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Hatakeyama H, Morishita M, Alshammari AH, Ungkulpasvich U, Yamaguchi J, Hirotsu T, di Luccio E. A non-invasive screening method using Caenorhabditis elegans for early detection of multiple cancer types: A prospective clinical study. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 39:101778. [PMID: 39104839 PMCID: PMC11299558 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, according to the World Health Organization, surpassed only by cardiovascular diseases. Early identification and intervention can significantly improve outcomes. However, finding a universal, non-invasive, economical, and precise method for early cancer detection remains a significant challenge. This study explores the efficacy of an innovative cancer detection test, N-NOSE, leveraging a Caenorhabditis elegans olfactory assay on urine samples across a diverse patient group exceeding 1600 individuals diagnosed with various cancers, with samples from the Shikoku Cancer Center (Ehime, Japan) under approved ethical standards. Current cancer screening techniques often require invasive procedures, can be painful or complex, with poor performance, and might be prohibitively costly, limiting accessibility for many. N-NOSE addresses these challenges head-on by offering a test based on urine analysis, eliminating the need for invasive methods, and being more affordable with higher performance at early stages than extensive blood tests or comprehensive body scans for cancer detection. In this study, N-NOSE demonstrated a capability to accurately identify upwards of 20 cancer types, achieving detection sensitivities between 60 and 90 %, including initial-stage cancers. The findings robustly advocate for N-NOSE's potential as a revolutionary, cost-effective, and minimally invasive strategy for broad-spectrum early cancer detection. It is also particularly significant in low- and middle-income countries with limited access to advanced cancer diagnostic methods, which may contribute to the improved outcome of affected individuals.
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Brissette B, Ficaro L, Li C, Jones DR, Ramanathan S, Ringstad N. Chemosensory detection of polyamine metabolites guides C. elegans to nutritive microbes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj4387. [PMID: 38517971 PMCID: PMC10959419 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj4387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Much is known about molecular mechanisms by which animals detect pathogenic microbes, but how animals sense beneficial microbes remains poorly understood. The roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans is a microbivore that must distinguish nutritive microbes from pathogens. We characterized a neural circuit used by C. elegans to rapidly discriminate between nutritive bacteria and pathogens. Distinct sensory neuron populations responded to chemical cues from nutritive Escherichia coli and pathogenic Enterococcus faecalis, and these neural signals are decoded by downstream AIB interneurons. The polyamine metabolites cadaverine, putrescine, and spermidine produced by E. coli activate this neural circuit and elicit positive chemotaxis. Our study shows how polyamine odorants can be sensed by animals as proxies for microbe identity and suggests that, hence, polyamines might have widespread roles brokering host-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Brissette
- Department of Cell Biology, Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lia Ficaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Chenguang Li
- Biophysics Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Drew R. Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sharad Ramanathan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Niels Ringstad
- Department of Cell Biology, Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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3
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Chai VZ, Farajzadeh T, Meng Y, Lo SB, Asaed TA, Taylor CJ, Glater EE. Chemical basis of microbiome preference in the nematode C. elegans. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1350. [PMID: 38228683 PMCID: PMC10791660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51533-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Animals are exposed to many microbes in their environment, some of which have been shown to colonize various tissues including the intestine. The composition of the intestinal microbiota affects many aspects of the host's physiology and health. Despite this, very little is known about whether host behavior contributes to the colonization. We approach this question in the nematode C. elegans, which feeds on bacteria and also harbors an intestinal microbiome. We examined the behavior of C. elegans towards CeMbio, a simplified microbiome consisting of twelve strains that represent the bacteria found in the animal's natural environment. We observed that C. elegans raised on E. coli shows a strong preference for three members of CeMbio (Lelliottia amnigena JUb66, Enterobacter hormaechei CEent1, and Pantoea nemavictus BIGb0393) compared to E. coli. Previously, these three bacterial strains have been shown to support faster C. elegans development time than E. coli OP50 and are low colonizers compared to eight other members of CeMbio. We then used gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry to identify that these three bacteria release isoamyl alcohol, a previously described C. elegans chemoattractant. We suggest that C. elegans seeks bacteria that release isoamyl alcohol and support faster growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Z Chai
- Department of Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA
| | | | - Yufei Meng
- Department of Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Sokhna B Lo
- Department of Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Tymmaa A Asaed
- Department of Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA
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Abstract
Foraging animals optimize feeding decisions by adjusting both common and rare behavioral patterns. Here, we characterize the relationship between an animal's arousal state and a rare decision to leave a patch of bacterial food. Using long-term tracking and behavioral state classification, we find that food leaving decisions in Caenorhabditis elegans are coupled to arousal states across multiple timescales. Leaving emerges probabilistically over minutes from the high arousal roaming state, but is suppressed during the low arousal dwelling state. Immediately before leaving, animals have a brief acceleration in speed that appears as a characteristic signature of this behavioral motif. Neuromodulatory mutants and optogenetic manipulations that increase roaming have a coupled increase in leaving rates, and similarly acute manipulations that inhibit feeding induce both roaming and leaving. By contrast, inactivating a set of chemosensory neurons that depend on the cGMP-gated transduction channel TAX-4 uncouples roaming and leaving dynamics. In addition, tax-4-expressing sensory neurons promote lawn-leaving behaviors that are elicited by feeding inhibition. Our results indicate that sensory neurons responsive to both internal and external cues play an integrative role in arousal and foraging decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Scheer
- Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Cornelia I Bargmann
- Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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5
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Chandra R, Farah F, Muñoz-Lobato F, Bokka A, Benedetti KL, Brueggemann C, Saifuddin MFA, Miller JM, Li J, Chang E, Varshney A, Jimenez V, Baradwaj A, Nassif C, Alladin S, Andersen K, Garcia AJ, Bi V, Nordquist SK, Dunn RL, Garcia V, Tokalenko K, Soohoo E, Briseno F, Kaur S, Harris M, Guillen H, Byrd D, Fung B, Bykov AE, Odisho E, Tsujimoto B, Tran A, Duong A, Daigle KC, Paisner R, Zuazo CE, Lin C, Asundi A, Churgin MA, Fang-Yen C, Bremer M, Kato S, VanHoven MK, L'Étoile ND. Sleep is required to consolidate odor memory and remodel olfactory synapses. Cell 2023; 186:2911-2928.e20. [PMID: 37269832 PMCID: PMC10354834 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Animals with complex nervous systems demand sleep for memory consolidation and synaptic remodeling. Here, we show that, although the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system has a limited number of neurons, sleep is necessary for both processes. In addition, it is unclear if, in any system, sleep collaborates with experience to alter synapses between specific neurons and whether this ultimately affects behavior. C. elegans neurons have defined connections and well-described contributions to behavior. We show that spaced odor-training and post-training sleep induce long-term memory. Memory consolidation, but not acquisition, requires a pair of interneurons, the AIYs, which play a role in odor-seeking behavior. In worms that consolidate memory, both sleep and odor conditioning are required to diminish inhibitory synaptic connections between the AWC chemosensory neurons and the AIYs. Thus, we demonstrate in a living organism that sleep is required for events immediately after training that drive memory consolidation and alter synaptic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Chandra
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Fatima Farah
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Fernando Muñoz-Lobato
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Anirudh Bokka
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Kelli L Benedetti
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Chantal Brueggemann
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mashel Fatema A Saifuddin
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Julia M Miller
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Joy Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Eric Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Aruna Varshney
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Vanessa Jimenez
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Anjana Baradwaj
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Cibelle Nassif
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Sara Alladin
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Kristine Andersen
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Angel J Garcia
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Veronica Bi
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Sarah K Nordquist
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Raymond L Dunn
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Vanessa Garcia
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Kateryna Tokalenko
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Emily Soohoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Fabiola Briseno
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Sukhdeep Kaur
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Malcolm Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Hazel Guillen
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Decklin Byrd
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Brandon Fung
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Andrew E Bykov
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Emma Odisho
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Bryan Tsujimoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Alan Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Alex Duong
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Kevin C Daigle
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rebekka Paisner
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Carlos E Zuazo
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Christine Lin
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Aarati Asundi
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew A Churgin
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher Fang-Yen
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Martina Bremer
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - Saul Kato
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Miri K VanHoven
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA.
| | - Noëlle D L'Étoile
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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6
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Wiesel O, Sung SW, Katz A, Leibowitz R, Bar J, Kamer I, Berger I, Nir-Ziv I, Mark Danieli M. A Novel Urine Test Biosensor Platform for Early Lung Cancer Detection. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:627. [PMID: 37366992 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Early detection is essential to achieving a better outcome and prognosis. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) reflect alterations in the pathophysiology and body metabolism processes, as shown in various types of cancers. The biosensor platform (BSP) urine test uses animals' unique, proficient, and accurate ability to scent lung cancer VOCs. The BSP is a testing platform for the binary (negative/positive) recognition of the signature VOCs of lung cancer by trained and qualified Long-Evans rats as biosensors (BSs). The results of the current double-blind study show high accuracy in lung cancer VOC recognition, with 93% sensitivity and 91% specificity. The BSP test is safe, rapid, objective and can be performed repetitively, enabling periodic cancer monitoring as well as an aid to existing diagnostic methods. The future implementation of such urine tests as routine screening and monitoring tools has the potential to significantly increase detection rate as well as curability rates with lower healthcare expenditure. This paper offers a first instructive clinical platform utilizing VOC's in urine for detection of lung cancer using the innovative BSP to deal with the pressing need for an early lung cancer detection test tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ory Wiesel
- Division of Thoracic and Esophageal Surgery the Cardiovascular Center, Tzafon Medical Center, Affiliated to Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Poriya 1520800, Israel
| | - Sook-Whan Sung
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ewha Womens University Seoul Hospital, 260 Gonghang-daero, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea
| | - Amit Katz
- Head of Thoracic Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, P.O. Box 9602, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Raya Leibowitz
- Oncology institute, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin 703001, Israel
| | - Jair Bar
- Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel
| | - Iris Kamer
- Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel
| | - Itay Berger
- Early OM, 4 Meir Ariel St., Natanya 4253063, Israel
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7
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Wang D, Ma N, Rao W, Zhang Y. Recent Advances in Life History Transition with Nematode-Trapping Fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora and Its Application in Sustainable Agriculture. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030367. [PMID: 36986289 PMCID: PMC10056792 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes cause great annual loss in the agricultural industry globally. Arthrobotrys oligospora is the most prevalent and common nematode-trapping fungus (NTF) in the environment and the candidate for the control of plant- and animal-parasitic nematodes. A. oligospora is also the first recognized and intensively studied NTF species. This review highlights the recent research advances of A. oligospora as a model to study the biological signals of the switch from saprophytism to predation and their sophisticated mechanisms for interacting with their invertebrate hosts, which is of vital importance for improving the engineering of this species as an effective biocontrol fungus. The application of A. oligospora in industry and agriculture, especially as biological control agents for sustainable purposes, was summarized, and we discussed the increasing role of A. oligospora in studying its sexual morph and genetic transformation in complementing biological control research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Nan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Wanqin Rao
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650032, China
- Correspondence:
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Yoon KH, Indong RA, Lee JI. Making "Sense" of Ecology from a Genetic Perspective: Caenorhabditis elegans, Microbes and Behavior. Metabolites 2022; 12:1084. [PMID: 36355167 PMCID: PMC9697003 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge of animal and behavior in the natural ecology is based on over a century's worth of valuable field studies. In this post-genome era, however, we recognize that genes are the underpinning of ecological interactions between two organisms. Understanding how genes contribute to animal ecology, which is essentially the intersection of two genomes, is a tremendous challenge. The bacterivorous nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, one of the most well-known genetic animal model experimental systems, experiences a complex microbial world in its natural habitat, providing us with a window into the interplay of genes and molecules that result in an animal-microbial ecology. In this review, we will discuss C. elegans natural ecology, how the worm uses its sensory system to detect the microbes and metabolites that it encounters, and then discuss some of the fascinating ecological dances, including behaviors, that have evolved between the nematode and the microbes in its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-hye Yoon
- Department of Physiology, Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea
| | - Rocel Amor Indong
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea
| | - Jin I. Lee
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea
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9
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Prakash D, Ms A, Radhika B, Venkatesan R, Chalasani SH, Singh V. 1-Undecene from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an olfactory signal for flight-or-fight response in Caenorhabditis elegans. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106938. [PMID: 34086368 PMCID: PMC8246062 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals possess conserved mechanisms to detect pathogens and to improve survival in their presence by altering their own behavior and physiology. Here, we utilize Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host to ask whether bacterial volatiles constitute microbe-associated molecular patterns. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we identify six prominent volatiles released by the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We show that a specific volatile, 1-undecene, activates nematode odor sensory neurons inducing both flight and fight responses in worms. Using behavioral assays, we show that worms are repelled by 1-undecene and that this aversion response is driven by the detection of this volatile through AWB odor sensory neurons. Furthermore, we find that 1-undecene odor can induce immune effectors specific to P. aeruginosa via AWB neurons and that brief pre-exposure of worms to the odor enhances their survival upon subsequent bacterial infection. These results show that 1-undecene derived from P. aeruginosa serves as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern for the induction of protective responses in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Prakash
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Akhil Ms
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Radhika Venkatesan
- National Center of Biological Sciences, Bangalore, India.,Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohanpur, India
| | | | - Varsha Singh
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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10
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Filipowicz A, Lalsiamthara J, Aballay A. TRPM channels mediate learned pathogen avoidance following intestinal distention. eLife 2021; 10:65935. [PMID: 34032213 PMCID: PMC8177887 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon exposure to harmful microorganisms, hosts engage in protective molecular and behavioral immune responses, both of which are ultimately regulated by the nervous system. Using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, we show that ingestion of Enterococcus faecalis leads to a fast pathogen avoidance behavior that results in aversive learning. We have identified multiple sensory mechanisms involved in the regulation of avoidance of E. faecalis. The G-protein coupled receptor NPR-1-dependent oxygen-sensing pathway opposes this avoidance behavior, while an ASE neuron-dependent pathway and an AWB and AWC neuron-dependent pathway are directly required for avoidance. Colonization of the anterior part of the intestine by E. faecalis leads to AWB and AWC mediated olfactory aversive learning. Finally, two transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) channels, GON-2 and GTL-2, mediate this newly described rapid pathogen avoidance. These results suggest a mechanism by which TRPM channels may sense the intestinal distension caused by bacterial colonization to elicit pathogen avoidance and aversive learning by detecting changes in host physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Filipowicz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Jonathan Lalsiamthara
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Alejandro Aballay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
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11
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Ferkey DM, Sengupta P, L’Etoile ND. Chemosensory signal transduction in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2021; 217:iyab004. [PMID: 33693646 PMCID: PMC8045692 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory neurons translate perception of external chemical cues, including odorants, tastants, and pheromones, into information that drives attraction or avoidance motor programs. In the laboratory, robust behavioral assays, coupled with powerful genetic, molecular and optical tools, have made Caenorhabditis elegans an ideal experimental system in which to dissect the contributions of individual genes and neurons to ethologically relevant chemosensory behaviors. Here, we review current knowledge of the neurons, signal transduction molecules and regulatory mechanisms that underlie the response of C. elegans to chemicals, including pheromones. The majority of identified molecules and pathways share remarkable homology with sensory mechanisms in other organisms. With the development of new tools and technologies, we anticipate that continued study of chemosensory signal transduction and processing in C. elegans will yield additional new insights into the mechanisms by which this animal is able to detect and discriminate among thousands of chemical cues with a limited sensory neuron repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Ferkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Noelle D L’Etoile
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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12
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Gupta S, Kumble ALK, Dey K, Bessière JM, Borges RM. The Scent of Life: Phoretic Nematodes Use Wasp Volatiles and Carbon Dioxide to Choose Functional Vehicles for Dispersal. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:139-152. [PMID: 33475939 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hitchhikers (phoretic organisms) need vehicles to disperse out of unsuitable habitats. Therefore, finding vehicles with the right functional attributes is essential for phoretic organisms. To locate these vehicles, phoretic organisms employ cues within modalities, ranging from visual to chemical senses. However, how hitchhikers discriminate between individual vehicles has rarely been investigated. Using a phoretic nematode community associated with an obligate fig-fig wasp pollination mutualism, we had earlier established that hitchhiking nematodes make decisions based on vehicle species identity and number of conspecific hitchhikers already present on the vehicle. Here we investigate if hitchhikers can differentiate between physiological states of vehicles. We asked whether phoretic nematodes choose between live or dead vehicles present in a chemically crowded environment and we investigated the basis for any discrimination. We conducted two-choice and single-choice behavioral assays using single nematodes and found that plant- and animal-parasitic nematodes preferred live over dead vehicles and used volatiles as a sensory cue to make this decision. However, in single-choice assays, animal-parasitic nematodes were also attracted towards naturally dead or freeze-killed wasps. The volatile profile of the wasps was dominated by terpenes and spiroketals. We examined the volatile blend emitted by the different wasp physiological states and determined a set of volatiles that the phoretic nematodes might use to discriminate between these states which is likely coupled with respired CO2. We determined that CO2 levels emitted by single wasps are sufficient to attract nematodes, demonstrating the high sensitivity of nematodes to this metabolic product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajeet Gupta
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Anusha L K Kumble
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Kaveri Dey
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | | | - Renee M Borges
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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13
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Venkatesh SR, Singh V. G protein-coupled receptors: The choreographers of innate immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009151. [PMID: 33476324 PMCID: PMC7819600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth R. Venkatesh
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Varsha Singh
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- * E-mail:
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14
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Abstract
Microbes are ubiquitous in the natural environment of Caenorhabditis elegans. Bacteria serve as a food source for C. elegans but may also cause infection in the nematode host. The sensory nervous system of C. elegans detects diverse microbial molecules, ranging from metabolites produced by broad classes of bacteria to molecules synthesized by specific strains of bacteria. Innate recognition through chemosensation of bacterial metabolites or mechanosensation of bacteria can induce immediate behavioral responses. The ingestion of nutritive or pathogenic bacteria can modulate internal states that underlie long-lasting behavioral changes. Ingestion of nutritive bacteria leads to learned attraction and exploitation of the bacterial food source. Infection, which is accompanied by activation of innate immunity, stress responses, and host damage, leads to the development of aversive behavior. The integration of a multitude of microbial sensory cues in the environment is shaped by experience and context. Genetic, chemical, and neuronal studies of C. elegans behavior in the presence of bacteria have defined neural circuits and neuromodulatory systems that shape innate and learned behavioral responses to microbial cues. These studies have revealed the profound influence that host-microbe interactions have in governing the behavior of this simple animal host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis H Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven W Flavell
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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15
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Kusumoto H, Tashiro K, Shimaoka S, Tsukasa K, Baba Y, Furukawa S, Furukawa J, Niihara T, Hirotsu T, Uozumi T. Efficiency of Gastrointestinal Cancer Detection by Nematode-NOSE (N-NOSE). In Vivo 2020; 34:73-80. [PMID: 31882465 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Early detection of gastrointestinal cancer may reduce mortality. Recently, Caenorhabditis elegans has been reported to be capable of differentiating patients with cancers from healthy persons by the smell of urine. This novel technique using C. elegans olfaction has been named as Nematode-NOSE (N-NOSE). MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected 180 urine samples from patients with gastrointestinal cancer and 76 samples from healthy subjects. N-NOSE test was performed using these samples and N-NOSE index was obtained. Quantification of the olfactory behavior of C. elegans was performed as established in past studies. By receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, we examined the diagnostic capability of N-NOSE. RESULTS ROC analysis revealed that N-NOSE showed an area under the curve value of more than 0.80, even in early-stage cancers. CONCLUSION C. elegans olfaction enabled the detection of gastrointestinal cancers from urine with high sensitivity, which can provide the basis for the development of N-NOSE as a gastrointestinal cancer screening test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kotaro Tashiro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanpuh Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Syunji Shimaoka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanpuh Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tsukasa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanpuh Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yukiko Baba
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanpuh Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Saori Furukawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanpuh Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | - Toru Niihara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanpuh Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takaaki Hirotsu
- Hirotsu Bio Science Inc., Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biology, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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16
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Levy S, Bargmann CI. An Adaptive-Threshold Mechanism for Odor Sensation and Animal Navigation. Neuron 2019; 105:534-548.e13. [PMID: 31761709 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the environmental information and computations that drive sensory detection is key for understanding animal behavior. Using experimental and theoretical analysis of AWCON, a well-described olfactory neuron in C. elegans, here we derive a general and broadly useful model that matches stimulus history to odor sensation and behavioral responses. We show that AWCON sensory activity is regulated by an absolute signal threshold that continuously adapts to odor history, allowing animals to compare present and past odor concentrations. The model predicts sensory activity and probabilistic behavior during animal navigation in different odor gradients and across a broad stimulus regime. Genetic studies demonstrate that the cGMP-dependent protein kinase EGL-4 determines the timescale of threshold adaptation, defining a molecular basis for a critical model feature. The adaptive threshold model efficiently filters stimulus noise, allowing reliable sensation in fluctuating environments, and represents a feedforward sensory mechanism with implications for other sensory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagi Levy
- Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Cornelia I Bargmann
- Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA
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17
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Cohen D, Teichman G, Volovich M, Zeevi Y, Elbaum L, Madar A, Louie K, Levy DJ, Rechavi O. Bounded rationality in C. elegans is explained by circuit-specific normalization in chemosensory pathways. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3692. [PMID: 31409788 PMCID: PMC6692327 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11715-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rational choice theory assumes optimality in decision-making. Violations of a basic axiom of economic rationality known as "Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives" (IIA) have been demonstrated in both humans and animals and could stem from common neuronal constraints. Here we develop tests for IIA in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, an animal with only 302 neurons, using olfactory chemotaxis assays. We find that in most cases C. elegans make rational decisions. However, by probing multiple neuronal architectures using various choice sets, we show that violations of rationality arise when the circuit of olfactory sensory neurons is asymmetric. We further show that genetic manipulations of the asymmetry between the AWC neurons can make the worm irrational. Last, a context-dependent normalization-based model of value coding and gain control explains how particular neuronal constraints on information coding give rise to irrationality. Thus, we demonstrate that bounded rationality could arise due to basic neuronal constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror Cohen
- Department of Neurobiology, Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Guy Teichman
- Department of Neurobiology, Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Meshi Volovich
- Department of Neurobiology, Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Yoav Zeevi
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- Statistics and Operation Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Lilach Elbaum
- Department of Neurobiology, Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Asaf Madar
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Kenway Louie
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dino J Levy
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.
- Coller School of Management, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.
| | - Oded Rechavi
- Department of Neurobiology, Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.
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18
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Dolke F, Dong C, Bandi S, Paetz C, Glauser G, von Reuß SH. Ascaroside Signaling in the Bacterivorous Nematode Caenorhabditis remanei Encodes the Growth Phase of Its Bacterial Food Source. Org Lett 2019; 21:5832-5837. [PMID: 31305087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of species-specific modular ascarosides that integrate additional fatty acid building blocks was characterized in the nematode Caenorhabditis remanei using a combination of HPLC-ESI-(-)-MS/MS precursor ion scanning, microreactions, HR-MS/MS, MSn, and NMR techniques. The structure of the dominating component carrying a cyclopropyl fatty acid moiety was established by total synthesis. Biogenesis of this female-produced male attractant depends on cyclopropyl fatty acid synthase (cfa), which is expressed in bacteria upon entering their stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Dolke
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology , Hans-Knöll Straße 8 , D-07745 Jena , Germany
| | - Chuanfu Dong
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology , Hans-Knöll Straße 8 , D-07745 Jena , Germany
| | - Siva Bandi
- Laboratory for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry , University of Neuchâtel , Avenue de Bellevaux 51 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland
| | - Christian Paetz
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR , Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology , Hans-Knöll Straße 8 , D-07745 Jena , Germany
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform for Analytical Chemistry (NPAC) , University of Neuchâtel , Avenue de Bellevaux 51 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland
| | - Stephan H von Reuß
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology , Hans-Knöll Straße 8 , D-07745 Jena , Germany.,Laboratory for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry , University of Neuchâtel , Avenue de Bellevaux 51 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland.,Neuchâtel Platform for Analytical Chemistry (NPAC) , University of Neuchâtel , Avenue de Bellevaux 51 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland
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19
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Worthy SE, Haynes L, Chambers M, Bethune D, Kan E, Chung K, Ota R, Taylor CJ, Glater EE. Identification of attractive odorants released by preferred bacterial food found in the natural habitats of C. elegans. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201158. [PMID: 30036396 PMCID: PMC6056031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Food choice is critical for survival because organisms must choose food that is edible and nutritious and avoid pathogenic food. Many organisms, including the nematode C. elegans, use olfaction to detect and distinguish among food sources. C. elegans exhibits innate preferences for the odors of different bacterial species. However, little is known about the preferences of C. elegans for bacterial strains isolated from their natural environment as well as the attractive volatile compounds released by preferred natural bacteria isolates. We tested food odor preferences of C. elegans for non-pathogenic bacteria found in their natural habitats. We found that C. elegans showed a preference for the odor of six of the eight tested bacterial isolates over its standard food source, E. coli HB101. Using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, we found that four of six attractive bacterial isolates (Alcaligenes sp. JUb4, Providenica sp. JUb5, Providencia sp. JUb39, and Flavobacteria sp. JUb43) released isoamyl alcohol, a well-studied C. elegans attractant, while both non-attractive isolates (Raoultella sp. JUb38 and Acinetobacter sp. JUb68) released very low or non-detectable amounts of isoamyl alcohol. In conclusion, we find that isoamyl alcohol is likely an ethologically relevant odor that is released by some attractive bacterial isolates in the natural environment of C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soleil E. Worthy
- Department of Chemistry, Pomona College, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Lillian Haynes
- Department of Biology, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Melissa Chambers
- Department of Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Danika Bethune
- Department of Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Emily Kan
- Department of Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin Chung
- Department of Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Ryan Ota
- Department of Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Charles J. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Pomona College, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth E. Glater
- Department of Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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