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Szalai R, Hadzsiev K, Till A, Fogarasi A, Bodo T, Buki G, Banfai Z, Bene J. NGS-Based Identification of Two Novel PCDH19 Mutations in Female Patients with Early-Onset Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5732. [PMID: 38891919 PMCID: PMC11171991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy-9 (DEE9) is characterized by seizure onset in infancy, mild to severe intellectual impairment, and psychiatric features and is caused by a mutation in the PCDH19 gene on chromosome Xq22. The rare, unusual X-linked type of disorder affects heterozygous females and mosaic males; transmitting males are unaffected. In our study, 165 patients with epilepsy were tested by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)-based panel and exome sequencing using Illumina technology. PCDH19 screening identified three point mutations, one indel, and one 29 bp-long deletion in five unrelated female probands. Two novel mutations, c.1152_1180del (p.Gln385Serfs*6) and c.830_831delinsAA (p.Phe277*), were identified and found to be de novo pathogenic. Moreover, among the three inherited mutations, two originated from asymptomatic mothers and one from an affected father. The PCDH19 c.1682C>T and c.1711G>T mutations were present in the DNA samples of asymptomatic mothers. After targeted parental testing, X chromosome inactivation tests and Sanger sequencing were carried out for mosaicism examination on maternal saliva samples in the two asymptomatic PCDH19 mutation carrier subjects. Tissue mosaicism and X-inactivation tests were negative. Our results support the opportunity for reduced penetrance in DEE9 and contribute to expanding the genotype-phenotype spectrum of PCDH19-related epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Szalai
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pecs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (R.S.); (K.H.); (A.T.); (G.B.); (Z.B.)
| | - Kinga Hadzsiev
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pecs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (R.S.); (K.H.); (A.T.); (G.B.); (Z.B.)
| | - Agnes Till
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pecs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (R.S.); (K.H.); (A.T.); (G.B.); (Z.B.)
| | - Andras Fogarasi
- Child Neurology Department, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, 1146 Budapest, Hungary; (A.F.); (T.B.)
- Andras Peto Faculty, Semmelweis University, 1125 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Timea Bodo
- Child Neurology Department, Bethesda Children’s Hospital, 1146 Budapest, Hungary; (A.F.); (T.B.)
| | - Gergely Buki
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pecs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (R.S.); (K.H.); (A.T.); (G.B.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zsolt Banfai
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pecs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (R.S.); (K.H.); (A.T.); (G.B.); (Z.B.)
| | - Judit Bene
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pecs Medical School, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (R.S.); (K.H.); (A.T.); (G.B.); (Z.B.)
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2
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Giansante G, Mazzoleni S, Zippo AG, Ponzoni L, Ghilardi A, Maiellano G, Lewerissa E, van Hugte E, Nadif Kasri N, Francolini M, Sala M, Murru L, Bassani S, Passafaro M. Neuronal network activity and connectivity are impaired in a conditional knockout mouse model with PCDH19 mosaic expression. Mol Psychiatry 2023:10.1038/s41380-023-02022-1. [PMID: 36997609 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in PCDH19 gene, which encodes protocadherin-19 (PCDH19), cause Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy 9 (DEE9). Heterogeneous loss of PCDH19 expression in neurons is considered a key determinant of the disorder; however, how PCDH19 mosaic expression affects neuronal network activity and circuits is largely unclear. Here, we show that the hippocampus of Pcdh19 mosaic mice is characterized by structural and functional synaptic defects and by the presence of PCDH19-negative hyperexcitable neurons. Furthermore, global reduction of network firing rate and increased neuronal synchronization have been observed in different limbic system areas. Finally, network activity analysis in freely behaving mice revealed a decrease in excitatory/inhibitory ratio and functional hyperconnectivity within the limbic system of Pcdh19 mosaic mice. Altogether, these results indicate that altered PCDH19 expression profoundly affects circuit wiring and functioning, and provide new key to interpret DEE9 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Mazzoleni
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, 20854, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20129, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio G Zippo
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, 20854, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
- NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Luisa Ponzoni
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, 20854, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Anna Ghilardi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20129, Milano, Italy
| | - Greta Maiellano
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20129, Milano, Italy
| | - Elly Lewerissa
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Human Genetics Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Eline van Hugte
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Human Genetics Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Department of Human Genetics, Department of Human Genetics Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Maura Francolini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20129, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Luca Murru
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, 20854, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
- NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Bassani
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, 20854, Vedano al Lambro, Italy.
- NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy.
| | - Maria Passafaro
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, 20854, Vedano al Lambro, Italy.
- NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy.
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3
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Cellular and Behavioral Characterization of Pcdh19 Mutant Mice: subtle Molecular Changes, Increased Exploratory Behavior and an Impact of Social Environment. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0510-20.2021. [PMID: 34272258 PMCID: PMC8362684 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0510-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the X-linked cell adhesion protein PCDH19 lead to seizures, cognitive impairment, and other behavioral comorbidities when present in a mosaic pattern. Neither the molecular mechanisms underpinning this disorder nor the function of PCDH19 itself are well understood. By combining RNA in situ hybridization with immunohistochemistry and analyzing single-cell RNA sequencing datasets, we reveal Pcdh19 expression in cortical interneurons and provide a first account of the subtypes of neurons expressing Pcdh19/PCDH19, both in the mouse and the human cortex. Our quantitative analysis of the Pcdh19 mutant mouse exposes subtle changes in cortical layer composition, with no major alterations of the main axonal tracts. In addition, Pcdh19 mutant animals, particularly females, display preweaning behavioral changes, including reduced anxiety and increased exploratory behavior. Importantly, our experiments also reveal an effect of the social environment on the behavior of wild-type littermates of Pcdh19 mutant mice, which show alterations when compared with wild-type animals not housed with mutants.
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Lv X, Ren SQ, Zhang XJ, Shen Z, Ghosh T, Xianyu A, Gao P, Li Z, Lin S, Yu Y, Zhang Q, Groszer M, Shi SH. TBR2 coordinates neurogenesis expansion and precise microcircuit organization via Protocadherin 19 in the mammalian cortex. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3946. [PMID: 31477701 PMCID: PMC6718393 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cortex expansion is a hallmark of mammalian brain evolution; yet, how increased neurogenesis is coordinated with structural and functional development remains largely unclear. The T-box protein TBR2/EOMES is preferentially enriched in intermediate progenitors and supports cortical neurogenesis expansion. Here we show that TBR2 regulates fine-scale spatial and circuit organization of excitatory neurons in addition to enhancing neurogenesis in the mouse cortex. TBR2 removal leads to a significant reduction in neuronal, but not glial, output of individual radial glial progenitors as revealed by mosaic analysis with double markers. Moreover, in the absence of TBR2, clonally related excitatory neurons become more laterally dispersed and their preferential synapse development is impaired. Interestingly, TBR2 directly regulates the expression of Protocadherin 19 (PCDH19), and simultaneous PCDH19 expression rescues neurogenesis and neuronal organization defects caused by TBR2 removal. Together, these results suggest that TBR2 coordinates neurogenesis expansion and precise microcircuit assembly via PCDH19 in the mammalian cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Lv
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Si-Qiang Ren
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center of Biological Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xin-Jun Zhang
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Zhongfu Shen
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center of Biological Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tanay Ghosh
- Inserm, UMR-S839, Sorbonne Université, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council- Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Anjin Xianyu
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Graduate Program in Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Peng Gao
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Zhizhong Li
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Susan Lin
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yang Yu
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Qiangqiang Zhang
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Matthias Groszer
- Inserm, UMR-S839, Sorbonne Université, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Song-Hai Shi
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center of Biological Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Graduate Program in Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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5
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Cdh4 Down-Regulation Impairs in Vivo Infiltration and Malignancy in Patients Derived Glioblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20164028. [PMID: 31426573 PMCID: PMC6718984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20164028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The high invasive phenotype of glioblastoma is one of the main causes of therapy inefficacy and tumor relapse. Cell adhesion molecules of the cadherin family are involved in cell migration and are known as master regulators of epithelial tumor invasiveness, but their role in glioblastoma is less understood. In particular, we recently demonstrated, in the syngeneic murine model, the occurrence of a previously undescribed cadherin switch between Cdh2 and Cdh4 during gliomagenesis, which is necessary for the acquisition of the highly infiltrative and tumorigenic phenotype of these cells. In the present study, we tested the role of Cdh4 in human gliomas. Our results on patient-derived glioma cells demonstrate a positive correlation between Cdh4 expression levels and the loss of cell-cell contact inhibition of proliferation controls that allows cells to proliferate over confluence. Moreover, the silencing of Cdh4 by artificial microRNAs induced a decrease in the infiltrative ability of human glioma cells both in vitro and in vivo. More strikingly, Cdh4 silencing induced an impairment of the tumorigenic potential of these cells after orthotopic transplantation in immunodeficient mice. Overall, we conclude that in human glioblastoma, Cdh4 can also actively contribute in regulating cell invasiveness and malignancy.
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6
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Santos HP, Bhattacharya A, Martin EM, Addo K, Psioda M, Smeester L, Joseph RM, Hooper SR, Frazier JA, Kuban KC, O’Shea T, Fry RC. Epigenome-wide DNA methylation in placentas from preterm infants: association with maternal socioeconomic status. Epigenetics 2019; 14:751-765. [PMID: 31062658 PMCID: PMC6615526 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1614743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the hypothesis that prenatal maternal socioeconomic status (SES) adversity is associated with DNA methylation in the placenta. SES adversity was defined by the presence of, as well as a summative count of, four factors: less than college education, single marital status, food and nutritional service assistance, and public health insurance. Epigenome-wide DNA methylation was assessed using the Illumina EPIC array in 426 placentas from a sample of infants born < 28 weeks of gestation from the Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborn cohort. Associations between SES adversity and DNA methylation were assessed with robust linear regressions adjusted for covariates and controlled the false discovery rate at < 10%. We also examined whether such associations were sex specific. Indicators of SES adversity were associated with differential methylation at 33 CpG sites. Of the 33 identified CpG sites, 19 (57.6%) displayed increased methylation, and 14 (42.4%) displayed decreased methylation in association with at least one of the SES adversity factors. Sex differences were observed in DNA methylation associated with summative SES score; in which placentas derived from female pregnancies showed more robust differential CpG methylation than placentas from male pregnancies. Maternal SES adversity was associated with differential methylation of genes with key role in gene transcription and placental function, potentially altering immunity and stress response. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the role of epigenetic differences in mediating the association between maternal socioeconomic status during pregnancy and later life health outcomes in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson P. Santos
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Arjun Bhattacharya
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Martin
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kezia Addo
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matt Psioda
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lisa Smeester
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert M. Joseph
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen R. Hooper
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jean A. Frazier
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School/University of Massachusetts Memorial Health Care, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Karl C. Kuban
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T.Michael O’Shea
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca C. Fry
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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7
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Nimura T, Itoh T, Hagio H, Hayashi T, Di Donato V, Takeuchi M, Itoh T, Inoguchi F, Sato Y, Yamamoto N, Katsuyama Y, Del Bene F, Shimizu T, Hibi M. Role of Reelin in cell positioning in the cerebellum and the cerebellum-like structure in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2019; 455:393-408. [PMID: 31323192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum and the cerebellum-like structure in the mesencephalic tectum in zebrafish contain multiple cell types, including principal cells (i.e., Purkinje cells and type I neurons) and granule cells, that form neural circuits in which the principal cells receive and integrate inputs from granule cells and other neurons. It is largely unknown how these cells are positioned and how neural circuits form. While Reelin signaling is known to play an important role in cell positioning in the mammalian brain, its role in the formation of other vertebrate brains remains elusive. Here we found that zebrafish with mutations in Reelin or in the Reelin-signaling molecules Vldlr or Dab1a exhibited ectopic Purkinje cells, eurydendroid cells (projection neurons), and Bergmann glial cells in the cerebellum, and ectopic type I neurons in the tectum. The ectopic Purkinje cells and type I neurons received aberrant afferent fibers in these mutants. In wild-type zebrafish, reelin transcripts were detected in the internal granule cell layer, while Reelin protein was localized to the superficial layer of the cerebellum and the tectum. Laser ablation of the granule cell axons perturbed the localization of Reelin, and the mutation of both kif5aa and kif5ba, which encode major kinesin I components in the granule cells, disrupted the elongation of granule cell axons and the Reelin distribution. Our findings suggest that in zebrafish, (1) Reelin is transported from the granule cell soma to the superficial layer by axonal transport; (2) Reelin controls the migration of neurons and glial cells from the ventricular zone; and (3) Purkinje cells and type I neurons attract afferent axons during the formation of the cerebellum and the cerebellum-like structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nimura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Itoh
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hanako Hagio
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan; Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takuto Hayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Vincenzo Di Donato
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, UPMC Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Miki Takeuchi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takeaki Itoh
- Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Fuduki Inoguchi
- Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Sato
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yu Katsuyama
- Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Filippo Del Bene
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, UPMC Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Takashi Shimizu
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan; Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hibi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan; Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
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8
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Tervasmäki A, Mantere T, Eshraghi L, Laurila N, Tuppurainen H, Ronkainen VP, Koivuluoma S, Devarajan R, Peltoketo H, Pylkäs K. Tumor suppressor MCPH1 regulates gene expression profiles related to malignant conversion and chromosomal assembly. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:2070-2081. [PMID: 30809794 PMCID: PMC6767439 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Strong inherited predisposition to breast cancer is estimated to cause about 5–10% of all breast cancer cases. As the known susceptibility genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, explain only a fraction of this, additional predisposing genes and related biological mechanisms are actively being searched for. We have recently identified a recurrent MCPH1 germline mutation, p.Arg304ValfsTer3, as a breast cancer susceptibility allele. MCPH1 encodes a multifunctional protein involved in maintenance of genomic integrity and it is also somatically altered in various cancer types, including breast cancer. Additionally, biallelic MCPH1 mutations are causative for microcephaly and at cellular level premature chromosome condensation. To study the molecular mechanisms leading to cancer predisposition and malignant conversion, here we have modeled the effect of MCPH1 p.Arg304ValfsTer3 mutation using gene‐edited MCF10A breast epithelial cells. As a complementary approach, we also sought for additional potential cancer driver mutations in MCPH1 p.Arg304ValfsTer3 carrier breast tumors. We show that mutated MCPH1 de‐regulates transcriptional programs related to invasion and metastasis and leads to downregulation of histone genes. These global transcriptional changes are mirrored by significantly increased migration and invasion potential of the cells as well as abnormal chromosomal condensation both before and after mitosis. These findings provide novel molecular insights to MCPH1 tumor suppressor functions and establish a role in regulation of transcriptional programs related to malignant conversion and chromosomal assembly. The MCPH1 p.Arg304ValfsTer3 carrier breast tumors showed recurrent tumor suppressor gene TP53 mutations, which were also significantly over‐represented in breast tumors with somatically inactivated MCPH1. What's new? Even though several breast cancer susceptibility genes have been identified, additional molecular mechanisms behind predisposition and the promotion of malignant conversion remain obscure. Here, the authors show that a previously‐identified breast cancer predisposing allele in tumor suppressor MCPH1 deregulates transcriptional programs related to invasion and metastasis and leads to down‐regulation of histone genes. These global transcriptional changes are mirrored by increased cell migration and invasion potential and abnormal chromosomal condensation. The findings provide novel molecular insights into MCPH1 tumor suppressor functions and establish a role in the regulation of transcriptional programs related to malignant conversion and chromosomal assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tervasmäki
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomo Mantere
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Leila Eshraghi
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Niina Laurila
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hanna Tuppurainen
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Veli-Pekka Ronkainen
- Biocenter Oulu, Light Microscopy Core Facility, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Susanna Koivuluoma
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Raman Devarajan
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hellevi Peltoketo
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Katri Pylkäs
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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9
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Gerosa L, Francolini M, Bassani S, Passafaro M. The Role of Protocadherin 19 (PCDH19) in Neurodevelopment and in the Pathophysiology of Early Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy-9 (EIEE9). Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:75-84. [PMID: 30431232 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PCDH19 is considered one of the most clinically relevant genes in epilepsy, second only to SCN1A. To date about 150 mutations have been identified as causative for PCDH19-female epilepsy (also known as early infantile epileptic encephalopathy-9, EIEE9), which is characterized by early onset epilepsy, intellectual disabilities, and behavioral disturbances. Although little is known about the physiological role of PCDH19 and the pathogenic mechanisms that lead to EIEE9, in this review, we will present latest researches focused on these aspects, underlining protein expression, its known functions and the mechanisms by which the protein acts, with particular interest in PCDH19 extracellular and intracellular roles in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maura Francolini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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10
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Niazi R, Fanning EA, Depienne C, Sarmady M, Abou Tayoun AN. A mutation update for the PCDH19 gene causing early-onset epilepsy in females with an unusual expression pattern. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:243-257. [PMID: 30582250 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The PCDH19 gene consists of six exons encoding a 1,148 amino acid transmembrane protein, Protocadherin 19, which is involved in brain development. Heterozygous pathogenic variants in this gene are inherited in an unusual X-linked dominant pattern in which heterozygous females are affected, while hemizygous males are typically unaffected, although they pass on the pathogenic variant to each affected daughter. PCDH19-related disorder is known to cause early-onset epilepsy in females characterized by seizure clusters exacerbated by fever and in most cases, onset is within the first year of life. This condition was initially described in 1971 and in 2008 PCDH19 was identified as the underlying genetic etiology. This condition is the result of pathogenic loss-of-function variants that may be de novo or inherited from an affected mother or unaffected father and cellular interference has been hypothesized to be the culprit. Heterozygous females are symptomatic because of the presence of both wild-type and mutant cells that interfere with one another due to the production of different surface proteins, whereas nonmosaic hemizygous males produce a homogenous population of cells. Here, we review novel pathogenic variants in the PCDH19 gene since 2012 to date, and summarize any genotype-phenotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojeen Niazi
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth A Fanning
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christel Depienne
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris, 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France.,IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104/INSERM U964/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Mahdi Sarmady
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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11
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Schaarschuch A, Hertel N. Expression profile of N-cadherin and protocadherin-19 in postnatal mouse limbic structures. J Comp Neurol 2017; 526:663-680. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schaarschuch
- Institute of Anatomy I, Friedrich Schiller University School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital; Jena Germany
| | - Nicole Hertel
- Institute of Anatomy I, Friedrich Schiller University School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital; Jena Germany
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12
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Pham DH, Tan CC, Homan CC, Kolc KL, Corbett MA, McAninch D, Fox AH, Thomas PQ, Kumar R, Gecz J. Protocadherin 19 (PCDH19) interacts with paraspeckle protein NONO to co-regulate gene expression with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:2042-2052. [PMID: 28334947 PMCID: PMC5437529 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo and inherited mutations of X-chromosome cell adhesion molecule protocadherin 19 (PCDH19) cause frequent, highly variable epilepsy, autism, cognitive decline and behavioural problems syndrome. Intriguingly, hemizygous null males are not affected while heterozygous females are, contradicting established X-chromosome inheritance. The disease mechanism is not known. Cellular mosaicism is the likely driver. We have identified p54nrb/NONO, a multifunctional nuclear paraspeckle protein with known roles in nuclear hormone receptor gene regulation, as a PCDH19 protein interacting partner. Using breast cancer cells we show that PCDH19-NONO complex is a positive co-regulator of ERα-mediated gene expression. Expression of mutant PCDH19 affects at least a subset of known ERα-regulated genes. These data are consistent with our findings that genes regulated by nuclear hormone receptors and those involved in the metabolism of neurosteroids in particular are dysregulated in PCDH19-epilepsy girls and affected mosaic males. Overall we define and characterize a novel mechanism of gene regulation driven by PCDH19, which is mediated by paraspeckle constituent NONO and is ERα-dependent. This PCDH19-NONO-ERα axis is of relevance not only to PCDH19-epilepsy and its comorbidities but likely also to ERα and generally nuclear hormone receptor-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duyen H. Pham
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia
| | - Chuan C. Tan
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Claire C. Homan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Kristy L. Kolc
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia
| | - Mark A. Corbett
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia
| | - Dale McAninch
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Archa H. Fox
- School of Human Sciences and School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009 and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Paul Q. Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Raman Kumar
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia
| | - Jozef Gecz
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +61 883133245; Fax: +61 881617342;
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13
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Oswald F, Klöble P, Ruland A, Rosenkranz D, Hinz B, Butter F, Ramljak S, Zechner U, Herlyn H. The FOXP2-Driven Network in Developmental Disorders and Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:212. [PMID: 28798667 PMCID: PMC5526973 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription repressor FOXP2 is a crucial player in nervous system evolution and development of humans and songbirds. In order to provide an additional insight into its functional role we compared target gene expression levels between human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) stably overexpressing FOXP2 cDNA of either humans or the common chimpanzee, Rhesus monkey, and marmoset, respectively. RNA-seq led to identification of 27 genes with differential regulation under the control of human FOXP2, which were previously reported to have FOXP2-driven and/or songbird song-related expression regulation. RT-qPCR and Western blotting indicated differential regulation of additional 13 new target genes in response to overexpression of human FOXP2. These genes may be directly regulated by FOXP2 considering numerous matches of established FOXP2-binding motifs as well as publicly available FOXP2-ChIP-seq reads within their putative promoters. Ontology analysis of the new and reproduced targets, along with their interactors in a network, revealed an enrichment of terms relating to cellular signaling and communication, metabolism and catabolism, cellular migration and differentiation, and expression regulation. Notably, terms including the words "neuron" or "axonogenesis" were also enriched. Complementary literature screening uncovered many connections to human developmental (autism spectrum disease, schizophrenia, Down syndrome, agenesis of corpus callosum, trismus-pseudocamptodactyly, ankyloglossia, facial dysmorphology) and neurodegenerative diseases and disorders (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, Lewy body dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). Links to deafness and dyslexia were detected, too. Such relations existed for single proteins (e.g., DCDC2, NURR1, PHOX2B, MYH8, and MYH13) and groups of proteins which conjointly function in mRNA processing, ribosomal recruitment, cell-cell adhesion (e.g., CDH4), cytoskeleton organization, neuro-inflammation, and processing of amyloid precursor protein. Conspicuously, many links pointed to an involvement of the FOXP2-driven network in JAK/STAT signaling and the regulation of the ezrin-radixin-moesin complex. Altogether, the applied phylogenetic perspective substantiated FOXP2's importance for nervous system development, maintenance, and functioning. However, the study also disclosed new regulatory pathways that might prove to be useful for understanding the molecular background of the aforementioned developmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Oswald
- Center for Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center UlmUlm, Germany
| | - Patricia Klöble
- Center for Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center UlmUlm, Germany
| | - André Ruland
- Center for Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center UlmUlm, Germany
| | - David Rosenkranz
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-University MainzMainz, Germany
| | - Bastian Hinz
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-University MainzMainz, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center MainzMainz, Germany
| | - Falk Butter
- Institute of Molecular BiologyMainz, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Zechner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center MainzMainz, Germany
- Dr. Senckenbergisches Zentrum für HumangenetikFrankfurt, Germany
| | - Holger Herlyn
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-University MainzMainz, Germany
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14
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Hayashi S, Inoue Y, Hattori S, Kaneko M, Shioi G, Miyakawa T, Takeichi M. Loss of X-linked Protocadherin-19 differentially affects the behavior of heterozygous female and hemizygous male mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5801. [PMID: 28724954 PMCID: PMC5517645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the X-linked gene Protocadherin-19 (Pcdh19) cause female-limited epilepsy and mental retardation in humans. Although Pcdh19 is known to be a homophilic cell-cell adhesion molecule, how its mutations bring about female-specific disorders remains elusive. Here, we report the effects of Pcdh19 knockout in mice on their development and behavior. Pcdh19 was expressed in various brain regions including the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Although Pcdh19-positive cells were evenly distributed in layer V of wild-type cortices, their distribution became a mosaic in Pcdh19 heterozygous female cortices. In cortical and hippocampal neurons, Pcdh19 was localized along their dendrites, showing occasional accumulation on synapses. Pcdh19 mutants, however, displayed no detectable abnormalities in dendrite and spine morphology of layer V neurons. Nevertheless, Pcdh19 hemizygous males and heterozygous females showed impaired behaviors including activity defects under stress conditions. Notably, only heterozygous females exhibited decreased fear responses. In addition, Pcdh19 overexpression in wild-type cortices led to ectopic clustering of Pcdh19-positive neurons. These results suggest that Pcdh19 is required for behavioral control in mice, but its genetic loss differentially affects the male and female behavior, as seen in human, and they also support the hypothesis that the mosaic expression of Pcdh19 in brains perturbs neuronal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Hayashi
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan. .,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Le Gros Clark Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
| | - Yoko Inoue
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Satoko Hattori
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Mari Kaneko
- Animal Resource Development Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Go Shioi
- Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan.,Section of Behavior Patterns, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takeichi
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
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15
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A chromosome 16p13.11 microduplication causes hyperactivity through dysregulation of miR-484/protocadherin-19 signaling. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:364-374. [PMID: 27378146 PMCID: PMC5322274 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 16p13.11 microduplication is a risk factor associated with various neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disabilities, developmental delay and autistic spectrum disorder. The underlying molecular mechanism of this genetic variation remained unknown, but its core genetic locus-conserved across mice and humans-contains seven genes. Here, we generated bacterial artificial chromosome-transgenic mice carrying a human 16p13.11 locus, and these mice showed the behavioral hyperactivity phenotype. We identified miR-484 as the responsible gene using a combination of expression and functional analyses. Mature miR-484 was expressed during active cortical neurogenesis, and overexpression of miR-484 decreased proliferation and increased neural progenitor differentiation in vivo. Luciferase screening identified the 3'-untranslated region of protocadherin-19 (Pcdh19) as a target of miR-484. The effect of miR-484 on neurogenesis was rescued by ectopic PCDH19 expression. These results demonstrate that miR-484 promotes neurogenesis by inhibiting PCDH19. Dysregulation of neurogenesis by imbalanced miR-484/PCDH19 expression contributes to the pathogenesis of 16p13.11 microduplication syndrome.
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16
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Schaarschuch A, Redies C, Hertel N. Unspecific binding of cRNA probe to plaques in two mouse models for Alzheimer's disease. J Negat Results Biomed 2016; 15:22. [PMID: 27978824 PMCID: PMC5159973 DOI: 10.1186/s12952-016-0065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the pathological deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein-containing plaques. Microglia and astrocytes are commonly attracted to the plaques by an unknown mechanism that may involve cell adhesion. One cell adhesion family of proteins, the cadherins, are widely expressed in the central nervous system. Therefore, our study was designed to map the expression of cadherins in AD mouse brains. A particular focus was on plaques because diverse mRNA-species were found in plaques and their surrounding area in brains of AD patients. Methods In this study, we used in situ hybridization to visualize cadherin expression in brains of two mouse models for AD (APP/PS1 and APP23). Results A variable number of plaques was detected in transgenic brain sections, depending on the probe used. Our first impression was that the cadherin probes visualized specific mRNA expression in plaques and that endogenous staining was unaffected. However, control experiments revealed unspecific binding with sense probes. Further experiments with variations in probe length, probe sequence, molecular tag and experimental procedure lead us to conclude that cRNA probes bind generally and in an unspecific manner to plaques. Conclusions We demonstrate unspecific binding of cRNA probes to plaques in two mouse models for AD. The widespread and general staining of the plaques prevented us from studying endogenous expression of cadherins in transgenic brain by in situ hybridization. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12952-016-0065-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schaarschuch
- Institute of Anatomy I, Friedrich Schiller University School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Redies
- Institute of Anatomy I, Friedrich Schiller University School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole Hertel
- Institute of Anatomy I, Friedrich Schiller University School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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17
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Wagener RJ, Witte M, Guy J, Mingo-Moreno N, Kügler S, Staiger JF. Thalamocortical Connections Drive Intracortical Activation of Functional Columns in the Mislaminated Reeler Somatosensory Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:820-37. [PMID: 26564256 PMCID: PMC4712806 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal wiring is key to proper neural information processing. Tactile information from the rodent's whiskers reaches the cortex via distinct anatomical pathways. The lemniscal pathway relays whisking and touch information from the ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus to layer IV of the primary somatosensory “barrel” cortex. The disorganized neocortex of the reeler mouse is a model system that should severely compromise the ingrowth of thalamocortical axons (TCAs) into the cortex. Moreover, it could disrupt intracortical wiring. We found that neuronal intermingling within the reeler barrel cortex substantially exceeded previous descriptions, leading to the loss of layers. However, viral tracing revealed that TCAs still specifically targeted transgenically labeled spiny layer IV neurons. Slice electrophysiology and optogenetics proved that these connections represent functional synapses. In addition, we assessed intracortical activation via immediate-early-gene expression resulting from a behavioral exploration task. The cellular composition of activated neuronal ensembles suggests extensive similarities in intracolumnar information processing in the wild-type and reeler brains. We conclude that extensive ectopic positioning of neuronal partners can be compensated for by cell-autonomous mechanisms that allow for the establishment of proper connectivity. Thus, genetic neuronal fate seems to be of greater importance for correct cortical wiring than radial neuronal position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Wagener
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mirko Witte
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julien Guy
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nieves Mingo-Moreno
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kügler
- Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
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18
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Liu Q, Bhattarai S, Wang N, Sochacka-Marlowe A. Differential expression of protocadherin-19, protocadherin-17, and cadherin-6 in adult zebrafish brain. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:1419-42. [PMID: 25612302 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecule cadherins play important roles in both development and maintenance of adult structures. Most studies on cadherin expression have been carried out in developing organisms, but information on cadherin distribution in adult vertebrate brains is limited. In this study we used in situ hybridization to examine mRNA expression of three cadherins, protocadherin-19, protocadherin-17, and cadherin-6 in adult zebrafish brain. Each cadherin exhibits a distinct expression pattern in the fish brain, with protocadherin-19 and protocadherin-17 showing much wider and stronger expression than that of cadherin-6. Both protocadherin-19 and protocadherin-17-expressing cells occur throughout the brain, with strong expression in the ventromedial telencephalon, periventricular regions of the thalamus and anterior hypothalamus, stratum periventriculare of the optic tectum, dorsal tegmental nucleus, granular regions of the cerebellar body and valvula, and superficial layers of the facial and vagal lobes. Numerous sensory structures (e.g., auditory, gustatory, lateral line, olfactory, and visual nuclei) and motor nuclei (e.g., oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal motor, abducens, and vagal motor nuclei) contain protocadherin-19 and/or protocadherin-17-expressing cell. Expression of these two protocadherins is similar in the ventromedial telencephalon, thalamus, hypothalamus, facial, and vagal lobes, but substantially different in the dorsolateral telencephalon, intermediate layers of the optic tectum, and cerebellar valvula. In contrast to the two protocadherins, cadherin-6 expression is much weaker and limited in the adult fish brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Liu
- Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience Program, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, 44325
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19
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Friedman LG, Benson DL, Huntley GW. Cadherin-based transsynaptic networks in establishing and modifying neural connectivity. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 112:415-65. [PMID: 25733148 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is tacitly understood that cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are critically important for the development of cells, circuits, and synapses in the brain. What is less clear is what CAMs continue to contribute to brain structure and function after the early period of development. Here, we focus on the cadherin family of CAMs to first briefly recap their multidimensional roles in neural development and then to highlight emerging data showing that with maturity, cadherins become largely dispensible for maintaining neuronal and synaptic structure, instead displaying new and narrower roles at mature synapses where they critically regulate dynamic aspects of synaptic signaling, structural plasticity, and cognitive function. At mature synapses, cadherins are an integral component of multiprotein networks, modifying synaptic signaling, morphology, and plasticity through collaborative interactions with other CAM family members as well as a variety of neurotransmitter receptors, scaffolding proteins, and other effector molecules. Such recognition of the ever-evolving functions of synaptic cadherins may yield insight into the pathophysiology of brain disorders in which cadherins have been implicated and that manifest at different times of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G Friedman
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Deanna L Benson
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - George W Huntley
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
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20
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Wakimoto M, Sehara K, Ebisu H, Hoshiba Y, Tsunoda S, Ichikawa Y, Kawasaki H. Classic Cadherins Mediate Selective Intracortical Circuit Formation in the Mouse Neocortex. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:3535-46. [PMID: 25230944 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of selective intracortical circuitry is one of the important questions in neuroscience research. "Barrel nets" are recently identified intracortical axonal trajectories derived from layer 2/3 neurons in layer 4 of the primary somatosensory (barrel) cortex. Axons of layer 2/3 neurons are preferentially distributed in the septal regions of layer 4 of the barrel cortex, where they show whisker-related patterns. Because cadherins have been viewed as potential candidates that mediate the formation of selective neuronal circuits, here we examined the role of cadherins in the formation of barrel nets. We disrupted the function of cadherins by expressing dominant-negative cadherin (dn-cadherin) using in utero electroporation and found that barrel nets were severely disrupted. Confocal microscopic analysis revealed that expression of dn-cadherin reduced the density of axons in septal regions in layer 4 of the barrel cortex. We also found that cadherins were important for the formation, rather than the maintenance, of barrel nets. Our results uncover an important role of cadherins in the formation of local intracortical circuitry in the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Wakimoto
- Department of Biophysical Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan Brain/Liver Interface Medicine Research Center, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan Department of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sehara
- Department of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Haruka Ebisu
- Department of Biophysical Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan Brain/Liver Interface Medicine Research Center, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan Department of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hoshiba
- Department of Biophysical Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan Brain/Liver Interface Medicine Research Center, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan Department of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinichi Tsunoda
- Department of Biophysical Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan Brain/Liver Interface Medicine Research Center, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yoshie Ichikawa
- Department of Biophysical Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan Brain/Liver Interface Medicine Research Center, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Biophysical Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan Brain/Liver Interface Medicine Research Center, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan Department of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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21
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Stoya G, Redies C, Schmid-Hertel N. Inversion of layer-specific cadherin expression profiles and maintenance of cytoarchitectonic areas in the allocortex of the reeler mutant mouse. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:3106-19. [PMID: 24591110 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cadherins are calcium-depending cell adhesion proteins that play critical roles in brain morphogenesis and wiring. They provide an adhesive code for the development of cortical layers, due to their homophilic interactions and their restricted spatiotemporal expression patterns. In the adult organism, cadherins are involved in the maintenance and plasticity of neuronal circuits that play a role in learning. A well-known model for studying corticogenesis is the reeler mouse model. Numerous investigations of neocortical development suggest that, in the reeler mutant mouse, the lack of the protein Reelin results in cell-type and region-dependent changes of the neocortical layers. To investigate in detail how layer formation and regionalization is perturbed in the phylogenetically older archicortex of the adult reeler mutant mouse, we studied the expression of 11 different cadherins (Cdh4, Cdh7, Cdh8, Cdh11, Pcdh1, Pcdh7, Pcdh8, Pcdh9, Pcdh10, Pcdh17, and Pcdh19) and of the transcription factors ER81 and Cux2 by in situ hybridization in the (peri-)archicortex. All cadherins studied show a layer-specific expression in the (peri-)archicortex of the wildtype brain. In the archicortex of the reeler mutant, the cadherin-expressing cell layers are dispersed in the radial dimension, whereas in the periarchicortex the superficial and deep layers are inverted, both in the adult and during development. Possibly, this inversion relates to the histoarchitectural division of the reeler entorhinal cortex into an external and an internal zone. The regionalized, gradient-like expression of the cadherins is preserved in the reeler mutant mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Stoya
- Institute of Anatomy, Friedrich Schiller University School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital, 07743, Jena, Germany
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22
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Lin J, Wang C, Redies C. Restricted expression of classic cadherins in the spinal cord of the chicken embryo. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:18. [PMID: 24744704 PMCID: PMC3978366 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Classic cadherins belong to the family of cadherin genes and play important roles in neurogenesis, neuron migration, and axon growth. In the present study, we compared the expression patterns of 10 classic cadherins (Cdh2, Cdh4, Cdh6, Cdh7, Cdh8, Cdh9, Cdh11, Cdh12, Cdh18, and Cdh20) in the developing chicken spinal cord (SP) by in situ hybridization. Our results indicate that each of the investigated cadherins exhibits a spatially restricted and temporally regulated pattern of expression. At early developmental stages (E2.5–E3), Cdh2 is expressed throughout the neuroepithelial layer. Cdh6 is strongly positive in the roof plate and later also in the floor plate. Cdh7, Cdh11, Cdh12, and Cdh20 are expressed in restricted regions of the basal plate of the SP. At intermediate stages of development (E4–E10), specific expression profiles are observed for all investigated cadherins in the differentiating mantle layer along the dorsoventral, mediolateral, and rostrocaudal dimensions. Expression profiles are especially diverse for Cdh2, Cdh4, Cdh8, Cdh11, and Cdh20 in the dorsal horn, while different pools of motor neurons exhibit signal for Cdh6, Cdh7, Cdh8, Cdh9, Cdh12, and Cdh20 in the ventral horn. Interestingly, subpopulations of cells in the dorsal root ganglion express combinations of different cadherins. In the surrounding tissues, such as the boundary cap cells and the notochord, the cadherins are also expressed differentially. The highly regulated spatiotemporal expression patterns of the classic cadherins indicate that these genes potentially play multiple and diverse roles during the development of the SP and its surrounding tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntang Lin
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Jena School of Medicine - Jena University Hospital Jena, Germany ; Xinxiang Medical University Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Congrui Wang
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Jena School of Medicine - Jena University Hospital Jena, Germany ; Xinxiang Medical University Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Christoph Redies
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Jena School of Medicine - Jena University Hospital Jena, Germany
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23
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Hertel N, Redies C, Medina L. Cadherin expression delineates the divisions of the postnatal and adult mouse amygdala. J Comp Neurol 2013; 520:3982-4012. [PMID: 22592879 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The amygdaloid complex represents a group of telencephalic nuclei and cortical areas that control emotional and social behavior. Amygdalar development is poorly understood. It is generally accepted that the structures of the amygdala originate from the neuroepithelium at both sides of the pallial-subpallial boundary. In the present study, we mapped the expression of 13 members of the cadherin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules, which provide an adhesive code for the development and maintenance of functional structures in the central nervous system (CNS). Five classic cadherins (Cdh4, Cdh6, Cdh7, Cdh8, Cdh11) and eight delta-protocadherins (Pcdh1, Pcdh7, Pcdh8, Pcdh9, Pcdh10, Pcdh11, PCdh17, PCdh19) were studied by in situ hybridization in the postnatal (P5) and adult mouse amygdala. In the different parts of the amygdala, each of these (proto-) cadherins shows a distinct and spatially restricted expression pattern that is highly similar at postnatal and adult stages. The combinatorial expression of (proto-) cadherins allows the distinction of multiple molecular subdivisions within the amygdala that partially coincide with previously described morphological divisions. Beyond these expected results, a number of novel molecular subdivisions and subpopulations of cells were identified; for example, additional molecular subdomains, patches, or cell aggregates with distinct (proto-) cadherin expression in several nuclei/areas of the amygdala. We also show that several cadherins are molecular markers for particular functional subsystems within the amygdala, such as in the olfactory projections. In summary, (proto-) cadherins provide a code of potentially adhesive cues that can aid the understanding of functional organization in the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hertel
- Institute of Anatomy I, Friedrich Schiller University School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
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24
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Inhibition of TFG function causes hereditary axon degeneration by impairing endoplasmic reticulum structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5091-6. [PMID: 23479643 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1217197110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of gait disorders. Their pathological hallmark is a length-dependent distal axonopathy of nerve fibers in the corticospinal tract. Involvement of other neurons can cause additional neurological symptoms, which define a diverse set of complex hereditary spastic paraplegias. We present two siblings who have the unusual combination of early-onset spastic paraplegia, optic atrophy, and neuropathy. Genome-wide SNP-typing, linkage analysis, and exome sequencing revealed a homozygous c.316C>T (p.R106C) variant in the Trk-fused gene (TFG) as the only plausible mutation. Biochemical characterization of the mutant protein demonstrated a defect in its ability to self-assemble into an oligomeric complex, which is critical for normal TFG function. In cell lines, TFG inhibition slows protein secretion from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and alters ER morphology, disrupting organization of peripheral ER tubules and causing collapse of the ER network onto the underlying microtubule cytoskeleton. The present study provides a unique link between altered ER architecture and neurodegeneration.
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25
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Lin J, Wang C, Redies C. Expression of delta-protocadherins in the spinal cord of the chicken embryo. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:1509-31. [PMID: 22102158 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Protocadherins constitute the largest subfamily of cadherin genes and are widely expressed in the nervous system. In the present study, we cloned eight members of the delta-protocadherin subfamily of cadherins (Pcdh1, Pcdh7, Pcdh8, Pcdh9, Pcdh10, Pcdh17, Pcdh18, and Pcdh19) from the chicken, and investigated their expression in the developing chicken spinal cord by in situ hybridization. Our results showed that each of the investigated delta-protocadherins exhibits a spatially restricted and temporally regulated pattern of expression. Pcdh1, Pcdh8, Pcdh18, and Pcdh19 are expressed in restricted dorsoventral domains of the neuroepithelial layer at early developmental stages (E2.5–E4). In the differentiating mantle layer, specific expression profiles are observed for all eight delta-protocadherins along the dorsoventral, mediolateral, and rostrocaudal dimensions at intermediate stages of development (E6–E10). Expression profiles are especially diverse in the motor column, where different pools of motor neurons exhibit signal for subsets of delta-protocadherins. In the dorsal root ganglion, subpopulations of cells express combinations of Pcdh1, Pcdh7, Pcdh8, Pcdh9, Pcdh10, and Pcdh17. The ventral boundary cap cells are positive for Pcdh7, Pcdh9, and Pcdh10. Signals for Pcdh8, Pcdh18, and Pcdh19 are found in the meninges. Surrounding tissues, such as the notochord, dermomyotome, and sclerotome also exhibit differential expression patterns. The highly regulated spatiotemporal expression patterns of delta-protocadherins suggest that they have multiple and diverse functions during development of the spinal cord and its surrounding tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntang Lin
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Jena School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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26
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Beetz C, Pieber TR, Hertel N, Schabhüttl M, Fischer C, Trajanoski S, Graf E, Keiner S, Kurth I, Wieland T, Varga RE, Timmerman V, Reilly MM, Strom TM, Auer-Grumbach M. Exome sequencing identifies a REEP1 mutation involved in distal hereditary motor neuropathy type V. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 91:139-45. [PMID: 22703882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The distal hereditary motor neuropathies (dHMNs) are a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders affecting the lower motoneuron. In a family with both autosomal-dominant dHMN and dHMN type V (dHMN/dHMN-V) present in three generations, we excluded mutations in all genes known to be associated with a dHMN phenotype through Sanger sequencing and defined three potential loci through linkage analysis. Whole-exome sequencing of two affected individuals revealed a single candidate variant within the linking regions, i.e., a splice-site alteration in REEP1 (c.304-2A>G). A minigene assay confirmed complete loss of splice-acceptor functionality and skipping of the in-frame exon 5. The resulting mRNA is predicted to be expressed at normal levels and to encode an internally shortened protein (p.102_139del). Loss-of-function REEP1 mutations have previously been identified in dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), a disease associated with upper-motoneuron pathology. Consistent with our clinical-genetic data, we show that REEP1 is strongly expressed in the lower motoneurons as well. Upon exogeneous overexpression in cell lines we observe a subcellular localization defect for p.102_139del that differs from that observed for the known HSP-associated missense mutation c.59C>A (p.Ala20Glu). Moreover, we show that p.102_139del, but not p.Ala20Glu, recruits atlastin-1, i.e., one of the REEP1 binding partners, to the altered sites of localization. These data corroborate the loss-of-function nature of REEP1 mutations in HSP and suggest that a different mechanism applies in REEP1-associated dHMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Beetz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Germany
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27
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Cadherins and neuropsychiatric disorders. Brain Res 2012; 1470:130-44. [PMID: 22765916 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cadherins mediate cell-cell adhesion but are also involved in intracellular signaling pathways associated with neuropsychiatric disease. Most of the ∼100 cadherins that are expressed in the brain exhibit characteristic spatiotemporal expression profiles. Cadherins have been shown to regulate neural tube regionalization, neuronal migration, gray matter differentiation, neural circuit formation, spine morphology, synapse formation and synaptic remodeling. The dysfunction of the cadherin-based adhesive system may alter functional connectivity and coherent information processing in the human brain in neuropsychiatric disease. Several neuropsychiatric disorders, such as epilepsy/mental retardation, autism, bipolar disease and schizophrenia, have been associated with cadherins, mostly by genome-wide association studies. For example, CDH15 and PCDH19 are associated with cognitive impairment; CDH5, CDH8, CDH9, CDH10, CDH13, CDH15, PCDH10, PCDH19 and PCDHb4 with autism; CDH7, CDH12, CDH18, PCDH12 and FAT with bipolar disease and schizophrenia; and CDH11, CDH12 and CDH13 with methamphetamine and alcohol dependency. To date, disease-causing mutations are established for PCDH19 in patients with epilepsy, cognitive impairment and/or autistic features. In conclusion, genes encoding members of the cadherin superfamily are of special interest in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disease because cadherins play a pivotal role in the development of the neural circuitry as well as in mature synaptic function.
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Priddle TH, Crow TJ. Protocadherin 11X/Y a human-specific gene pair: an immunohistochemical survey of fetal and adult brains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 23:1933-41. [PMID: 22744706 PMCID: PMC3698369 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Protocadherins 11X and 11Y are cell adhesion molecules of the δ1-protocadherin family. Pcdh11X is present throughout the mammalian radiation; however, 6 million years ago (MYA), a reduplicative translocation of the Xq21.3 block onto what is now human Yp11 created the Homo sapiens-specific PCDH11Y. Therefore, modern human females express PCDH11X whereas males express both PCDH11X and PCDH11Y. PCDH11X/Y has been subject to accelerated evolution resulting in human-specific changes to both proteins, most notably 2 cysteine substitutions in the PCDH11X ectodomain that may alter binding characteristics. The PCDH11X/Y gene pair is postulated to be critical to aspects of human brain evolution related to the neural correlates of language. Therefore, we raised antibodies to investigate the temporal and spatial expression of PCDH11X/Y in cortical and sub-cortical areas of the human fetal brain between 12 and 34 postconceptional weeks. We then used the antibodies to determine if this expression was consistent in a series of adult brains. PCDH11X/Y immunoreactivity was detectable at all developmental stages. Strong expression was detected in the fetal neocortex, ganglionic eminences, cerebellum, and inferior olive. In the adult brain, the cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation, and cerebellum were strongly immunoreactive, with expression also detectable in the brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Priddle
- Department of Psychiatry, POWIC/SANE Research, Oxford University, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK.
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Newbury AJ, Rosen GD. Genetic, morphometric, and behavioral factors linked to the midsagittal area of the corpus callosum. Front Genet 2012; 3:91. [PMID: 22666227 PMCID: PMC3364465 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum is the main commissure connecting left and right cerebral hemispheres, and varies widely in size. Differences in the midsagittal area of the corpus callosum (MSACC) have been associated with a number of cognitive and behavioral phenotypes, including obsessive-compulsive disorders, psychopathy, suicidal tendencies, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, autism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Although there is evidence to suggest that MSACC is heritable in normal human populations, there is surprisingly little evidence concerning the genetic modulation of this variation. Mice provide a potentially ideal tool to dissect the genetic modulation of MSACC. Here, we use a large genetic reference panel – the BXD recombinant inbred line – to dissect the natural variation of the MSACC. We estimated the MSACC in over 300 individuals from nearly 80 strains. We found a 4-fold difference in MSACC between individual mice, and a 2.5-fold difference among strains. MSACC is a highly heritable trait (h2 = 0.60), and we mapped a suggestive QTL to the distal portion of Chr 14. Using sequence data and neocortical expression databases, we were able to identify eight positional and plausible biological candidate genes within this interval. Finally, we found that MSACC correlated with behavioral traits associated with anxiety and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Newbury
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston, MA, USA
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30
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Lefkovics K, Mayer M, Bercsényi K, Szabó G, Lele Z. Comparative analysis of type II classic cadherin mRNA distribution patterns in the developing and adult mouse somatosensory cortex and hippocampus suggests significant functional redundancy. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:1387-1405. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Depienne C, LeGuern E. PCDH19-related infantile epileptic encephalopathy: an unusual X-linked inheritance disorder. Hum Mutat 2012; 33:627-34. [PMID: 22267240 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PCDH19 encodes protocadherin 19 on chromosome Xq22.3. This 1,148-amino-acid protein, highly expressed during brain development, could play significant roles in neuronal migration or establishment of synaptic connections. PCDH19 is composed of six exons, with a large first exon encoding the entire extracellular domain of the protein. Heterozygous PCDH19 mutations were initially identified in epilepsy and mental retardation limited to females, a familial disorder with a singular mode of inheritance as only heterozygous females are affected, whereas hemizygous males are asymptomatic. Yet, mosaic males can also be affected, supporting cellular interference as the pathogenic mechanism. Recently, mutations in PCDH19, mostly occurring de novo, were shown to be a frequent cause of sporadic infantile-onset epileptic encephalopathy in females. PCDH19 mutations were also identified in epileptic females without cognitive impairment. Typical features of this new epileptic syndrome include generalized or focal seizures highly sensitive to fever, and brief seizures occurring in clusters, repeating during several days. Here, we present a review of the published mutations in the PCDH19 gene to date and report on new mutations. PCDH19 has become the second most relevant gene in epilepsy after SCN1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Depienne
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (UMRS_975), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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