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van Ommen MM, van Laar T, Renken R, Cornelissen FW, Bruggeman R. Visual Hallucinations in Psychosis: The Curious Absence of the Primary Visual Cortex. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:S68-S81. [PMID: 36840543 PMCID: PMC9960034 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Approximately one-third of patients with a psychotic disorder experience visual hallucinations (VH). While new, more targeted treatment options are warranted, the pathophysiology of VH remains largely unknown. Previous studies hypothesized that VH result from impaired functioning of the vision-related networks and impaired interaction between those networks, including a possible functional disconnection between the primary visual cortex (V1) and higher-order visual processing regions. Testing these hypotheses requires sufficient data on brain activation during actual VH, but such data are extremely scarce. STUDY DESIGN We therefore recruited seven participants with a psychotic disorder who were scanned in a 3 T fMRI scanner while indicating the occurrence of VH by pressing a button. Following the scan session, we interviewed participants about the VH experienced during scanning. We then used the fMRI scans to identify regions with increased or decreased activity during VH periods versus baseline (no VH). STUDY RESULTS In six participants, V1 was not activated during VH, and in one participant V1 showed decreased activation. All participants reported complex VH such as human-like beings, objects and/or animals, during which higher-order visual areas and regions belonging to the vision-related networks on attention and memory were activated. DISCUSSION These results indicate that VH are associated with diffuse involvement of the vision-related networks, with the exception of V1. We therefore propose a model for the pathophysiology of psychotic VH in which a dissociation of higher-order visual processing areas from V1 biases conscious perception away from reality and towards internally generated percepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marouska M van Ommen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Teus van Laar
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Renken
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans W Cornelissen
- Laboratory for Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Bruggeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Rob Giel Research Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Qian N, Lipkin RM, Kaszowska A, Silipo G, Dias EC, Butler PD, Javitt DC. Computational modeling of excitatory/inhibitory balance impairments in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2022; 249:47-55. [PMID: 32291128 PMCID: PMC8760932 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in glutamatergic function are well established in schizophrenia (SZ) as reflected in "input" dysfunction across sensory systems. By contrast, less is known about contributions of the GABAergic system to impairments in excitatory/inhibitory balance. We investigated this issue by measuring contrast thresholds for orientation detection, orientation discriminability, and orientation-tilt-aftereffect curves in schizophrenia subjects and matched controls. These measures depend on the amplitude and width of underlying orientation tuning curves, which, in turn, depend on excitatory and inhibitory interactions. By simulating a well-established V1 orientation selectivity model and its link to perception, we demonstrate that reduced cortical excitation and inhibition are both necessary to explain our psychophysical data. Reductions in GABAergic feedback may represent a compensatory response to impaired glutamatergic input in SZ, or a separate pathophysiological event. We also found evidence for the widely accepted, but rarely tested, inverse relationship between orientation discriminability and tuning width.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Qian
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Institute, Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America
| | - Richard M Lipkin
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Institute, Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America
| | - Aleksandra Kaszowska
- Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States of America; Department of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Gail Silipo
- Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States of America
| | - Elisa C Dias
- Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States of America
| | - Pamela D Butler
- Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States of America
| | - Daniel C Javitt
- Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States of America; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States of America.
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3
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Das SC, Hjelm BE, Rollins BL, Sequeira A, Morgan L, Omidsalar AA, Schatzberg AF, Barchas JD, Lee FS, Myers RM, Watson SJ, Akil H, Bunney WE, Vawter MP. Mitochondria DNA copy number, mitochondria DNA total somatic deletions, Complex I activity, synapse number, and synaptic mitochondria number are altered in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:353. [PMID: 36042222 PMCID: PMC9427957 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a neurobiological phenomenon implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder that can synergistically affect synaptic neurotransmission. We hypothesized that schizophrenia and bipolar disorder share molecular alterations at the mitochondrial and synaptic levels. Mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) copy number (CN), mtDNA common deletion (CD), mtDNA total deletion, complex I activity, synapse number, and synaptic mitochondria number were studied in the postmortem human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), superior temporal gyrus (STG), primary visual cortex (V1), and nucleus accumbens (NAc) of controls (CON), and subjects with schizophrenia (SZ), and bipolar disorder (BD). The results showed (i) the mtDNA CN is significantly higher in DLPFC of both SZ and BD, decreased in the STG of BD, and unaltered in V1 and NAc of both SZ and BD; (ii) the mtDNA CD is significantly higher in DLPFC of BD while unaltered in STG, V1, and NAc of both SZ and BD; (iii) The total deletion burden is significantly higher in DLPFC in both SZ and BD while unaltered in STG, V1, and NAc of SZ and BD; (iv) Complex I activity is significantly lower in DLPFC of both SZ and BD, which is driven by the presence of medications, with no alteration in STG, V1, and NAc. In addition, complex I protein concentration, by ELISA, was decreased across three cortical regions of SZ and BD subjects; (v) The number of synapses is decreased in DLPFC of both SZ and BD, while the synaptic mitochondria number was significantly lower in female SZ and female BD compared to female controls. Overall, these findings will pave the way to understand better the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan C. Das
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Brooke E. Hjelm
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Health Sciences Campus, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Brandi L. Rollins
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Adolfo Sequeira
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Ling Morgan
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Audrey A. Omidsalar
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Health Sciences Campus, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Alan F. Schatzberg
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Jack D. Barchas
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, Ithaca, NJ USA
| | - Francis S. Lee
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, Ithaca, NJ USA
| | - Richard M. Myers
- grid.417691.c0000 0004 0408 3720HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA
| | - Stanley J. Watson
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370The Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Huda Akil
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370The Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - William E. Bunney
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Marquis P. Vawter
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
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4
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Li CY, Garg I, Bannai D, Kasetty M, Katz R, Adhan I, Douglas KAA, Wang JC, Kim LA, Keshavan M, Lizano P, Miller JB. Sex-Specific Changes in Choroid Vasculature Among Patients with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. Clin Ophthalmol 2022; 16:2363-2371. [PMID: 35924185 PMCID: PMC9343178 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s352731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose While structural changes within the retina of psychosis patients have been established, no detailed studies of choroidal microvasculature in these patients have been performed. Given evidence of microvascular disruption in psychosis patients, this study sought to determine whether there exists evidence of microvascular disruption in the choroids in these patients. Methods Fifty-six subjects (20 controls and 36 psychosis patients) were recruited from April 2018 to February 2020. Five were excluded due to imaging artifact or missing demographic information. Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) images were obtained. Choroid vascular enface images (12 mm × 9mm) were exported every 2.6 μm from Bruch’s membrane to the choroid–scleral interface from Topcon to ImageJ. The images were binarized using Otsu’s method, signal from the optic disk and retinal vasculature was removed, and average choroid vascular density (CVD) was calculated as the average of percent area occupied by choroidal vasculature across images in the stack. Choroid vascular volume (CVV) was calculated as the CVD multiplied by maximum CT and image area. During image analysis, study staff were blinded to the phenotype of the study subjects. Results Compared with same-sex controls, male psychiatric patients had significantly lower CVD. Compared with same-sex controls, female psychiatric patients had significantly lower maximum CT with correspondingly decreased CVV, after adjusting for age. When all psychiatric patients were compared with all healthy controls, no significant differences in CT, CVD, or CVV were noted. Conclusion These results suggest that the pathogenesis of psychotic illness affects choroidal microvasculature in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Y Li
- Harvard Retinal Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Itika Garg
- Harvard Retinal Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
- Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deepthi Bannai
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan Kasetty
- Harvard Retinal Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raviv Katz
- Harvard Retinal Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
- Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iniya Adhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jay C Wang
- Harvard Retinal Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leo A Kim
- Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matcheri Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paulo Lizano
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Paulo Lizano, Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Road, Room 612, Boston, MA, 02115, USA, Tel +1 617-754-1227, Email
| | - John B Miller
- Harvard Retinal Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
- Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
- Correspondence: John B Miller, Harvard Medical School, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, 243 Charles St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA, Tel +1 617-573-3529, Email
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5
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Sato H, Hatakeyama J, Iwasato T, Araki K, Yamamoto N, Shimamura K. Thalamocortical axons control the cytoarchitecture of neocortical layers by area-specific supply of VGF. eLife 2022; 11:67549. [PMID: 35289744 PMCID: PMC8959604 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal abundance and thickness of each cortical layer are specific to each area, but how this fundamental feature arises during development remains poorly understood. While some of area-specific features are controlled by intrinsic cues such as morphogens and transcription factors, the exact influence and mechanisms of action by cues extrinsic to the cortex, in particular the thalamic axons, have not been fully established. Here, we identify a thalamus-derived factor, VGF, which is indispensable for thalamocortical axons to maintain the proper amount of layer 4 neurons in the mouse sensory cortices. This process is prerequisite for further maturation of the primary somatosensory area, such as barrel field formation instructed by a neuronal activity-dependent mechanism. Our results provide an actual case in which highly site-specific axon projection confers further regional complexity upon the target field through locally secreting signaling molecules from axon terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Sato
- Department of Brain Morphogenesis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jun Hatakeyama
- Department of Brain Morphogenesis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takuji Iwasato
- Laboratory of Mammalian Neural Circuits, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Kimi Araki
- Department of Brain Morphogenesis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Shimamura
- Department of Brain Morphogenesis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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6
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Liu X, Gu L, Liu J, Hong S, Luo Q, Wu Y, Yang J, Jiang J. MRI Study of Cerebral Cortical Thickness in Patients with Herpes Zoster and Postherpetic Neuralgia. J Pain Res 2022; 15:623-632. [PMID: 35250306 PMCID: PMC8894103 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s352105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To measure the changes in cerebral cortical thickness in patients with herpes zoster (HZ) and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) by surface-based morphometry (SBM) and further estimate its correlation with clinical scores. Materials and Methods Twenty-nine HZ patients, 30 PHN patients and 30 well-matched healthy controls (HCs) were included. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from all subjects were collected and then analyzed by SBM. The changes in cortical thickness among the HZ, PHN and HC groups were analyzed by ANOVA and correlated with clinical scores. Results The thickness of the bilateral primary visual cortex (V1, V2) and right primary visual cortex (V3), left somatosensory cortex (L3A), right anterior cingulate gyrus and medial prefrontal cortex (RS32) increased in PHN group, and the thickness the left insular and frontal opercular cortex (LFOP4), left motor cortex (L3B), and right superior temporal visual cortex (RSTV) were decreased in the HZ and PHN groups compared to the HC group. The thickness measurements of RS32, LFOP4, and (L3B) in HZ and PHN patients were correlated with the duration of disease. In HZ and PHN patients, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) scores were significantly positively correlated. Conclusion Changes in cortical thickness in the areas related to sensory, motor, and cognitive/emotional changes in patients with PHN affect the neuroplasticity process of the brain, which may be the reason for the transformation of HZ into PHN and provide a possible explanation for the neuropathological mechanism of pain persistence in PHN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Gu
- Department of Pain, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunda Hong
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Luo
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaojiao Yang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jian Jiang, Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 791 8869 3825, Email
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7
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Reavis EA, Lee J, Altshuler LL, Cohen MS, Engel SA, Glahn DC, Jimenez AM, Narr KL, Nuechterlein KH, Riedel P, Wynn JK, Green MF. Structural and Functional Connectivity of Visual Cortex in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: A Graph-Theoretic Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 1:sgaa056. [PMID: 33313506 PMCID: PMC7712743 DOI: 10.1093/schizbullopen/sgaa056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Visual processing abnormalities in schizophrenia (SZ) are poorly understood, yet predict functional outcomes in the disorder. Bipolar disorder (BD) may involve similar visual processing deficits. Converging evidence suggests that visual processing may be relatively normal at early stages of visual processing such as early visual cortex (EVC), but that processing abnormalities may become more pronounced by mid-level visual areas such as lateral occipital cortex (LO). However, little is known about the connectivity of the visual system in SZ and BD. If the flow of information to, from, or within the visual system is disrupted by reduced connectivity, this could help to explain perceptual deficits. In the present study, we performed a targeted analysis of the structural and functional connectivity of the visual system using graph-theoretic metrics in a sample of 48 SZ, 46 BD, and 47 control participants. Specifically, we calculated parallel measures of local efficiency for EVC and LO from both diffusion weighted imaging data (structural) and resting-state (functional) imaging data. We found no structural connectivity differences between the groups. However, there was a significant group difference in functional connectivity and a significant group-by-region interaction driven by reduced LO connectivity in SZ relative to HC, whereas BD was approximately intermediate to the other 2 groups. We replicated this pattern of results using a different brain atlas. These findings support and extend theoretical models of perceptual dysfunction in SZ, providing a framework for further investigation of visual deficits linked to functional outcomes in SZ and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Reavis
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Junghee Lee
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lori L Altshuler
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mark S Cohen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Departments of Neurology, Radiology, Biomedical Physics, and Bioengineering University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stephen A Engel
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - David C Glahn
- Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Department of Psychiatry Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Amy M Jimenez
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Katherine L Narr
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Keith H Nuechterlein
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Philipp Riedel
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jonathan K Wynn
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael F Green
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
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8
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Georgy L, Lewis JD, Bezgin G, Diano M, Celeghin A, Evans AC, Tamietto M, Ptito A. Changes in peri-calcarine cortical thickness in blindsight. Neuropsychologia 2020; 143:107463. [PMID: 32275967 PMCID: PMC7322521 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Blindsight is the ability of patients with primary visual cortex (V1) damage to process information in their clinically blind visual field in the absence of conscious awareness. In addition to those with localized V1 lesions, some patients exhibiting this phenomenon have had a cerebral hemisphere removed or disconnected from the rest of the brain for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy (hemispherectomy). Research into the underlying neural substrates of blindsight has long implicated the intact visual cortex in maintaining residual vision and supporting visuo-guided responses to stimuli presented ipsilaterally within the blind visual field while operating outside the geniculo-striate pathway. A recent study demonstrated functional reorganization in the dorsal visual areas of the intact hemisphere, thereby supporting its compensatory role in non-conscious vision. In this study, we used cortical thickness analysis to examine anatomical differences in the visual cortex of the intact hemisphere of three subjects with varying degrees of cortical damage and well documented blindsight: two with a right hemispherectomy (complete and partial), and one with a left V1 lesion. T1-weighted MRI data were obtained for the subjects while control data were chosen from publicly available NKI-dataset to match closely the acquisition parameters of our blindsight cases. Our results show significant increases in cortical thickness in the visual cortex of all blindsight subjects compared to healthy controls, irrespective of age-onset, etiology, and extent of the damage. Our findings add to accumulating evidence from behavioral, functional imaging, and tractography studies of cerebral compensation and reorganization. Examined anatomical changes in the intact visual cortex of rare blindsight patients. First comparison of hemispherectomy and lesion patients to a large control sample. Blindsight subjects show significant increases in peri-calcarine cortical thickness. Similar changes observed despite differences in etiology and age at time of lesion. Increases are possible morphological signs of compensation underlying blindsight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loraine Georgy
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - John D Lewis
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gleb Bezgin
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, Douglas Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Matteo Diano
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Alan C Evans
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases - CoRPS - Tilburg University, the Netherlands
| | - Alain Ptito
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
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9
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Wynn JK, Engel SA, Lee J, Reavis EA, Green MF. Evidence for intact stimulus-specific neural adaptation for visual objects in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: An ERP study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221409. [PMID: 31430347 PMCID: PMC6701832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
People with schizophrenia (SZ) or bipolar disorder (BD) experience dysfunction in visual processing. Dysfunctional neural tuning, in which neurons and neuronal populations are selectively activated by specific features of visual stimuli, may contribute to these deficits. Few studies have examined this possibility and there are inconsistent findings of tuning deficits in the literature. We utilized an event-related potential (ERP) paradigm to examine neural adaptation for visual objects, a measure of neural tuning whereby neurons respond less strongly to the repeated presentation of the same stimulus. Seventy-seven SZ, 53 BD, and 49 healthy comparison participants (HC) were examined. In three separate conditions, pictures of objects were presented repeatedly: the same object (SS), different objects from the same category (e.g., two different vases; SD), or different objects from different categories (e.g., a barrel and a clock, DD). Mass-univariate cluster-based permutation analyses identified electrodes and time-windows in which there were significant differences between the SS vs. DD and the SD vs. DD conditions. Mean ERP amplitudes were extracted from these clusters and analyzed for group differences. Results revealed a significant condition difference over parieto-occipital electrodes for the SS-DD comparison between 109–164 ms and for the SD-DD comparison between 78–203 ms, with larger amplitudes in the DD compared to either SS or SD condition. However, there were no significant differences in the pattern of results between groups. Thus, while we found neural adaptation effects using this ERP paradigm, we did not find evidence of group differences. Our results suggest that people with SZ or BD may not exhibit deficits in neural tuning for processing of visual objects using this EEG task with rapidly presented stimuli. However, the results are inconsistent with other studies using different methodologies (e.g., fMRI, behavioral tasks) that have found tuning deficits in people with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K. Wynn
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephen A. Engel
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Junghee Lee
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Eric A. Reavis
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Green
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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10
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Liu T, Zhang J, Dong X, Li Z, Shi X, Tong Y, Yang R, Wu J, Wang C, Yan T. Occipital Alpha Connectivity During Resting-State Electroencephalography in Patients With Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis and Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:553. [PMID: 31474882 PMCID: PMC6706463 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients always show cognitive impairment, which is proved to be related to hypo-connectivity or hyper-connectivity. Further, individuals with an ultra-high risk for psychosis also show abnormal functional connectivity-related cognitive impairment, especially in the alpha rhythm. Thus, the identification of functional networks is essential to our understanding of the disorder. We investigated the resting-state functional connectivity of the alpha rhythm measured by electroencephalography (EEG) to reveal the relation between functional network and clinical symptoms. The participants included 28 patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES), 28 individuals with ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR), and 28 healthy controls (HC). After the professional clinical symptoms evaluation, all the participants were instructed to keep eyes closed for 3-min resting-state EEG recording. The 3-min EEG data were segmented into artefact-free epochs (the length was 3 s), and the functional connectivity of the alpha phase was estimated using the phase lag index (PLI), which measures the phase differences of EEG signals. The FES and UHR groups displayed increased resting-state PLI connectivity compared with the HC group [F(2,74) = 10.804, p < 0.001]. Significant increases in the global efficiency, the local efficiency, and the path length were found in the FES and UHR groups compared with those of the HC group. FES and UHR showed an increased degree of connectivity compared with HC. The degree of the left occipital lobe area was higher in the UHR group than in the FES group. The hypothesis of disconnection is confirmed. Furthermore, differences between the UHR and FES group were found, which is valuable for producing clinical significance before the onset of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaonan Dong
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhucheng Li
- College of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaorui Shi
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhou Tong
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ruobing Yang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jinglong Wu
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Changming Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Yan
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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11
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Jimenez AM, Riedel P, Lee J, Reavis EA, Green MF. Linking resting-state networks and social cognition in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:4703-4715. [PMID: 31322784 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder show alterations in functional neural connectivity during rest. However, resting-state network (RSN) disruptions have not been systematically compared between the two disorders. Further, the impact of RSN disruptions on social cognition, a key determinant of functional outcome, has not been studied. Forty-eight individuals with schizophrenia, 46 with bipolar disorder, and 48 healthy controls completed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. An atlas-based approach was used to examine functional connectivity within nine RSNs across the cortex. RSN connectivity was assessed via nonparametric permutation testing, and associations with performance on emotion perception, mentalizing, and emotion management tasks were examined. Group differences were observed in the medial and lateral visual networks and the sensorimotor network. Individuals with schizophrenia demonstrated reduced connectivity relative to healthy controls in all three networks. Individuals with bipolar disorder demonstrated reduced connectivity relative to controls in the medial visual network and connectivity within this network was significantly positively correlated with emotion management. In healthy controls, connectivity within the medial and lateral visual networks positively correlated with mentalizing. No significant correlations were found for either visual network in schizophrenia. Results highlight the role of altered early visual processing in social cognitive deficits in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. However, individuals with bipolar disorder appear to compensate for disrupted visual network connectivity on social cognitive tasks, whereas those with schizophrenia do not. The current study adds clarity on the neurophysiology underlying social cognitive deficits that result in impaired functioning in serious mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Jimenez
- Desert Pacific MIRECC, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California.,Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Philipp Riedel
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Junghee Lee
- Desert Pacific MIRECC, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California.,Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eric A Reavis
- Desert Pacific MIRECC, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California.,Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael F Green
- Desert Pacific MIRECC, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California.,Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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12
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Nikitova N, Keane BP, Demmin D, Silverstein SM, Uhlhaas PJ. The Audio-Visual Abnormalities Questionnaire (AVAQ): Development and validation of a new instrument for assessing anomalies in sensory perception in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr Res 2019; 209:227-233. [PMID: 31182320 PMCID: PMC6703161 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anomalies in visual and auditory perception represent an important aspect of the symptomatic manifestation of schizophrenia (ScZ). However, there are currently no instruments available that allow the assessment of the full range of auditory and visual abnormalities using a self-report measure. METHODS We developed the 85-item Audio-Visual Abnormalities Questionnaire (AVAQ) to assess abnormalities in auditory and visual processing. The AVAQ was validated in an online-sample of 355 healthy participants to establish the factorial structure, internal consistency and reliability of the instrument. In addition, participants completed the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) and the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) to establish convergent validity regarding autistic and schizotypal traits. RESULTS High internal consistency was observed for the total AVAQ-scale (α = 0.99) as well as for the visual (α = 0.98), auditory (α = 0.96) and the audio-visual subscales (α = 0.83). Principal component analyses demonstrated one factor comprising 78 items. The AVAQ was positively correlated with the SPQ (r = 0.69, p < .001) as well as the AQ (r = 0.38, p < .001). Correlations with the SPQ were highest for unusual perceptual experiences (r = 0.72, p < .001) and lowest for social anxiety (r = 0.30, p < .001). CONCLUSION The AVAQ demonstrated excellent reliability, internal consistency and construct validity. Accordingly, the instrument could be useful for characterizing sensory dysfunctions across the schizophrenia spectrum that could guide interventions as well as aid the development of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Nikitova
- Institute for Neuroscience and Psychology, Univ. of Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Brian P Keane
- Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, United States of America; Center for Cognitive Science, Rutgers University, United States of America; University Behavioral Health Care - Rutgers University, United States of America
| | - Docia Demmin
- University Behavioral Health Care - Rutgers University, United States of America; Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, United States of America
| | - Steven M Silverstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, United States of America; Center for Cognitive Science, Rutgers University, United States of America; University Behavioral Health Care - Rutgers University, United States of America; Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, United States of America
| | - Peter J Uhlhaas
- Institute for Neuroscience and Psychology, Univ. of Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
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13
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Lee J, Reavis EA, Engel SA, Altshuler LL, Cohen MS, Glahn DC, Nuechterlein KH, Wynn JK, Green MF. fMRI evidence of aberrant neural adaptation for objects in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:1608-1617. [PMID: 30575206 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) adaptation (also known as fMRI repetition suppression) has been widely used to characterize stimulus selectivity in vivo, a fundamental feature of neuronal processing in the brain. We investigated whether SZ patients and BD patients show aberrant fMRI adaptation for object perception. About 52 SZ patients, 55 BD patients, and 53 community controls completed an object discrimination task with three conditions: the same object presented twice, two exemplars from the same category, and two exemplars from different categories. We also administered two functional localizer tasks. A region of interest analysis was employed to evaluate a priori hypotheses about the lateral occipital complex (LOC) and early visual cortex (EVC). An exploratory whole brain analysis was also conducted. In the LOC and EVC, controls showed the expected reduced fMRI responses to repeated presentation of the same objects compared with different objects (i.e., fMRI adaptation for objects, p < .001). SZ patients showed an adaptation effect that was significantly smaller compared with controls. BD patients showed a lack of fMRI adaptation. The whole brain analyses showed enhanced fMRI responses to repeated presentation of the same objects only in BD patients in several brain regions including anterior cingulate cortex. This study was the first to employ fMRI adaptation for objects in SZ and BD. The current findings provide empirical evidence of aberrant fMRI adaptation in the visual cortex in SZ and BD, but in distinctly different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghee Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eric A Reavis
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephen A Engel
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lori L Altshuler
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark S Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital Whitehall Research Building, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Keith H Nuechterlein
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan K Wynn
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael F Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
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14
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Xie H, Wall J, Wang X. Relationships in Ongoing Structural Maintenances of the Two Cerebral Cortices of an Individual Brain. J Exp Neurosci 2018; 12:1179069518795875. [PMID: 30202210 PMCID: PMC6122241 DOI: 10.1177/1179069518795875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A human brain has separate left and right cerebral cortices, each of which must
be continuously structurally maintained during adulthood. There is no
understanding of how ongoing structural maintenances of separate parts of a
mature individual brain, including the 2 cortices, are related. To explore this
issue, this study used an unconventional N-of-1 magnetic resonance imaging
time-series paradigm to identify relationships between maintenances of
structural thicknesses of the 2 cortices in an adult human brain over week
intervals for 6 months. The results suggest that maintenances of left and right
cortical thicknesses were symmetrically related in some, but asymmetrically
related in other, respects. For matched times, thickness magnitudes and
variations on the 2 sides were positively correlated and appeared to reflect
maintenance symmetry. Maintenance relationships also extended from earlier to
later times with temporal continuity and apparent “if-then” contingencies which
were reflected in symmetry and asymmetry dynamics spanning 1- to 2-week periods.
The findings suggest concepts of individual brain cortical maintenance symmetry,
asymmetry, and temporal continuity dynamics that have not been previously
recognized. They have implications for defining cortical maintenance traits or
states and for development of N-of-1 precision medicine paradigms that can
contribute to understanding individual brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xie
- William R. Bauer Human Brain MRI Laboratory and Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - John Wall
- William R. Bauer Human Brain MRI Laboratory and Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- William R. Bauer Human Brain MRI Laboratory and Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.,William R. Bauer Human Brain MRI Laboratory and Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
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15
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Abé C, Rahman Q, Långström N, Rydén E, Ingvar M, Landén M. Cortical brain structure and sexual orientation in adult females with bipolar disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00998. [PMID: 29845776 PMCID: PMC6043709 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonheterosexual individuals have higher risk of psychiatric morbidity. Together with growing evidence for sexual orientation-related brain differences, this raises the concern that sexual orientation may be an important factor to control for in neuroimaging studies of neuropsychiatric disorders. METHODS We studied sexual orientation in adult psychiatric patients with bipolar disorder (BD) or ADHD in a large clinical cohort (N = 154). We compared cortical brain structure in exclusively heterosexual women (HEW, n = 29) with that of nonexclusively heterosexual women (nHEW, n = 37) using surface-based reconstruction techniques provided by FreeSurfer. RESULTS The prevalence of nonheterosexual sexual orientation was tentatively higher than reported in general population samples. Consistent with previously reported cross-sex shifted brain patterns among homosexual individuals, nHEW patients showed significantly larger cortical volumes than HEW in medial occipital brain regions. CONCLUSION We found evidence for a sex-reversed difference in cortical volume among nonheterosexual female patients, which provides insights into the neurobiology of sexual orientation, and may provide the first clues toward a better neurobiological understanding of the association between sexual orientation and mental health. We also suggest that sexual orientation is an important factor to consider in future neuroimaging studies of populations with certain mental health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Abé
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qazi Rahman
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Niklas Långström
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eleonore Rydén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingvar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Li RR, Lyu HL, Liu F, Lian N, Wu RR, Zhao JP, Guo WB. Altered functional connectivity strength and its correlations with cognitive function in subjects with ultra-high risk for psychosis at rest. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:1140-1148. [PMID: 29691990 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Evidence of altered structural and functional connectivity in the frontal-occipital network is associated with cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia. However, the altered patterns of functional connectivity strength (FCS) in individuals with ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis remain unknown. In this study, whole-brain FCS was assessed to examine the altered patterns of FCS in UHR subjects. METHODS A total of 34 UHR subjects and 37 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled to undergo resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. The imaging data were analyzed using the graph theory method. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, UHR subjects showed significantly decreased FCS in the left middle frontal gyrus and significantly increased FCS in the left calcarine cortex. The FCS values in the left middle frontal gyrus were positively correlated to the scores of the Brief Assessments of Cognitionin Schizophrenia Symbol Coding Test (r = 0.366, P = 0.033) in the UHR subjects. A negative correlation was found between the FCS values in the left calcarine cortex and the scores of the Stroop color-naming test (r = -0.475, P = 0.016) in the UHR subjects. A combination of the FCS values in the 2 brain areas showed an accuracy of 87.32%, a sensitivity of 73.53%, and a specificity of 100% for distinguishing UHR subjects from healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Significantly altered FCS in the frontal-occipital network is observed in the UHR subjects. Furthermore, decreased FCS in the left middle frontal gyrus and increased FCS in the left calcarine have significant correlations with the cognitive measures of the UHR subjects and thus improve our understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of schizophrenia. Moreover, a combination of the FCS values in the 2 brain areas can serve as a potential image marker to distinguish UHR subjects from healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran-Ran Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hai-Long Lyu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Nan Lian
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ren-Rong Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing-Ping Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wen-Bin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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17
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Green MF, Horan WP, Lee J, McCleery A, Reddy LF, Wynn JK. Social Disconnection in Schizophrenia and the General Community. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44. [PMID: 28637195 PMCID: PMC5814840 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Social disability is a defining characteristic of schizophrenia and a substantial public health problem. It has several components that are difficult to disentangle. One component, social disconnection, occurs extensively in the general community among nonhelp-seeking individuals. Social disconnection is an objective, long-standing lack of social/family relationships and minimal participation in social activities. It is associated with negative health effects, including early mortality, and is distinct from subjective loneliness. These 2 topics, social disability in schizophrenia and social disconnection in the general community, have generated entirely distinct research literatures that differ in their respective knowledge gaps and emphases. Specifically, the consequences of social disability in schizophrenia are unknown but its determinants (ie, nonsocial cognition, social cognition, and social motivation) have been well-examined. Conversely, the health consequences of social disconnection in the general community are well-established, but the determinants are largely unknown. Social disconnection is a condition that presents substantial public health concerns, exists within and outside of current psychiatric diagnostic boundaries, and may be related to the schizophrenia spectrum. A comparison of these 2 literatures is mutually informative and it generates intriguing research questions that can be critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, CA,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, 760 Westwood Plaza, Rm 27–462, Los Angeles, CA 90024–1759, US; tel: 310-268-3376, fax: 818-991-7809, e-mail:
| | - William P Horan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Junghee Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Amanda McCleery
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - L Felice Reddy
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jonathan K Wynn
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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18
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Reavis EA, Lee J, Wynn JK, Narr KL, Njau SN, Engel SA, Green MF. Linking optic radiation volume to visual perception in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res 2017; 190:102-106. [PMID: 28318839 PMCID: PMC5600632 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
People with schizophrenia typically show visual processing deficits on masking tasks and other performance-based measures, while people with bipolar disorder may have related deficits. The etiology of these deficits is not well understood. Most neuroscientific studies of perception in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have focused on visual processing areas in the cerebral cortex, but perception also depends on earlier components of the visual system that few studies have examined in these disorders. Using diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), we investigated the structure of the primary sensory input pathway to the cortical visual system: the optic radiations. We used probabilistic tractography to identify the optic radiations in 32 patients with schizophrenia, 31 patients with bipolar disorder, and 30 healthy controls. The same participants also performed a visual masking task outside the scanner. We characterized the optic radiations with three structural measures: fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, and tract volume. We did not find significant differences in those structural measures across groups. However, we did find a significant correlation between the volume of the optic radiations and visual masking thresholds that was unique to the schizophrenia group and explained variance in masking performance above and beyond that previously accounted for by differences in visual cortex. Thus, individual differences in the volume of the optic radiations explained more variance in visual masking performance in the schizophrenia group than the bipolar or control groups. This suggests that individual differences in the structure of the subcortical visual system have an important influence on visual processing in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Reavis
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles: Los Angeles, CA 90024; USA,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System: Los Angeles, CA 90073; USA,Corresponding Author: ; phone: (310) 794-5586; fax: (310) 268-4056; 760 Westwood Plaza; Room 27-440; Los Angeles, CA 90024
| | - Junghee Lee
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
| | - Jonathan K. Wynn
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles: Los Angeles, CA 90024; USA,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System: Los Angeles, CA 90073; USA
| | - Katherine L. Narr
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles: Los Angeles, CA 90024; USA
| | - Stephanie N. Njau
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles: Los Angeles, CA 90024; USA
| | - Stephen A. Engel
- Department of Psychology University of Minnesota: Minneapolis, MN 55455; USA
| | - Michael F. Green
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles: Los Angeles, CA 90024; USA,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System: Los Angeles, CA 90073; USA
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19
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Silverstein SM, Wibral M, Phillips WA. Implications of Information Theory for Computational Modeling of Schizophrenia. COMPUTATIONAL PSYCHIATRY 2017; 1:82-101. [PMID: 29601053 PMCID: PMC5774180 DOI: 10.1162/cpsy_a_00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Information theory provides a formal framework within which information processing and its disorders can be described. However, information theory has rarely been applied to modeling aspects of the cognitive neuroscience of schizophrenia. The goal of this article is to highlight the benefits of an approach based on information theory, including its recent extensions, for understanding several disrupted neural goal functions as well as related cognitive and symptomatic phenomena in schizophrenia. We begin by demonstrating that foundational concepts from information theory—such as Shannon information, entropy, data compression, block coding, and strategies to increase the signal-to-noise ratio—can be used to provide novel understandings of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia and metrics to evaluate their integrity. We then describe more recent developments in information theory, including the concepts of infomax, coherent infomax, and coding with synergy, to demonstrate how these can be used to develop computational models of schizophrenia-related failures in the tuning of sensory neurons, gain control, perceptual organization, thought organization, selective attention, context processing, predictive coding, and cognitive control. Throughout, we demonstrate how disordered mechanisms may explain both perceptual/cognitive changes and symptom emergence in schizophrenia. Finally, we demonstrate that there is consistency between some information-theoretic concepts and recent discoveries in neurobiology, especially involving the existence of distinct sites for the accumulation of driving input and contextual information prior to their interaction. This convergence can be used to guide future theory, experiment, and treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Wibral
- MEG Unit, Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Reavis EA, Lee J, Wynn JK, Engel SA, Cohen MS, Nuechterlein KH, Glahn DC, Altshuler LL, Green MF. Assessing neural tuning for object perception in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with multivariate pattern analysis of fMRI data. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 16:491-497. [PMID: 28932681 PMCID: PMC5596305 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Deficits in visual perception are well-established in schizophrenia and are linked to abnormal activity in the lateral occipital complex (LOC). Related deficits may exist in bipolar disorder. LOC contains neurons tuned to object features. It is unknown whether neural tuning in LOC or other visual areas is abnormal in patients, contributing to abnormal perception during visual tasks. This study used multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) to investigate perceptual tuning for objects in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Methods Fifty schizophrenia participants, 51 bipolar disorder participants, and 47 matched healthy controls completed five functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) runs of a perceptual task in which they viewed pictures of four different objects and an outdoor scene. We performed classification analyses designed to assess the distinctiveness of activity corresponding to perception of each stimulus in LOC (a functionally localized region of interest). We also performed similar classification analyses throughout the brain using a searchlight technique. We compared classification accuracy and patterns of classification errors across groups. Results Stimulus classification accuracy was significantly above chance in all groups in LOC and throughout visual cortex. Classification errors were mostly within-category confusions (e.g., misclassifying one chair as another chair). There were no group differences in classification accuracy or patterns of confusion. Conclusions The results show for the first time MVPA can be used successfully to classify individual perceptual stimuli in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. However, the results do not provide evidence of abnormal neural tuning in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Abnormal visual perception exists in schizophrenia and, likely, bipolar disorder Neural processing abnormalities underlying those deficits are not well understood We used multivariate analyses of fMRI data to assess patients' visual processing We establish for the first time that such methods work well in these patient groups The analyses did not show group differences in neural processing of visual stimuli
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Reavis
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024; USA.,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Junghee Lee
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024; USA.,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Jonathan K Wynn
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024; USA.,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Stephen A Engel
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; USA
| | - Mark S Cohen
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024; USA
| | - Keith H Nuechterlein
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024; USA
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Lori L Altshuler
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024; USA
| | - Michael F Green
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024; USA.,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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Birur B, Kraguljac NV, Shelton RC, Lahti AC. Brain structure, function, and neurochemistry in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder-a systematic review of the magnetic resonance neuroimaging literature. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2017; 3:15. [PMID: 28560261 PMCID: PMC5441538 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-017-0013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since Emil Kraepelin's conceptualization of endogenous psychoses as dementia praecox and manic depression, the separation between primary psychotic disorders and primary affective disorders has been much debated. We conducted a systematic review of case-control studies contrasting magnetic resonance imaging studies in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. A literature search in PubMed of studies published between January 2005 and December 2016 was conducted, and 50 structural, 29 functional, 7 magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and 8 combined imaging and genetic studies were deemed eligible for systematic review. Structural neuroimaging studies suggest white matter integrity deficits that are consistent across the illnesses, while gray matter reductions appear more widespread in schizophrenia compared to bipolar disorder. Spectroscopy studies in cortical gray matter report evidence of decreased neuronal integrity in both disorders. Functional neuroimaging studies typically report similar functional architecture of brain networks in healthy controls and patients across the psychosis spectrum, but find differential extent of alterations in task related activation and resting state connectivity between illnesses. The very limited imaging-genetic literature suggests a relationship between psychosis risk genes and brain structure, and possible gene by diagnosis interaction effects on functional imaging markers. While the existing literature suggests some shared and some distinct neural markers in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, it will be imperative to conduct large, well designed, multi-modal neuroimaging studies in medication-naïve first episode patients that will be followed longitudinally over the course of their illness in an effort to advance our understanding of disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badari Birur
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Nina Vanessa Kraguljac
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Richard C. Shelton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Adrienne Carol Lahti
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
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Investigation of the confounding effects of vasculature and metabolism on computational anatomy studies. Neuroimage 2017; 149:233-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Configural and Featural Face Processing Influences on Emotion Recognition in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2017; 23:287-291. [PMID: 28153058 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617716001211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Emotion recognition impairments have been demonstrated in schizophrenia (Sz), but are less consistent and lesser in magnitude in bipolar disorder (BD). This may be related to the extent to which different face processing strategies are engaged during emotion recognition in each of these disorders. We recently showed that Sz patients had impairments in the use of both featural and configural face processing strategies, whereas BD patients were impaired only in the use of the latter. Here we examine the influence that these impairments have on facial emotion recognition in these cohorts. METHODS Twenty-eight individuals with Sz, 28 individuals with BD, and 28 healthy controls completed a facial emotion labeling task with two conditions designed to separate the use of featural and configural face processing strategies; part-based and whole-face emotion recognition. RESULTS Sz patients performed worse than controls on both conditions, and worse than BD patients on the whole-face condition. BD patients performed worse than controls on the whole-face condition only. CONCLUSIONS Configural processing deficits appear to influence the recognition of facial emotions in BD, whereas both configural and featural processing abnormalities impair emotion recognition in Sz. This may explain discrepancies in the profiles of emotion recognition between the disorders. (JINS, 2017, 23, 287-291).
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