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Raina K, Kumari R, Thakur P, Sharma R, Singh R, Thakur A, Anand V, Sharma R, Chaudhary A. Mechanistic role and potential of Ayurvedic herbs as anti-aging therapies. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2023; 38:211-226. [PMID: 37708954 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2023-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medicinal plants and herbs are the most important part of the Ayurveda. The term Rasayana in Charaka Samhita confers long life, youthfulness, strong body, freedom from diseases and the plants mentioned in Rsayana possess antiaging property. Aging is the collective term used for the complex detrimental physiological changes that reduce the functional ability of the cell. Oxidative stress, telomeres shortening, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction are the main factors that regulate the aging process. Chronological aging is an irreversible process but the factors causing biological aging can be controlled. Ayurvedic herbs are better for the management of age-related problems. There are several natural bioactive agents present in plants that can delay the aging process in humans. They trigger actions like enhancing gene longevity and telomerase activity, ROS scavenging furthermore regeneration of tissues. CONTENT The plants mentioned in the Rasayana of Ayurveda have antiaging potential and can be used to solve modern problems related to aging. Some Ayurvedic plants and their antiaging potential has explained in this review. The main causes of aging, medicinal plants and their use as potential antiaging mediator are covered in this study. SUMMARY The process of aging is still an enigma. It is a complex, irretrievable, dynamic process that involves a number of factors and is subject to a number of environmental and genetic influences. Rasayana aspect has not been much investigated in clinical trials. Aging is considered to result from free radical damage. According to Charaka, Rasayana drugs open the partially or fully blocked channels. Many Rasayanas show free radical scavenging activity and has the potential to mitigate the effects of aging. It gives an overview of the significance of Ayurvedic medicinal plants as a source of inspiration and the use of these plants as remedies for antiaging. OUTLOOK This study briefly outlooks the causes of aging and how medicinal plants can be used to reverse the aging process. In this study, we discussed the antiaging potential and mechanistic roles of Ayurvedic herbs. These herbs have the properties to slow down the natural process of aging and can successfully manage common age-related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Raina
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchika Kumari
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Palak Thakur
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Randeep Singh
- PG Department of Zoology, Khalsa College Amritsar, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Abhinay Thakur
- PG Department of Zoology, DAV College Jalandhar, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Vikas Anand
- Department of Physics & Astronomical Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashun Chaudhary
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Marano M. Reserpine induced parkinsonism, a hidden threat of herbal medicine. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:1425-1427. [PMID: 36571640 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06578-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Marano
- Operative Research Unit of of Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128, Rome, Italy.
- Research Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology; Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy.
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Kumar S, Kumari D, Singh B. Genus Rauvolfia: A review of its ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, quality control/quality assurance, pharmacological activities and clinical evidence. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 295:115327. [PMID: 35504505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The plants are from the genus Rauvolfia Plum. ex L. (Apocynaceae), which is represented by 74 species with many synonyms, and distributed worldwide, especially in the Asian, and African continents. Traditionally, some of them are used for the treatment of various disorders related to the central nervous system (CNS), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and as an antidote due to the presence of monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) such as ajmaline (144), ajmalicine (164) serpentine (182), yohimbine (190) and reserpine (214). AIM The present review provides comprehensive summarization and critical analysis of the traditional to modern applications of Rauvolfia species, and the major focus was to include traditional uses, phytochemistry, quality control, pharmacological properties, as well as clinical evidence that may be useful in the drug discovery process. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information related to traditional uses, chemical constituents, separation techniques/analytical methods, and pharmacological properties of the genus Rauvolfia were obtained using electronic databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, SciFinder, PubMed, PubChem, ChemSpider, and Google Scholar between the years 1949-2021. The scientific name of the species and its synonyms were checked with the information of The Plant List. RESULTS A total of seventeen Rauvolfia species have been traditionally explored for various therapeutic applications, out of which the roots of R. serpentina and R. vomitoria are used most commonly for the treatment of many diseases. About 287 alkaloids, seven terpenoids, nine flavonoids, and four phenolic acids have been reported in different parts of the forty-three species. Quality control (QC)/quality assurance (QA) of extracts/herbal formulations of Rauvolfia species was analyzed by qualitative and quantitative methods based on the major MIAs such as compounds 144, 164, 182, 190, and 214 using HPTLC, HPLC, and HPLC-MS. The various extracts of different plant parts of thirteen Rauvolfia species are explored for their pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiprotozoal, antitrypanosomal, antipsychotic, cardioprotective, cholinesterase inhibitory, and hepatoprotective. Of which, clinical trials of herbal formulations/extracts of R. serpentina and MIAs have been reported for CVD, CNS, antihypertensive therapy, antidiabetic effects, and psoriasis therapy, while the extracts and phytoconstituents of remaining Rauvolfia species are predominantly significant, owning them to be additional attention for further investigation under clinical trials and QC/QA. CONCLUSION The present communication has provided a comprehensive, systematic, and critically analyzed vision into the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and modern therapeutic applications of the genus Rauvolfia are validated by scientific evidence. In addition, different plant parts from this genus, especially raw and finished herbal products of the roots of R. serpentina have been demonstrated for the QC/QA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Ma. Kanshiram Government Degree College, Ninowa, Farrukhabad, 209602, India; Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University (CSJM) Kanpur, Kalyanpur, 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Diksha Kumari
- Botanic Garden Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bikarma Singh
- Botanic Garden Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Arkhypova V, Soldatkin O, Mozhylevska L, Konvalyuk I, Kunakh V, Dzyadevych S. Enzyme biosensor based on pH‐sensitive field‐effect transistors for assessment of total indole alkaloids content in tissue culture of
Rauwolfia serpentina. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valentyna Arkhypova
- Department of Biomolecular Electronics Department of Cell Population Genetics Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 150 Zabolotnogo Str. Kyiv Україна 03143 Ukraine
| | - Olexandr Soldatkin
- Department of Biomolecular Electronics Department of Cell Population Genetics Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 150 Zabolotnogo Str. Kyiv Україна 03143 Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv 4 G avenue Glushkova Kyiv 03022 Ukraine
| | - Lyudmyla Mozhylevska
- Department of Biomolecular Electronics Department of Cell Population Genetics Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 150 Zabolotnogo Str. Kyiv Україна 03143 Ukraine
| | - Iryna Konvalyuk
- Department of Biomolecular Electronics Department of Cell Population Genetics Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 150 Zabolotnogo Str. Kyiv Україна 03143 Ukraine
| | - Viktor Kunakh
- Department of Biomolecular Electronics Department of Cell Population Genetics Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 150 Zabolotnogo Str. Kyiv Україна 03143 Ukraine
| | - Sergei Dzyadevych
- Department of Biomolecular Electronics Department of Cell Population Genetics Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 150 Zabolotnogo Str. Kyiv Україна 03143 Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv 4 G avenue Glushkova Kyiv 03022 Ukraine
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Wang N, Xie YW, Li MY, Li FF, Zhang LY, You YL, Wang SQ. Simultaneous determination of five alkaloids from Rauvolfia vomitoria in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: Application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study in normal and type 2 diabetic rats. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:1391-1403. [PMID: 33470534 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rauvolfia vomitoria is widely distributed in the tropical regions of Africa and Asia, and has been used in traditional folk medicine in China. Indole alkaloids were found to be major bioactive components, while the effects of diabetes mellitus on the pharmacokinetic parameters of the components have not been reflected in vivo. In this study, an efficient and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of five ingredients of R. vomitoria in rats. Detection was implemented in multiple-reaction-monitoring mode with an electrospray positive-ionization source. Validation parameters were all in accordance with the current criterion. The established method was effectively employed to compare the pharmacokinetic behaviors of five alkaloids (reserpine, yohimbine, ajmaline, ajmalicine, and serpentine) between normal and type 2 diabetic rats. The single-dose pharmacokinetic parameters of the five alkaloids were determined in normal and diabetic rats after oral administration of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight. The results indicated that diabetes mellitus significantly altered the pharmacokinetic characteristics of yohimbine, ajmaline, and ajmalicine after oral administration in rats. This is an attempt to provide some evidence for clinicians that may serve as a guide for the use of antidiabetic medicine in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Wu Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Yu Li
- Department of general surgery, People's Hospital Binzhou, Binzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fei-Fei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Li-Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Lin You
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Qi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
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Azmi MB, Sultana S, Naeem S, Qureshi SA. In silico investigation on alkaloids of Rauwolfia serpentina as potential inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:731-737. [PMID: 33424361 PMCID: PMC7783793 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Present work aimed to investigate the in silico activity of the alkaloids of roots of Rauwolfia serpentina as inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR). For this purpose, the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the protein HMGCR (PDB ID: 1HW9) was downloaded from Protein Data Bank (PDB) database, as a target enzyme. The structures of twelve alkaloids from the roots of R. serpentina were selected as ligands and docked with the selected HMGCR enzyme using Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD) software. The software ‘MVD’ computes the binding (atom) energies of selected protein (enzyme) and each ligand at minimum energetic conformation state by using the PLP (Piecewise Linear Potential) scoring mechanism. Docking results of twelve tested alkaloids showed that five alkaloids including compound 1 (ajmalicine), 2 (reserpine), 3 (indobinine), 4 (yohimbine), and 5 (indobine) have displayed the highest MolDock scores and best fit within the prominent active site residues (positioned between 684 and 692 of cis-loop) of HMGCR. According to the lowest MolDock energies obtained through non-covalent interactions of alkaloids with HMGCR, these are characterized to be the potential inhibitors of HMGCR. Therefore, the alkaloids from R. serpentina can effectively suppress the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway through inhibition of HMGCR and can serve as potential lead compounds for the development of new drugs for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal Azmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Saleha Sultana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Naeem
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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7
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Zafar N, Mujib A, Ali M, Tonk D, Gulzar B, Malik MQ, Mamgain J, Sayeed R. Cadmium chloride (CdCl 2) elicitation improves reserpine and ajmalicine yield in Rauvolfia serpentina as revealed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). 3 Biotech 2020; 10:344. [PMID: 32714739 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02339-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro cultures play a promising role for production of pharmaceutically important plant secondary metabolites and the use of elicitation can mitigate the low productivity of active compounds. In the present study, the influence of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) elicitation on alkaloid yield was investigated in Rauvolfia serpentina. This heavy metal was employed to enhance the yield of reserpine and ajmalicine in leaf derived callus, leaves, stems and roots of in vitro grown cultures. Different concentrations [0.05 mM (C1), 0.10 mM (C2), 0.15 mM (C3) and 0.20 mM (C4)] of CdCl2 were added to the MS medium. The elicitor's influence on callus biomass, biochemical attributes and the yield of alkaloids was monitored at regular intervals. The amendment of CdCl2 improved growth and maximum callus biomass (1.29 g fresh weight and 0.16 g dry weight) was noted at 0.15 mM (C3) after 6 days of elicitation. The addition of elicitor in medium caused cellular stress and to analyse the role of CdCl2 in plant defence responses various antioxidant enzymes, i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities were measured in treated and non-treated cultures. The antioxidant enzyme activity increased linearly with elevated levels of CdCl2 in medium; highest APX (0.88 EU min-1 mg-1protein), SOD (5.40 EU min-1 mg-1protein) and CAT (4.21 EU min-1 mg-1protein) activity were observed in leaves of in vitro regenerated plants at C4. The quantitative analyses of reserpine and ajmalicine were conducted in different elicitated tissues using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method. The study reveals enriched level of reserpine and ajmalicine in cultivated tissues and the enhancement was noted up to C3 (0.15 mM) elicitor level. Reserpine yield was maximum (0.191 mg g-1 DW) in roots of in vitro regenerated plants. The accumulation of ajmalicine was, however, better in leaf derived callus at C3 (0.131 mg g-1 DW). Higher elicitor dose (0.20 mM) inhibited callus biomass growth and subsequent alkaloid accumulation. The present study indicates the use of CdCl2 as a propitious method in enhancing reserpine and ajmalicine yield in R. serpentina.
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Tarkowská D. A Fast and Reliable UHPLC-MS/MS-Based Method for Screening Selected Pharmacologically Significant Natural Plant Indole Alkaloids. Molecules 2020; 25:E3274. [PMID: 32708364 PMCID: PMC7397342 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many substances of secondary plant metabolism have often attracted the attention of scientists and the public because they have certain beneficial effects on human health, although the reason for their biosynthesis in the plant remains unclear. This is also the case for alkaloids. More than 200 years have passed since the discovery of the first alkaloid (morphine), and several thousand substances of this character have been isolated since then. Most often, alkaloid-rich plants are part of folk medicine with centuries-old traditions. What is particularly important to monitor for these herbal products is the spectrum and concentrations of the present active substances, which decide whether the product has a beneficial or toxic effect on human health. In this work, we present a fast, reliable, and robust method for the extraction, preconcentration, and determination of four selected alkaloids with an indole skeleton, i.e., harmine, harmaline, yohimbine, and ajmalicine, by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The applicability of the method was demonstrated for tobacco and Tribulus terrestris plant tissue, the seeds of Peganum harmala, and extract from the bark of the African tree Pausinystalia johimbe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Staniak M, Wójciak M, Sowa I, Tyszczuk-Rotko K, Strzemski M, Dresler S, Myśliński W. Silica-Based Monolithic Columns as a Tool in HPLC-An Overview of Application in Analysis of Active Compounds in Biological Samples. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143149. [PMID: 32660127 PMCID: PMC7397265 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Monolithic fillings used in chromatography are of great interest among scientists since the first reports of their synthesis and use were published. In the 20 years since silica-based monolithic columns were introduced into the commercial market, numerous papers describing their chromatographical properties and utility in various branches of industry and scientific investigations were presented. This review is focused on possible applications of commercially available silica-based HPLC monolithic columns in the analysis of biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Staniak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (I.S.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Magdalena Wójciak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (I.S.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Ireneusz Sowa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (I.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Tyszczuk-Rotko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Lublin, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Maciej Strzemski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (I.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Sławomir Dresler
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Myśliński
- Chair and Department of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
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Ajmalicine and Reserpine: Indole Alkaloids as Multi-Target Directed Ligands Towards Factors Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071609. [PMID: 32244635 PMCID: PMC7180484 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial disorder characterized by exponential loss of memory and cognitive deficit involving several disease modifying targets (amyloid beta, beta-secretase, monoaminoxidase-B, and cholinesterase). The present study explores multi-target directed ligand approach using secondary metabolite reserpine (RES) and ajmalicine (AJM) obtained from Rauwolfia serpentina roots. Novel LCMS and HPLC methods were developed for identification and quantification of reserpine and ajmalicine. In vitro enzyme inhibition assays were performed to evaluate anti-cholinesterase, β-site amyloid cleaving enzyme (BACE-1) inhibition and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibition, further analyzed with in silico analysis. Anti-amyloidogenic potential was studied using anti-aggregation studies along with TEM and circular dichroism (CD) analysis. In vitro neuroprotective potential against Aβ toxicity and anti-oxidative stress was demonstrated using PC12 cell cultures. Reserpine is a more potent dual cholinesterase inhibitor than ajmalicine (IC50 values of 1.7 μM (AChE) and 2.8 μM (BuChE)). The anti-aggregation activity of reserpine (68%) was more than ajmalicine (56%). Both compounds demonstrated neuroprotective activity against Aβ42 (92%) and H2O2 (93%) induced toxicity in PC12 cells against controls. Phytocompounds also inhibited MAO-B and BACE-1 enzymes in concentration dependent manner. Molecular docking studies indicated the strong binding of compounds to the catalytic site of targets. This novel study demonstrated that reserpine and ajmalicine as a multi-target directed ligand that have disease modifying potential for amelioration of AD.
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Applicability of a Monolithic Column for Separation of Isoquinoline Alkalodis from Chelidonium majus Extract. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193612. [PMID: 31591371 PMCID: PMC6804227 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoquinoline alkaloids are the main group of secondary metabolites present in Chelidonium majus extracts, and they are still the object of interest of many researchers. Therefore, the development of methods for the investigation and separation of the alkaloids is still an important task. In this work, the application potential of a silica-based monolithic column for the separation of alkaloids was assessed. The influence of the organic modifier, temperature, salt concentration, and pH of the eluent on basic chromatographic parameters such as retention, resolution between neighboring peaks, chromatographic plate numbers, and peak asymmetry were investigated. Based on the obtained results, a gradient elution program was developed and used to separate and quantitatively determine the main alkaloids in a Chelidonium majus root extract.
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Kumar S, Singh A, Kumar B. Screening of monoterpene indole alkaloids in six
Rauwolfia
species by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography orbitrap velos pro mass spectrometer. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201900029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument FacilityCSIR‐Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Awantika Singh
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument FacilityCSIR‐Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) New Delhi India
| | - Brijesh Kumar
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument FacilityCSIR‐Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) New Delhi India
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In-vitro and in silico efficacy of isolated alkaloid compounds from Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. against bovine filarial parasite Setaria cervi: a drug discovery approach. J Parasit Dis 2018; 43:103-112. [PMID: 30956453 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-1064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioassay guided isolation from the leaves of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. resulted in the isolation and characterization of three compounds of alkaloid in nature namely, Curan-17-oic acid (F1); 18, 19-Secoyohimban (F2) and Reserpiline (F3). Macrofilaricidal activity of three compounds was tested against bovine filarial parasite Setaria cervi using in vitro assays and supported by in silico docking analysis on glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzyme of Wuchereria bancrofti. All the molecules inhibited GST enzyme to some extent 35.78%, 78.22% and 64.21% respectively. Results were supported by molecular docking studies, which showed docking scores for compound F1 (- 5.14), compound F2 (- 7.19) and compound F3 (- 7.2) on GST enzyme. Thus, in conclusion the in vitro and in silico studies indicated that isolated compounds are promising, inexpensive and widely available natural leads, which can be designed and developed into the macrofilaricidal drugs.
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Mishra DP, Khan MA, Yadav DK, Rawat AK, Singh RK, Ahamad T, Hussain MK, Saquib M, Khan MF. Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids from Anthocephalus cadamba
Fruits Exhibiting Anticancer Activity in Human Lung Cancer Cell Line H1299. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Pratap Mishra
- Department of Applied Sciences & Humanity Rajkiya Engineering College; Ambedkar nagar-224122, UP India
| | - Mohsin Ali Khan
- Chairman Research; Research Unit; Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital; Lucknow-226003, UP India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry; Mohanlal Sukhadia University; Udaipur-313001, Rajasthan India
| | - Arun Kumar Rawat
- Department of Biochemistry; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi-221005, UP India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi-221005, UP India
| | - Tanveer Ahamad
- Department of Biotechnology; Era Medical College & Hospital; Era University, Sarfarazganj; Lucknow-226003, UP India
| | - Mohd Kamil Hussain
- Department of Chemistry; Government Raza Post graduate College; Rampur-244901 India
| | - Mohammad Saquib
- Department of Chemistry; University of Allahabad; Allahabad-211002, UP India
| | - Mohammad Faheem Khan
- Department of Biotechnology; Era Medical College & Hospital; Era University, Sarfarazganj; Lucknow-226003, UP India
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Chen N, Li W, Wu S, Zhu Y. Fluorimetric detection of reserpine in mouse serum through online post-column electrochemical derivatization. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171948. [PMID: 30224984 PMCID: PMC6124075 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel method combining high-performance liquid chromatography with online post-column electrochemical derivatization and fluorescence detection was established for the detection of reserpine in mouse serum. Reserpine separation was conducted using a C18 column with 5 mM H3PO4 and acetonitrile (55/45, v/v) as eluent. Reserpine was then electro-oxidized into a strongly fluorescent compound using an electrolytic cell device. Detection parameters, such as potential and fluorescence wavelength, were optimized. The linearity of the proposed method ranged from 0.01 to 5.0 mg l-1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9997. The limit of qualification (S/N = 10) and limit of detection (S/N = 3) were 9.7 and 2.9 µg l-1, respectively. Resperine recoveries from spiked blank and drug-treated mouse serum samples ranged from 92.0 to 115%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Xixi Campus, Hangzhou 310028, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixia Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Xixi Campus, Hangzhou 310028, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuchao Wu
- Zhejiang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Hangzhou 310007, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Xixi Campus, Hangzhou 310028, People's Republic of China
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Malik S. Enhancement of Medicinally Important Bioactive Compounds in Hairy Root Cultures of Glycyrrhiza, Rauwolfia, and Solanum Through In Vitro Stress Application. PRODUCTION OF PLANT DERIVED NATURAL COMPOUNDS THROUGH HAIRY ROOT CULTURE 2017. [PMCID: PMC7121597 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69769-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Enhancement of secondary metabolites through elicitation in hairy root culture is a very effective method which is broadly used to simulate the stress responses in plants. Elicitors are compounds that induce plants to produce secondary metabolites at elevated levels and reduce the processing time required to achieve high product concentrations. Hairy root cultures are considered as an excellent alternative for the supply of pharmaceutically important secondary metabolites/bioactives, due to their inherent genetic and biochemical stability. Plant-based secondary metabolites are well accepted in India as well as other countries to cure even the serious medical problems. In this chapter, three medicinally important plants are discussed in which stress-based elicitation of secondary metabolites has been achieved in hairy root cultures. These three plants contain important secondary metabolites in their different parts. Glycyrrhizin found in Glycyrrhiza glabra plant is used as antiulcer, immunomodulatory, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory. Glycyrrhizin is also effective against HIV and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like viruses. In Solanum plant, steroidal glycoalkaloids contain pharmaceutically important secondary metabolites. Solasodine, a major alkaloid of Solanum plant, is used as a contraceptive in different parts of the world. Ajmaline and ajmalicine are important root-specific indole alkaloids of Rauwolfia serpentina. Ajmalicine is useful in circulatory disorders, while ajmaline is principally known for its antiarrhythmic and antihypertensive activities. The main objective of this chapter is to provide knowledge in these plants regarding elicitation-based enhancement of valuable secondary metabolites in the form of research studies conducted till date (as per author’s knowledge).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Malik
- Biological and Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhao, Sao Luis, Maranhão Brazil
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17
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Pandey DK, Radha, Dey A. A validated and densitometric HPTLC method for the simultaneous quantification of reserpine and ajmalicine in Rauvolfia serpentina and Rauvolfia tetraphylla. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kumar S, Singh A, Bajpai V, Srivastava M, Singh BP, Ojha S, Kumar B. Simultaneous Determination of Bioactive Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids in Ethanolic Extract of Seven Rauvolfia Species using UHPLC with Hybrid Triple Quadrupole Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2016; 27:296-303. [PMID: 27437669 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rauvolfia serpentina is an endangered plant species due to its over-exploitation. It has highly commercial and economic importance due to the presence of bioactive monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) such as ajmaline, yohimbine, ajmalicine, serpentine and reserpine. OBJECTIVE To develop a validated, rapid, sensitive and selective ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQLIT -MS/MS) method in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode for simultaneous determination of bioactive MIAs in ethanolic extract of seven Rauvolfia species and herbal formulations. METHODS The separation of MIAs was achieved on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH™ C18 column (1.7 μm, 2.1 mm × 50 mm) using a gradient mobile phase (0.1% aqueous formic acid and acetonitrile) at flow rate 0.3 μL/min in 7 min. The validated method showed good linearity (r(2) ≥ 0.9999), limit of detection (LOD) (0.06-0.15 ng/mL), limit of quantitation (LOQ) (0.18-0.44 ng/mL), precisions [intraday: relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤ 2.24%, interday: RSD ≤ 2.74%], stability (RSD ≤ 1.53%) and overall recovery (RSD ≤ 2.23%). RESULTS The validated method was applied to quantitate MIAs. Root of Rauvolfia vomitoria showed a high content of ajmaline (48.43 mg/g), serpentine (87.77 mg/g) whereas high quantities of yohimbine (100.21 mg/g) and ajmalicine (120.51 mg/g) were detected in R. tetraphylla. High content of reserpine was detected in R. micrantha (35.18 mg/g) and R. serpentina (32.38 mg/g). CONCLUSION The encouraging results of this study may lead to easy selection of suitable Rauvolfia species according to the abundance of MIAs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Awantika Singh
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Vikas Bajpai
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Mukesh Srivastava
- Biometry and Statistics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhim Pratap Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Mizoram-796004 Tanharil, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Sanjeev Ojha
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Brijesh Kumar
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110025, India
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Kumar S, Singh A, Bajpai V, Srivastava M, Singh BP, Kumar B. Structural characterization of monoterpene indole alkaloids in ethanolic extracts of Rauwolfia species by liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Pharm Anal 2016; 6:363-373. [PMID: 29404005 PMCID: PMC5762928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rauwolfia species (Apocynaceae) are medicinal plants well known worldwide due to its potent bioactive monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) such as reserpine, ajmalicine, ajmaline, serpentine and yohimbine. Reserpine, ajmalicine and ajmaline are powerful antihypertensive, tranquilizing agents used in hypertension. Yohimbine is an aphrodisiac used in dietary supplements. As there is no report on the comparative and comprehensive phytochemical investigation of the roots of Rauwolfia species, we have developed an efficient and reliable liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for ethanolic root extract of Rauwolfia species to elucidate the fragmentation pathways for dereplication of bioactive MIAs using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI–QTOF–MS/MS) in positive ion mode. We identified and established diagnostic fragment ions and fragmentation pathways using reserpine, ajmalicine, ajmaline, serpentine and yohimbine. The MS/MS spectra of reserpine, ajmalicine, and ajmaline showed C-ring-cleavage whereas E-ring cleavage was observed in serpentine via Retro Diels Alder (RDA). A total of 47 bioactive MIAs were identified and characterized on the basis of their molecular formula, exact mass measurements and MS/MS analysis. Reserpine, ajmalicine, ajmaline, serpentine and yohimbine were unambiguously identified by comparison with their authentic standards and other 42 MIAs were tentatively identified and characterized from the roots of Rauwolfia hookeri, Rauwolfia micrantha, Rauwolfia serpentina, Rauwolfia verticillata, Rauwolfia tetraphylla and Rauwolfia vomitoria. Application of LC–MS followed by principal component analysis (PCA) has been successfully used to discriminate among six Rauwolfia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Awantika Singh
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Vikas Bajpai
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mukesh Srivastava
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110025, India.,Biometry and Statistics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhim Pratap Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Tanharil, 796004 Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Brijesh Kumar
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110025, India
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Srivastava M, Sharma S, Misra P. Elicitation Based Enhancement of Secondary Metabolites in Rauwolfia serpentina and Solanum khasianum Hairy Root Cultures. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 12:S315-20. [PMID: 27563218 PMCID: PMC4971950 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.185726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rauwolfia serpentina and Solanum khasianum are well-known medicinally important plants contained important alkaloids in their different parts. Elicitation of these alkaloids is important because of associated pharmaceutical properties. Targeted metabolites were ajmaline and ajmalicine in R. serpentina; solasodine and α-solanine in S. khasianum. OBJECTIVE Enhancement of secondary metabolites through biotic and abiotic elicitors in hairy root cultures of R. serpentina and S. khasianum. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this report, hairy root cultures of these two plants were established through Agrobacterium rhizogenes mediated transformation by optimizing various parameters as age of explants, duration of preculture, and co-cultivation period. NaCl was used as abiotic elicitors in these two plants. Cellulase from Aspergillus niger was used as biotic elicitor in S. khasianum and mannan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used in R. serpentina. RESULTS First time we have reported the effect of biotic and abiotic elicitors on the production of important metabolites in hairy root cultures of these two plants. Ajmalicine production was stimulated up to 14.8-fold at 100 mM concentration of NaCl after 1 week of treatment. Ajmaline concentration was also increased 2.9-fold at 100 mg/l dose of mannan after 1 week. Solasodine content was enhanced up to 4.0-fold and 3.6-fold at 100 mM and 200 mM NaCl, respectively, after 6 days of treatments. CONCLUSION This study explored the potential of the elicitation strategy in A. rhizogenes transformed cell cultures and this potential further used for commercial production of these pharmaceutically important secondary metabolites. SUMMARY Hairy roots of Rauwolfia serpentina were subjected to salt (abiotic stress) and mannan (biotic stress) treatment for 1 week. Ajmaline and ajmalicine secondary metabolites were quantified before and after stress treatmentAjmalicine yield was enhanced up to 14.8-fold at 100 mM concentration of NaCl. Ajmaline content was also stimulated 2.9-fold at 100 mg/l dose of mannan after 1 weekHairy roots of Solanum khasianum were treated with cellulase (biotic elicitor) and salt (abiotic stress)Solasodine content was improved up to 4.0-fold and 3.6-fold at 100 mM and 200 mM NaCl, respectively, after 6.days of treatmentsThe α-solanine content increased to 1.6-fold after 24 h of treatment at 100 μg/mL cellulase concentration. Abbreviations used: MS medium: Murashige and Skoog medium, B5 medium: Gamborg B5 medium, OD: Optical Density, NaCl: Sodium Chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinalini Srivastava
- Tissue Culture and Transformation Lab, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Swati Sharma
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pratibha Misra
- Tissue Culture and Transformation Lab, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Electrochemical determination of ajmalicine using glassy carbon electrode modified with gold nanoparticles. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-016-1741-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Nagarajan J, Wah Heng W, Galanakis CM, Nagasundara Ramanan R, Raghunandan ME, Sun J, Ismail A, Beng-Ti T, Prasad KN. Extraction of phytochemicals using hydrotropic solvents. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2016.1143842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wu F, Kerčmar P, Zhang C, Stöckigt J. Sarpagan-Ajmalan-Type Indoles: Biosynthesis, Structural Biology, and Chemo-Enzymatic Significance. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2015; 76:1-61. [PMID: 26827882 DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthetic pathway of the monoterpenoid indole alkaloid ajmaline in the genus Rauvolfia, in particular Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. ex Kurz, is one of the few pathways that have been comprehensively uncovered. Every step in the progress of plant alkaloid biosynthesis research is due to the endeavors of several generations of scientists and the advancement of technologies. The tissue and cell suspension cultures developed in the 1970s by M.H. Zenk enabled the extraction of alkaloids and crude enzymes for use as experimental materials, thus establishing the foundation for further research on enzymatic reaction networks. In vivo NMR technology was first used in biosynthetic investigations in the 1990s following the invention of high-field cryo-NMR, which allowed the rapid and reliable detection of bioconversion processes within living plant cells. Shortly before, in 1988, a milestone was reached with the heterologous expression of the strictosidine synthase cDNA, which paved the way for the application of "reverse genetics" and "macromolecular crystallography." Both methods allowed the structural analysis of several Rauvolfia enzymes involved in ajmaline biosynthesis and expanded our knowledge of the enzyme mechanisms, substrate specificities, and structure-activity relationships. It also opened the door for rational enzyme engineering and metabolic steering. Today, the research focus of ajmaline biosynthesis is shifting from "delineation" to "utilization." The Pictet-Spenglerase strictosidine synthase, strictosidine glucosidase, together with raucaffricine glucosidase, as pioneers in this area, have become useful tools to generate "privileged structures" and "diversity oriented" syntheses, which may help to construct novel scaffolds and to set up libraries of sarpagan-ajmalan-type alkaloids in chemo-enzymatic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangrui Wu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, P.R. China; Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Chenggui Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Joachim Stöckigt
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, P.R. China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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Kumar S, Singh A, Bajpai V, Kumar B. Identification, characterization and distribution of monoterpene indole alkaloids in Rauwolfia species by Orbitrap Velos Pro mass spectrometer. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 118:183-194. [PMID: 26551537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) are medicinally important class of compounds abundant in the roots of Rauwolfia species (Apocynaceae). MIAs such as yohimbine (aphrodisiac agent) and reserpine (antihypertensive, tranquilizer) are the official drugs included in Model List of Essential Drugs of World Health Organization (WHO). Therefore, we have attempt to identify and characterize the MIAs in the crude extracts of six Rauwolfia species using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Orbitrap Velos Pro hybrid mass spectrometer. The identity of the MIAs were construed using the high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS) spectra of standard compounds 'yohimbine' and 'reserpine' in higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) modes. The diagnostic fragment ions found in HCD mode was highly affected by variation of normalized collision energy (NCE) and gave few product ions ('C-F') while CID produced intense and more diagnostic product ions ('A-F'). Consequently, CID-MS/MS mode provided significantly more structural information about basic skeleton and therefore the recommended mode for analysis of MIAs. Furthermore, six diagnostic fragmentation pathways were established by multi-stage mass analysis (MS(n) (n=5)) analysis which gave information regarding the substitution. Fragment ions 'A-F' revealed the number and position of substituents on indole and terpene moieties. The proposed diagnostic fragmentation pathways have been successfully applied for identification and characterization of MIAs in crude root extracts of six Rauwolfia species. Ten bioactive reserpine class of MIAs were tentatively identified and characterized on the basis of chromatographic and mass spectrometric features as well as HRMS/MS an MS(n) (n=4) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Awantika Singh
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Vikas Bajpai
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Brijesh Kumar
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110025, India.
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Quantification and characterization of alkaloids from roots of Rauwolfia serpentina using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-photo diode array-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:177-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Shakeel F, Haq N, Siddiqui NA, Alanazi FK, Alsarra IA. Thermodynamics of the solubility of reserpine in {{2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol + water}} mixed solvent systems at different temperatures. THE JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS 2015; 85:57-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jct.2014.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
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Zaman A, Khan MSS, Akter L, Syeed SH, Akter J, Al Mamun A, Alam ME, Habib MA, Jalil MA. Exploring new pharmacology and toxicological screening and safety evaluation of one widely used formulation of Nidrakar Bati from South Asia region. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:121. [PMID: 25880852 PMCID: PMC4415343 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0635-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nidrakar Bati (NKB) is an herbal remedy consisted with seven medicinal herbs widely used to cure Somnifacient (sleeping aid) in South Asia as Ayurvedic medicinal system. In the present study, pharmacological and toxicological effects of this medicine was investigated in mice to validate the safety and efficacy of the herb. METHODS Organic solvent extracts NKB were prepared using maceration method. Effect of extracts on the central nervous system was evaluated using hypnotic activity assay. Effect of the extracts on metabolic activity, assessing involvement of thyroid was conducted using hypoxia test. analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities were assessed in mice using acetic acid induced writhing, formalin induced paw edema, xylene induced ear edema assays. Anxiolytic activity was performed using plus maze, climbing out and forced swimming tests. Effect of the extracts on psychopharmacological effect was carried out using locomotor activity tests (open field, Hole-board and Hole-cross tests). Neuropharmacological effect of the extracts was performed using motor coordination (rotarod test). Toxicological potential of the extract was evaluated using gastro-intestinal activity (gastric emptying and gastrointestinal motility tests). RESULTS The studied formulation reduced the CNS stimulant effects dose independently. In the hypoxia test, only a dose of 100 mg/kg of NKB decreased the survival time. Orally administration of the NKB (200 and 400 mg/kg) produced significant inhibition (P < 0.01) of the acetic acid-induced writhing in mice and suppressed xylene induced ear edema and formalin-induced licking response of animals in both phases of the test. NKB showed locomotor activity (p < 0.05) both in higher and lower doses (100 and 400 mg/kg). NKB increased the total ambulation dose dependently (p < 0.05). NKB, at all tested doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) increased some locomotion activity parameters (ambulation, head dipping and emotional defecation) in hole board test. At higher doses (200 and 400 mg/kg), NKB showed a significant increase in hole cross test. NKB showed an increase in the time on the open arms of the maze at low to medium doses (100 and 200 mg/kg). When using the Rotarod method, NKB showed a considerable increase on motor coordination of the mice. NKB produced marked gastric emptying effect and decreased gastrointestinal motility in mice at low dose. CONCLUSIONS NKB demonstrated various pharmacological effects and toxicological effects due to presence of several herbs in the formulation those are not closely fit for the effect of CNS depressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afria Zaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Development Alternative, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1209, Bangladesh.
| | | | - Lucky Akter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Development Alternative, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1209, Bangladesh.
| | - Sharif Hossain Syeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Jakia Akter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bangladesh University, Mohammodpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Ershad Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bangladesh University, Mohammodpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Ahsan Habib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bangladesh University, Mohammodpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Abdul Jalil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bangladesh University, Mohammodpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Shakeel F, Haq N, Siddiqui NA, Alanazi FK, Alsarra IA. Correlation of Solubility of Bioactive Compound Reserpine in Eight Green Solvents at (298.15 to 338.15) K. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL & ENGINEERING DATA 2015; 60:775-780. [DOI: 10.1021/je500893g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Faiyaz Shakeel
- Kayyali
Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, Department of Pharmaceutics, College
of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Center
of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University,
P. O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazrul Haq
- Kayyali
Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, Department of Pharmaceutics, College
of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Center
of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University,
P. O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasir A. Siddiqui
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fars K. Alanazi
- Kayyali
Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, Department of Pharmaceutics, College
of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A. Alsarra
- Kayyali
Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, Department of Pharmaceutics, College
of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Center
of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University,
P. O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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29
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Iqbal M, Alam A, Wani TA, Khalil NY. Simultaneous determination of reserpine, rescinnamine, and yohimbine in human plasma by ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2013; 2013:940861. [PMID: 24383039 PMCID: PMC3870115 DOI: 10.1155/2013/940861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination of three indolic alkaloids (reserpine, rescinnamine, and yohimbine) in human plasma using papaverine as internal standard (IS). After a one step protein precipitation with acetonitrile, separation was carried out using C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, i.d. 1.7 μ m) and mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile : water : formic acid (60 : 40 : 0.1%, v/v/v) pumped at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The mass spectrometric determination was carried out using an electrospray interface operated in the positive mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The precursor to product ion transitions of m/z 609.32 > 195.01, m/z 635.34 > 221.03, m/z 355.19 > 144, and m/z 340.15 > 202.02 were selected for the quantification of reserpine, rescinnamine, yohimbine, and IS, respectively. The analytical response was found to be linear in the range of 0.36-400, 0.27-300, and 0.23-250 ng/mL with lower limit of quantification of 0.36, 0.27, and 0.23 ng/mL for reserpine, rescinnamine, and yohimbine, respectively. Validation was made following official guidelines. The proposed method enabled reproducible results and hence could be reliable for pharmacokinetic and toxicological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffar Iqbal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Bioavailability Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Salman Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanveer A. Wani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasr Y. Khalil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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30
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Dar RA, Naikoo GA, Pitre KS. Electrocatalytic oxidative determination of reserpine at electrochemically functionalized single walled carbon nanotube with polyaniline. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.08.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Hong B, Li W, Song A, Zhao C. Determination of indole alkaloids and highly volatile compounds in Rauvolfia verticillata by HPLC-UV and GC-MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 51:926-30. [PMID: 23212134 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Rauvolfia verticillata (Lour.) Baill. (also called Luofumu in Chinese) is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for lowering blood pressure. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography assay using ultraviolet detection is described for the simultaneous measurement of the five bioactive indole alkaloids (sarpagine, yohimbine, ajmaline, ajmalicine and reserpine) in Rauvolfia. The detection of all five compounds was conducted at 280 nm. In quantitative analysis, the five compounds showed good regressions (R(2) > 0.9988) within the test ranges, and the recovery of the method was in the range of 90.4-101.4%. In addition, a simple gas chromatography mass method using a DB-1 silica capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 µm) is described for the identification of the highly volatile compounds in Rauvolfia. In qualitative analysis, more than 39 compounds were assayed and identified using the mass function and the National Institute of Standards and Technology database search system. The results demonstrated that the combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses offered an efficient way to evaluate the quality and consistency of Rauvolfia verticillata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hong
- 1Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161042, China
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32
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Shanker K, Gupta S, Srivastava P, Srivastava SK, Singh SC, Gupta MM. Simultaneous determination of three steroidal glycoalkaloids in Solanum xanthocarpum by high performance thin layer chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 54:497-502. [PMID: 20965683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A new high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed for the simultaneous quantitation of three bioactive steroidal glycoalkaloid (SGA) markers, solasonine (SN), solamargine (SM) and khasianine (KN) in the plant Solanum xanthocarpum. Extraction efficiency of targeted SGAs from plant matrix using methanol and acidified methanol were studied using percolation, ultrasonication and microwave techniques. The separation was achieved on silica gel 60F(254) TLC plates using chloroform-methanol-water as mobile phase. The quantitation of SGAs was carried out using the densitometric reflection/absorption mode at 520 nm after post chromatographic derivatization using Dragendorff's reagent. The method was validated for peak purity, precision, accuracy, robustness, limit of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ). Method specificity was confirmed using retention factor (R(f)), Vis spectral correlation and electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS) of marker compounds in the sample track.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Shanker
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226015, India
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33
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Qureshi S, Nawaz A, Udani S, Azmi B. Hypoglycaemic and Hypolipidemic Activities of Rauwolfia serpentina in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2009.323.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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34
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Goel MK, Mehrotra S, Kukreja AK, Shanker K, Khanuja SPS. In vitro propagation of Rauwolfia serpentina using liquid medium, assessment of genetic fidelity of micropropagated plants, and simultaneous quantitation of reserpine, ajmaline, and ajmalicine. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 547:17-33. [PMID: 19521832 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-287-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Rauwolfia serpentina holds an important position in the pharmaceutical world because of its immense anti-hypertensive properties resulting from the presence of reserpine in the oleoresin fraction of the roots. Poor seed viability, low seed germination rate, and enormous genetic variability are the major constraints for the commercial cultivation of R. serpentina through conventional mode. The present optimized protocol offers an impeccable end to end method from the establishment of aseptic cultures to in-vitro plantlet production employing semisolid as well liquid nutrient culture medium and assessment of their genetic fidelity using polymerase chain reaction based rapid amplification of polymorphic DNA analysis. In vitro shoots multiplied on Murashige and Skoog basal liquid nutrients supplemented with benzo[a]pyrene (1.0 mg/L) and NAA (0.1 mg/L) and in-vitro rhizogenesis was observed in modified MS basal nutrient containing NAA (1.0 mg/L) and 2% sucrose. In-vitro raised plants exhibited 90-95% survival under glass house/field condition and 85% similarity in the plants regenerated through this protocol. Field established plants were harvested and extraction of indole alkaloid particularly reserpine, ajmaline and ajmalicine and their simultaneous quantitation was performed using monolithic reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Goel
- Plant Tissue Culture Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), CSIR, Lucknow, India
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35
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Yadav AK, Tiwari N, Srivastava P, Singh SC, Shanker K, Verma RK, Gupta MM. Iridoid glycoside-based quantitative chromatographic fingerprint analysis: A rational approach for quality assessment of Indian medicinal plant Gambhari (Gmelina arborea). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:841-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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López-Flores J, Fernández-de Córdova ML, Molina-Díaz A. Determination of sub-ppb reserpine by an optosensing device based on photochemically induced fluorescence. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1771-7. [PMID: 17557152 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1384-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A flow injection-solid-phase spectroscopy (FI-SPS) system implemented with photochemically induced fluorescence (PIF) is described for the rapid and very sensitive determination of reserpine in biological fluids and pharmaceutical formulations. An intensively fluorescent photoproduct is in-line generated, retained on C18 silica gel in the detection area and monitored at 394/489 nm (lambdaex/lambdaem). After the establishment of the appropriate working variables, the system is calibrated at two different injection volumes, 100 and 800 microL, achieving detection limits of 0.33 and 0.05 ng mL(-1), respectively. The RSD for reserpine at 2 ng mL(-1) (800 microL) was 1.5% (n=10). The sampling rates were 46 and 43 h(-1) for each injection volume, respectively. The potential interference of some common species coexisting with reserpine in the analysed samples was also studied. The procedure was successfully applied to commercial formulations, urine and serum without any previous treatment of samples. Recoveries ranged from 94.9 to 100.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier López-Flores
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas, s/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain
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