nonionic surfactant were prepared. A mean droplet size ranging from 10 to 100 nm was obtained by modulating the oil/surfactant ratio. Physicochemical characterisation was carried out evaluating size, ζ-potential, microviscosity, polarity and turbidity of the external shell and morphology, along with stability in simulated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), activity of Neem oil alone and in NEs, HEp-2 cell interaction and cytotoxicity studies. This study confirms the formation of NEs by Tween 20 and Neem oil at different weight ratios with small and homogenous dimensions. The antioxidant activity of Neem oil alone and in NEs was comparable, whereas its cytotoxicity was strongly reduced when loaded in NEs after interaction with HEp-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rinaldi
- a Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza , Rome , Italy
| | - Patrizia Nadia Hanieh
- b Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , " Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Catia Longhi
- c Dipartimento di Sanità pubblica e Malattie infettive , " Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Simone Carradori
- d Dipartimento di Farmacia , "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Daniela Secci
- b Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , " Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- e Department of Biology , Selçuk Üniversitesi Alaeddin Keykubat Yerleşkesi , Konya , Turkey
| | - Maria Grazia Ammendolia
- f Centro nazionale per le tecnologie innovative in sanità pubblica , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Elena Mattia
- c Dipartimento di Sanità pubblica e Malattie infettive , " Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Elena Del Favero
- g Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale , University of Milan , Segrate , Italy
| | - Carlotta Marianecci
- b Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , " Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Maria Carafa
- b Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , " Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
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20
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Alam SR, Wallrabe H, Svindrych Z, Chaudhary AK, Christopher KG, Chandra D, Periasamy A. Investigation of Mitochondrial Metabolic Response to Doxorubicin in Prostate Cancer Cells: An NADH, FAD and Tryptophan FLIM Assay. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10451. [PMID: 28874842 PMCID: PMC5585313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10856-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the leading cancers in men in the USA. Lack of experimental tools that predict therapy response is one of the limitations of current therapeutic regimens. Mitochondrial dysfunctions including defective oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in cancer inhibit apoptosis by modulating ROS production and cellular signaling. Thus, correction of mitochondrial dysfunction and induction of apoptosis are promising strategies in cancer treatment. We have used Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) to quantify mitochondrial metabolic response in PCa cells by tracking auto-fluorescent NAD(P)H, FAD and tryptophan (Trp) lifetimes and their enzyme-bound fractions as markers, before and after treatment with anti-cancer drug doxorubicin. A 3-channel FLIM assay and quantitative analysis of these markers for cellular metabolism show in response to doxorubicin, NAD(P)H mean fluorescence lifetime (τm) and enzyme-bound (a2%) fraction increased, FAD enzyme-bound (a1%) fraction was decreased, NAD(P)H-a2%/FAD-a1% FLIM-based redox ratio and ROS increased, followed by induction of apoptosis. For the first time, a FRET assay in PCa cells shows Trp-quenching due to Trp-NAD(P)H interactions, correlating energy transfer efficiencies (E%) vs NAD(P)H-a2%/FAD-a1% as sensitive parameters in predicting drug response. Applying this FLIM assay as early predictor of drug response would meet one of the important goals in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagufta Rehman Alam
- The W.M. Keck Center for Cellular Imaging, Physical and Life Sciences Building, University of Virginia, 90 Geldard Dr., Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA
| | - Horst Wallrabe
- The W.M. Keck Center for Cellular Imaging, Physical and Life Sciences Building, University of Virginia, 90 Geldard Dr., Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA
| | - Zdenek Svindrych
- The W.M. Keck Center for Cellular Imaging, Physical and Life Sciences Building, University of Virginia, 90 Geldard Dr., Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA
| | - Ajay K Chaudhary
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Centre for Genetics and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York, 14263, USA
| | - Kathryn G Christopher
- Departments of Biology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 90 Geldard Dr., Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA
| | - Dhyan Chandra
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Centre for Genetics and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York, 14263, USA
| | - Ammasi Periasamy
- The W.M. Keck Center for Cellular Imaging, Physical and Life Sciences Building, University of Virginia, 90 Geldard Dr., Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA. .,Departments of Biology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 90 Geldard Dr., Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, USA.
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Sharma R, Kaushik S, Shyam H, Agarwal S, Balapure AK. Neem Seed Oil Induces Apoptosis in MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 Human Breast Cancer Cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:2135-2140. [PMID: 28843234 PMCID: PMC5697472 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.8.2135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In traditional Indian medicine, azadirachta indica (neem) is known for its wide range of medicinal properties. Various parts of neem tree including its fruit, seed, bark, leaves, and root have been shown to possess antiseptic, antiviral, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antimalarial, antifungal and anticancer activity. Materials and Methods: MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 cells were exposed to various concentrations of 2% ethanolic solution of NSO (1-30 µl/ml) and further processed for cell viability, cell cycle and apoptosis analysis. In addition, cells were analyzed for alteration in Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) and generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) using JC-1 and DCFDA staining respectively. Results: NSO give 50% inhibition at 10 µl/ml and 20 µl/ml concentration in MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 cells respectively and, arrests cells at G0/G1 phase in both the cell types. There was a significant alteration in mitochondrial membrane potential that leads to the generation of ROS and induction of apoptosis in NSO treated MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 cells. Conclusion: The results showed that NSO inhibits the growth of human breast cancer cells via induction of apoptosis and G1 phase arrest. Collectively these results suggest that NSO could potentially be used in the management of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Sharma
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
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Kim EJ, Kim GT, Kim BM, Lim EG, Kim SY, Kim YM. Apoptosis-induced effects of extract from Artemisia annua Linné by modulating PTEN/p53/PDK1/Akt/ signal pathways through PTEN/p53-independent manner in HCT116 colon cancer cells. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:236. [PMID: 28454566 PMCID: PMC5410043 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1702-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracts from Artemisia annua Linné (AAE) has been known to possess various functions including anti-bacterial, anti-virus and anti-oxidant effects. However, the mechanism of those effects of AAE is not well known. Pursuantly, we determined the apoptotic effects of extract of AAE in HCT116 cell. In this study, we suggested that AAE may exert cancer cell apoptosis through PTEN/PDK1/Akt/p53signal pathway and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic proteins. METHODS We measured 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, Hoechst 33342 staining, Annexin V-PI staining, Mitopotential assay, immunofluorescence (IF) and Western blotting. Accordingly, our study showed that AAE treatment to HCT116 cells resulted in inhibition of PDK1, Akt, MDM2, Bcl-2, and pro-caspase 3 as well as activation of PTEN, p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), Bax and Bak expression. Also we measured in vivo assay that xenograft model, H&E assay, TUNEL assay and IHC. RESULTS AAE induced apoptosis via PTEN/p53/PDK1/Akt signal pathways through PTEN/p53-independent manner. AAE inhibit cell viability and increase LDH release in HCT116 colon cancer cell. Also, AAE increase apoptotic bodies, caspase -3,7 activation and reduces mitochondria membrane potential. AAE regulates cytochrome c translocation to the cytoplasm and Bax translocation to the mitochondrial membrane in an Immunofluorescence staining and increase PTEN and p53 expression in an in vivo tumor xenograft model. To elucidate the role of the PTEN/p53/PDK1/Akt signal pathways in cancer control, we conditionally inactivated PTEN/p53/PDK1/Akt signal pathways. We used inhibitors of PTEN, p53, PDK1, Akt. In consequence, these results indicate that AAE induced apoptosis by means of a mitochondrial event through the regulation of proteins such as Bax, Bak and cytochrome c in PDK1/Akt signaling pathways via PTEM/p53-independent manner. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed the apoptotic effect of extracts of AAE by Modulating PTEN/p53/PDK1/Akt/Signal Pathways through PTEN/p53-independent pathwaysin HCT116 colon cancer cell.
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Shao X, Lai D, Zhang L, Xu H. Induction of Autophagy and Apoptosis via PI3K/AKT/TOR Pathways by Azadirachtin A in Spodoptera litura Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35482. [PMID: 27752103 PMCID: PMC5067515 DOI: 10.1038/srep35482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Azadirachtin is one of the most effective botanical insecticides and has been widely used in pest control. Toxicological reports show that azadirachtin can induce apoptosis in various insect cell lines. However, studies of azadirachtin-induced autophagy in cultured insect cells are lacking. This study reports that azadirachtin A significantly inhibits cell proliferation by inducing autophagic and apoptotic cell death in Spodoptera litura cultured cell line (SL-1 cell). Characteristic autophagolysosome and Atg8-PE (phosphatidylethanolamine) accumulation were observed by electron microscopy and western blotting, indicating that azadirachtin triggered autophagy in SL-1 cell. Furthermore, azadirachtin inhibited survival signaling by blocking the activation of PI3K, AKT and the down-stream target of rapamycin. Similar to the positive control of starvation, azadirachtin induced the activation of insulin receptor (InR) via a cellular feedback mechanism. In addition, the autophagy-related 5 (Atg5), a molecular switch of autophagy and apoptosis, was truncated (tAtg5) to trigger cytochrome c release into the cytoplasm under azadirachtin stress, which indicated that azadirachtin induced apoptosis through autophagy. Our findings suggest that azadirachtin primarily induced autophagy in SL-1 cell by dysregulating InR- and PI3K/AKT/TOR pathways, then stimulated apoptosis by activating tAtg5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Duo Lai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hanhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Potential of neem ( Azadirachta indica L.) for prevention and treatment of oncologic diseases. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 40-41:100-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Seo JY, Lee C, Hwang SW, Chun J, Im JP, Kim JS. Nimbolide Inhibits Nuclear Factor-КB Pathway in Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Macrophages and Alleviates Experimental Colitis in Mice. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1605-1614. [PMID: 27270592 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nimbolide is a limonoid extracted from neem tree (Azadirachta indica) that has antiinflammatory properties. The effect of nimbolide on the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), macrophages and in murine colitis models was investigated. The IEC COLO 205, the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7, and peritoneal macrophages from interleukin-10-deficient (IL-10-/- ) mice were preconditioned with nimbolide and then stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or lipopolysaccharide. Dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis model and chronic colitis model in IL-10-/- mice were used for in vivo experiments. Nimbolide significantly suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, and TNF-α) and inhibited the phosphorylation of IκBα and the DNA-binding affinity of NF-κB in IECs and macrophages. Nimbolide ameliorated weight loss, colon shortening, disease activity index score, and histologic scores in dextran sulfate sodium colitis. It also improved histopathologic scores in the chronic colitis of IL-10-/- mice. Staining for phosphorylated IκBα was significantly decreased in the colon tissue after treatment with nimbolide in both models. Nimbolide inhibits NF-κB signaling in IECs and macrophages and ameliorates experimental colitis in mice. These results suggest nimbolide could be a potentially new treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Healthcare Research Institute, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Changhyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Healthcare Research Institute, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Wook Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Chun
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Pil Im
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Healthcare Research Institute, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Chaudhary AK, Bhat TA, Kumar S, Kumar A, Kumar R, Underwood W, Koochekpour S, Shourideh M, Yadav N, Dhar S, Chandra D. Mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated apoptosis resistance associates with defective heat shock protein response in African-American men with prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:1090-100. [PMID: 27115471 PMCID: PMC4865976 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African-American (AA) patients with prostate cancer (PCa) respond poorly to current therapy compared with Caucasian American (CA) PCa patients. Although underlying mechanisms are not defined, mitochondrial dysfunction is a key reason for this disparity. METHODS Cell death, cell cycle, and mitochondrial function/stress were analysed by flow cytometry or by Seahorse XF24 analyzer. Expression of cellular proteins was determined using immunoblotting and real-time PCR analyses. Cell survival/motility was evaluated by clonogenic, cell migration, and gelatin zymography assays. RESULTS Glycolytic pathway inhibitor dichloroacetate (DCA) inhibited cell proliferation in both AA PCa cells (AA cells) and CA PCa cells (CA cells). AA cells possess reduced endogenous reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential (mtMP), and mitochondrial mass compared with CA cells. DCA upregulated mtMP in both cell types, whereas mitochondrial mass was significantly increased in CA cells. DCA enhanced taxol-induced cell death in CA cells while sensitising AA cells to doxorubicin. Reduced expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) was observed in AA cells, whereas DCA induced expression of CHOP, C/EBP, HSP60, and HSP90 in CA cells. AA cells are more aggressive and metastatic than CA cells. CONCLUSIONS Restoration of mitochondrial function may provide new option for reducing PCa health disparity among American men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay K Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Tariq A Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Anil Kumar
- NanoTherapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Willie Underwood
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Shahriar Koochekpour
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.,Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Mojgan Shourideh
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Neelu Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Shanta Dhar
- NanoTherapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Dhyan Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Yadav N, Kumar S, Kumar R, Srivastava P, Sun L, Rapali P, Marlowe T, Schneider A, Inigo JR, O'Malley J, Londonkar R, Gogada R, Chaudhary AK, Yadava N, Chandra D. Mechanism of neem limonoids-induced cell death in cancer: Role of oxidative phosphorylation. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 90:261-71. [PMID: 26627937 PMCID: PMC4734361 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that neem limonoids (neem) induce multiple cancer cell death pathways. Here we dissect the underlying mechanisms of neem-induced apoptotic cell death in cancer. We observed that neem-induced caspase activation does not require Bax/Bak channel-mediated mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, permeability transition pore, and mitochondrial fragmentation. Neem enhanced mitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial biomass. While oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) Complex-I activity was decreased, the activities of other OXPHOS complexes including Complex-II and -IV were unaltered. Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were associated with an increase in mitochondrial biomass and apoptosis upon neem exposure. Complex-I deficiency due to the loss of Ndufa1-encoded MWFE protein inhibited neem-induced caspase activation and apoptosis, but cell death induction was enhanced. Complex II-deficiency due to the loss of succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C (SDHC) robustly decreased caspase activation, apoptosis, and cell death. Additionally, the ablation of Complexes-I, -III, -IV, and -V together did not inhibit caspase activation. Together, we demonstrate that neem limonoids target OXPHOS system to induce cancer cell death, which does not require upregulation or activation of proapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Pragya Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Leimin Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; Gastroenterology Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical School, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Peter Rapali
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Timothy Marlowe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Andrea Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Joseph R Inigo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Jordan O'Malley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Ramesh Londonkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Raghu Gogada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Ajay K Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Nagendra Yadava
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, MA 01107, USA
| | - Dhyan Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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Omobowale TO, Oyagbemi AA, Oyewunmi OA, Adejumobi OA. Chemopreventive effect of methanolic extract of Azadirachta indica on experimental Trypanosoma brucei induced oxidative stress in dogs. Pharmacognosy Res 2015; 7:249-58. [PMID: 26130936 PMCID: PMC4471651 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.157972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The medicinal properties of Azadirachta indica have been harnessed for many years in the treatment of many diseases in both humans and animals. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five apparently healthy dogs weighing between 3 and 8 kg were randomly divided into five groups with five dogs in each group. Ameliorative effect of A. indica on erythrocyte antioxidant status and markers of oxidative stress were assessed. Liver and kidney function tests were also performed. Results: Pre-treatment with methanolic extract of Azadirachta indica (MEAI) at different doses did not significantly alter the values of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activity in Trypanosoma brucei infection. Although, serum creatinine significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with pre-treatment with 50 mg/kg A. indica, after 2 weeks of T. brucei infection. However, the reduced glutathione (GSH) content of the erythrocyte increased significantly in animals pre-treated with 50 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of A. indica respectively. Markers of oxidative stress such as malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide generated were higher in animals infected with T. brucei with no significant (P >0.05) difference compared to the values obtained in pre-treated animals. Pre-treatment with 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of A. indica significantly (P < 0.05) decreased serum myeloperoxidase activity at 2 weeks post-infection with T. brucei. Conclusion: From this study, MEAI showed significant ability to attenuate oxidative stress and inflammation during experimental T. brucei infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temidayo O Omobowale
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ademola A Oyagbemi
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oyefunbi A Oyewunmi
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olumuyiwa A Adejumobi
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Chouhan G, Islamuddin M, Want MY, Abdin MZ, Ozbak HA, Hemeg HA, Sahal D, Afrin F. Apoptosis mediated leishmanicidal activity of Azadirachta indica bioactive fractions is accompanied by Th1 immunostimulatory potential and therapeutic cure in vivo. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:183. [PMID: 25884649 PMCID: PMC4381458 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exploration of immunomodulatory antileishmanials of plant origin is now being strongly recommended to overcome the immune suppression evident during visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and high cost and toxicity associated with conventional chemotherapeutics. In accordance, we assessed the in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial and immunomodulatory potential of ethanolic fractions of Azadirachta indica leaves (ALE) and seeds (ASE). METHODS A. indica fractions were prepared by sequential extraction of the powdered plant parts in hexane, ethanol and water. Erythrosin B staining was employed to appraise the anti-promastigote potential of ALE and ASE. Cytostatic or cytocidal mode of action was ascertained and alterations in parasite morphology were depicted under oil immersion light microscopy. Study of apoptotic correlates was performed to deduce the mechanism of induced cell death and anti-amastigote potential was assessed in Leishmania parasitized RAW 264.7 macrophages. In vivo antileishmanial effectiveness was evaluated in L. donovani infected BALB/c mice, accompanied by investigation of immunomodulatory potential of ALE and ASE. Adverse toxicity of the bioactive fractions against RAW macrophages was studied by MTT assay. In vivo side effects on the liver and kidney functions were also determined. Plant secondary metabolites present in ALE and ASE were analysed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS ALE and ASE (500 μg ml(-1)) exhibited leishmanicidal activity in a time- and dose-dependent manner (IC₅₀ 34 and 77.66 μg ml(-1), respectively) with alterations in promastigote morphology and induction of apoptosis. ALE and ASE exerted appreciable anti-amastigote potency (IC₅₀ 17.66 and 24.66 μg ml(-1), respectively) that was coupled with profound in vivo therapeutic efficacy (87.76% and 85.54% protection in liver and 85.55% and 83.62% in spleen, respectively). ALE exhibited minimal toxicity with selectivity index of 26.10 whereas ASE was observed to be non-toxic. The bioactive fractions revealed no hepato- and nephro-toxicity. ALE and ASE potentiated Th1-biased cell-mediated immunity along with upregulation of INF-γ, TNF-α and IL-2 and decline in IL-4 and IL-10 levels. GC-MS analysis revealed several compounds that may have contributed to the observed antileishmanial effect. CONCLUSION Dual antileishmanial and immunostimulatory efficacy exhibited by the bioactive fractions merits their use alone or as adjunct therapy for VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Chouhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062, India.
| | - Mohammad Islamuddin
- Department of Biotechnology, Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062, India.
| | - Muzamil Y Want
- Department of Biotechnology, Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062, India.
| | - Malik Z Abdin
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Transgenic Plant Development, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062, India.
| | - Hani A Ozbak
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, P.O. Box: 344, Universities Road, Medina, 30001, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, P.O. Box: 344, Universities Road, Medina, 30001, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Dinkar Sahal
- Malaria Research Group, International Centre For Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Farhat Afrin
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, P.O. Box: 344, Universities Road, Medina, 30001, Saudi Arabia.
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Expedient preparative isolation and tandem mass spectrometric characterization of C-seco triterpenoids from Neem oil. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1366:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Srivastava P, Paluch BE, Matsuzaki J, James SR, Collamat-Lai G, Karbach J, Nemeth MJ, Taverna P, Karpf AR, Griffiths EA. Immunomodulatory action of SGI-110, a hypomethylating agent, in acute myeloid leukemia cells and xenografts. Leuk Res 2014; 38:1332-41. [PMID: 25260825 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of clinical action for the FDA approved hypomethylating drugs azacitidine and decitabine remains unresolved and in this context the potential immunomodulatory effect of these agents on leukemic cells is an area of active investigation. Induced expression of methylated Cancer Testis Antigen (CTA) genes has been demonstrated in leukemic cell lines following exposure to hypomethylating drugs in vitro. SGI-110 is a novel hypomethylating dinucleotide with prolonged in vivo exposure and clinical activity in patients with MDS and AML. We demonstrate that this agent, like decitabine, produces robust re-expression of the CTAs NY-ESO-1 and MAGE-A, both in vitro and in leukemia-bearing AML xenografts. Upregulation of these genes in vitro was sufficient to induce cytotoxicity by HLA-compatible CD8+ T-cells specific for NY-ESO-1, a well-recognized and immunogenic CTA. Additionally, exposure to SGI-110 enhances MHC class I and co-stimulatory molecule expression, potentially contributing to recognition of CTAs. SGI-110, like the parent compound decitabine, induces expression of CTAs and might modulate immune recognition of myeloid malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Sts, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Benjamin E Paluch
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Sts, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Junko Matsuzaki
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Sts, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Smitha R James
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Sts, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Golda Collamat-Lai
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Sts, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Julia Karbach
- Klinik für Onkologie und Hämatologie, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Steinbacher Hohl 2-26, 60488 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael J Nemeth
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Sts, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Pietro Taverna
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 4140 Dublin Blvd., Suite 200, Dublin, CA 94568, USA
| | - Adam R Karpf
- Eppley Institute, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Griffiths
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Sts, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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Kang JJ, Samad MA, Kim KS, Bae S. Comparative Anti-inflammatory Effects of Anti-arthritic Herbal Medicines and Ibuprofen. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), such as ibuprofen, are widely used over-the-counter drugs to treat arthritis, but they are often associated with side effects. Herbal medicines have been used to treat various diseases such as arthritis, but the scientific profiles are not well understood. In this study, we examined, in comparison with ibuprofen, the inhibitory effects on various inflammatory markers of the most commonly used herbal medicines to treat arthritis, boswellia (Boswellia sapindales), licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), guggul (Commiphora wightii), and neem (Azadirachta indica). To elicit inflammatory response, we exposed mouse myoblast C2C12 cells to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), which are cytokines activated during an inflammatory response, were determined. The optimal non-toxic concentration was determined by exposing different concentrations of drugs (from 0.01 to 10 mg/mL). Cell death measurement revealed that the drug concentrations lower than 0.05 mg/mL were non-toxic concentrations for each drug, and these doses were used for the main experiments. We found that neem and licorice showed robust anti-inflammatory responses compared with ibuprofen. However, boswellia and guggul did not demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory responses. We concluded that neem and licorice are more effective than ibuprofen in suppressing LPS-induced inflammation in C2C12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Kang
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mohammed A. Samad
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of BIN Fusion Technology, Chonbuk National University, Dukjin, Jeonju, 561–756, South Korea
| | - Kye S. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Soochan Bae
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Hao F, Kumar S, Yadav N, Chandra D. Neem components as potential agents for cancer prevention and treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:247-57. [PMID: 25016141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Azadirachta indica, also known as neem, is commonly found in many semi-tropical and tropical countries including India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The components extracted from neem plant have been used in traditional medicine for the cure of multiple diseases including cancer for centuries. The extracts of seeds, leaves, flowers, and fruits of neem have consistently shown chemopreventive and antitumor effects in different types of cancer. Azadirachtin and nimbolide are among the few bioactive components in neem that have been studied extensively, but research on a great number of additional bioactive components is warranted. The key anticancer effects of neem components on malignant cells include inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of cell death, suppression of cancer angiogenesis, restoration of cellular reduction/oxidation (redox) balance, and enhancement of the host immune responses against tumor cells. While the underlying mechanisms of these effects are mostly unclear, the suppression of NF-κB signaling pathway is, at least partially, involved in the anticancer functions of neem components. Importantly, the anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects of neem components are tumor selective as the effects on normal cells are significantly weaker. In addition, neem extracts sensitize cancer cells to immunotherapy and radiotherapy, and enhance the efficacy of certain cancer chemotherapeutic agents. This review summarizes the current updates on the anticancer effects of neem components and their possible impact on managing cancer incidence and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Hao
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Neelu Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Dhyan Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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Essential oils and their constituents as anticancer agents: a mechanistic view. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:154106. [PMID: 25003106 PMCID: PMC4070586 DOI: 10.1155/2014/154106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exploring natural plant products as an option to find new chemical entities as anticancer agents is one of the fastest growing areas of research. Recently, in the last decade, essential oils (EOs) have been under study for their use in cancer therapy and the present review is an attempt to collect and document the available studies indicating EOs and their constituents as anticancer agents. This review enlists nearly 130 studies of EOs from various plant species and their constituents that have been studied so far for their anticancer potential and these studies have been classified as in vitro and in vivo studies for EOs and their constituents. This review also highlights in-depth various mechanisms of action of different EOs and their constituents reported in the treatment strategies for different types of cancer. The current review indicates that EOs and their constituents act by multiple pathways and mechanisms involving apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, antimetastatic and antiangiogenic, increased levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), DNA repair modulation, and others to demonstrate their antiproliferative activity in the cancer cell. The effect of EOs and their constituents on tumour suppressor proteins (p53 and Akt), transcription factors (NF- κB and AP-1), MAPK-pathway, and detoxification enzymes like SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase has also been discussed.
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Abstract
Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is one of the most versatile medicinal plants, widely distributed in the Indian subcontinent. Neem is a rich source of limonoids that are endowed with potent medicinal properties predominantly antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. Azadirachtin, gedunin, and nimbolide are more extensively investigated relative to other neem limonoids. Accumulating evidence indicates that the anticancer effects of neem limonoids are mediated through the inhibition of hallmark capabilities of cancer such as cell proliferation, apoptosis evasion, inflammation, invasion, and angiogenesis. The neem limonoids have been demonstrated to target oncogenic signaling kinases and transcription factors chiefly, NF-κB, Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and JAK/STAT signaling pathways. Neem limonoids that target multiple pathways that are aberrant in cancer are ideal candidates for cancer chemoprevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddavaram Nagini
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Kumar VS, Navaratnam V. Neem (Azadirachta indica): prehistory to contemporary medicinal uses to humankind. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3:505-14. [PMID: 23835719 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The divine tree neem (Azadirachta indica) is mainly cultivated in the Indian subcontinent. Neem has been used extensively by humankind to treat various ailments before the availability of written records which recorded the beginning of history. The world health organization estimates that 80% of the population living in the developing countries relies exclusively on traditional medicine for their primary health care. More than half of the world's population still relies entirely on plants for medicines, and plants supply the active ingredients of most traditional medical products. The review shows the neem has been used by humankind to treat various ailments from prehistory to contemporary.
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Mesa-Pereira B, Medina C, Camacho EM, Flores A, Santero E. Novel tools to analyze the function of Salmonella effectors show that SvpB ectopic expression induces cell cycle arrest in tumor cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78458. [PMID: 24205236 PMCID: PMC3804527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to further characterize its role in pathogenesis and to establish whether its overproduction can lead to eukaryotic tumor cell death, Salmonella strains able to express its virulence factor SpvB (an ADP-ribosyl transferase enzyme) in a salicylate-inducible way have been constructed and analyzed in different eukaryotic tumor cell lines. To do so, the bacterial strains bearing the expression system have been constructed in a ∆purD background, which allows control of bacterial proliferation inside the eukaryotic cell. In the absence of bacterial proliferation, salicylate-induced SpvB production resulted in activation of caspases 3 and 7 and apoptotic cell death. The results clearly indicated that controlled SpvB production leads to F-actin depolimerization and either G1/S or G2/M phase arrest in all cell lines tested, thus shedding light on the function of SpvB in Salmonella pathogenesis. In the first place, the combined control of protein production by salicylate regulated vectors and bacterial growth by adenine concentration offers the possibility to study the role of Salmonella effectors during eukaryotic cells infection. In the second place, the salicylate-controlled expression of SpvB by the bacterium provides a way to evaluate the potential of other homologous or heterologous proteins as antitumor agents, and, eventually to construct novel potential tools for cancer therapy, given that Salmonella preferentially proliferates in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Mesa-Pereira
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo/ CSIC/ Universidad Pablo de Olavide/ Junta de Andalucía. Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Seville, Spain
| | - Carlos Medina
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo/ CSIC/ Universidad Pablo de Olavide/ Junta de Andalucía. Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Seville, Spain
| | - Eva María Camacho
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo/ CSIC/ Universidad Pablo de Olavide/ Junta de Andalucía. Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Seville, Spain
| | - Amando Flores
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo/ CSIC/ Universidad Pablo de Olavide/ Junta de Andalucía. Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Seville, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Eduardo Santero
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo/ CSIC/ Universidad Pablo de Olavide/ Junta de Andalucía. Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Seville, Spain
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