1
|
Fradet A, Castonguay-Paradis S, Dugas C, Perron J, St-Arnaud G, Marc I, Doyen A, Flamand N, Dahhani F, Di Marzo V, Veilleux A, Robitaille J. The human milk endocannabinoidome and neonatal growth in gestational diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1415630. [PMID: 38938519 PMCID: PMC11208692 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1415630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Endocannabinoids and their N-acyl-ethanolamines (NAEs) and 2monoacyl-glycerols (2-MAGs) congeners are involved in the central and peripheral regulation of energy homeostasis, they are present in human milk and are associated with obesity. Infants exposed in utero to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are more likely to develop obesity. The objective of this cross-sectional study is to compare the profile of eCBome mediators in milk of women with gestational diabetes (GDM+) and without (GDM-) and to assess the association with offspring growth. The hypothesis is that the eCBome of GDM+ human milk is altered and associated with a difference in infant growth. Methods Circulating eCBome mediators were measured by LC-MS/MS in human milk obtained at 2 months postpartum from GDM+ (n=24) and GDM- (n=29) women. Infant weight and height at 2 months were obtained from the child health record. Z-scores were calculated. Results Circulating Npalmitoylethanolamine (PEA) was higher in human milk of GDM+ women than in GDM- women (4.9 ± 3.2 vs. 3.3 ± 1.7, p=0.04). Higher levels were also found for several 2monoacyl-glycerols (2-MAGs) (p<0.05). The levels of NAEs (β=-4.6, p=0.04) and especially non-omega-3 NAEs (B=-5.6, p=0.004) in human milk were negatively correlated with weight-for-age z-score of GDM+ offspring. Conclusion The profile of eCBome mediators in human milk at 2 months postpartum was different in GDM+ compared to GDM- women and was associated with GDM+ offspring growth at 2 months. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier (NCT04263675 and NCT02872402).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Fradet
- Centre NUTRISS - Nutrition, santé et société, INAF, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Ecole de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Sophie Castonguay-Paradis
- Centre NUTRISS - Nutrition, santé et société, INAF, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Ecole de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Camille Dugas
- Centre NUTRISS - Nutrition, santé et société, INAF, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Perron
- Centre NUTRISS - Nutrition, santé et société, INAF, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Gabrielle St-Arnaud
- Centre NUTRISS - Nutrition, santé et société, INAF, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Ecole de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Marc
- Département de pédiatrie, Université Laval, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Doyen
- Département des sciences des aliments, Faculté des sciences de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Fadil Dahhani
- Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Centre NUTRISS - Nutrition, santé et société, INAF, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Ecole de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Joint International Unit on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiome and its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Alain Veilleux
- Centre NUTRISS - Nutrition, santé et société, INAF, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Ecole de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Robitaille
- Centre NUTRISS - Nutrition, santé et société, INAF, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Ecole de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pintus R, Dessì A, Mussap M, Fanos V. Metabolomics can provide new insights into perinatal nutrition. Acta Paediatr 2023; 112:233-241. [PMID: 34487568 PMCID: PMC10078676 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal nutrition is a key factor related to the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease hypothesis, which states that each and every event that happens during the periconceptional period and pregnancy can affect the health status of an individual. Metabolomics can be a very useful tool for gathering information about the effect of perinatal nutrition on both mothers and newborn infants. This non-systematic review focuses on the main metabolites detected by this technique, with regard to gestational diabetes, intrauterine growth restriction and breast milk. Conclusion. Nutrition, metabolome and microbiome interactions are gaining interest in the scientific community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pintus
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU Cagliari Department of Surgery, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Angelica Dessì
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU Cagliari Department of Surgery, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michele Mussap
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU Cagliari Department of Surgery, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU Cagliari Department of Surgery, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dias-Rocha CP, Costa JCB, Oliveira YS, Fassarella LB, Woyames J, Atella GC, Santos GRC, Pereira HMG, Pazos-Moura CC, Almeida MM, Trevenzoli IH. Maternal high-fat diet decreases milk endocannabinoids with sex-specific changes in the cannabinoid and dopamine signaling and food preference in rat offspring. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1087999. [PMID: 36926037 PMCID: PMC10011635 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1087999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal high-fat (HF) diet during gestation and lactation programs obesity in rat offspring associated with sex-dependent and tissue-specific changes of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The ECS activation induces food intake and preference for fat as well as lipogenesis. We hypothesized that maternal HF diet would increase the lipid endocannabinoid levels in breast milk programming cannabinoid and dopamine signaling and food preference in rat offspring. METHODS Female Wistar rats were assigned into two experimental groups: control group (C), which received a standard diet (10% fat), or HF group, which received a high-fat diet (29% fat) for 8 weeks before mating and during gestation and lactation. Milk samples were collected to measure endocannabinoids and fatty acids by mass spectrometry. Cannabinoid and dopamine signaling were evaluated in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of male and female weanling offspring. C and HF offspring received C diet after weaning and food preference was assessed in adolescence. RESULTS Maternal HF diet reduced the milk content of anandamide (AEA) (p<0.05) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) (p<0.05). In parallel, maternal HF diet increased adiposity in male (p<0.05) and female offspring (p<0.05) at weaning. Maternal HF diet increased cannabinoid and dopamine signaling in the NAc only in male offspring (p<0.05), which was associated with higher preference for fat in adolescence (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Contrary to our hypothesis, maternal HF diet reduced AEA and 2-AG in breast milk. We speculate that decreased endocannabinoid exposure during lactation may induce sex-dependent adaptive changes of the cannabinoid-dopamine crosstalk signaling in the developing NAc, contributing to alterations in neurodevelopment and programming of preference for fat in adolescent male offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla P. Dias-Rocha
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julia C. B. Costa
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yamara S. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Larissa B. Fassarella
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Woyames
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Georgia C. Atella
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídios e Lipoproteínas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R. C. Santos
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Henrique M. G. Pereira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carmen C. Pazos-Moura
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana M. Almeida
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isis H. Trevenzoli
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Isis H. Trevenzoli,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bradshaw HB, Johnson CT. Measuring the Content of Endocannabinoid-Like Compounds in Biological Fluids: A Critical Overview of Sample Preparation Methodologies. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2576:21-40. [PMID: 36152175 PMCID: PMC10845095 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2728-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Different mass spectrometric techniques have been used over the past decade to quantify endocannabinoids (eCBs) and related lipids. Even with the level of molecular fingerprinting accuracy of an instrument like the most advanced triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, if one is not getting the most optimized sample to the detector in a way that this improved technology can be of use, then advancements can be stymied. Here, our focus is on review and discussion of sample preparation methodologies used to isolate the eCB anandamide and its close congeners N-acyl ethanolamines and structural congeners (i.e., lipo amino acids, lipoamines, N-acyl amides) in biological fluids. Most of our focus will be on the analysis of these lipids in plasma/serum, but we will also discuss how the same techniques can be used for the analysis of saliva and breast milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather B Bradshaw
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
| | - Clare T Johnson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tao R, Huang S, Zhou J, Ye L, Shen X, Wu J, Qian L. Neonatal Supplementation of Oleamide During Suckling Promotes Learning Ability and Memory in Adolescent Mice. J Nutr 2022; 152:889-898. [PMID: 34967906 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty acid amides (FAMs) are present in breast milk. Oleamide (ODA), a member of the FAM family, has been reported to affect learning and memory-related abilities in animal experiments. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to characterize the temporal changes of FAMs in human milk and sought to examine the effect of ODA supplementation during suckling on postweaning cognitive performance in mice. METHODS FAMs were measured in human milk (postpartum 1-24 wk) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadruple mass spectrometry (UPLC-TQ-MS) analysis. We supplemented neonatal C57BL/6J mice of both sexes with vehicle (control), 5 mg/(kg · day) ODA (L-ODA), or 25 mg/(kg · day) ODA (H-ODA) throughout suckling by oral gavage. After weaning, the Morris water maze test and novel object recognition test were performed. Neurogenesis, spinal morphogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) region, and hippocampal expression of synaptic markers were analyzed. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS ODA (0.566-1.31 mg/L) was the most abundant FAM in breast milk, followed by palmitamide (0.135-0.269 mg/L) and linoleamide (0.046-0.242 mg/L). Compared with the control group, the H-ODA group demonstrated shorter escape latency, shorter travel distance, 113% more platform crossing, and 48% greater discrimination index in behavioral tests (P < 0.05). Additionally, the H-ODA group showed a higher density of 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU)+ and EdU+& doublecortin (DCX)+ cells (62% and 53%, respectively), and 52% greater spine density in the DG region than the control group (P < 0.05). The synaptic markers, postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) and synaptophysin (SYP), were upregulated in the H-ODA group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The L-ODA group also showed shorter escape latency in behavioral tests and 27% greater spine density in the DG region than the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS ODA is the most common FAM in human milk. ODA supplementation during suckling promotes learning and memory-related abilities in adolescent mice by augmenting hippocampal neuronal proliferation and boosting synaptic plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Tao
- Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Huang
- Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiefei Zhou
- Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuhua Shen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linxi Qian
- Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Johnson CT, de Abreu GHD, Mackie K, Lu HC, Bradshaw HB. Cannabinoids accumulate in mouse breast milk and differentially regulate lipid composition and lipid signaling molecules involved in infant development. BBA ADVANCES 2022; 2:100054. [PMID: 36643901 PMCID: PMC9835790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2022.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal cannabis use during lactation may expose developing infants to cannabinoids (CBs) such as Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). CBs modulate lipid signaling molecules in the central nervous system in age- and cell-dependent ways, but their influence on the lipid composition of breast milk has yet to be established. This study investigates the effects of THC, CBD, or their combination on milk lipids by analyzing the stomach contents of CD1 mouse pups that have been nursed by dams injected with CBs on postnatal days (PND) 1 -10. Stomach contents were collected 2 hours after the last injection on PND10 and HPLC/MS/MS was used to identify and quantify over 80 endogenous lipid species and cannabinoids in the samples. We show that CBs differentially accumulate in milk, lead to widespread decreases in free fatty acids, decreases in N-acyl methionine species, increases N-linoleoyl species, as well as modulate levels of endogenous CBs (eCBs) AEA, 2-AG, and their structural congeners. Our data indicate the passage of CBs to pups through breast milk and that maternal CB exposure alters breast milk lipid compositions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare T Johnson
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, United States
| | | | - Ken Mackie
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, United States
- Gill Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, United States
| | - Hui-Chen Lu
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, United States
- Gill Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, United States
| | - Heather B Bradshaw
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, United States
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Datta P, Melkus MW, Rewers-Felkins K, Patel D, Bateman T, Baker T, Hale TW. Human Milk Endocannabinoid Levels as a Function of Obesity and Diurnal Rhythm. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072297. [PMID: 34371807 PMCID: PMC8308542 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is involved in the regulation of a variety of physiological and cognitive processes. While the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA) have been found in breast milk, their role(s) have yet to be determined. This study determined the normal concentration ranges of endocannabinoids (2-AG and AEA) in breast milk and the influences, if any, of obesity and diurnal rhythms on their levels. Milk samples were collected from 36 breastfeeding mothers at 4–8 weeks postpartum at each feed over a 24-h period, and further stratified into three groups based on body mass index (BMI). The samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. AEA was below the limit of detection and 2-AG levels averaged 59.3 ± 18.3 ng/mL (± SD) in women with normal BMI. Wide-ranging 2-AG concentrations in the overweight (65.5 ± 41.9 ng/mL) /obese (66.1 ± 40.6 ng/mL) groups suggest BMI may be a contributing factor influencing its levels. Following a diurnal pattern, there was a significantly higher 2-AG concentration observed during the day, as compared to night time samples. In conclusion, our study clearly suggests that appropriate milk collection and storage conditions are critical. Further, body weight and diurnal rhythm appear to influence levels of 2-AG. Based on these results, future studies are underway to determine what specific roles endocannabinoids may play in human milk and how elevated levels of 2-AG may modulate infant appetite and health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palika Datta
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; (P.D.); (K.R.-F.)
- InfantRisk Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA;
| | - Michael W. Melkus
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA;
| | - Kathleen Rewers-Felkins
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; (P.D.); (K.R.-F.)
- InfantRisk Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA;
| | - Dhavalkumar Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA;
| | | | - Teresa Baker
- InfantRisk Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Thomas W. Hale
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; (P.D.); (K.R.-F.)
- InfantRisk Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(806)-414-9578
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Palmitoylethanolamide and Related ALIAmides: Prohomeostatic Lipid Compounds for Animal Health and Wellbeing. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7020078. [PMID: 32560159 PMCID: PMC7355440 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtually every cellular process is affected by diet and this represents the foundation of dietary management to a variety of small animal disorders. Special attention is currently being paid to a family of naturally occurring lipid amides acting through the so-called autacoid local injury antagonism, i.e., the ALIA mechanism. The parent molecule of ALIAmides, palmitoyl ethanolamide (PEA), has being known since the 1950s as a nutritional factor with protective properties. Since then, PEA has been isolated from a variety of plant and animal food sources and its proresolving function in the mammalian body has been increasingly investigated. The discovery of the close interconnection between ALIAmides and the endocannabinoid system has greatly stimulated research efforts in this field. The multitarget and highly redundant mechanisms through which PEA exerts prohomeostatic functions fully breaks with the classical pharmacology view of “one drug, one target, one disease”, opening a new era in the management of animals’ health, i.e., an according-to-nature biomodulation of body responses to different stimuli and injury. The present review focuses on the direct and indirect endocannabinoid receptor agonism by PEA and its analogues and also targets the main findings from experimental and clinical studies on ALIAmides in animal health and wellbeing.
Collapse
|
9
|
Arachidonic Acid in Human Milk. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030626. [PMID: 32121018 PMCID: PMC7146261 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is universally recommended as the optimal choice of infant feeding and consequently human milk has been extensively investigated to unravel its unique nutrient profile. The human milk lipid composition is unique and supplies specifically long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), in particular, arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). Arachidonic acid (ARA) is the most predominant long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in human milk, albeit at low concentrations as compared to other fatty acids. It occurs predominantly in the triglyceride form and to a lesser extent as milk fat globule membrane phospholipids. Human milk ARA levels are modulated by dietary intake as demonstrated by animal and human studies and consequently vary dependent on dietary habits among mothers and regions across the globe. ARA serves as a precursor to eicosanoids and endocannabinoids that also occur in human milk. A review of scientific and clinical studies reveals that ARA plays an important role in physiological development and its related functions during early life nutrition. Therefore, ARA is an important nutrient during infancy and childhood and, as such, appropriate attention is required regarding its nutritional status and presence in the infant diet. Data are emerging indicating considerable genetic variation in encoding for desaturases and other essential fatty acid metabolic enzymes that may influence the ARA level as well as other LC-PUFAs. Human milk from well-nourished mothers has adequate levels of both ARA and DHA to support nutritional and developmental needs of infants. In case breastfeeding is not possible and infant formula is being fed, experts recommend that both ARA and DHA are added at levels present in human milk.
Collapse
|