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Xue Y, Ruan Y, Wang Y, Xiao P, Xu J. Signaling pathways in liver cancer: pathogenesis and targeted therapy. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2024; 5:20. [PMID: 38816668 PMCID: PMC11139849 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-024-00184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer remains one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide with high incidence and mortality rates. Due to its subtle onset, liver cancer is commonly diagnosed at a late stage when surgical interventions are no longer feasible. This situation highlights the critical role of systemic treatments, including targeted therapies, in bettering patient outcomes. Despite numerous studies on the mechanisms underlying liver cancer, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the only widely used clinical inhibitors, represented by sorafenib, whose clinical application is greatly limited by the phenomenon of drug resistance. Here we show an in-depth discussion of the signaling pathways frequently implicated in liver cancer pathogenesis and the inhibitors targeting these pathways under investigation or already in use in the management of advanced liver cancer. We elucidate the oncogenic roles of these pathways in liver cancer especially hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as well as the current state of research on inhibitors respectively. Given that TKIs represent the sole class of targeted therapeutics for liver cancer employed in clinical practice, we have particularly focused on TKIs and the mechanisms of the commonly encountered phenomena of its resistance during HCC treatment. This necessitates the imperative development of innovative targeted strategies and the urgency of overcoming the existing limitations. This review endeavors to shed light on the utilization of targeted therapy in advanced liver cancer, with a vision to improve the unsatisfactory prognostic outlook for those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangtao Xue
- Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Zhejiang Minimal Invasive Diagnosis and Treatment Technology Research Center of Severe Hepatobiliary Disease, Zhejiang Research and Development Engineering Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Technology and Equipment, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yeling Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Zhejiang Minimal Invasive Diagnosis and Treatment Technology Research Center of Severe Hepatobiliary Disease, Zhejiang Research and Development Engineering Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Technology and Equipment, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Zhejiang Minimal Invasive Diagnosis and Treatment Technology Research Center of Severe Hepatobiliary Disease, Zhejiang Research and Development Engineering Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Technology and Equipment, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Junjie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Innovation and Application of Minimally Invasive Instruments, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- Zhejiang Minimal Invasive Diagnosis and Treatment Technology Research Center of Severe Hepatobiliary Disease, Zhejiang Research and Development Engineering Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Technology and Equipment, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
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Ratti M, Orlandi E, Hahne JC, Vecchia S, Citterio C, Anselmi E, Toscani I, Ghidini M. Targeting FGFR Pathways in Gastrointestinal Cancers: New Frontiers of Treatment. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2650. [PMID: 37893023 PMCID: PMC10603875 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In carcinogenesis of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the deregulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling plays a critical role. The aberrant activity of this pathway is described in approximately 10% of gastric cancers and its frequency increases in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (iCCAs), with an estimated frequency of 10-16%. Several selective FGFR inhibitors have been developed in the last few years with promising results. For example, targeting the FGFR pathway is now a fundamental part of clinical practice when treating iCCA and many clinical trials are ongoing to test the safety and efficacy of anti-FGFR agents in gastric, colon and pancreatic cancer, with variable results. However, the response rates of anti-FGFR drugs are modest and resistances emerge rapidly, limiting their efficacy and causing disease progression. In this review, we aim to explore the landscape of anti-FGFR inhibitors in relation to GI cancer, with particular focus on selective FGFR inhibitors and drug combinations that may lead to overcoming resistance mechanisms and drug-induced toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Ratti
- Oncology and Hematology Department, Piacenza General Hospital, Via Taverna 49, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Elena Orlandi
- Oncology and Hematology Department, Piacenza General Hospital, Via Taverna 49, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Jens Claus Hahne
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Stefano Vecchia
- Pharmacy Unit, Piacenza General Hospital, Via Taverna 49, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Chiara Citterio
- Oncology and Hematology Department, Piacenza General Hospital, Via Taverna 49, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Elisa Anselmi
- Oncology and Hematology Department, Piacenza General Hospital, Via Taverna 49, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Ilaria Toscani
- Oncology and Hematology Department, Piacenza General Hospital, Via Taverna 49, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Michele Ghidini
- Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Ali AM, Tawfik SS, Mostafa AS, Massoud MAM. Benzimidazole-Based Protein Kinase Inhibitors: Current Perspectives in Targeted Cancer Therapy. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 100:656-673. [PMID: 35962624 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapy has emerged to be the cornerstone of advanced cancer treatment, allowing for more selectivity and avoiding the common drug toxicity and resistance. Identification of potential targets having vital role in growth and survival of cancer cells got much easier with the aid of the recent advances in high throughput screening approaches. Various protein kinases came into focus as valuable targets in cancer therapy. Meanwhile, benzimidazole-based scaffolds have gained significant attention as promising protein kinase inhibitors with high potency and varied selectivity. Great diversity of these scaffolds has inspired the medicinal chemists to inspect the effect of structural changes upon inhibitory activity on the molecular level through modeling studies. The present review gathers all the considerable attempts to develop benzimidazole-based compounds; designed as protein kinase inhibitors with anticancer activity since 2015; that target aurora kinase, CDK, CK2, EGFR, FGFR, and VEGFR-2; to allow further development and progression regarding benzimidazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa M Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Samar S Tawfik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amany S Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A M Massoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Zhang Z, Li J, Chen H, Huang J, Song X, Tu ZC, Zhang Z, Peng L, Zhou Y, Ding K. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 2-Formyl Tetrahydronaphthyridine Urea Derivatives as New Selective Covalently Reversible FGFR4 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3249-3265. [PMID: 35119278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant FGF19/FGFR4 signaling is an oncogenic driver force for the development of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A series of 2-formyl tetrahydronaphthyridine urea derivatives were designed and synthesized as new covalently reversible inhibitors of FGFR4. The representative compound 9ka exhibited an IC50 value of 5.4 nM against FGFR4 and demonstrated extraordinary kinome selectivity. Compound 9ka also exhibited good oral pharmacokinetic properties with an AUC(0-t) value of 38 950.06 h·ng/mL, a T1/2 value of 3.06 h, and an oral bioavailability of 50.97%, at an oral dose of 25 mg/kg in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Furthermore, compound 9ka induced significant tumor regressions in a xenograft mouse model of Hep3B2.1-7 HCC cell line without an obvious sign of toxicity upon 30 mg/kg oral administration. Compound 9ka may serve as a promising lead compound for further anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development, Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, # 855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jie Li
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development, Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, # 855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hao Chen
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development, Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, # 855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jing Huang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development, Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, # 855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | | | - Zheng-Chao Tu
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development, Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, # 855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, # 160 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development, Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, # 855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lijie Peng
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development, Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, # 855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development, Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, # 855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ke Ding
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development, Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, # 855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, # 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Role of FGF15 in Hepatic Surgery in the Presence of Tumorigenesis: Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde? Cells 2021; 10:cells10061421. [PMID: 34200439 PMCID: PMC8228386 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pro-tumorigenic activity of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 19 (FGF15 in its rodent orthologue) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as well as the unsolved problem that ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury supposes in liver surgeries, are well known. However, it has been shown that FGF15 administration protects against liver damage and regenerative failure in liver transplantation (LT) from brain-dead donors without tumor signals, providing a benefit in avoiding IR injury. The protection provided by FGF15/19 is due to its anti-apoptotic and pro-regenerative properties, which make this molecule a potentially beneficial or harmful factor, depending on the disease. In the present review, we describe the preclinical models currently available to understand the signaling pathways responsible for the apparent controversial effects of FGF15/19 in the liver (to repair a damaged liver or to promote tumorigenesis). As well, we study the potential pharmacological use that has the activation or inhibition of FGF15/19 pathways depending on the disease to be treated. We also discuss whether FGF15/19 non-pro-tumorigenic variants, which have been developed for the treatment of liver diseases, might be promising approaches in the surgery of hepatic resections and LT using healthy livers and livers from extended-criteria donors.
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Tumor Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 4 Level Predicts the Efficacy of Lenvatinib in Patients With Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2021; 11:e00179. [PMID: 32677805 PMCID: PMC7263646 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Biomarkers for optimizing the outcome of treatment with lenvatinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma remain to be established despite intensive and comprehensive genomic research. Lenvatinib is characterized by its prominent inhibitory potency for fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 4 compared with earlier tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Thus, in this study, we focused on simplified quantification of FGFR4 in tumors as a potential predictive indicator. METHODS According to The Cancer Genome Atlas data set curation, FGFR4 messenger RNA is broadly overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of gene alteration. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the aggressiveness of the tumor was closely related to the FGFR4 level. To confirm the relationship between the benefits of lenvatinib and tumor addiction to the FGFR4 pathway, we analyzed protein levels in tumors and peripheral blood obtained from 57 prospectively registered patients treated with lenvatinib. RESULTS Positive immunohistochemistry (>10% of tumor cells) for FGFR4 in biopsy samples before treatment was associated with a longer progression-free survival (2.5 vs 5.5 months, P = 0.01) and a favorable objective response rate (31% vs 81%, P = 0.006). By contrast, the concentration of soluble FGFR4 in peripheral blood as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was not associated with survival outcomes, because its fluctuations reflect hepatic fibrosis. Additional RNA sequencing analysis using archival surgical specimens (n = 90) suggested that alternative RNA splicing of FGFR4 in cancer may also explain this discrepancy. DISCUSSION The tumor FGFR4 level was an independent predictor of response to lenvatinib.
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FGF/FGFR Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: From Carcinogenesis to Recent Therapeutic Intervention. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061360. [PMID: 33802841 PMCID: PMC8002748 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary As the most common primary liver cancer, HCC is a tricky cancer resistant to systemic therapies. The fibroblast growth factor family and its receptors are gaining more and more attention in various cancers. Noticing an explosion in the number of studies about aberrant FGF/FGFR signaling in HCC being studied, we were encouraged to summarize them. This review discusses how FGF/FGFR signaling influences HCC development and its implications in HCC prediction and target treatment, and combination treatment. Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer, ranking third in cancer deaths worldwide. Over the last decade, several studies have emphasized the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to target the aberrant pathways in HCC. However, the outcomes are far from satisfactory due to the increasing resistance and adverse effects. The family of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and its receptors (FGFR) are involved in various biological processes, including embryogenesis, morphogenesis, wound repair, and cell growth. The aberrant FGF/FGFR signaling is also observed in multiple cancers, including HCC. Anti-FGF/FGFR provides delightful benefits for cancer patients, especially those with FGF signaling alteration. More and more multi-kinase inhibitors targeting FGF signaling, pan-FGFR inhibitors, and selective FGFR inhibitors are now under preclinical and clinical investigation. This review summarizes the aberrant FGF/FGFR signaling in HCC initiating, development and treatment status, and provide new insights into the treatment of HCC.
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Huynh H, Prawira A, Le TBU, Vu TC, Hao HX, Huang A, Wang Y, Porta DG. FGF401 and vinorelbine synergistically mediate antitumor activity and vascular normalization in FGF19-dependent hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1857-1868. [PMID: 33235319 PMCID: PMC8080677 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00524-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a lethal cancer with limited therapeutic options, and standard therapy with sorafenib provides only modest survival benefits. Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) has been proposed as a driver oncogene, and targeting its receptor, FGFR-4, may provide a better alternative to standard therapy for patients with FGF19-driven tumors. Sixty-three HCC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models were screened for FGF19 expression. Mice bearing high and low FGF19-expressing tumors were treated with FGF401 and/or vinorelbine, and the antitumor activity of both agents was assessed individually and in combination. Tumor vasculature and intratumoral hypoxia were also examined. High FGF19 expression was detected in 14.3% (9 of 63) of the HCC models tested and may represent a good target for HCC treatment. FGF401 potently inhibited the growth of high FGF19-expressing HCC models regardless of FGF19 gene amplification. Furthermore, FGF401 inhibited the FGF19/FGFR-4 signaling pathway, cell proliferation, and hypoxia, induced apoptosis and blood vessel normalization and prolonged the overall survival (OS) of mice bearing high FGF19 tumors. FGF401 synergistically acted with the microtubule-depolymerizing drug vinorelbine to further suppress tumor growth, promote apoptosis, and prolong the OS of mice bearing high FGF19 tumors, with no evidence of increased toxicity. Our study suggests that a subset of patients with high FGF19-expressing HCC tumors could benefit from FGF401 or FGF401/vinorelbine treatment. A high level of FGF19 in a tumor may serve as a potential biomarker for patient selection. The drugs FGF401 and vinorelbine, when working together synergistically, could be effective in treating those liver cancers driven by the activity of the fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) protein. The drugs’ effects on human tumors grafted into mice were studied by an international research team led by Hung Huynh at the National Cancer Centre in Singapore. FGF401 is a small molecule that inhibits the activity of the receptor protein that the FGF19 growth factor interacts with to promote some cancers. Vinorelbine disrupts protein microtubules required for the cell division that allows cancer cells to multiply. In combination, the drugs achieved significantly enhanced anti-cancer effects which can now be tested in clinical trials. The research also uncovered new details of FGF401’s therapeutic actions, including its ability to restore healthy blood vessel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Huynh
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Aldo Prawira
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thi Bich Uyen Le
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thanh Chung Vu
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huai-Xiang Hao
- Oncology Drug Discovery Pharmacology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Alan Huang
- Oncology Drug Discovery Pharmacology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Youzhen Wang
- Oncology Drug Discovery Pharmacology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Diana Graus Porta
- Oncology Translational Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research at Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Gampe C, Verma VA. Curse or Cure? A Perspective on the Developability of Aldehydes as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14357-14381. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gampe
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, 94080 California, United States
| | - Vishal A. Verma
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, 94080 California, United States
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Paur J, Valler M, Sienel R, Taxauer K, Holzmann K, Marian B, Unterberger A, Mohr T, Berger W, Gvozdenovich A, Schimming J, Grusch M, Grasl‐Kraupp B. Interaction of FGF9 with FGFR3-IIIb/IIIc, a putative driver of growth and aggressive behaviour of hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2020; 40:2279-2290. [PMID: 32378800 PMCID: PMC7496895 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Recently, overexpression of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) splice variants FGFR3-IIIb and FGFR3-IIIc was found in ~50% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we aim to identify FGFR3-IIIb/IIIc ligands, which drive the progression of HCC. METHODS FACS, MTT assay and/or growth curves served to identify the FGFR3-IIIb/IIIc ligand being most effective to induce growth of hepatoma/hepatocarcinoma cell lines, established from human HCC. The most potent FGF was characterized regarding the expression levels in epithelial and stromal cells of liver and HCC and impact on neoangiogenesis, clonogenicity and invasive growth of hepatoma/hepatocarcinoma cells. RESULTS Among all FGFR3-IIIb/IIIc ligands tested, FGF9 was the most potent growth factor for hepatoma/hepatocarcinoma cells. Replication and/or sprouting of blood/lymphendothelial cells was stimulated as well. FGF9 occurred mainly in stromal cells of unaltered liver but in epithelial cells of HCC. Every fifth HCC exhibited overexpressed FGF9 and frequent co-upregulation of FGFR3-IIIb/IIIc. In hepatoma/hepatocarcinoma cells FGF9 enhanced the capability for clonogenicity and disintegration of the blood and lymphatic endothelium, being most pronounced in cells overexpressing FGFR3-IIIb or FGFR3-IIIc, respectively. Any of the FGF9 effects in hepatoma/hepatocarcinoma cells was blocked completely by applying the FGFR1-3-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor BGJ398 or siFGFR3, while siFGFR1/2/4 were mostly ineffective. CONCLUSIONS FGF9 acts via FGFR3-IIIb/IIIc to enhance growth and aggressiveness of HCC cells. Accordingly, blockade of the FGF9-FGFR3-IIIb/IIIc axis may be an efficient therapeutic option for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Paur
- Department of Medicine IDivision: Institute of Cancer ResearchComprehensive Cancer Center ViennaMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Maximilian Valler
- Department of Medicine IDivision: Institute of Cancer ResearchComprehensive Cancer Center ViennaMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Rebecca Sienel
- Department of Medicine IDivision: Institute of Cancer ResearchComprehensive Cancer Center ViennaMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Karin Taxauer
- Department of Medicine IDivision: Institute of Cancer ResearchComprehensive Cancer Center ViennaMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Klaus Holzmann
- Department of Medicine IDivision: Institute of Cancer ResearchComprehensive Cancer Center ViennaMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Brigitte Marian
- Department of Medicine IDivision: Institute of Cancer ResearchComprehensive Cancer Center ViennaMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Andreas Unterberger
- Department of Medicine IDivision: Institute of Cancer ResearchComprehensive Cancer Center ViennaMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Thomas Mohr
- Department of Medicine IDivision: Institute of Cancer ResearchComprehensive Cancer Center ViennaMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Walter Berger
- Department of Medicine IDivision: Institute of Cancer ResearchComprehensive Cancer Center ViennaMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Andja Gvozdenovich
- Department of Medicine IDivision: Institute of Cancer ResearchComprehensive Cancer Center ViennaMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Johannes Schimming
- Department of Medicine IDivision: Institute of Cancer ResearchComprehensive Cancer Center ViennaMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Michael Grusch
- Department of Medicine IDivision: Institute of Cancer ResearchComprehensive Cancer Center ViennaMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Bettina Grasl‐Kraupp
- Department of Medicine IDivision: Institute of Cancer ResearchComprehensive Cancer Center ViennaMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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Expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 and clinical response to lenvatinib in patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: a pilot study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 76:703-709. [PMID: 32034430 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-020-02842-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) expression has association with tumor malignancy. In thyroid cancers, FGFR4 has been reported to be characteristically expressed in aggressive thyroid tumors, such as anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC). METHODS We investigated FGFR4 expression in patients with ATC and analyzed their clinical responses to lenvatinib. Primary tumor samples were obtained from 12 patients with ATC who underwent surgery or core needle biopsy. FGFR4 protein expression in all ATC samples was analyzed via immunohistochemistry, and the treatment efficacy of lenvatinib was evaluated. RESULTS The proportion of FGFR4-positive cells in the samples ranged from 0 to 50%. Four patients had partial responses, and three patients had stable diseases as a best clinical response to lenvatinib. The median PFS durations of patients with none, weak, and moderate intensity were 0.5, 3.2 (95% CI 1.1-not estimable [NE]), and 4.6 (95% CI 1.1-NE) months, respectively (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Because FGFR4 was expressed in ATC tissues, the FGFR4 expression might be associated with the treatment efficacy of lenvatinib in a part of ATC patients. To clarify whether FGFR4 can serve as a prognostic or predictive factor for lenvatinib therapy, more cases must be accumulated.
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Holzmann K, Marian B. Importance of Translational Research for Targeting Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Signaling in Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101191. [PMID: 31581712 PMCID: PMC6830323 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Holzmann
- Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Division of Cancer Research, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Brigitte Marian
- Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Division of Cancer Research, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Vlacic G, Hoda MA, Klikovits T, Sinn K, Gschwandtner E, Mohorcic K, Schelch K, Pirker C, Peter-Vörösmarty B, Brankovic J, Dome B, Laszlo V, Cufer T, Rozman A, Klepetko W, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hegedus B, Berger W, Kern I, Grusch M. Expression of FGFR1-4 in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Tissue and Corresponding Cell Lines and its Relationship to Patient Survival and FGFR Inhibitor Sensitivity. Cells 2019; 8:E1091. [PMID: 31527449 PMCID: PMC6769772 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a devastating malignancy with limited therapeutic options. Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) and their ligands were shown to contribute to MPM aggressiveness and it was suggested that subgroups of MPM patients could benefit from FGFR-targeted inhibitors. In the current investigation, we determined the expression of all four FGFRs (FGFR1-FGFR4) by immunohistochemistry in tissue samples from 94 MPM patients. From 13 of these patients, we were able to establish stable cell lines, which were subjected to FGFR1-4 staining, transcript analysis by quantitative RT-PCR, and treatment with the FGFR inhibitor infigratinib. While FGFR1 and FGFR2 were widely expressed in MPM tissue and cell lines, FGFR3 and FGFR4 showed more restricted expression. FGFR1 and FGFR2 showed no correlation with clinicopathologic data or patient survival, but presence of FGFR3 in 42% and of FGFR4 in 7% of patients correlated with shorter overall survival. Immunostaining in cell lines was more homogenous than in the corresponding tissue samples. Neither transcript nor protein expression of FGFR1-4 correlated with response to infigratinib treatment in MPM cell lines. We conclude that FGFR3 and FGFR4, but not FGFR1 or FGFR2, have prognostic significance in MPM and that FGFR expression is not sufficient to predict FGFR inhibitor response in MPM cell lines.
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MESH Headings
- Acrylamides/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Mesothelioma/diagnosis
- Mesothelioma/drug therapy
- Mesothelioma/pathology
- Mesothelioma, Malignant
- Middle Aged
- Phenylurea Compounds/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Quinazolines/pharmacology
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/metabolism
- Survival Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Vlacic
- University Clinic for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, 4204 Golnik, Slovenia.
| | - Mir A Hoda
- Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Thomas Klikovits
- Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Katharina Sinn
- Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Elisabeth Gschwandtner
- Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Katja Mohorcic
- University Clinic for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, 4204 Golnik, Slovenia.
| | - Karin Schelch
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christine Pirker
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Barbara Peter-Vörösmarty
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jelena Brankovic
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Balazs Dome
- Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Tumor Biology, National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, 1085 Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Oncology-Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Viktoria Laszlo
- Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Tumor Biology, National Koranyi Institute of Pulmonology, 1085 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Tanja Cufer
- University Clinic for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, 4204 Golnik, Slovenia.
| | - Ales Rozman
- University Clinic for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, 4204 Golnik, Slovenia.
| | - Walter Klepetko
- Translational Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bettina Grasl-Kraupp
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Balazs Hegedus
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medicine Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, 45239 Essen, Germany.
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Izidor Kern
- University Clinic for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, 4204 Golnik, Slovenia.
| | - Michael Grusch
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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14
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Farrokhzadeh A, Akher FB, Olotu FA, Soliman MES, Van Heerden FR. Revealing the distinct mechanistic binding and activity of 5-(1-(3,5-dichloropyridin-4-yl)ethoxy)-3-(5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-1H-indazole enantiomers against FGFR1. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:15120-15132. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02112d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The concept of chirality has become prominent over the years, particularly with regards to the design of therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolkarim Farrokhzadeh
- Molecular Bio-Computation and Drug Design Laboratory
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Westville Campus
- Durban 4001
| | - Farideh Badichi Akher
- Molecular Bio-Computation and Drug Design Laboratory
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Westville Campus
- Durban 4001
| | - Fisayo A. Olotu
- Molecular Bio-Computation and Drug Design Laboratory
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Westville Campus
- Durban 4001
| | - Mahmoud E. S. Soliman
- Molecular Bio-Computation and Drug Design Laboratory
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Westville Campus
- Durban 4001
| | - Fanie R. Van Heerden
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Pietermaritzburg 3209
- South Africa
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15
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Porębska N, Latko M, Kucińska M, Zakrzewska M, Otlewski J, Opaliński Ł. Targeting Cellular Trafficking of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors as a Strategy for Selective Cancer Treatment. J Clin Med 2018; 8:jcm8010007. [PMID: 30577533 PMCID: PMC6352210 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) in response to fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) transmit signals across the cell membrane, regulating important cellular processes, like differentiation, division, motility, and death. The aberrant activity of FGFRs is often observed in various diseases, especially in cancer. The uncontrolled FGFRs' function may result from their overproduction, activating mutations, or generation of FGFRs' fusion proteins. Besides their typical subcellular localization on the cell surface, FGFRs are often found inside the cells, in the nucleus and mitochondria. The intracellular pool of FGFRs utilizes different mechanisms to facilitate cancer cell survival and expansion. In this review, we summarize the current stage of knowledge about the role of FGFRs in oncogenic processes. We focused on the mechanisms of FGFRs' cellular trafficking-internalization, nuclear translocation, and mitochondrial targeting, as well as their role in carcinogenesis. The subcellular sorting of FGFRs constitutes an attractive target for anti-cancer therapies. The blocking of FGFRs' nuclear and mitochondrial translocation can lead to the inhibition of cancer invasion. Moreover, the endocytosis of FGFRs can serve as a tool for the efficient and highly selective delivery of drugs into cancer cells overproducing these receptors. Here, we provide up to date examples how the cellular sorting of FGFRs can be hijacked for selective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Porębska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Latko
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marika Kucińska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Zakrzewska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Opaliński
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
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16
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Lu X, Chen H, Patterson AV, Smaill JB, Ding K. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 4 (FGFR4) Selective Inhibitors as Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy: Advances and Prospects. J Med Chem 2018; 62:2905-2915. [PMID: 30403487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Adam V. Patterson
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Translational Therapeutics Team, Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jeff B. Smaill
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Translational Therapeutics Team, Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ke Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
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17
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of novel 2-benzamide-4-(6-oxy-N-methyl-1-naphthamide)-pyridine derivatives as potent fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 154:9-28. [PMID: 29775937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Starting from the phase II clinical FGFR inhibitor lucitanib (2), we conducted a medicinal chemistry approach by opening the central quinoline skeleton coupled with a scaffold hopping process thus leading to a series of novel 2-benzamide-4-(6-oxy-N-methyl-1-naphthamide)-pyridine derivatives. Compound 25a was identified to show selective and equally high potency against FGFR1/2 and VEGFR2 with IC50 values less than 5.0 nM. Significant antiproliferative effects on both FGFR1/2 and VEGFR2 aberrant cancer cells were observed. In the SNU-16 xenograft model, compound 25a showed tumor growth inhibition rates of 25.0% and 81.0% at doses of 10 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, respectively, with 5% and 10%body weight loss. In view of the synergistic potential of FGFs and VEGFs in tumor angiogenesis observed in preclinical studies, the FGFR/VEGFR2 dual inhibitor 25a may achieve better clinical benefits.
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18
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Ren B, Zou G, He J, Huang Y, Ma G, Xu G, Li Y, Yu P. Sperm-associated antigen 9 is upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma tissue and enhances QGY cell proliferation and invasion in vitro. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:415-422. [PMID: 29391885 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and mortality rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are higher in China compared with in other countries. Further research is required in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment of HCC. Sperm-associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) protein has been revealed to serve an important function in cancer progression; however, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The present study investigated the expression level of SPAG9 in HCC tissues using quantitative-polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and western blotting, and the results demonstrated that SPAG9 was overexpressed in HCC tissues compared with the adjacent non-cancerous tissues. To explore the potential mechanisms underlying SPAG9 in HCC, the effect of SPAG9 on cell proliferation, cell cycle, migration and invasion capacities were investigated in the QGY HCC cell line by RNA interference. It was revealed that inhibition of SPAG9 mRNA in QGY cells significantly inhibited the expression level of SPAG9 compared with the control. Depletion of SPAG9 expression decreased cell proliferation (P<0.01) and increased the percentage of cells in the G1/G2 cell cycle phase. The percentage of cells in the S phase was decreased, and cell migration and invasion capabilities in vitro were reduced (P<0.01). In summary, the results of the present study suggested that SPAG9 was upregulated in HCC and may serve an important function in cancer cell proliferation, differentiation and invasion. Whether SPAG9 is a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target of human HCC requires additional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biqiong Ren
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial Second People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China.,Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Guoying Zou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial Second People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China.,Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Junyu He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial Second People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China.,Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yiran Huang
- Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Guoan Ma
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tumor Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Guofeng Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial Second People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China.,Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Provincial Second People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China.,Clinical Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
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19
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Knoepfel T, Furet P, Mah R, Buschmann N, Leblanc C, Ripoche S, Graus-Porta D, Wartmann M, Galuba I, Fairhurst RA. 2-Formylpyridyl Ureas as Highly Selective Reversible-Covalent Inhibitors of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 4. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018. [PMID: 29541363 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of a project to identify FGFR4 selective inhibitors, scaffold morphing of a 2-formylquinoline amide hit identified series of 2-formylpyridine ureas (2-FPUs) with improved potency and physicochemical properties. In particular, tetrahydronaphthyridine urea analogues with cellular activities below 30 nM have been identified. Consistent with the hypothesized reversible-covalent mechanism of inhibition, the 2-FPUs exhibited slow binding kinetics, and the aldehyde, as the putative electrophile, could be demonstrated to be a key structural element for activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Knoepfel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Furet
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert Mah
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Buschmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Leblanc
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Ripoche
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Diana Graus-Porta
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Wartmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Inga Galuba
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Li X, Guise CP, Taghipouran R, Yosaatmadja Y, Ashoorzadeh A, Paik WK, Squire CJ, Jiang S, Luo J, Xu Y, Tu ZC, Lu X, Ren X, Patterson AV, Smaill JB, Ding K. 2-Oxo-3, 4-dihydropyrimido[4, 5- d ]pyrimidinyl derivatives as new irreversible pan fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 135:531-543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Olthof PB, Huisman F, Schaap FG, van Lienden KP, Bennink RJ, van Golen RF, Heger M, Verheij J, Jansen PL, Olde Damink SW, van Gulik TM. Effect of obeticholic acid on liver regeneration following portal vein embolization in an experimental model. Br J Surg 2017; 104:590-599. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The bile salt-activated transcription factor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a key mediator of proliferative bile salt signalling, which is assumed to play a role in the early phase of compensatory liver growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a potent FXR agonist (obeticholic acid, OCA) on liver growth following portal vein embolization (PVE).
Methods
Rabbits were allocated to receive daily oral gavage with OCA (10 mg/kg) or vehicle (control group) starting 7 days before PVE (n = 18 per group), and continued until 7 days after PVE. PVE of the cranial liver lobes was performed using polyvinyl alcohol particles and coils on day 0. Caudal liver volume (CLV) was analysed by CT volumetry on days –7, –1, +3 and +7. Liver function was determined by measuring mebrofenin uptake using hepatobiliary scintigraphy. Additional parameters analysed were plasma aminotransferase levels, and histological scoring of haematoxylin and eosin- and Ki-67-stained liver sections.
Results
Three days after PVE of the cranial lobes, the increase in CLV was 2·2-fold greater in the OCA group than in controls (mean(s.d.) 56·1(20·3) versus 26·1(15·4) per cent respectively; P < 0·001). This increase remained greater 7 days after PVE (+1·5-fold; P = 0·020). The increase in caudal liver function at day +3 was greater in OCA-treated animals (+1·2-fold; P = 0·017). The number of Ki-67-positive hepatocytes was 1·6-fold higher in OCA-treated animals 3 days after PVE (P = 0·045). Plasma aminotransferase levels and histology did not differ significantly between groups.
Conclusion
OCA accelerated liver regeneration after PVE in a rabbit model. OCA treatment might increase the efficacy of PVE and, thereby, resectability.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Olthof
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Huisman
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F G Schaap
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - K P van Lienden
- Department of Radiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R J Bennink
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R F van Golen
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Heger
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Verheij
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P L Jansen
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S W Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - T M van Gulik
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Yan W, Wang X, Dai Y, Zhao B, Yang X, Fan J, Gao Y, Meng F, Wang Y, Luo C, Ai J, Geng M, Duan W. Discovery of 3-(5'-Substituted)-Benzimidazole-5-(1-(3,5-dichloropyridin-4-yl)ethoxy)-1H-indazoles as Potent Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6690-708. [PMID: 27348537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) represents an attractive oncology target for cancer therapy in view of its critical role in promoting cancer formation and progression, as well as causing resistance to approved therapies. In this article, we describe the identification of the potent pan-FGFR inhibitor (R)-21c (FGFR1-4 IC50 values of 0.9, 2.0, 2.0, and 6.1 nM, respectively). Compound (R)-21c exhibited excellent in vitro inhibitory activity against a panel of FGFR-amplified cell lines. Western blot analysis demonstrated that (R)-21c suppressed FGF/FGFR and downstream signaling pathways at nanomolar concentrations. Moreover, (R)-21c provided nearly complete inhibition of tumor growth (96.9% TGI) in NCI-H1581 (FGFR1-amplified) xenograft mice model at the dose of 10 mg/kg/qd via oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology , 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yang Dai
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xinying Yang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yinglei Gao
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Fanwang Meng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University , 99 Shang Da Road, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China.,Drug Discovery & Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yuming Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Drug Discovery & Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jing Ai
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Meiyu Geng
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Wenhu Duan
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology , 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
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23
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Paur J, Nika L, Maier C, Moscu-Gregor A, Kostka J, Huber D, Mohr T, Heffeter P, Schrottmaier WC, Kappel S, Kandioler D, Holzmann K, Marian B, Berger W, Grusch M, Grasl-Kraupp B. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 isoforms: Novel therapeutic targets for hepatocellular carcinoma? Hepatology 2015; 62:1767-78. [PMID: 26235436 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are frequently up-regulated in subsets of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we provide mechanistic insight that FGFR3 splice variants IIIb and IIIc impact considerably on the malignant phenotype of HCC cells. The occurrence of FGFR3 variants was analyzed in human HCC samples. In hepatoma/hepatocarcinoma cell lines, FGFR3 isoforms were overexpressed by lentiviral constructs or down-modulated by small interfering RNA (siRNA; affecting FGFR3-IIIb and -IIIc) or an adenoviral kinase-dead FGFR3-IIIc construct (kdFGFR3). Elevated levels of FGFR3-IIIb and/or -IIIc were found in 53% of HCC cases. FGFR3-IIIb overexpression occurred significantly more often in primary tumors of large (pT2-4) than of small size (pT1). Furthermore, one or both isoforms were enhanced mostly in cases with early tumor infiltration and/or recurrence at the time of surgery or follow-up examinations. In hepatoma/hepatocarcinoma cells, up-regulated FGFR3-IIIb conferred an enhanced capability for proliferation. Both FGFR3-IIIb and FGFR3-IIIc suppressed apoptotic activity, enhanced clonogenic growth, and induced disintegration of the blood/lymph endothelium. The tumorigenicity of cells in severe combined immunodeficiency mice was augmented to a larger degree by variant IIIb than by IIIc. Conversely, siRNA targeting FGFR3 and kdFGFR3 reduced clonogenicity, anchorage-independent growth, and disintegration of the blood/lymph endothelium in vitro. Furthermore, kdFGFR3 strongly attenuated tumor formation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Deregulated FGFR3 variants exhibit specific effects in the malignant progression of HCC cells. Accordingly, blockade of FGFR3-mediated signaling may be a promising therapeutic approach to antagonize growth and malignant behavior of HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Paur
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Nika
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Maier
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Moscu-Gregor
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Kostka
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Huber
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Mohr
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Waltraud C Schrottmaier
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Kappel
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Kandioler
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Holzmann
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Marian
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Grusch
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Grasl-Kraupp
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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24
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Repana D, Ross P. Targeting FGF19/FGFR4 Pathway: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Diseases 2015; 3:294-305. [PMID: 28943626 PMCID: PMC5548263 DOI: 10.3390/diseases3040294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a lethal cancer with limited systemic therapeutic options. Liver carcinogenesis is a complex procedure and various pathways have been found to be deregulated which are potential targets for novel treatments. Aberrant signalling through FGF19 and its receptor FGFR4 seems to be the oncogenic driver for a subset of HCCs and is associated with poor prognosis. Inhibition of the pathway in preclinical models has shown antitumour activity and has triggered further evaluation of this strategy to in vivo models. This review aims to describe the role of the FGF19/FGFR4 pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma and its role as a potential predictive biomarker for novel targeted agents against FGF19/FGFR4 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Repana
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, SE1 9RT London, UK.
| | - Paul Ross
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, SE1 9RT London, UK.
- Department of Oncology, King's College Hospital, SE19 1RT London, UK.
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25
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Chen X, Yang T, Deivasigamani A, Shanmugam MK, Hui KM, Sethi G, Go ML. N'-Alkylaminosulfonyl Analogues of 6-Fluorobenzylideneindolinones with Desirable Physicochemical Profiles and Potent Growth Inhibitory Activities on Hepatocellular Carcinoma. ChemMedChem 2015. [PMID: 26214403 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The benzylideneindolinone 6-chloro-3-(3'-trifluoromethylbenzylidene)-1,3-dihydroindol-2-one (4) was reported to exhibit potent and selective growth inhibitory effects on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Corroborative evidence supported multi-receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibition as a possible mode of action. However, the poor physicochemical properties of 4 limited its furtherance as a lead compound. In this study, the modification of 4 was investigated with the aim of improving its potency and physicochemical profile. The 6-fluorobenzylideneindolinone 3-12 bearing a 3'-N-propylaminosulfonyl substituent was found to be a promising substitute. Compound 3-12 [6-fluoro-3-(3'-N-propylaminosulfonylbenzylidene)-1,3-dihydroindol-2-one] was found to be tenfold more soluble than 4 and to have sub-micromolar growth inhibitory activities on HCC cells. It is apoptogenic and inhibits the phosphorylation of several RTKs in HuH7, of which the inhibition of FGFR4 and HER3 are prominent. Compound 3-12 decreased the tumor load in a physiologically relevant orthotopic HCC xenograft murine model. Structure-activity relationships support pivotal roles for the fluoro and N'-propylaminosulfonyl moieties in enhancing cell-based activity and moderating the physicochemical profile (solubility, permeability) of 3-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543 (Republic of Singapore)
| | - Tianming Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543 (Republic of Singapore)
| | - Amudha Deivasigamani
- National Cancer Centre, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169610 (Republic of Singapore)
| | - Muthu K Shanmugam
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597 (Republic of Singapore)
| | - Kam-Man Hui
- National Cancer Centre, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169610 (Republic of Singapore)
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597 (Republic of Singapore)
| | - Mei-Lin Go
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543 (Republic of Singapore).
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26
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. The Fibroblast Growth Factor signaling pathway. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:215-66. [PMID: 25772309 PMCID: PMC4393358 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1306] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The signaling component of the mammalian Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family is comprised of eighteen secreted proteins that interact with four signaling tyrosine kinase FGF receptors (FGFRs). Interaction of FGF ligands with their signaling receptors is regulated by protein or proteoglycan cofactors and by extracellular binding proteins. Activated FGFRs phosphorylate specific tyrosine residues that mediate interaction with cytosolic adaptor proteins and the RAS-MAPK, PI3K-AKT, PLCγ, and STAT intracellular signaling pathways. Four structurally related intracellular non-signaling FGFs interact with and regulate the family of voltage gated sodium channels. Members of the FGF family function in the earliest stages of embryonic development and during organogenesis to maintain progenitor cells and mediate their growth, differentiation, survival, and patterning. FGFs also have roles in adult tissues where they mediate metabolic functions, tissue repair, and regeneration, often by reactivating developmental signaling pathways. Consistent with the presence of FGFs in almost all tissues and organs, aberrant activity of the pathway is associated with developmental defects that disrupt organogenesis, impair the response to injury, and result in metabolic disorders, and cancer. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
- *
Correspondence to:
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto UniversitySakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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27
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周 化. Research Advances of AMMECR1. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2015. [DOI: 10.12677/biphy.2015.31001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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28
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Schaap FG, Jansen PLM, Olde Damink SWM. FXR, intestinal FiXeR of hepatocellular carcinoma? Hepatology 2015; 61:21-3. [PMID: 25145667 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank G Schaap
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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29
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Liu WY, Xie DM, Zhu GQ, Huang GQ, Lin YQ, Wang LR, Shi KQ, Hu B, Braddock M, Chen YP, Zheng MH. Targeting fibroblast growth factor 19 in liver disease: a potential biomarker and therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 19:675-85. [PMID: 25547779 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.997711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) is a member of the hormone-like FGF family and has activity as an ileum-derived postprandial hormone. It shares high binding affinity with β-Klotho and together with the FGF receptor (FGFR) 4, is predominantly targeted to the liver. The main function of FGF19 in metabolism is the negative control of bile acid synthesis, promotion of glycogen synthesis, lipid metabolism and protein synthesis. AREAS COVERED Drawing on in vitro and in vivo studies, this review discusses FGF19 and some underlying mechanisms of action of FGF19 as an endocrine hormone in several liver diseases. The molecular pathway of the FGF19-FGFR4 axis in non-alcoholic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma are discussed. Furthermore, definition of function and pharmacological effects of FGF19 for liver disease are also presented. EXPERT OPINION A series of studies have highlighted a crucial role of FGF19 in liver disease. However, the conclusions of these studies are partly paradoxical and controversial. An understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms which may explain inconsistent findings is especially important for consideration of potential biomarker strategies and an exploration of the putative therapeutic efficacy of FGF19 for human liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yue Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Liver Research Center, Department of Infection and Liver Diseases , No. 2 Fuxue Lane, Wenzhou 325000 , China +86 577 88078232 ; +86 577 88078262 ;
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