1
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Wang D, Li Z, Zhao K, Chen P, Yang F, Yao H, Zhou B, Wei Y, Lu J, Chen Y, Zhang X, Han Y, Wang P, Liu Y. Macroscale Gradient Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease: Patterns With Cognition Terms and Gene Expression Profiles. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e70046. [PMID: 39449114 PMCID: PMC11502409 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.70046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 09/27/2024] [Accepted: 10/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Macroscale functional gradient techniques provide a continuous coordinate system that extends from unimodal regions to transmodal higher-order networks. However, the alterations of these functional gradients in AD and their correlations with cognitive terms and gene expression profiles remain to be established. In the present study, we directly studied the functional gradients with functional MRI data from seven scanners. We adopted data-driven meta-analytic techniques to unveil AD-associated changes in the functional gradients. The principal primary-to-transmodal gradient was suppressed in AD. Compared to NCs, AD patients exhibited global connectome gradient alterations, including reduced gradient range and gradient variation, increased gradient scores in the somatomotor, ventral attention, and frontoparietal regions, and decreased in the default mode network. More importantly, the Gene Ontology terms of biological processes were significantly enriched in the potassium ion transport and protein-containing complex remodeling. Our compelling evidence provides a new perspective in understanding the connectome alterations in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Wang
- Department of RadiologyQilu Hospital of Shandong University; Qilu Medical Imaging Institute of Shandong UniversityJinanChina
- Research Institute of Shandong UniversityMagnetic Field‐Free Medicine & Functional ImagingJinanChina
- Shandong Key Laboratory: Magnetic Field‐Free Medicine & Functional Imaging (MF)JinanChina
| | - Zhuangzhuang Li
- Queen Mary School HainanBeijing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsHainanChina
| | - Kun Zhao
- Queen Mary School HainanBeijing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsHainanChina
- School of Artificial IntelligenceBeijing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsBeijingChina
| | - Pindong Chen
- School of Artificial IntelligenceUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, & Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Fan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular ImagingInstitute of AutomationBeijingChina
| | - Hongxiang Yao
- Department of Radiology, the Second Medical CentreNational Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Neurology, the Second Medical CentreNational Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yongbin Wei
- Queen Mary School HainanBeijing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsHainanChina
- School of Artificial IntelligenceBeijing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsBeijingChina
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of RadiologyXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yuqi Chen
- Affiliated HospitalBeijing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsBeijingChina
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Medical CentreNational Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Ying Han
- Department of NeurologyXuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- School of Biomedical EngineeringHainan UniversityHaikouChina
- Center of Alzheimer's DiseaseBeijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijingChina
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of NeurologyTianjin Huanhu HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Yong Liu
- Queen Mary School HainanBeijing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsHainanChina
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2
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Pronold J, van Meegen A, Shimoura RO, Vollenbröker H, Senden M, Hilgetag CC, Bakker R, van Albada SJ. Multi-scale spiking network model of human cerebral cortex. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae409. [PMID: 39428578 PMCID: PMC11491286 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the structure of cortical networks provides the necessary substrate for their neuronal activity, the structure alone does not suffice to understand the activity. Leveraging the increasing availability of human data, we developed a multi-scale, spiking network model of human cortex to investigate the relationship between structure and dynamics. In this model, each area in one hemisphere of the Desikan-Killiany parcellation is represented by a $1\,\mathrm{mm^{2}}$ column with a layered structure. The model aggregates data across multiple modalities, including electron microscopy, electrophysiology, morphological reconstructions, and diffusion tensor imaging, into a coherent framework. It predicts activity on all scales from the single-neuron spiking activity to the area-level functional connectivity. We compared the model activity with human electrophysiological data and human resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. This comparison reveals that the model can reproduce aspects of both spiking statistics and fMRI correlations if the inter-areal connections are sufficiently strong. Furthermore, we study the propagation of a single-spike perturbation and macroscopic fluctuations through the network. The open-source model serves as an integrative platform for further refinements and future in silico studies of human cortical structure, dynamics, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Pronold
- Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6), Jülich Research Centre, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, D-52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander van Meegen
- Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6), Jülich Research Centre, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Renan O Shimoura
- Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6), Jülich Research Centre, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hannah Vollenbröker
- Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6), Jülich Research Centre, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mario Senden
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, NL-6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht Brain Imaging Centre, Maastricht University, NL-6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Claus C Hilgetag
- Institute of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg University, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rembrandt Bakker
- Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6), Jülich Research Centre, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, NL-6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha J van Albada
- Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6), Jülich Research Centre, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
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3
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Zhao HT, Schmidt ER. Human-specific genetic modifiers of cortical architecture and function. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2024; 88:102241. [PMID: 39111228 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2024.102241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Evolution of the cerebral cortex is thought to have been critical for the emergence of our cognitive abilities. Major features of cortical evolution include increased neuron number and connectivity and altered morpho-electric properties of cortical neurons. Significant progress has been made in identifying human-specific genetic modifiers (HSGMs), some of which are involved in shaping these features of cortical architecture. But how did these evolutionary changes support the emergence of our cognitive abilities? Here, we highlight recent studies aimed at examining the impact of HSGMs on cortical circuit function and behavior. We also discuss the need for greater insight into the link between evolution of cortical architecture and the functional and computational properties of neuronal circuits, as we seek to provide a neurobiological foundation for human cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhi T Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Suite 403 BSB, MSC510, 173 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Ewoud Re Schmidt
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Suite 403 BSB, MSC510, 173 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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4
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Magrou L, Joyce MKP, Froudist-Walsh S, Datta D, Wang XJ, Martinez-Trujillo J, Arnsten AFT. The meso-connectomes of mouse, marmoset, and macaque: network organization and the emergence of higher cognition. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae174. [PMID: 38771244 PMCID: PMC11107384 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent publications of the inter-areal connectomes for mouse, marmoset, and macaque cortex have allowed deeper comparisons across rodent vs. primate cortical organization. In general, these show that the mouse has very widespread, "all-to-all" inter-areal connectivity (i.e. a "highly dense" connectome in a graph theoretical framework), while primates have a more modular organization. In this review, we highlight the relevance of these differences to function, including the example of primary visual cortex (V1) which, in the mouse, is interconnected with all other areas, therefore including other primary sensory and frontal areas. We argue that this dense inter-areal connectivity benefits multimodal associations, at the cost of reduced functional segregation. Conversely, primates have expanded cortices with a modular connectivity structure, where V1 is almost exclusively interconnected with other visual cortices, themselves organized in relatively segregated streams, and hierarchically higher cortical areas such as prefrontal cortex provide top-down regulation for specifying precise information for working memory storage and manipulation. Increased complexity in cytoarchitecture, connectivity, dendritic spine density, and receptor expression additionally reveal a sharper hierarchical organization in primate cortex. Together, we argue that these primate specializations permit separable deconstruction and selective reconstruction of representations, which is essential to higher cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Magrou
- Department of Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Mary Kate P Joyce
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Sean Froudist-Walsh
- School of Engineering Mathematics and Technology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1QU, United Kingdom
| | - Dibyadeep Datta
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Department of Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Julio Martinez-Trujillo
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Amy F T Arnsten
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
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Luppi AI, Rosas FE, Noonan MP, Mediano PAM, Kringelbach ML, Carhart-Harris RL, Stamatakis EA, Vernon AC, Turkheimer FE. Oxygen and the Spark of Human Brain Evolution: Complex Interactions of Metabolism and Cortical Expansion across Development and Evolution. Neuroscientist 2024; 30:173-198. [PMID: 36476177 DOI: 10.1177/10738584221138032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Scientific theories on the functioning and dysfunction of the human brain require an understanding of its development-before and after birth and through maturation to adulthood-and its evolution. Here we bring together several accounts of human brain evolution by focusing on the central role of oxygen and brain metabolism. We argue that evolutionary expansion of human transmodal association cortices exceeded the capacity of oxygen delivery by the vascular system, which led these brain tissues to rely on nonoxidative glycolysis for additional energy supply. We draw a link between the resulting lower oxygen tension and its effect on cytoarchitecture, which we posit as a key driver of genetic developmental programs for the human brain-favoring lower intracortical myelination and the presence of biosynthetic materials for synapse turnover. Across biological and temporal scales, this protracted capacity for neural plasticity sets the conditions for cognitive flexibility and ongoing learning, supporting complex group dynamics and intergenerational learning that in turn enabled improved nutrition to fuel the metabolic costs of further cortical expansion. Our proposed model delineates explicit mechanistic links among metabolism, molecular and cellular brain heterogeneity, and behavior, which may lead toward a clearer understanding of brain development and its disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea I Luppi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
| | - Fernando E Rosas
- Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Science, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Complexity Science, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - MaryAnn P Noonan
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pedro A M Mediano
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Morten L Kringelbach
- Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Center for Music in the Brain, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robin L Carhart-Harris
- Psychedelics Division-Neuroscape, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emmanuel A Stamatakis
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony C Vernon
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Federico E Turkheimer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Weber CF, Lake EMR, Haider SP, Mozayan A, Bobba PS, Mukherjee P, Scheinost D, Constable RT, Ment L, Payabvash S. Autism spectrum disorder-specific changes in white matter connectome edge density based on functionally defined nodes. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1285396. [PMID: 38075286 PMCID: PMC10702224 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1285396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with both functional and microstructural connectome disruptions. We deployed a novel methodology using functionally defined nodes to guide white matter (WM) tractography and identify ASD-related microstructural connectome changes across the lifespan. Methods We used diffusion tensor imaging and clinical data from four studies in the national database for autism research (NDAR) including 155 infants, 102 toddlers, 230 adolescents, and 96 young adults - of whom 264 (45%) were diagnosed with ASD. We applied cortical nodes from a prior fMRI study identifying regions related to symptom severity scores and used these seeds to construct WM fiber tracts as connectome Edge Density (ED) maps. Resulting ED maps were assessed for between-group differences using voxel-wise and tract-based analysis. We then examined the association of ASD diagnosis with ED driven from functional nodes generated from different sensitivity thresholds. Results In ED derived from functionally guided tractography, we identified ASD-related changes in infants (pFDR ≤ 0.001-0.483). Overall, more wide-spread ASD-related differences were detectable in ED based on functional nodes with positive symptom correlation than negative correlation to ASD, and stricter thresholds for functional nodes resulted in stronger correlation with ASD among infants (z = -6.413 to 6.666, pFDR ≤ 0.001-0.968). Voxel-wise analysis revealed wide-spread ED reductions in central WM tracts of toddlers, adolescents, and adults. Discussion We detected early changes of aberrant WM development in infants developing ASD when generating microstructural connectome ED map with cortical nodes defined by functional imaging. These were not evident when applying structurally defined nodes, suggesting that functionally guided DTI-based tractography can help identify early ASD-related WM disruptions between cortical regions exhibiting abnormal connectivity patterns later in life. Furthermore, our results suggest a benefit of involving functionally informed nodes in diffusion imaging-based probabilistic tractography, and underline that different age cohorts can benefit from age- and brain development-adapted image processing protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara F Weber
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, New Haven, CT, United States
- Social Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Lübeck University, Lübeck, Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), Lübeck University, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Evelyn M R Lake
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Stefan P Haider
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Mozayan
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Pratheek S Bobba
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Pratik Mukherjee
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Robert T Constable
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Laura Ment
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Seyedmehdi Payabvash
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, New Haven, CT, United States
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7
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Abujamea AH, Almosa M, Uzair M, Alabdullatif N, Bashir S. Reduced Cortical Complexity in Children with Developmental Delay in Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023; 15:e48291. [PMID: 38058330 PMCID: PMC10696479 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Developmental delay (DD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by delays in multiple domains. The investigation of brain structure in DD has been enhanced by advanced neuroimaging techniques that can identify regional surface deformities. Neuroimaging studies have identified structural brain abnormalities in individuals with DD, but research specific to the Saudi Arabian population is limited. In this study, we examine the neuroanatomical abnormalities in the cortical and subcortical regions of Saudi Arabian children with DD. METHOD A T1-weighted, 1-mm-thick MRI was used to acquire structural brain images of 29 children with DD and age-matched healthy controls. RESULTS Analysis of the MRI data revealed significant differences in several cortical and subcortical structures of gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) in several brain regions of the DD group. Specifically, significant deformities were observed in the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, frontal gyrus, pars opercularis, pars orbitalis, cingulate gyrus, and subcallosal gyrus. These findings suggest disrupted neurodevelopment in these regions, which may contribute to the cognitive, motor, and behavioral impairments commonly observed in individuals with DD. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides valuable insights into the neuroanatomical differences in Saudi Arabian children with DD. Our results provide evidence for cortical and subcortical abnormalities in DD. Deformities in the observed regions may contribute to cognitive impairment, emotional dysregulation, mood disorders, and language deficits commonly observed in DD. The structural analysis may enable the identification of neuroanatomical biomarkers to facilitate the early diagnosis or progression of DD. These results suggest that lower cortical complexity in DD children due to alterations in networks may play a critical role in early brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah H Abujamea
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Mohammed Almosa
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Mohammad Uzair
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic & Applied Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, PAK
| | | | - Shahid Bashir
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, SAU
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8
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Valk SL, Kanske P, Park BY, Hong SJ, Böckler A, Trautwein FM, Bernhardt BC, Singer T. Functional and microstructural plasticity following social and interoceptive mental training. eLife 2023; 12:e85188. [PMID: 37417306 PMCID: PMC10414971 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The human brain supports social cognitive functions, including Theory of Mind, empathy, and compassion, through its intrinsic hierarchical organization. However, it remains unclear how the learning and refinement of social skills shapes brain function and structure. We studied if different types of social mental training induce changes in cortical function and microstructure, investigating 332 healthy adults (197 women, 20-55 years) with repeated multimodal neuroimaging and behavioral testing. Our neuroimaging approach examined longitudinal changes in cortical functional gradients and myelin-sensitive T1 relaxometry, two complementary measures of cortical hierarchical organization. We observed marked changes in intrinsic cortical function and microstructure, which varied as a function of social training content. In particular, cortical function and microstructure changed as a result of attention-mindfulness and socio-cognitive training in regions functionally associated with attention and interoception, including insular and parietal cortices. Conversely, socio-affective and socio-cognitive training resulted in differential microstructural changes in regions classically implicated in interoceptive and emotional processing, including insular and orbitofrontal areas, but did not result in functional reorganization. Notably, longitudinal changes in cortical function and microstructure predicted behavioral change in attention, compassion and perspective-taking. Our work demonstrates functional and microstructural plasticity after the training of social-interoceptive functions, and illustrates the bidirectional relationship between brain organisation and human social skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Louise Valk
- Otto Hahn Group Cognitive Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
- INM-7, FZ JülichJülichGermany
| | - Philipp Kanske
- Clinical Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
| | - Bo-yong Park
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- Department of Data Science, Inha UniversityIncheonRepublic of Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic ScienceSuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Seok-Jun Hong
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic ScienceSuwonRepublic of Korea
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind InstituteNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Anne Böckler
- Department of Psychology, Wurzburg UniversityWurzburgGermany
| | - Fynn-Mathis Trautwein
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Boris C Bernhardt
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Tania Singer
- Social Neuroscience Lab, Max Planck SocietyBerlinGermany
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9
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Froese T, Weber N, Shpurov I, Ikegami T. From autopoiesis to self-optimization: Toward an enactive model of biological regulation. Biosystems 2023:104959. [PMID: 37380066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.104959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The theory of autopoiesis has been influential in many areas of theoretical biology, especially in the fields of artificial life and origins of life. However, it has not managed to productively connect with mainstream biology, partly for theoretical reasons, but arguably mainly because deriving specific working hypotheses has been challenging. The theory has recently undergone significant conceptual development in the enactive approach to life and mind. Hidden complexity in the original conception of autopoiesis has been explicated in the service of other operationalizable concepts related to self-individuation: precariousness, adaptivity, and agency. Here we advance these developments by highlighting the interplay of these concepts with considerations from thermodynamics: reversibility, irreversibility, and path-dependence. We interpret this interplay in terms of the self-optimization model, and present modeling results that illustrate how these minimal conditions enable a system to re-organize itself such that it tends toward coordinated constraint satisfaction at the system level. Although the model is still very abstract, these results point in a direction where the enactive approach could productively connect with cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Froese
- Embodied Cognitive Science Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Tancha, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Natalya Weber
- Embodied Cognitive Science Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Tancha, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ivan Shpurov
- Embodied Cognitive Science Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Tancha, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikegami
- Theoretical Sciences Visiting Program, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Tancha, Okinawa, Japan; Ikegami Lab, Department of General Systems Studies, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Carhart-Harris RL, Chandaria S, Erritzoe DE, Gazzaley A, Girn M, Kettner H, Mediano PAM, Nutt DJ, Rosas FE, Roseman L, Timmermann C, Weiss B, Zeifman RJ, Friston KJ. Canalization and plasticity in psychopathology. Neuropharmacology 2023; 226:109398. [PMID: 36584883 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This theoretical article revives a classical bridging construct, canalization, to describe a new model of a general factor of psychopathology. To achieve this, we have distinguished between two types of plasticity, an early one that we call 'TEMP' for 'Temperature or Entropy Mediated Plasticity', and another, we call 'canalization', which is close to Hebbian plasticity. These two forms of plasticity can be most easily distinguished by their relationship to 'precision' or inverse variance; TEMP relates to increased model variance or decreased precision, whereas the opposite is true for canalization. TEMP also subsumes increased learning rate, (Ising) temperature and entropy. Dictionary definitions of 'plasticity' describe it as the property of being easily shaped or molded; TEMP is the better match for this. Importantly, we propose that 'pathological' phenotypes develop via mechanisms of canalization or increased model precision, as a defensive response to adversity and associated distress or dysphoria. Our model states that canalization entrenches in psychopathology, narrowing the phenotypic state-space as the agent develops expertise in their pathology. We suggest that TEMP - combined with gently guiding psychological support - can counter canalization. We address questions of whether and when canalization is adaptive versus maladaptive, furnish our model with references to basic and human neuroscience, and offer concrete experiments and measures to test its main hypotheses and implications. This article is part of the Special Issue on "National Institutes of Health Psilocybin Research Speaker Series".
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Carhart-Harris
- Psychedelics Division - Neuroscape, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - S Chandaria
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, UK; Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, Linacre College, University of Oxford, UK; Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, University of London, UK
| | - D E Erritzoe
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, UK; CNWL-Imperial Psychopharmacology and Psychedelic Research Clinic (CIPPRS), UK
| | - A Gazzaley
- Psychedelics Division - Neuroscape, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - M Girn
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - H Kettner
- Psychedelics Division - Neuroscape, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, UK
| | - P A M Mediano
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - D J Nutt
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, UK
| | - F E Rosas
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, UK; Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, Linacre College, University of Oxford, UK; Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, UK; Centre for Complexity Science, Imperial College London, UK
| | - L Roseman
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, UK; CNWL-Imperial Psychopharmacology and Psychedelic Research Clinic (CIPPRS), UK
| | - C Timmermann
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, UK; CNWL-Imperial Psychopharmacology and Psychedelic Research Clinic (CIPPRS), UK
| | - B Weiss
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, UK; CNWL-Imperial Psychopharmacology and Psychedelic Research Clinic (CIPPRS), UK
| | - R J Zeifman
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, UK; NYU Langone Center for Psychedelic Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
| | - K J Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, UK
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11
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Kanaev IA. Entropy and Cross-Level Orderliness in Light of the Interconnection between the Neural System and Consciousness. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:418. [PMID: 36981307 PMCID: PMC10047885 DOI: 10.3390/e25030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advances, the origin and utility of consciousness remains under debate. Using an evolutionary perspective on the origin of consciousness, this review elaborates on the promising theoretical background suggested in the temporospatial theory of consciousness, which outlines world-brain alignment as a critical predisposition for controlling behavior and adaptation. Such a system can be evolutionarily effective only if it can provide instant cohesion between the subsystems, which is possible only if it performs an intrinsic activity modified in light of the incoming stimulation. One can assume that the world-brain interaction results in a particular interference pattern predetermined by connectome complexity. This is what organisms experience as their exclusive subjective state, allowing the anticipation of regularities in the environment. Thus, an anticipative system can emerge only in a regular environment, which guides natural selection by reinforcing corresponding reactions and decreasing the system entropy. Subsequent evolution requires complicated, layered structures and can be traced from simple organisms to human consciousness and society. This allows us to consider the mode of entropy as a subject of natural evolution rather than an individual entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya A Kanaev
- Department of Philosophy, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Xi Rd, Guangzhou 510275, China
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12
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Vanderhaeghen P, Polleux F. Developmental mechanisms underlying the evolution of human cortical circuits. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:213-232. [PMID: 36792753 PMCID: PMC10064077 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The brain of modern humans has evolved remarkable computational abilities that enable higher cognitive functions. These capacities are tightly linked to an increase in the size and connectivity of the cerebral cortex, which is thought to have resulted from evolutionary changes in the mechanisms of cortical development. Convergent progress in evolutionary genomics, developmental biology and neuroscience has recently enabled the identification of genomic changes that act as human-specific modifiers of cortical development. These modifiers influence most aspects of corticogenesis, from the timing and complexity of cortical neurogenesis to synaptogenesis and the assembly of cortical circuits. Mutations of human-specific genetic modifiers of corticogenesis have started to be linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, providing evidence for their physiological relevance and suggesting potential relationships between the evolution of the human brain and its sensitivity to specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Vanderhaeghen
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Franck Polleux
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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13
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Petanjek Z, Banovac I, Sedmak D, Hladnik A. Dendritic Spines: Synaptogenesis and Synaptic Pruning for the Developmental Organization of Brain Circuits. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 34:143-221. [PMID: 37962796 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-36159-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic overproduction and elimination is a regular developmental event in the mammalian brain. In the cerebral cortex, synaptic overproduction is almost exclusively correlated with glutamatergic synapses located on dendritic spines. Therefore, analysis of changes in spine density on different parts of the dendritic tree in identified classes of principal neurons could provide insight into developmental reorganization of specific microcircuits.The activity-dependent stabilization and selective elimination of the initially overproduced synapses is a major mechanism for generating diversity of neural connections beyond their genetic determination. The largest number of overproduced synapses was found in the monkey and human cerebral cortex. The highest (exceeding adult values by two- to threefold) and most protracted overproduction (up to third decade of life) was described for associative layer IIIC pyramidal neurons in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.Therefore, the highest proportion and extraordinarily extended phase of synaptic spine overproduction is a hallmark of neural circuitry in human higher-order associative areas. This indicates that microcircuits processing the most complex human cognitive functions have the highest level of developmental plasticity. This finding is the backbone for understanding the effect of environmental impact on the development of the most complex, human-specific cognitive and emotional capacities, and on the late onset of human-specific neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdravko Petanjek
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivan Banovac
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dora Sedmak
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Hladnik
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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14
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Information flow across the cortical timescale hierarchy during narrative construction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2209307119. [PMID: 36508677 PMCID: PMC9907070 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209307119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
When listening to spoken narratives, we must integrate information over multiple, concurrent timescales, building up from words to sentences to paragraphs to a coherent narrative. Recent evidence suggests that the brain relies on a chain of hierarchically organized areas with increasing temporal receptive windows to process naturalistic narratives. We hypothesized that the structure of this cortical processing hierarchy should result in an observable sequence of response lags between networks comprising the hierarchy during narrative comprehension. This study uses functional MRI to estimate the response lags between functional networks during narrative comprehension. We use intersubject cross-correlation analysis to capture network connectivity driven by the shared stimulus. We found a fixed temporal sequence of response lags-on the scale of several seconds-starting in early auditory areas, followed by language areas, the attention network, and lastly the default mode network. This gradient is consistent across eight distinct stories but absent in data acquired during rest or using a scrambled story stimulus, supporting our hypothesis that narrative construction gives rise to internetwork lags. Finally, we build a simple computational model for the neural dynamics underlying the construction of nested narrative features. Our simulations illustrate how the gradual accumulation of information within the boundaries of nested linguistic events, accompanied by increased activity at each level of the processing hierarchy, can give rise to the observed lag gradient.
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15
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Hublin JJ, Changeux JP. Paleoanthropology of cognition: an overview on Hominins brain evolution. C R Biol 2022; 345:57-75. [PMID: 36847465 DOI: 10.5802/crbiol.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in neurobiology, paleontology, and paleogenetics allow us to associate changes in brain size and organization with three main "moments" of increased behavioral complexity and, more speculatively, language development. First, Australopiths display a significant increase in brain size relative to the great apes and an incipient extension of postnatal brain development. However, their cortical organization remains essentially similar to that of apes. Second, over the last 2 My, with two notable exceptions, brain size increases dramatically, partly in relation to changes in body size. Differential enlargements and reorganizations of cortical areas lay the foundation for the "language-ready" brain and cumulative culture of later Homo species. Third, in Homo sapiens, brain size remains fairly stable over the last 300,000 years but an important cerebral reorganization takes place. It affects the frontal and temporal lobes, the parietal areas and the cerebellum and resulted in a more globular shape of the brain. These changes are associated, among others, with an increased development of long-distance-horizontal-connections. A few regulatory genetic events took place in the course of this hominization process with, in particular, enhanced neuronal proliferation and global brain connectivity.
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16
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Duński E, Pękowska A. Keeping the balance: Trade-offs between human brain evolution, autism, and schizophrenia. Front Genet 2022; 13:1009390. [DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1009390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique qualities of the human brain are a product of a complex evolutionary process. Evolution, famously described by François Jacob as a “tinkerer,” builds upon existing genetic elements by modifying and repurposing them for new functions. Genetic changes in DNA may lead to the emergence of new genes or cause altered gene expression patterns. Both gene and regulatory element mutations may lead to new functions. Yet, this process may lead to side-effects. An evolutionary trade-off occurs when an otherwise beneficial change, which is important for evolutionary success and is under strong positive selection, concurrently results in a detrimental change in another trait. Pleiotropy occurs when a gene affects multiple traits. Antagonistic pleiotropy is a phenomenon whereby a genetic variant leads to an increase in fitness at one life-stage or in a specific environment, but simultaneously decreases fitness in another respect. Therefore, it is conceivable that the molecular underpinnings of evolution of highly complex traits, including brain size or cognitive ability, under certain conditions could result in deleterious effects, which would increase the susceptibility to psychiatric or neurodevelopmental diseases. Here, we discuss possible trade-offs and antagonistic pleiotropies between evolutionary change in a gene sequence, dosage or activity and the susceptibility of individuals to autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. We present current knowledge about genes and alterations in gene regulatory landscapes, which have likely played a role in establishing human-specific traits and have been implicated in those diseases.
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17
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Jones KT, Johnson EL, Gazzaley A, Zanto TP. Structural and functional network mechanisms of rescuing cognitive control in aging. Neuroimage 2022; 262:119547. [PMID: 35940423 PMCID: PMC9464721 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related declines in cognitive control, an ability critical in most daily tasks, threaten individual independence. We previously showed in both older and younger adults that transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) can improve cognitive control, with effects observed across neural regions distant from the stimulated site and frequencies outside the stimulated range. Here, we assess network-level changes in neural activity that extend beyond the stimulated site and evaluate anatomical pathways that subserve these effects. We investigated the potential to rescue cognitive control in aging using prefrontal (F3-F4) theta (6 Hz) or control (1 Hz) tACS while older adults engaged in a cognitive control video game intervention on three consecutive days. Functional connectivity was assessed with EEG by measuring daily changes in frontal-posterior phase-locking values (PLV) from the tACS-free baseline. Structural connectivity was measured using MRI diffusion tractography data collected at baseline. Theta tACS improved multitasking performance, and individual gains reflected a dissociation in daily PLV changes, where theta tACS strengthened PLV and control tACS reduced PLV. Strengthened alpha-beta PLV in the theta tACS group correlated positively with inferior longitudinal fasciculus and corpus callosum body integrity, and further explained multitasking gains. These results demonstrate that theta tACS can improve cognitive control in aging by strengthening functional connectivity, particularly in higher frequency bands. However, the extent of functional connectivity gains is limited by the integrity of structural white matter tracts. Given that advanced age is associated with decreased white matter integrity, results suggest that the deployment of tACS as a therapeutic is best prior to advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Jones
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Neuroscape, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| | - Elizabeth L Johnson
- Departments of Medical Social Sciences and Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Adam Gazzaley
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Neuroscape, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Theodore P Zanto
- Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Neuroscape, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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18
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Miyagawa S, Arévalo A, Nóbrega VA. On the representation of hierarchical structure: Revisiting Darwin's musical protolanguage. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:1018708. [PMID: 36438635 PMCID: PMC9692108 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1018708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we address the tenability of Darwin's musical protolanguage, arguing that a more compelling evolutionary scenario is one where a prosodic protolanguage is taken to be the preliminary step to represent the hierarchy involved in linguistic structures within a linear auditory signal. We hypothesize that the establishment of a prosodic protolanguage results from an enhancement of a rhythmic system that transformed linear signals into speech prosody, which in turn can mark syntactic hierarchical relations. To develop this claim, we explore the role of prosodic cues on the parsing of syntactic structures, as well as neuroscientific evidence connecting the evolutionary development of music and linguistic capacities. Finally, we entertain the assumption that the capacity to generate hierarchical structure might have developed as part of tool-making in human prehistory, and hence was established prior to the enhancement of a prosodic protolinguistic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Miyagawa
- Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Analía Arévalo
- School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor A. Nóbrega
- Institute of Romance Studies, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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19
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Galakhova AA, Hunt S, Wilbers R, Heyer DB, de Kock CPJ, Mansvelder HD, Goriounova NA. Evolution of cortical neurons supporting human cognition. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:909-922. [PMID: 36117080 PMCID: PMC9561064 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Human cognitive abilities are generally thought to arise from cortical expansion over the course of human brain evolution. In addition to increased neuron numbers, this cortical expansion might be driven by adaptations in the properties of single neurons and their local circuits. We review recent findings on the distinct structural, functional, and transcriptomic features of human cortical neurons and their organization in cortical microstructure. We focus on the supragranular cortical layers, which showed the most prominent expansion during human brain evolution, and the properties of their principal cells: pyramidal neurons. We argue that the evolutionary adaptations in neuronal features that accompany the expansion of the human cortex partially underlie interindividual variability in human cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Galakhova
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - S Hunt
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - R Wilbers
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - D B Heyer
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - C P J de Kock
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - H D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - N A Goriounova
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
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20
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Volzhenin K, Changeux JP, Dumas G. Multilevel development of cognitive abilities in an artificial neural network. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201304119. [PMID: 36122214 PMCID: PMC9522351 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201304119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neuronal mechanisms have been proposed to account for the formation of cognitive abilities through postnatal interactions with the physical and sociocultural environment. Here, we introduce a three-level computational model of information processing and acquisition of cognitive abilities. We propose minimal architectural requirements to build these levels, and how the parameters affect their performance and relationships. The first sensorimotor level handles local nonconscious processing, here during a visual classification task. The second level or cognitive level globally integrates the information from multiple local processors via long-ranged connections and synthesizes it in a global, but still nonconscious, manner. The third and cognitively highest level handles the information globally and consciously. It is based on the global neuronal workspace (GNW) theory and is referred to as the conscious level. We use the trace and delay conditioning tasks to, respectively, challenge the second and third levels. Results first highlight the necessity of epigenesis through the selection and stabilization of synapses at both local and global scales to allow the network to solve the first two tasks. At the global scale, dopamine appears necessary to properly provide credit assignment despite the temporal delay between perception and reward. At the third level, the presence of interneurons becomes necessary to maintain a self-sustained representation within the GNW in the absence of sensory input. Finally, while balanced spontaneous intrinsic activity facilitates epigenesis at both local and global scales, the balanced excitatory/inhibitory ratio increases performance. We discuss the plausibility of the model in both neurodevelopmental and artificial intelligence terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Volzhenin
- Neuroscience Department, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Guillaume Dumas
- Neuroscience Department, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
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21
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Kemmerer D. Revisiting the relation between syntax, action, and left BA44. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:923022. [PMID: 36211129 PMCID: PMC9537576 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.923022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the many lines of research that have been exploring how embodiment contributes to cognition, one focuses on how the neural substrates of language may be shared, or at least closely coupled, with those of action. This paper revisits a particular proposal that has received considerable attention-namely, that the forms of hierarchical sequencing that characterize both linguistic syntax and goal-directed action are underpinned partly by common mechanisms in left Brodmann area (BA) 44, a cortical region that is not only classically regarded as part of Broca's area, but is also a core component of the human Mirror Neuron System. First, a recent multi-participant, multi-round debate about this proposal is summarized together with some other relevant findings. This review reveals that while the proposal is supported by a variety of theoretical arguments and empirical results, it still faces several challenges. Next, a narrower application of the proposal is discussed, specifically involving the basic word order of subject (S), object (O), and verb (V) in simple transitive clauses. Most languages are either SOV or SVO, and, building on prior work, it is argued that these strong syntactic tendencies derive from how left BA44 represents the sequential-hierarchical structure of goal-directed actions. Finally, with the aim of clarifying what it might mean for syntax and action to have "common" neural mechanisms in left BA44, two different versions of the main proposal are distinguished. Hypothesis 1 states that the very same neural mechanisms in left BA44 subserve some aspects of hierarchical sequencing for syntax and action, whereas Hypothesis 2 states that anatomically distinct but functionally parallel neural mechanisms in left BA44 subserve some aspects of hierarchical sequencing for syntax and action. Although these two hypotheses make different predictions, at this point neither one has significantly more explanatory power than the other, and further research is needed to elaborate and test them.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kemmerer
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IND, United States
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IND, United States
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22
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Hsieh S, Yang MH, Yao ZF. Age differences in the functional organization of the prefrontal cortex: analyses of competing hypotheses. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:4040-4055. [PMID: 36124910 PMCID: PMC10068268 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We employed a mixed design task for block and event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging with manipulations of levels of abstraction and duration in task-relevant cues and probes. Age-related differences between younger and older adults in task-related functional brain activity patterns of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were reported. The results showed that (1) the low episodic condition evoked more activity in the more anterior PFC than the high episodic control condition for both age groups; (2) the low abstraction condition evoked more activity in the more anterior PFC than the high abstraction condition for both age groups; and (3) the signal change did not vary as a function of activity dynamics (transient and sustained responses) and maintenance duration (single-trial and multiple-trial). The findings showed that baseline conditions evoked more activity in the more anterior PFC for the older group than the younger group across most task contrasts and conditions, where these additional activities in the brain regions overlapped within the default mode network (DMN). We tentatively concluded that deficiency in the anterior DMN deactivation during externally driven tasks might be attributed to less efficiency in modulating local connectivity propagate to surrounding tissue, which may paradoxically increase brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulan Hsieh
- Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory: Control, Aging, Sleep, and Emotion, Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan.,Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan.,Department of Public Health, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Heng Yang
- Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory: Control, Aging, Sleep, and Emotion, Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Zai-Fu Yao
- College of Education, National Tsing Hua University, No.521, Nanda Road, Hsinchu City 300193, Taiwan.,Research Center for Education and Mind Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, No.521, Nanda Road, Hsinchu City 300193, Taiwan
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23
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Paquola C, Amunts K, Evans A, Smallwood J, Bernhardt B. Closing the mechanistic gap: the value of microarchitecture in understanding cognitive networks. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:873-886. [PMID: 35909021 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive neuroscience aims to provide biologically relevant accounts of cognition. Contemporary research linking spatial patterns of neural activity to psychological constructs describes 'where' hypothesised functions occur, but not 'how' these regions contribute to cognition. Technological, empirical, and conceptual advances allow this mechanistic gap to be closed by embedding patterns of functional activity in macro- and microscale descriptions of brain organisation. Recent work on the default mode network (DMN) and the multiple demand network (MDN), for example, highlights a microarchitectural landscape that may explain how activity in these networks integrates varied information, thus providing an anatomical foundation that will help to explain how these networks contribute to many different cognitive states. This perspective highlights emerging insights into how microarchitecture can constrain network accounts of human cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Paquola
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Cécile and Oscar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alan Evans
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Boris Bernhardt
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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24
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Johansson C, Folgerø PO. Is Reduced Visual Processing the Price of Language? Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12060771. [PMID: 35741656 PMCID: PMC9221435 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We suggest a later timeline for full language capabilities in Homo sapiens, placing the emergence of language over 200,000 years after the emergence of our species. The late Paleolithic period saw several significant changes. Homo sapiens became more gracile and gradually lost significant brain volumes. Detailed realistic cave paintings disappeared completely, and iconic/symbolic ones appeared at other sites. This may indicate a shift in perceptual abilities, away from an accurate perception of the present. Language in modern humans interact with vision. One example is the McGurk effect. Studies show that artistic abilities may improve when language-related brain areas are damaged or temporarily knocked out. Language relies on many pre-existing non-linguistic functions. We suggest that an overwhelming flow of perceptual information, vision, in particular, was an obstacle to language, as is sometimes implied in autism with relative language impairment. We systematically review the recent research literature investigating the relationship between language and perception. We see homologues of language-relevant brain functions predating language. Recent findings show brain lateralization for communicative gestures in other primates without language, supporting the idea that a language-ready brain may be overwhelmed by raw perception, thus blocking overt language from evolving. We find support in converging evidence for a change in neural organization away from raw perception, thus pushing the emergence of language closer in time. A recent origin of language makes it possible to investigate the genetic origins of language.
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Valk SL, Xu T, Paquola C, Park BY, Bethlehem RAI, Vos de Wael R, Royer J, Masouleh SK, Bayrak Ş, Kochunov P, Yeo BTT, Margulies D, Smallwood J, Eickhoff SB, Bernhardt BC. Genetic and phylogenetic uncoupling of structure and function in human transmodal cortex. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2341. [PMID: 35534454 PMCID: PMC9085871 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain structure scaffolds intrinsic function, supporting cognition and ultimately behavioral flexibility. However, it remains unclear how a static, genetically controlled architecture supports flexible cognition and behavior. Here, we synthesize genetic, phylogenetic and cognitive analyses to understand how the macroscale organization of structure-function coupling across the cortex can inform its role in cognition. In humans, structure-function coupling was highest in regions of unimodal cortex and lowest in transmodal cortex, a pattern that was mirrored by a reduced alignment with heritable connectivity profiles. Structure-function uncoupling in macaques had a similar spatial distribution, but we observed an increased coupling between structure and function in association cortices relative to humans. Meta-analysis suggested regions with the least genetic control (low heritable correspondence and different across primates) are linked to social-cognition and autobiographical memory. Our findings suggest that genetic and evolutionary uncoupling of structure and function in different transmodal systems may support the emergence of complex forms of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie L. Valk
- grid.419524.f0000 0001 0041 5028Otto Hahn Group Cognitive Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany ,grid.8385.60000 0001 2297 375XInstitute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, FZ Jülich, Jülich, Germany ,grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ting Xu
- grid.428122.f0000 0004 7592 9033Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY USA
| | - Casey Paquola
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.8385.60000 0001 2297 375XInstitute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Structural and functional organisation of the brain (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany, FZ Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bo-yong Park
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.202119.90000 0001 2364 8385Department of Data Science, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea ,grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, South Korea
| | | | - Reinder Vos de Wael
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Jessica Royer
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Shahrzad Kharabian Masouleh
- grid.8385.60000 0001 2297 375XInstitute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, FZ Jülich, Jülich, Germany ,grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Şeyma Bayrak
- grid.419524.f0000 0001 0041 5028Otto Hahn Group Cognitive Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Kochunov
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - B. T. Thomas Yeo
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Centre for Sleep and Cognition (CSC) & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research (TMR), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA USA ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Margulies
- grid.425274.20000 0004 0620 5939Neuroanatomy and Connectivity Lab, Institut de Cerveau et de la Moelle epiniere, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Smallwood
- grid.410356.50000 0004 1936 8331Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
| | - Simon B. Eickhoff
- grid.8385.60000 0001 2297 375XInstitute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, FZ Jülich, Jülich, Germany ,grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Boris C. Bernhardt
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
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26
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Danchin A, Fenton AA. From Analog to Digital Computing: Is Homo sapiens’ Brain on Its Way to Become a Turing Machine? Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.796413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The abstract basis of modern computation is the formal description of a finite state machine, the Universal Turing Machine, based on manipulation of integers and logic symbols. In this contribution to the discourse on the computer-brain analogy, we discuss the extent to which analog computing, as performed by the mammalian brain, is like and unlike the digital computing of Universal Turing Machines. We begin with ordinary reality being a permanent dialog between continuous and discontinuous worlds. So it is with computing, which can be analog or digital, and is often mixed. The theory behind computers is essentially digital, but efficient simulations of phenomena can be performed by analog devices; indeed, any physical calculation requires implementation in the physical world and is therefore analog to some extent, despite being based on abstract logic and arithmetic. The mammalian brain, comprised of neuronal networks, functions as an analog device and has given rise to artificial neural networks that are implemented as digital algorithms but function as analog models would. Analog constructs compute with the implementation of a variety of feedback and feedforward loops. In contrast, digital algorithms allow the implementation of recursive processes that enable them to generate unparalleled emergent properties. We briefly illustrate how the cortical organization of neurons can integrate signals and make predictions analogically. While we conclude that brains are not digital computers, we speculate on the recent implementation of human writing in the brain as a possible digital path that slowly evolves the brain into a genuine (slow) Turing machine.
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27
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Petrican R, Fornito A, Jones N. Psychological Resilience and Neurodegenerative Risk: A Connectomics-Transcriptomics Investigation in Healthy Adolescent and Middle-Aged Females. Neuroimage 2022; 255:119209. [PMID: 35429627 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse life events can inflict substantial long-term damage, which, paradoxically, has been posited to stem from initially adaptative responses to the challenges encountered in one's environment. Thus, identification of the mechanisms linking resilience against recent stressors to longer-term psychological vulnerability is key to understanding optimal functioning across multiple timescales. To address this issue, our study tested the relevance of neuro-reproductive maturation and senescence, respectively, to both resilience and longer-term risk for pathologies characterised by accelerated brain aging, specifically, Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Graph theoretical and partial least squares analyses were conducted on multimodal imaging, reported biological aging and recent adverse experience data from the Lifespan Human Connectome Project (HCP). Availability of reproductive maturation/senescence measures restricted our investigation to adolescent (N =178) and middle-aged (N=146) females. Psychological resilience was linked to age-specific brain senescence patterns suggestive of precocious functional development of somatomotor and control-relevant networks (adolescence) and earlier aging of default mode and salience/ventral attention systems (middle adulthood). Biological aging showed complementary associations with the neural patterns relevant to resilience in adolescence (positive relationship) versus middle-age (negative relationship). Transcriptomic and expression quantitative trait locus data analyses linked the neural aging patterns correlated with psychological resilience in middle adulthood to gene expression patterns suggestive of increased AD risk. Our results imply a partially antagonistic relationship between resilience against proximal stressors and longer-term psychological adjustment in later life. They thus underscore the importance of fine-tuning extant views on successful coping by considering the multiple timescales across which age-specific processes may unfold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Petrican
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Alex Fornito
- The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie Jones
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
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28
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Walker EF, Goldsmith DR. Schizophrenia: A scientific graveyard or a pragmatically useful diagnostic construct? Schizophr Res 2022; 242:141-143. [PMID: 35090774 PMCID: PMC9112231 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine F Walker
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America.
| | - David R Goldsmith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America
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29
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Abstract
Activity patterns and complex functions of the brain rely on the characteristic communication network formed by axonal fiber networks, but how many axons actually connect different brain regions? This Primer explores a study in PLOS Biology which finds that most areas of the human cerebral cortex are linked by an astoundingly small number of fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus C. Hilgetag
- Institute of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Basilis Zikopoulos
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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30
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Amunts K, DeFelipe J, Pennartz C, Destexhe A, Migliore M, Ryvlin P, Furber S, Knoll A, Bitsch L, Bjaalie JG, Ioannidis Y, Lippert T, Sanchez-Vives MV, Goebel R, Jirsa V. Linking Brain Structure, Activity, and Cognitive Function through Computation. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0316-21.2022. [PMID: 35217544 PMCID: PMC8925650 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0316-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the human brain is a "Grand Challenge" for 21st century research. Computational approaches enable large and complex datasets to be addressed efficiently, supported by artificial neural networks, modeling and simulation. Dynamic generative multiscale models, which enable the investigation of causation across scales and are guided by principles and theories of brain function, are instrumental for linking brain structure and function. An example of a resource enabling such an integrated approach to neuroscientific discovery is the BigBrain, which spatially anchors tissue models and data across different scales and ensures that multiscale models are supported by the data, making the bridge to both basic neuroscience and medicine. Research at the intersection of neuroscience, computing and robotics has the potential to advance neuro-inspired technologies by taking advantage of a growing body of insights into perception, plasticity and learning. To render data, tools and methods, theories, basic principles and concepts interoperable, the Human Brain Project (HBP) has launched EBRAINS, a digital neuroscience research infrastructure, which brings together a transdisciplinary community of researchers united by the quest to understand the brain, with fascinating insights and perspectives for societal benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
- C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28223, Spain
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Cyriel Pennartz
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Alain Destexhe
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), Paris-Saclay University, Gif sur Yvette 91400, France
| | - Michele Migliore
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Palermo 90146, Italy
| | - Philippe Ryvlin
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
| | - Steve Furber
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Alois Knoll
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Garching 385748, Germany
| | - Lise Bitsch
- The Danish Board of Technology Foundation, Copenhagen, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jan G Bjaalie
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yannis Ioannidis
- ATHENA Research & Innovation Center, Athena 12125, Greece
- Department of Informatics & Telecom, Nat'l and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 84 Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Lippert
- Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Maria V Sanchez-Vives
- ICREA and Systems Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Investigations August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Rainer Goebel
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229 EV, The Netherlands
| | - Viktor Jirsa
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS) UMR1106, Marseille 13005, France
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31
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Safron A, Klimaj V, Hipólito I. On the Importance of Being Flexible: Dynamic Brain Networks and Their Potential Functional Significances. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 15:688424. [PMID: 35126062 PMCID: PMC8814434 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.688424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this theoretical review, we begin by discussing brains and minds from a dynamical systems perspective, and then go on to describe methods for characterizing the flexibility of dynamic networks. We discuss how varying degrees and kinds of flexibility may be adaptive (or maladaptive) in different contexts, specifically focusing on measures related to either more disjoint or cohesive dynamics. While disjointed flexibility may be useful for assessing neural entropy, cohesive flexibility may potentially serve as a proxy for self-organized criticality as a fundamental property enabling adaptive behavior in complex systems. Particular attention is given to recent studies in which flexibility methods have been used to investigate neurological and cognitive maturation, as well as the breakdown of conscious processing under varying levels of anesthesia. We further discuss how these findings and methods might be contextualized within the Free Energy Principle with respect to the fundamentals of brain organization and biological functioning more generally, and describe potential methodological advances from this paradigm. Finally, with relevance to computational psychiatry, we propose a research program for obtaining a better understanding of ways that dynamic networks may relate to different forms of psychological flexibility, which may be the single most important factor for ensuring human flourishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Safron
- Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Victoria Klimaj
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
- Complex Networks and Systems, Informatics Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Inês Hipólito
- Department of Philosophy, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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32
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Compartmentalized dynamics within a common multi-area mesoscale manifold represent a repertoire of human hand movements. Neuron 2022; 110:154-174.e12. [PMID: 34678147 PMCID: PMC9701546 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The human hand is unique in the animal kingdom for unparalleled dexterity, ranging from complex prehension to fine finger individuation. How does the brain represent such a diverse repertoire of movements? We evaluated mesoscale neural dynamics across the human "grasp network," using electrocorticography and dimensionality reduction methods, for a repertoire of hand movements. Strikingly, we found that the grasp network represented both finger and grasping movements alike. Specifically, the manifold characterizing the multi-areal neural covariance structure was preserved during all movements across this distributed network. In contrast, latent neural dynamics within this manifold were surprisingly specific to movement type. Aligning latent activity to kinematics further uncovered distinct submanifolds despite similarities in synergistic coupling of joints between movements. We thus find that despite preserved neural covariance at the distributed network level, mesoscale dynamics are compartmentalized into movement-specific submanifolds; this mesoscale organization may allow flexible switching between a repertoire of hand movements.
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33
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Hilgetag CC, Goulas A, Changeux JP. A natural cortical axis connecting the outside and inside of the human brain. Netw Neurosci 2022; 6:950-959. [PMID: 36875013 PMCID: PMC9976644 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
What structural and connectivity features of the human brain help to explain the extraordinary human cognitive abilities? We recently proposed a set of relevant connectomic fundamentals, some of which arise from the size scaling of the human brain relative to other primate brains, while others of these fundamentals may be uniquely human. In particular, we suggested that the remarkable increase of the size of the human brain due to its prolonged prenatal development has brought with it an increased sparsification, hierarchical modularization, as well as increased depth and cytoarchitectonic differentiation of brain networks. These characteristic features are complemented by a shift of projection origins to the upper layers of many cortical areas as well as the significantly prolonged postnatal development and plasticity of the upper cortical layers. Another fundamental aspect of cortical organization that has emerged in recent research is the alignment of diverse features of evolution, development, cytoarchitectonics, function, and plasticity along a principal, natural cortical axis from sensory ("outside") to association ("inside") areas. Here we highlight how this natural axis is integrated in the characteristic organization of the human brain. In particular, the human brain displays a developmental expansion of outside areas and a stretching of the natural axis such that outside areas are more widely separated from each other and from inside areas than in other species. We outline some functional implications of this characteristic arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus C Hilgetag
- Institute of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandros Goulas
- Institute of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre Changeux
- CNRS UMR 3571, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Communications Cellulaires, Collège de France, Paris, France
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34
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Kanaev IA. Evolutionary origin and the development of consciousness. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 133:104511. [PMID: 34942266 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This review seeks to combine advances in anthropology and neuroscience to investigate the adaptive value of human consciousness. It uses an interdisciplinary perspective on the origin of consciousness to refute the most common fallacies in considering consciousness, particularly, disregarding the evolutionary origin of the subjective reality in looking for the neural correlates of consciousness and divorcing studies in neuroscience and behavioural sciences. Various explanations linked to consciousness in the field of neuroscience, supplemented with the theoretical explanation of an experience as an ongoing process of overlap between intrinsic neural dynamics and stimulation can be summarised as the stochastic dynamics of one's control system experienced by the individual in the form of subjective reality. This framework elaborates on the world-brain research program and lays foundation for the quantitative description of one's qualitative feelings and naturalistic science of consciousness. Furthermore, this study highlights the philosophical perspective of the inseparability between the physical correlates and the subjective reality contributing to the realistic ontology of conscious processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya A Kanaev
- School of Philosophy, Zhengzhou University, 100, Science Avenue, High Tech Zone, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
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35
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Deco G, Sanz Perl Y, Vuust P, Tagliazucchi E, Kennedy H, Kringelbach ML. Rare long-range cortical connections enhance human information processing. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4436-4448.e5. [PMID: 34437842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
What are the key topological features of connectivity critically relevant for generating the dynamics underlying efficient cortical function? A candidate feature that has recently emerged is that the connectivity of the mammalian cortex follows an exponential distance rule, which includes a small proportion of long-range high-weight anatomical exceptions to this rule. Whole-brain modeling of large-scale human neuroimaging data in 1,003 participants offers the unique opportunity to create two models, with and without long-range exceptions, and explicitly study their functional consequences. We found that rare long-range exceptions are crucial for significantly improving information processing. Furthermore, modeling in a simplified ring architecture shows that this improvement is greatly enhanced by the turbulent regime found in empirical neuroimaging data. Overall, the results provide strong empirical evidence for the immense functional benefits of long-range exceptions combined with turbulence for information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Deco
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, Barcelona 08018, Spain; Institució Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain; Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yonathan Sanz Perl
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, Barcelona 08018, Spain
| | - Peter Vuust
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Enzo Tagliazucchi
- Department of Physics, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Henry Kennedy
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U846, 69500 Bron, France; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Morten L Kringelbach
- Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, Linacre College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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36
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Heyer DB, Wilbers R, Galakhova AA, Hartsema E, Braak S, Hunt S, Verhoog MB, Muijtjens ML, Mertens EJ, Idema S, Baayen JC, de Witt Hamer P, Klein M, McGraw M, Lein ES, de Kock CPJ, Mansvelder HD, Goriounova NA. Verbal and General IQ Associate with Supragranular Layer Thickness and Cell Properties of the Left Temporal Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:2343-2357. [PMID: 34550325 PMCID: PMC9157308 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The left temporal lobe is an integral part of the language system and its cortical structure and function associate with general intelligence. However, whether cortical laminar architecture and cellular properties of this brain area relate to verbal intelligence is unknown. Here, we addressed this using histological analysis and cellular recordings of neurosurgically resected temporal cortex in combination with presurgical IQ scores. We find that subjects with higher general and verbal IQ scores have thicker left (but not right) temporal cortex (Brodmann area 21, BA21). The increased thickness is due to the selective increase in layers 2 and 3 thickness, accompanied by lower neuron densities, and larger dendrites and cell body size of pyramidal neurons in these layers. Furthermore, these neurons sustain faster action potential kinetics, which improves information processing. Our results indicate that verbal mental ability associates with selective adaptations of supragranular layers and their cellular micro-architecture and function in left, but not right temporal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Heyer
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - R Wilbers
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - A A Galakhova
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - E Hartsema
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - S Braak
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - S Hunt
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - M B Verhoog
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Biology, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - M L Muijtjens
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - E J Mertens
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - S Idema
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - J C Baayen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - P de Witt Hamer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - M Klein
- Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HZ, The Netherlands
| | - M McGraw
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - E S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - C P J de Kock
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - H D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - N A Goriounova
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
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Paredes O, López JB, Covantes-Osuna C, Ocegueda-Hernández V, Romo-Vázquez R, Morales JA. A Transcriptome Community-and-Module Approach of the Human Mesoconnectome. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 23:1031. [PMID: 34441171 PMCID: PMC8393183 DOI: 10.3390/e23081031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Graph analysis allows exploring transcriptome compartments such as communities and modules for brain mesostructures. In this work, we proposed a bottom-up model of a gene regulatory network to brain-wise connectome workflow. We estimated the gene communities across all brain regions from the Allen Brain Atlas transcriptome database. We selected the communities method to yield the highest number of functional mesostructures in the network hierarchy organization, which allowed us to identify specific brain cell functions (e.g., neuroplasticity, axonogenesis and dendritogenesis communities). With these communities, we built brain-wise region modules that represent the connectome. Our findings match with previously described anatomical and functional brain circuits, such the default mode network and the default visual network, supporting the notion that the brain dynamics that carry out low- and higher-order functions originate from the modular composition of a GRN complex network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rebeca Romo-Vázquez
- Computer Sciences Department, Exact Sciences and Engineering University Centre, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico; (O.P.); (J.B.L.); (C.C.-O.); (V.O.-H.)
| | - J. Alejandro Morales
- Computer Sciences Department, Exact Sciences and Engineering University Centre, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico; (O.P.); (J.B.L.); (C.C.-O.); (V.O.-H.)
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38
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Paredes O, Morales JA, Mendizabal AP, Romo-Vázquez R. Metacode: One code to rule them all. Biosystems 2021; 208:104486. [PMID: 34274462 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The code of codes or metacode is a microcosm where biological layers, as well as their codes, interact together allowing the continuity of information flow in organisms by increasing biological entities' complexity. Through this novel organic code, biological systems scale towards niches with higher informatic freedom building structures that increase the entropy in the universe. Code biology has developed a novel informational framework where biological entities strive themselves through the information flow carried out through organic codes consisting of two molecular or functional landscapes intertwined through arbitrary linkages via an adaptor whose nature is autonomous from molecular determinism. Here we will integrate genomic and epigenomic codes according to the evidence released in ENCODE (phase 3), psychENCODE and GTEx project, outlining the principles of the metacode, to address the continuous nature of biological systems and their inter-layered information flow. This novel complex metacode maps from very constrained sets of elements (i.e., regulation sites modulating gene expression) to new ones with greater freedom of decoding (i.e., a continuous cell phenotypic space). This leads to a new domain in code biology where biological systems are informatic attractors that navigate an energy metaspace through a complexity-noise balance, stalling in emergent niches where organic codes take meaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Paredes
- Computer Sciences Department, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico
| | | | - Adriana P Mendizabal
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Farmacobiology Department, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico
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Cheng L, Zhang Y, Li G, Wang J, Sherwood C, Gong G, Fan L, Jiang T. Connectional asymmetry of the inferior parietal lobule shapes hemispheric specialization in humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques. eLife 2021; 10:e67600. [PMID: 34219649 PMCID: PMC8257252 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The inferior parietal lobule (IPL) is one of the most expanded cortical regions in humans relative to other primates. It is also among the most structurally and functionally asymmetric regions in the human cerebral cortex. Whether the structural and connectional asymmetries of IPL subdivisions differ across primate species and how this relates to functional asymmetries remain unclear. We identified IPL subregions that exhibited positive allometric in both hemispheres, scaling across rhesus macaque monkeys, chimpanzees, and humans. The patterns of IPL subregions asymmetry were similar in chimpanzees and humans, but no IPL asymmetries were evident in macaques. Among the comparative sample of primates, humans showed the most widespread asymmetric connections in the frontal, parietal, and temporal cortices, constituting leftward asymmetric networks that may provide an anatomical basis for language and tool use. Unique human asymmetric connectivity between the IPL and primary motor cortex might be related to handedness. These findings suggest that structural and connectional asymmetries may underlie hemispheric specialization of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqi Cheng
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuanchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Gang Li
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jiaojian Wang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
- Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of NeuroscienceShenzhenChina
| | - Chet Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington UniversityWashingtonUnited States
| | - Gaolang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lingzhong Fan
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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40
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Mietchen D, Penev L, Georgiev T, Ovcharova B, Kostadinova I. Open science in practice: 300 published research ideas and outcomes illustrate how RIO Journal facilitates engagement with the research process. RESEARCH IDEAS AND OUTCOMES 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/rio.7.e68595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Research Ideas and Outcomes was launched in late 2015, it has stimulated experimentation around the publication of and engagement with research processes, especially those with a strong open science component. Here, we zoom in on the first 300 RIO articles that have been published and elucidate how they relate to the different stages and variants of the research cycle, how they help address societal challenges and what forms of engagement have evolved around these resources, most of which have a nature and scope that would prevent them from entering the scholarly record via more traditional journals. Building on these observations, we describe some changes we recently introduced in the policies and peer review process at RIO to further facilitate engagement with the research process, including the establishment of an article collections feature that allows us to bring together research ideas and outcomes from within one research cycle or across multiple ones, irrespective of where they have been published.
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