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Singh S A, Singh S, Begum RF, Vijayan S, Vellapandian C. Unveiling the profound influence of sucralose on metabolism and its role in shaping obesity trends. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1387646. [PMID: 39015535 PMCID: PMC11250074 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1387646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners, prominently exemplified by sucralose, have become pervasive in contemporary diets, prompting intriguing questions about their impact on metabolism and their potential role in the unfolding trends of obesity. Covering topics from its discovery to analytical methods for detection and determination in food samples, the manuscript scrutinizes the metabolic effects of sucralose. Notably, the association between sucralose intake and obesity is examined, challenging the conventional belief of its role in weight management. The document comprehensively examines in vivo studies, revealing sucralose's implications on insulin resistance, gut microbiota, and metabolic syndrome, providing a nuanced comprehension of its impact on human health. Additionally, it explores sucralose's effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, blood pressure, and cardiovascular health, underscoring its possible involvement in malignancy development. The review concludes with a call for increased public awareness, education, and updated dietary guidelines to help individuals make informed choices about sweetener consumption. The future perspectives section highlights the need for longitudinal studies, exploring alternative sweeteners, and refining acceptable daily intake limits to ensure public health recommendations align with evolving regulatory guidelines. Overall, the manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of sucralose's multifaceted impact on health, urging further research and a balanced perspective on sweetener consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankul Singh S
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dr.M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srishti Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rukaiah Fatma Begum
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sukanya Vijayan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chitra Vellapandian
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
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Toxicological and Nutraceutical Screening Assays of Some Artificial Sweeteners. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners are food additives worldwide used instead of fructose or glucose in many diet beverages. Furthermore, diet beverages intake has been increasing every year. Thus, some food agencies should regulate it based on toxicological studies. Debates and controversial results are demonstrated, and authority can revise its decision on the basis of new data reporting toxicological effects since cyclamate has been forbidden in some countries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to report new data about the toxicity of acesulfame-k, aspartame, and cyclamate, which are useful for authority agencies, determining the toxic potential and nutraceutical capabilities of these compounds. The toxicity, antitoxicity, genotoxicity, antigenotoxicity, and life expectancy assays were carried out in Drosophila as an in vivo model. In addition, in vitro HL-60 line cell was used to evaluate the chemopreventive activity determining the cytotoxic effect and the capability of producing DNA damage due to internucleosomal fragmentation or DNA strand breaks. Furthermore, the methylated status of these cancer cells treated with the tested compounds was assayed as a cancer therapy. Our results demonstrated that all tested compounds were neither toxic nor genotoxic, whereas these compounds resulted in antigenotoxic and cytotoxic substances, except for cyclamate. Aspartame showed antitoxic effects in Drosophila. All tested compounds decreased the quality of life of this in vivo organism model. Acesulfame-k, aspartame, and cyclamate induced DNA damage in the HL-60 cell line in the comet assay, and acesulfame-k generally increased the methylation status. In conclusion, all tested artificial sweeteners were safe compounds at assayed concentrations since toxicity and genotoxicity were not significantly induced in flies. Moreover, Aspartame and Cyclamate showed protective activity against a genotoxin in Drosophila Regarding nutraceutical potential, acesulfame-k and aspartame could be demonstrated to be chemopreventive due to the cytotoxicity activity shown by these compounds. According to DNA fragmentation and comet assays, a necrotic way could be the main mechanism of death cells induced by acesulfame-k and aspartame. Finally, Acesulfame-K hypermethylated repetitive elements, which are hypomethylated in cancer cells resulting in a benefit to humans.
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3
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Aksonova O, Gubsky S, Torianik D, Evlash V. The technology of curd cake with sucralose: a infrared spectroscopy analysis. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20213001001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The article presents the results of developing technology for the production of curd cake using a low-calorie sweetener sucralose. The implementation of this direction in the form of a partial replacement in the sugar formulation for effective sweeteners sucralose is proposed. As a prototype, a sugar-based recipe was used, in which a partial replacement (at the level of 50%) of sugar with sucrose was carried out. Sucralose was formulated as the commercial sweetener TM Splenda, which contains maltodextrin and sucralose. All samples, including the control on sugar, were subjected to organoleptic evaluation, which showed the absence of extraneous flavors in all samples and their similarity in terms of sweetness compared to control. IR spectra of the sweetener, curd cake with sugar, as well as curd cakes with 50% and 100% sugar substitution for sweetener were obtained and analyzed. The analysis showed the presence of identical characteristic bands on the spectra of the sweetener and samples of sucralose cakes, which suggests that the sweetener TM Splenda does not undergo thermal degradation when baking curd cake. However, the literature analysis indicates the danger of the formation of toxic gaseous substances that are obtained during the thermal treatment of products with sucralose.
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4
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Heating of food containing sucralose might result in the generation of potentially toxic chlorinated compounds. Food Chem 2020; 321:126700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Dalenberg JR, Patel BP, Denis R, Veldhuizen MG, Nakamura Y, Vinke PC, Luquet S, Small DM. Short-Term Consumption of Sucralose with, but Not without, Carbohydrate Impairs Neural and Metabolic Sensitivity to Sugar in Humans. Cell Metab 2020; 31:493-502.e7. [PMID: 32130881 PMCID: PMC7784207 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a general consensus that overconsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages contributes to the prevalence of obesity and related comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). Whether a similar relationship exists for no- or low-calorie "diet" drinks is a subject of intensive debate and controversy. Here, we demonstrate that consuming seven sucralose-sweetened beverages with, but not without, a carbohydrate over 10 days decreases insulin sensitivity in healthy human participants, an effect that correlates with reductions in midbrain, insular, and cingulate responses to sweet, but not sour, salty, or savory, taste as assessed with fMRI. Taste perception was unaltered and consuming the carbohydrate alone had no effect. These findings indicate that consumption of sucralose in the presence of a carbohydrate rapidly impairs glucose metabolism and results in longer-term decreases in brain, but not perceptual sensitivity to sweet taste, suggesting dysregulation of gut-brain control of glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle R Dalenberg
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center (MDPRC), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Barkha P Patel
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center (MDPRC), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Raphael Denis
- Unite de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Centre National la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Maria G Veldhuizen
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center (MDPRC), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yuko Nakamura
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center (MDPRC), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; The UTokyo Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Petra C Vinke
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center (MDPRC), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Neuroendocrinology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Serge Luquet
- Unite de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Centre National la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8251, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Dana M Small
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center (MDPRC), Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Otfried Müller Strasse 47, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
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Liu Y, Wu X, Tahara Y, Ikezaki H, Toko K. A Quantitative Method for Acesulfame K Using the Taste Sensor. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20020400. [PMID: 31936753 PMCID: PMC7014247 DOI: 10.3390/s20020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a method to quantify the sweetness of negatively charged high-potency sweeteners coexisting with other taste substances. This kind of sweetness sensor uses lipid polymer membranes as the taste-sensing part. Two types of outputs have been defined in the measurement of the taste sensor: one is the relative value and the other is the CPA (the change in membrane potential caused by adsorption) value. The CPA value shows a good selectivity for high-potency sweeteners. On the other hand, the relative value is several times higher than the CPA value, but the relative value is influenced by salty substances. In order to obtain both high sensitivity and selectivity, we established a model for predicting the concentration of sweeteners with a nonlinear regression analysis method using the relative values of both the sweetness sensor and the saltiness sensor. The analysis results showed good correlations with the estimated concentration of acesulfame potassium coexisting with salty substances, as represented by R2 = 0.99. This model can correspond well to the prediction of acesulfame K in a concentration of 0.2–0.7 mM, which is commonly used in food and beverages. The results obtained in this paper suggest that this method is useful for the evaluation of acesulfame K using the taste sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchang Liu
- Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Xiao Wu
- Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (X.W.); (Y.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Yusuke Tahara
- Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (X.W.); (Y.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Hidekazu Ikezaki
- Intelligent Sensor Technology, Inc., 5-1-1 Onna, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0032, Japan;
| | - Kiyoshi Toko
- Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (X.W.); (Y.T.); (K.T.)
- Institute for Advanced Study, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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7
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Abstract
Taste is of five basic types, namely, sourness, saltiness, sweetness, bitterness and umami. In this review, we focus on a potentiometric taste sensor that we developed and fabricated using lipid polymer membranes. The taste sensor can measure the taste perceived by humans and is called an electronic tongue with global selectivity, which is the property to discriminate taste qualities and quantify them without discriminating each chemical substance. This property is similar to the gustatory system; hence, the taste sensor is a type of biomimetic device. In this paper, we first explain the sensing mechanism of the taste sensor, its application to beer evaluation and the measurement mechanism. Second, results recently obtained are introduced; i.e., the application of the senor to high-potency sweeteners and the improvement of the bitterness sensor are explained. Last, quantification of the bitterness-masking effect of high-potency sweeteners is explained using a regression analysis based on both the outputs of bitterness and sweetness sensors. The taste sensor provides a biomimetic method different from conventional analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University
| | - Yusuke Tahara
- Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University
| | - Rui Yatabe
- Graduate School and Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Kiyoshi Toko
- Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University.,Institute for Advanced Study, Kyushu University
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Using Physiologic, Genetic, and Epigenetic Information to Provide Care to Clients Who Are Obese. Gastroenterol Nurs 2019; 42:478-485. [PMID: 31770349 DOI: 10.1097/sga.0000000000000384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathology of obesity is a complex process involving interactions among behavioral, environmental, immunologic, genetic, and epigenetic factors. This article gives a broad overview of obesity. The physiology of fat storage, influence of eating behaviors on obesity, and the genetic relationship between eating and food sources are discussed. Specific genes that have been associated with obesity are introduced, with information on leptin and genes such as FTO, GLUT4, and others. This synopsis of obesity expands into environmental influences and epigenetic factors. These include food selection, gut microbiota, pregnancy, and exercise. The nurse will gain specific knowledge to assist in tailoring therapies specific to clients who are working to overcome the long-term effects of this disorder.
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Cancelliere R, Leone S, Gatto C, Mazzoli A, Ercole C, Iossa S, Liverini G, Picone D, Crescenzo R. Metabolic Effects of the Sweet Protein MNEI as a Sweetener in Drinking Water. A Pilot Study of a High Fat Dietary Regimen in a Rodent Model. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112643. [PMID: 31689911 PMCID: PMC6893535 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweeteners have become integrating components of the typical western diet, in response to the spreading of sugar-related pathologies (diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome) that have stemmed from the adoption of unbalanced dietary habits. Sweet proteins are a relatively unstudied class of sweet compounds that could serve as innovative sweeteners, but their introduction on the food market has been delayed by some factors, among which is the lack of thorough metabolic and toxicological studies. We have tried to shed light on the potential of a sweet protein, MNEI, as a fructose substitute in beverages in a typical western diet, by studying the metabolic consequences of its consumption on a Wistar rat model of high fat diet-induced obesity. In particular, we investigated the lipid profile, insulin sensitivity and other indicators of metabolic syndrome. We also evaluated systemic inflammation and potential colon damage. MNEI consumption rescued the metabolic derangement elicited by the intake of fructose, namely insulin resistance, altered plasma lipid profile, colon inflammation and translocation of lipopolysaccharides from the gut lumen into the circulatory system. We concluded that MNEI could represent a valid alternative to fructose, particularly when concomitant metabolic disorders such as diabetes and/or glucose intolerance are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Cancelliere
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Serena Leone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Cristina Gatto
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Arianna Mazzoli
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Carmine Ercole
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Susanna Iossa
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Liverini
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Delia Picone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Crescenzo
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy.
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10
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Laing BB, Lim AG, Ferguson LR. A Personalised Dietary Approach-A Way Forward to Manage Nutrient Deficiency, Effects of the Western Diet, and Food Intolerances in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071532. [PMID: 31284450 PMCID: PMC6683058 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the personalised dietary approach with respect to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It identifies gene–nutrient interactions associated with the nutritional deficiencies that people with IBD commonly experience, and the role of the Western diet in influencing these. It also discusses food intolerances and how particular genotypes can affect these. It is well established that with respect to food there is no “one size fits all” diet for those with IBD. Gene–nutrient interactions may help explain this variability in response to food that is associated with IBD. Nutrigenomic research, which examines the effects of food and its constituents on gene expression, shows that—like a number of pharmaceutical products—food can have beneficial effects or have adverse (side) effects depending on a person’s genotype. Pharmacogenetic research is identifying gene variants with adverse reactions to drugs, and this is modifying clinical practice and allowing individualised treatment. Nutrigenomic research could enable individualised treatment in persons with IBD and enable more accurate tailoring of food intake, to avoid exacerbating malnutrition and to counter some of the adverse effects of the Western diet. It may also help to establish the dietary pattern that is most protective against IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobbi B Laing
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- Nutrition Society of New Zealand, Palmerston North 4444, New Zealand
| | - Anecita Gigi Lim
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Lynnette R Ferguson
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
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Cruz-Rojas C, SanJuan-Reyes N, Fuentes-Benites MPAG, Dublan-García O, Galar-Martínez M, Islas-Flores H, Gómez-Oliván LM. Acesulfame potassium: Its ecotoxicity measured through oxidative stress biomarkers in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:772-784. [PMID: 30096667 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acesulfame potassium (ACS) is a widely-used sweetener worldwide. Its presence has been demonstrated in diverse bodies of water. However, the deleterious effects this causes in aquatic organisms has not yet been identified, which generates controversy concerning the risks that ACS represents after its disposal into the bodies of water. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate if the exposure of ACS in environmentally-relevant concentrations was capable of producing oxidative stress in blood, liver, gill, brain and muscle of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). With this finality, the carp were exposed to two environmentally-relevant concentrations (0.05 and 149 μg L-1) at different exposure times (12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h), having controls in the same conditions for each exposure time. Posteriorly, the following biomarkers of damage were evaluated: hydroperoxide content (HPC), level of lipoperoxidation (LPX) and protein carbonyl content (PCC), as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). The results showed that ACS produces significant increase in damage biomarkers evaluated in all organs, mainly in gill, brain and muscle, as well as significant changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the same organs. Thus, it is concluded that ACS is capable of producing oxidative stress in common carp (Cyprinus carpio).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cruz-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Nely SanJuan-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, México; Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa s/n, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, C.P.07738 CDMX, Mexico
| | - María Paulina Aideé Gracia Fuentes-Benites
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Octavio Dublan-García
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Marcela Galar-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa s/n, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, C.P.07738 CDMX, Mexico
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, México.
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12
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Banerjee P, Preissner R. BitterSweetForest: A Random Forest Based Binary Classifier to Predict Bitterness and Sweetness of Chemical Compounds. Front Chem 2018; 6:93. [PMID: 29696137 PMCID: PMC5905275 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste of a chemical compound present in food stimulates us to take in nutrients and avoid poisons. However, the perception of taste greatly depends on the genetic as well as evolutionary perspectives. The aim of this work was the development and validation of a machine learning model based on molecular fingerprints to discriminate between sweet and bitter taste of molecules. BitterSweetForest is the first open access model based on KNIME workflow that provides platform for prediction of bitter and sweet taste of chemical compounds using molecular fingerprints and Random Forest based classifier. The constructed model yielded an accuracy of 95% and an AUC of 0.98 in cross-validation. In independent test set, BitterSweetForest achieved an accuracy of 96% and an AUC of 0.98 for bitter and sweet taste prediction. The constructed model was further applied to predict the bitter and sweet taste of natural compounds, approved drugs as well as on an acute toxicity compound data set. BitterSweetForest suggests 70% of the natural product space, as bitter and 10% of the natural product space as sweet with confidence score of 0.60 and above. 77% of the approved drug set was predicted as bitter and 2% as sweet with a confidence score of 0.75 and above. Similarly, 75% of the total compounds from acute oral toxicity class were predicted only as bitter with a minimum confidence score of 0.75, revealing toxic compounds are mostly bitter. Furthermore, we applied a Bayesian based feature analysis method to discriminate the most occurring chemical features between sweet and bitter compounds using the feature space of a circular fingerprint.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Preissner
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Institute for Physiology and ECRC, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Higgins KA, Considine RV, Mattes RD. Aspartame Consumption for 12 Weeks Does Not Affect Glycemia, Appetite, or Body Weight of Healthy, Lean Adults in a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2018; 148:650-657. [PMID: 29659969 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low-calorie sweeteners are often used to moderate energy intake and postprandial glycemia, but some evidence indicates that they may exacerbate these aims. Objective The trial's primary aim was to assess the effect of daily aspartame ingestion for 12 wk on glycemia. Effects on appetite and body weight were secondary aims. Methods One hundred lean [body mass index (kg/m2): 18-25] adults aged 18-60 y were randomly assigned to consume 0, 350, or 1050 mg aspartame/d (ASP groups) in a beverage for 12 wk in a parallel-arm design. At baseline, body weight and composition were determined, a 240-min oral-glucose-tolerance test (OGTT) was administered, and measurements were made of appetite and selected hormones. Participants also collected a 24-h urine sample. During the intervention, the 0-mg/d ASP group consumed capsules containing 680 mg dextrose and 80 mg para-amino benzoic acid. For the 350-mg/d ASP group, the beverage contained 350 mg aspartame and the 1050-mg/d ASP group consumed the same beverage plus capsules containing 680 mg dextrose and 700 mg aspartame. Body weight, blood pressure, heart rate, and waist circumference were measured weekly. At weeks 4, 8, and 12, participants collected 24-h urine samples and kept appetite logs. Baseline measurements were repeated at week 12. Results With the exception of the baseline OGTT glucose concentration at 60 min (and resulting area under the curve value), there were no group differences for glucose, insulin, resting leptin, glucagon-like peptide 1, or gastric inhibitory peptide at baseline or week 12. There also were no effects of aspartame ingestion on appetite, body weight, or body composition. Compliance with the beverage intervention was ∼95%. Conclusions Aspartame ingested at 2 doses for 12 wk had no effect on glycemia, appetite, or body weight among healthy, lean adults. These data do not support the view that aspartame is problematic for the management of glycemia, appetite, or body weight. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02999321.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Higgins
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Robert V Considine
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Richard D Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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14
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Critical review of the current literature on the safety of sucralose. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:324-355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Rega MF, Siciliano A, Gesuele R, Lofrano G, Carpentieri A, Picone D, Guida M. Ecotoxicological survey of MNEI and Y65R-MNEI proteins as new potential high-intensity sweeteners. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:9734-9740. [PMID: 28251536 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Low-calorie sweeteners are widespread. They are routinely introduced into commonly consumed food such as diet sodas, cereals, and sugar-free desserts. Recent data revealed the presence in considerable quantities of some of these artificial sweeteners in water samples qualifying them as a class of potential new emerging contaminants. This study aimed at evaluating the ecotoxicity profile of MNEI and Y65R-MNEI, two engineered products derived from the natural protein monellin, employing representative test organism such as Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Raphidocelis subcapitata. Potential genotoxicity and mutagenicity effects on Salmonella typhimurium (strain TA97a, TA98, TA100, and TA1535) and Escherichia coli (strain WP2 pkM101) were evaluated. No genotoxicity effects were detected, whereas slight mutagenicity was highlighted by TA98 S. typhimurium. Ecotoxicity results evidenced effects approximately up to 14 and 20% with microalgae at 500 mg/L of MNEI and Y65R-MNEI, in that order. Macrophytes and crustaceans showed no significant effects. No median effective concentrations were determined. Overall, MNEI and Y65R-MNEI can be classified as not acutely toxic for the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fortunato Rega
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cinthia Complesso Monte Sant'Angelo, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Siciliano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cinthia Complesso Monte Sant'Angelo, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Renato Gesuele
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cinthia Complesso Monte Sant'Angelo, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Giusy Lofrano
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Andrea Carpentieri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cinthia Complesso Monte Sant'Angelo, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Delia Picone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cinthia Complesso Monte Sant'Angelo, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cinthia Complesso Monte Sant'Angelo, 80126, Naples, Italy.
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16
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Pałkowska-Goździk E, Bigos A, Rosołowska-Huszcz D. Type of sweet flavour carrier affects thyroid axis activity in male rats. Eur J Nutr 2016; 57:773-782. [PMID: 28040879 PMCID: PMC5845588 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-nutritive sweeteners are the most widely used food additives worldwide. However, their metabolic outcomes are still a matter of controversy and their effect on the thyroid activity, a key regulator of metabolism, has not been previously studied. Therefore, we aim to determine the influence of the sweet type flavour carrier on selected parameters of thyroid axis activity. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 105) were divided into 3 groups fed ad libitum for three weeks isocaloric diets (3.76 ± 0.5 kcal/g): two with the same sweet flavour intensity responded to 10% of sucrose (with sucrose-SC-and sucralose-SU) and one non-sweet diet (NS). To evaluate the post-ingested effects, animals were euthanised at fast and 30, 60, 120, 180 min after meal. RESULTS The results obtained indicate that both the presence and the type of sweet taste flavour carrier affect thyroid axis activity both at fasting and postprandial state. Compared to diet with sucrose which stimulates thyroid axis activity, sucralose addition diminishes thyroid hormone synthesis as thyroid peroxidase (TPO) activity, plasma thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) concentration was lower than in SC and NS while in non-sweet diet the lowest level of hepatic deiodinase type 1 (DIO1) and the highest reverse T3 (rT3) level indicate on altered thyroid hormone peripheral metabolism. CONCLUSION Both the presence and the type of sweet flavour carrier have a significant impact on thyroid axis activity. Our findings suggest that this organochlorine sweetener is metabolically active and might exacerbate metabolic disorders via an adverse effect on thyroid hormone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Pałkowska-Goździk
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, University of Life Sciences in Warsaw-SGGW, Poland, Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Bigos
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, University of Life Sciences in Warsaw-SGGW, Poland, Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Danuta Rosołowska-Huszcz
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, University of Life Sciences in Warsaw-SGGW, Poland, Nowoursynowska 159c Street, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Glendinning JI. Do low-calorie sweeteners promote weight gain in rodents? Physiol Behav 2016; 164:509-513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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18
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Rother KI, Sylvetsky AC, Schiffman SS. Non-nutritive sweeteners in breast milk: perspective on potential implications of recent findings. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:2169-71. [PMID: 26462668 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina I Rother
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C-432A, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1645, USA.
| | - Allison C Sylvetsky
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C-432A, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1645, USA
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - S S Schiffman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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19
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Burke MV, Small DM. Physiological mechanisms by which non-nutritive sweeteners may impact body weight and metabolism. Physiol Behav 2015; 152:381-8. [PMID: 26048305 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Evidence linking sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption to weight gain and other negative health outcomes has prompted many individuals to resort to artificial, non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) substitutes as a means of reducing SSB intake. However, there is a great deal of controversy regarding the biological consequences of NNS use, with accumulating evidence suggesting that NNS consumption may influence feeding and metabolism via a variety of peripheral and central mechanisms. Here we argue that NNSs are not physiologically inert compounds and consider the potential biological mechanisms by which NNS consumption may impact energy balance and metabolic function, including actions on oral and extra-oral sweet taste receptors, and effects on metabolic hormone secretion, cognitive processes (e.g. reward learning, memory, and taste perception), and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary V Burke
- Yale Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA; John B. Pierce Laboratory, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Dana M Small
- Yale Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA; John B. Pierce Laboratory, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Center for Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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20
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Antenucci RG, Hayes JE. Nonnutritive sweeteners are not supernormal stimuli. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 39:254-9. [PMID: 24942868 PMCID: PMC4262733 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is often claimed that nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS) are 'sweeter than sugar', with the implicit implication that high-potency sweeteners are supernormal stimuli that encourage exaggerated responses. This study aimed to investigate the perceived sweetness intensity of a variety of nutritive sweeteners (sucrose, maple syrup and agave nectar) and NNS (acesulfame-K (AceK), rebaudioside A (RebA), aspartame and sucralose) in a large cohort of untrained participants using contemporary psychophysical methods. METHODS Participants (n=401 total) rated the intensity of sweet, bitter and metallic sensations for nutritive sweeteners and NNS in water using the general labeled magnitude scale. RESULTS Sigmoidal dose-response functions were observed for all stimuli except AceK. That is, sucrose follows a sigmoidal function if the data are not artifactually linearized via prior training. More critically, there is no evidence that NNS have a maximal sweetness (intensity) greater than sucrose; indeed, the maximal sweetness for AceK, RebA and sucralose were significantly lower than that for concentrated sucrose. For these sweeteners, mixture suppression due to endogenous dose-dependent bitter or metallic sensations appears to limit maximal perceived sweetness. CONCLUSIONS In terms of perceived sweetness, NNS cannot be considered supernormal stimuli. These data do not support the view that NNS hijack or overstimulate sweet receptors to produce elevated sweet sensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel G. Antenucci
- Sensory Evaluation Center, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John E. Hayes
- Sensory Evaluation Center, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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Rega MF, Di Monaco R, Leone S, Donnarumma F, Spadaccini R, Cavella S, Picone D. Design of sweet protein based sweeteners: hints from structure-function relationships. Food Chem 2014; 173:1179-86. [PMID: 25466141 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sweet proteins represent a class of natural molecules, which are extremely interesting regarding their potential use as safe low-calories sweeteners for individuals who need to control sugar intake, such as obese or diabetic subjects. Punctual mutations of amino acid residues of MNEI, a single chain derivative of the natural sweet protein monellin, allow the modulation of its taste. In this study we present a structural and functional comparison between MNEI and a sweeter mutant Y65R, containing an extra positive charge on the protein surface, in conditions mimicking those of typical beverages. Y65R exhibits superior sweetness in all the experimental conditions tested, has a better solubility at mild acidic pH and preserves a significant thermal stability in a wide range of pH conditions, although slightly lower than MNEI. Our findings confirm the advantages of structure-guided protein engineering to design improved low-calorie sweeteners and excipients for food and pharmaceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fortunato Rega
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Rossella Di Monaco
- Food Science and Agricultural Department, University of Naples - Federico II, Italy; Centre for Food Innovation and Development, University of Naples, Portici, Italy
| | - Serena Leone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Donnarumma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Spadaccini
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Silvana Cavella
- Food Science and Agricultural Department, University of Naples - Federico II, Italy; Centre for Food Innovation and Development, University of Naples, Portici, Italy
| | - Delia Picone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy.
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22
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Development of a sweetness sensor for aspartame, a positively charged high-potency sweetener. SENSORS 2014; 14:7359-73. [PMID: 24763213 PMCID: PMC4029720 DOI: 10.3390/s140407359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Taste evaluation technology has been developed by several methods, such as sensory tests, electronic tongues and a taste sensor based on lipid/polymer membranes. In particular, the taste sensor can individually quantify five basic tastes without multivariate analysis. However, it has proven difficult to develop a sweetness sensor, because sweeteners are classified into three types according to the electric charges in an aqueous solution; that is, no charge, negative charge and positive charge. Using membrane potential measurements, the taste-sensing system needs three types of sensor membrane for each electric charge type of sweetener. Since the commercially available sweetness sensor was only intended for uncharged sweeteners, a sweetness sensor for positively charged high-potency sweeteners such as aspartame was developed in this study. Using a lipid and plasticizers, we fabricated various lipid/polymer membranes for the sweetness sensor to identify the suitable components of the sensor membranes. As a result, one of the developed sensors showed responses of more than 20 mV to 10 mM aspartame and less than 5 mV to any other taste. The responses of the sensor depended on the concentration of aspartame. These results suggested that the developed sweetness sensor had high sensitivity to and high selectivity for aspartame.
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23
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A preference test for sweet taste that uses edible strips. Appetite 2013; 73:132-9. [PMID: 24225255 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel delivery method is described for the rapid determination of taste preferences for sweet taste in humans. This forced-choice paired comparison approach incorporates the non-caloric sweetener sucralose into a set of one-inch square edible strips for the rapid determination of sweet taste preferences. When compared to aqueous sucrose solutions, significantly lower amounts of sucralose were required to identify the preference for sweet taste. The validity of this approach was determined by comparing sweet taste preferences obtained with five different sucralose-containing edible strips to a set of five intensity-matched sucrose solutions. When compared to the solution test, edible strips required approximately the same number of steps to identify the preferred amount of sweet taste stimulus. Both approaches yielded similar distribution patterns for the preferred amount of sweet taste stimulus. In addition, taste intensity values for the preferred amount of sucralose in strips were similar to that of sucrose in solution. The hedonic values for the preferred amount of sucralose were lower than for sucrose, but the taste quality of the preferred sucralose strip was described as sweet. When taste intensity values between sucralose strips and sucralose solutions containing identical amounts of taste stimulus were compared, sucralose strips produced a greater taste intensity and more positive hedonic response. A preference test that uses edible strips for stimulus delivery should be useful for identifying preferences for sweet taste in young children, and in clinical populations. This test should also be useful for identifying sweet taste preferences outside of the lab or clinic. Finally, edible strips should be useful for developing preference tests for other primary taste stimuli and for taste mixtures.
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24
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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans formed from sucralose at high temperatures. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2946. [PMID: 24126490 PMCID: PMC3796739 DOI: 10.1038/srep02946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucralose is a widely-used artificial high-intensity sweetener. Although doubts have been raised about the safety of sucralose by several researchers, it can still be found in a broad range of foods and beverages worldwide, including in baked goods. Sucralose may decompose at high temperatures, and participate in chlorination reactions, generating highly toxic compounds. Here, we demonstrate that heating sucralose at high temperatures in stainless steel or other metal utensils in the presence of rust (Al2O3, Fe2O3, and CuO) produces polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). PCDD/Fs were found in smoke generated during the heating of sucralose and in the residues after heating. CuO enhanced the PCDD/F yield in comparison with Al2O3 and Fe2O3.
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25
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Tóthová L, Hodosy J, Mettenburg K, Fábryová H, Wagnerová A, Bábíčková J, Okuliarová M, Zeman M, Celec P. No harmful effect of different Coca-cola beverages after 6 months of intake on rat testes. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:343-8. [PMID: 24001441 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory recently reported that a 3-month exposure of rats to cola-like beverages induced sex hormone changes. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of various types of Coca-cola intake with different composition for 6 months on oxidative status in testes and testosterone in adult male rats. Fifty adult male Wistar rats were divided into control group drinking water, and groups drinking different Coca-cola beverages (regular Coca-cola, Coca-cola caffeine-free, Coca-cola Light and Coca-cola Zero). Oxidative and carbonyl stress markers were measured in the testicular tissue to assess oxidative status together with testicular and plasma testosterone. StAR expression in testes as a marker of steroidogenesis was quantified. No significant differences were found between the groups in any of the measured parameters. In conclusion, oxidative and carbonyl stress in testicular tissue were not influenced by drinking any type of Coca-cola. Additionally, testosterone in testes and in plasma, as well as testicular StAR expression were comparable among the groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubomíra Tóthová
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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26
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Schiffman SS, Rother KI. Sucralose, a synthetic organochlorine sweetener: overview of biological issues. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2013; 16:399-451. [PMID: 24219506 PMCID: PMC3856475 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2013.842523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Sucralose is a synthetic organochlorine sweetener (OC) that is a common ingredient in the world's food supply. Sucralose interacts with chemosensors in the alimentary tract that play a role in sweet taste sensation and hormone secretion. In rats, sucralose ingestion was shown to increase the expression of the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and two cytochrome P-450 (CYP) isozymes in the intestine. P-gp and CYP are key components of the presystemic detoxification system involved in first-pass drug metabolism. The effect of sucralose on first-pass drug metabolism in humans, however, has not yet been determined. In rats, sucralose alters the microbial composition in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), with relatively greater reduction in beneficial bacteria. Although early studies asserted that sucralose passes through the GIT unchanged, subsequent analysis suggested that some of the ingested sweetener is metabolized in the GIT, as indicated by multiple peaks found in thin-layer radiochromatographic profiles of methanolic fecal extracts after oral sucralose administration. The identity and safety profile of these putative sucralose metabolites are not known at this time. Sucralose and one of its hydrolysis products were found to be mutagenic at elevated concentrations in several testing methods. Cooking with sucralose at high temperatures was reported to generate chloropropanols, a potentially toxic class of compounds. Both human and rodent studies demonstrated that sucralose may alter glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) levels. Taken together, these findings indicate that sucralose is not a biologically inert compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S. Schiffman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to Susan S. Schiffman, PhD, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7911, USA. E-mail:
| | - Kristina I. Rother
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes & Metabolism, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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27
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Di Monaco R, Miele N, Picone D, Masi P, Cavella S. Taste Detection and Recognition Thresholds of The Modified Monellin Sweetener: MNEI. J SENS STUD 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Di Monaco
- Food Science Department; University of Naples; Via Università 100 80055 Portici (NA) Italy
- Centre for Food Innovation and Development; University of Naples; Portici Italy
| | - N.A. Miele
- Food Science Department; University of Naples; Via Università 100 80055 Portici (NA) Italy
| | - D. Picone
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples; Portici Italy
| | - P. Masi
- Food Science Department; University of Naples; Via Università 100 80055 Portici (NA) Italy
- Centre for Food Innovation and Development; University of Naples; Portici Italy
| | - S. Cavella
- Food Science Department; University of Naples; Via Università 100 80055 Portici (NA) Italy
- Centre for Food Innovation and Development; University of Naples; Portici Italy
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