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Xu W, Han S, Wang W, Luo Z, Wang X, Shi C, Shan J. Analysis of gut microbiota metabolites of platycodin D and activity verification. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 242:116016. [PMID: 38367521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
As the main saponin component of Platycodon grandiflorum A.DC, Platycodin D has been reported to have an anti-obesity effect. Due to poor oral absorption, the intestinal microflora usually transforms saponins into potential bioactive substances. In this study, we profiled the metabolic changes of platycodin D by incubating it with intestinal microflora extracted from mice feces subjected to either a standard control diet or a high-fat diet. A UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS method was used for rapid analysis of the metabolic profile of platycodin D. A total of 10 compounds were identified 9 of which were assessed to be metabolized by intestinal microflora. Dehydroxylation and deglycosylation were the major metabolic process of platycodin D. The metabolic profile of platycodin D biotransformed by intestinal microflora was elucidated based on the metabolite information. Platycodin D and its metabolites had anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Only platycodin D could alleviate lipid accumulation in FFA-treated HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichen Xu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shasha Han
- Institute of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenying Wang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zichen Luo
- Institute of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Shi
- Institute of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jinjun Shan
- Institute of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Yu YL, Wu YW, Jiao YH, Liu FM, Wang B, Cao J, Ye LH. Nontargeted metabolomics and enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities for chemical and biological characterization of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) extracts. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 242:116040. [PMID: 38387129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The chemical and biologically active characterization of jujube samples (fruits, cores, and leaves) were carried out by the integrated nontargeted metabolomics and bioassay. Firstly, collision cross-section values of active compounds in jujubes were determined by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Then, a multidimensional statistical analysis that contained principal component analysis, partial least squares-discriminant analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis was employed to effectively cluster different tissues and types of jujubes, making identification more scientific. Furthermore, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were used to evaluate the quality of jujubes from a double activity dimension. The analytical results obtained by using ACE and DPPH to evaluate the quality of jujube were different from multivariate statistics, providing a reference for the application of jujube. Therefore, integrating chemical and biological perspectives to evaluate the quality of jujube provided a more comprehensive evaluation and effective reference for clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Yu
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Yi-Wen Wu
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Yan-Hua Jiao
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Fang-Ming Liu
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- Lianyungang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Jun Cao
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China.
| | - Li-Hong Ye
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou 310003, PR China.
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3
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Sun M, Li M, Cui X, Yan L, Pei Y, Wang C, Guan C, Zhang X. Terpenoids derived from Semen Ziziphi Spinosae oil enhance sleep by modulating neurotransmitter signaling in mice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26979. [PMID: 38463787 PMCID: PMC10923681 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Semen Ziziphi Spinosae oil (SZSO) is a natural vegetable oil extracted from Semen Ziziphi Spinosae, a traditional Chinese medicine renowned for its sleep-promoting properties, while the mechanisms are still unclear. Our findings revealed that the terpenoids present in SZSO (T-SZSO) were identified as the active components responsible for promoting sleep. Network pharmacological analysis suggested that T-SZSO targeted different sleep-aid pathways to varying degrees and exhibited potential for preventing central nervous system diseases. Notably, lupeol and betulinicaldehyde exhibited more pronounced effects. Additionally, T-SZSO significantly elevated serotonin levels, enhanced gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis, promoted GABA A receptor expression, and decreased glutamate and norepinephrine expression levels. Moreover, T-SZSO was found to downregulate IL-1β expression while upregulating superoxide dismutase and inducible nitric oxide synthase levels. In conclusion, this study presents the first investigation into the pharmacological basis of SZSO in promoting sleep and highlights the potential of nature food in improving suboptimal health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Sun
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Health Foods R&D Office of Hebei Yiling Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Mengnan Li
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of TCM (Cardio-Cerebral Vessel Collateral Disease), Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Xinwen Cui
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lin Yan
- Health Foods R&D Office of Hebei Yiling Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Yiqiao Pei
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Health Foods R&D Office of Hebei Yiling Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Chunbo Guan
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiuqing Zhang
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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4
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Li W, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Yang T, Xie J. L-carnitine modified nanoparticles target the OCTN2 transporter to improve the oral absorption of jujuboside B. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 196:114185. [PMID: 38280469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
As a bioactive saponin derived from the seeds of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chow, jujuboside B (JuB) shows great potential in anti-anxiety, anti-depression and improving learning and memory function. However, its oral bioavailability is very poor. In this study, a novel drug-loading nanoparticles system was prepared with polyethylene glycol and polylactic-co-glycolic acid copolymer (PEG-PLGA), and further modified with L-carnitine (LC) to target intestinal organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (OCTN2) to improve the oral absorption of JuB. Under the optimized preparation conditions, the particle sizes of obtained JuB-PEG-PLGA nanoparticles (B-NPs) and LC modified B-NPs (LC-B-NPs) were 110.67 ± 11.37 nm and 134.00 ± 2.00 nm with the entrapment efficiency (EE%) 73.46 ± 1.26 % and 76.01 ± 2.10 %, respectively. The pharmacokinetics in SD rats showed that B-NPs and LC-B-NPs increased the bioavailability of JuB to 134.33 % and 159.04 % respectively. In Caco-2 cell model, the prepared nanoparticles significantly increased cell uptake of JuB, which verified the pharmacokinetic results. The absorption of LC-B-NPs mainly depended on OCTN2 transporter, and Na+ played an important role. Caveolin and clathrin were involved in the endocytosis of the two nanoparticles. In conclusion, both B-NPs and LC-B-NPs can improve the oral absorption of JuB, and the modification of LC can effectively target the OCTN2 transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, People's Republic of China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, People's Republic of China
| | - Tan Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Junbo Xie
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.
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Hua Y, Xu XX, Guo S, Xie H, Yan H, Ma XF, Niu Y, Duan JA. Wild Jujube ( Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa): A Review of Its Phytonutrients, Health Benefits, Metabolism, and Applications. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:7871-7886. [PMID: 35731918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wild jujube, Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chou, as a food and health supplement worldwide, has rich nutritional value. It contains nutrients such as nucleosides, amino acids, polysaccharides, and fatty oils. The fruits, seeds, and leaves of wild jujube can all be used for food, medicine, or health care purposes. Among these, the fruits play many roles, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory functions, and can be used as a natural nutritional supplement to prevent aging. Simultaneously, the mature seed of wild jujube exhibits beneficial effects on central nervous system diseases and is often used for the treatment of insomnia and as a functional food for improving sleep quality and enhancing learning and memory. This review presents an overview of research progress relevant to the phytonutrients, biological functions, metabolism of bioactive compounds, and applications of wild jujube and aims to provide a scientific reference for the development and utilization of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hua
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Xue Xu
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Sheng Guo
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hong Xie
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hui Yan
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xin-Fei Ma
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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6
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Zhang M, Liu J, Zhang Y, Xie J. Zizyphi Spinosae Semen: a natural herb resource for treating neurological disorders. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:1379-1391. [PMID: 35578851 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220516113210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders generally have the characteristics of occult onset and progressive development, which can do some serious damage to human body in the aging process. It is worth noting that traditional medicine can potentially prevent and treat such diseases. Zizyphi Spinosae Semen (ZSS), the seeds of Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa it has a long clinical history for sleep regulation. In recent years, ZSS has been proved to exhibit various types of neuroprotective activity, such as sleep improvement, antidepressant, anti-anxiety, memory improvement and etc. It has become a popular natural product due to its many inherently available compounds that demonstrate medicinal and pharmacological importance. This paper reviews the main components and their metabolic transformation processes, highlights the various neurofunctional regulation activities and their mechanisms of ZSS, providing a theoretical basis for further research and clinical application of this natural medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Jinrui Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Junbo Xie
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
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7
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Li M, Zhang FX, Wei ZC, Li ZT, Zhang GX, Li HJ. Systematically characterization of in vivo substances of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen in rats by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 193:113756. [PMID: 33217708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (ZSS), the seeds of Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa, is widely used in China or other Asian countries for the treatment of insomnia and palpitation. In our previous work, chemical constituents in ZSS were profiled by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/Q-TOF MS). Notably, characterization of substances in vivo was of great importance to reveal the therapy basis or mechanism in further work. Till now, there were few reports about in vivo substances' investigation of ZSS. In the present study, an integrated strategy contained represented compounds and diagnostic ions extraction was applied to characterize metabolism feature of ZSS in rats based on UHPLC/Q-TOF MS method. First, the metabolic information of four compounds (spinosin, isovitexin, jujuboside B, betulinic acid) featuring three representative chemical structures (flavonoids, saponins, terpenes) in ZSS was conducted, and their metabolism features were summarized, especially for flavonoid C-glycosides. Second, the absorbed compounds and representative compounds-related metabolites were quickly screened out; during this time, the diagnostic ions were sorted out. Last, with the help of diagnostic ions and summarized metabolic reactions, other metabolites were characterized. As a result, a total of 151 xenobiotics (58 prototypes and 93 metabolites) were identified or tentatively characterized in rats after ingestion of ZSS. Among them, 16 substances were presented in plasma, 114 in urine, 51 in bile, and 120 in feces, respectively. Hydrogenation, hydrolysis, and glucuronidation were the major metabolic reactions of ZSS in rats. The present study provided meaningful data for further pharmacological mechanism research or pharmacokinetics evaluation of ZSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Emergency Research, Emergency and Trauma College, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Feng-Xiang Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhuo-Chun Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Jinan University, Marina Bay Central Hospital of Dongguan City (Also Called The Fifth People's Hospital of Dongguan), Guandong 523900, China
| | - Zi-Ting Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guo-Xun Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, China
| | - Hai-Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Emergency Research, Emergency and Trauma College, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China.
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Du C, Yan Y, Shen C, Cui X, Pei X, Qin X. Comparative pharmacokinetics of six major compounds in normal and insomnia rats after oral administration of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen aqueous extract. J Pharm Anal 2020; 10:385-395. [PMID: 32923013 PMCID: PMC7474130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (ZSS), a traditional Chinese medicine, is used in clinics for the treatment of insomnia in China and other Asian countries. Herein, we described for the first time a comparative pharmacokinetics study of the six major compounds of ZSS in normal control (NC) and para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA)-induced insomnia model (IM) rats that were orally administered the aqueous extract of ZSS. An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole orbitrap mass (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of coclaurine, magnoflorine, spinosin, 6‴-feruloylspinosin, jujuboside A (JuA), and jujuboside B (JuB) in ZSS in rat plasma. The established approach was successfully applied to a comparative pharmacokinetic study. The systemic exposures of spinosin and 6‴-feruloylspinosin were decreased in the IM group compared to the NC group, while plasma clearance (CL) was significantly increased. The Tmax values of JuA and JuB in IM rats were significantly lower than those in NC rats. The T1/2 of JuA in the IM group was significantly accelerated. The pharmacokinetic parameters of coclaurine and magnoflorine were not evidently affected between the two groups. These results indicate that the pathological state of insomnia altered the plasma pharmacokinetics of spinosin, 6‴-feruloylspinosin, JuA, and JuB in the ZSS aqueous extract, providing an experimental basis for the role of ZSS in insomnia treatment. The comparative pharmacokinetics-based UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS using full-scan mode can therefore provide a reliable and suitable means for the screening of potentially effective substances applied as quality markers of ZSS. A UPLC-MS method was validated for assaying 6 major compoundsofZSS in rat plasma. This is the first report on in vivoZSS extractexposure in normal and insomnia rat. The pathological state of insomnia altered rat plasma pharmacokinetic behaviors. The findings might provide a means for screening potentially effective substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Du
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Chenxi Shen
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Xiaofang Cui
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619, China
| | - Xiangping Pei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619, China
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
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9
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Shang J, Chen XL, Li L, Zhang H, Yang L, Yang B, Cao L, Wang ZZ, Xiao W. Identification of the absorptive constituents and their metabolites in vivo of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen by UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4965. [PMID: 32794231 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this research, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS) was used for detection and identification of the absorptive constituents and their metabolites in rat plasma, urine and feces following oral administration of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen alcohol extract. After structure elucidation, a total of 12 compounds in rat plasma, comprising seven prototypes and five metabolites, 28 compounds in urine, comprising 17 prototypes and 11 metabolites, and 23 compounds in feces, comrpising 17 prototypes and six metabolites, have been tentatively identified by comparison with standard compounds and reference literature information. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive and systematical metabolic study on the seed. Mostly importantly, we propose that gastric acid could convert jujubosides into an absorbable form of ebelin lactone oligosaccharides, which may be responsible for the low bioavailability and specific bioactivities of these compounds. Additionally, we deduced that the absorption site of ebelin lactone oligosaccharides is located in the stomach, and that the ebelin lactone form of jujubosides may be more suitable for absorption than its hydrolysis product. Our investigation will be helpful to narrow the scope for potentially active ingredients of the seed, and pave the way for determination of the pharmacological mechanism of the seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New-tech for Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xia-Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New-tech for Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Lianyungang, China
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New-tech for Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Lianyungang, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New-tech for Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Lianyungang, China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New-tech for Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Lianyungang, China
| | - Biao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New-tech for Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Lianyungang, China
| | - Liang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New-tech for Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Lianyungang, China
| | - Zhen-Zhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New-tech for Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Lianyungang, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New-tech for Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Lianyungang, China
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Song P, Lai C, Xie J, Zhang Y. The preparation and investigation of spinosin–phospholipid complex self-microemulsifying drug delivery system based on the absorption characteristics of spinosin. J Pharm Pharmacol 2019; 71:898-909. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The aim of this research was to investigate the intestinal absorption characteristics and mechanisms of spinosin (SPI), and a new dosage form was prepared to increase the intestinal absorption of SPI.
Methods
In this study, the intestinal absorption characteristics and mechanisms of SPI were first investigated using in situ absorption model and Caco-2 monolayer model. Subsequently, the phospholipid complex (PLC) loaded with SPI was prepared followed by a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) technique for developing a more efficient formulation.
Key findings
The results showed that the absorption rate constant (0.02 h−1) and absorption percentage (10%) of SPI were small. Paracellular and active transport pathways mainly mediated the intestinal absorption of SPI. Moreover, SPI-PLC-SMEDDS showed a nanoscale particle size and excellent dispersibility in vitro. The cellular uptake and transportation properties of SPI-PLC-SMEDDS in the Caco-2 cell model were improved significantly. Besides, a statistically dramatically higher oral bioavailability (almost fivefold) was observed following the oral administration of SPI-PLC-SMEDDS than free SPI on the basis of pharmacokinetic experiment results. Furthermore, the SPI-PLC-SMEDDS exhibited certain immunization.
Conclusions
SPI-PLC-SMEDDS could be a promising oral drug delivery system to improve the absorption of SPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Song
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
| | - Changjiangsheng Lai
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Junbo Xie
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Tianjin, China
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Shergis JL, Ni X, Sarris J, Zhang AL, Guo X, Xue CC, Lu C, Hugel H. Ziziphus spinosa seeds for insomnia: A review of chemistry and psychopharmacology. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 34:38-43. [PMID: 28899507 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Chinese medicine, Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chou is widely used for the treatment of insomnia. PURPOSE/SECTIONS This paper summarises the chemistry, psychopharmacology, and compares the pharmaceutical effects of the seeds of Ziziphus jujuba plant, Ziziphus spinosa (ZS) seeds, with benzodiazepines. Whole extracts and constituent compounds have been evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies. CONCLUSIONS ZS secondary metabolites modulate GABAergic activity and the serotonergic system. The actual therapeutic agents require further confirmation/identification so that new insomnia phytomedicines can be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannah Linda Shergis
- China-Australia International Research Centre for Chinese Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora 3083, Australia
| | - Xiaojia Ni
- China-Australia International Research Centre for Chinese Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora 3083, Australia; Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, and The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 111 Dade Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Jerome Sarris
- Department of Psychiatry and The Melbourne Clinic, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3121, Australia; Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn 3122, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony Lin Zhang
- China-Australia International Research Centre for Chinese Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora 3083, Australia
| | - Xinfeng Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, and The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 111 Dade Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Charlie C Xue
- China-Australia International Research Centre for Chinese Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora 3083, Australia; Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, and The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 111 Dade Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Chuanjian Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, and The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 111 Dade Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, PR China.
| | - Helmut Hugel
- School of Science, RMIT University, PO Box 2476, Melbourne 3001 VIC, Australia.
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Xu J, Chen HB, Li SL. Understanding the Molecular Mechanisms of the Interplay Between Herbal Medicines and Gut Microbiota. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:1140-1185. [PMID: 28052344 DOI: 10.1002/med.21431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herbal medicines (HMs) are much appreciated for their significant contribution to human survival and reproduction by remedial and prophylactic management of diseases. Defining the scientific basis of HMs will substantiate their value and promote their modernization. Ever-increasing evidence suggests that gut microbiota plays a crucial role in HM therapy by complicated interplay with HM components. This interplay includes such activities as: gut microbiota biotransforming HM chemicals into metabolites that harbor different bioavailability and bioactivity/toxicity from their precursors; HM chemicals improving the composition of gut microbiota, consequently ameliorating its dysfunction as well as associated pathological conditions; and gut microbiota mediating the interactions (synergistic and antagonistic) between the multiple chemicals in HMs. More advanced experimental designs are recommended for future study, such as overall chemical characterization of gut microbiota-metabolized HMs, direct microbial analysis of HM-targeted gut microbiota, and precise gut microbiota research model development. The outcomes of such research can further elucidate the interactions between HMs and gut microbiota, thereby opening a new window for defining the scientific basis of HMs and for guiding HM-based drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Hu-Biao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Song-Lin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, P.R. China.,Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, 210028, P.R. China
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Liang Y, Yang X, Zhang X, Duan H, Jin M, Sun Y, Yuan H, Li J, Qi Y, Qiao W. Antidepressant-like effect of the saponins part of ethanol extract from SHF. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 191:307-314. [PMID: 27321411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Suanzaorenhehuan Formula (SHF) has been used for treating depression-like disorders for many years in China. The saponins part of the SHF (SSHF) extract was the antidepressant effective component. AIM OF STUDY To investigate the antidepressant-like effect of SSHF and its possible mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental approaches including the forced swim test (FST), the tail suspension test (TST) and unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) were used to evaluate the effects of SSHF. The possible mechanisms were explored by measuring monoamine neurotransmitter in mice frontal cortex and hippocampus, testing monoamine oxidase enzyme (MAO) activities, antioxidant enzyme activities and free radicals levels in the brains of UCMS-exposed mice. RESULTS The results showed that SSHF (10, 20, 40mg/kg) significantly decreased the immobility period in FST and TST in mice after two-week treatment. Whereas, SSHF had no significant effect on locomotor activity in mice. It was also found that the serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NE) levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex were significantly increased only in 40mg/kg SSHF treated mice. In addition, SSHF (10, 20, 40mg/kg) significantly inhibited monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) after 21-day UCMS exposure. SSHF (10, 20, 40mg/kg) significantly decreased the nitrous oxide (NO) levels, and increased the activities of total antioxidant capability (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and catalase (CAT) in different degrees in the brains of UCMS-exposed mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that SSHF may effectively produce an antidepressant-like effect, which appeared to involve the serotonergic, noradrenergic, monoamine oxidase enzyme and antioxidant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China
| | - Xu Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China
| | - Hongquan Duan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China
| | - Meina Jin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China
| | - Yan Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China
| | - Hengjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy/Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Junqiang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China
| | - Yuedong Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China.
| | - Wei Qiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China.
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Zhang Y, Qiao L, Song M, Wang L, Xie J, Feng H. Hplc-ESI-MS/MS analysis of the water-soluble extract from Ziziphi spinosae semen and its ameliorating effect of learning and memory performance in mice. Pharmacogn Mag 2014; 10:509-16. [PMID: 25422554 PMCID: PMC4239731 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.141777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (ZSS), the seed of Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chow., is a traditional herb for insomnia and anxiety in eastern Asia. However, few researches have been concerned with its effect on ameliorating memory and learning performance. Objective: To investigate the constituents of ZSS water soluble extract and its ameliorating learning and memory in mice. Materials and Methods: A new high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to determine the main constituents in the extract. The effect of ZSS water soluble extract on memory and learning performance was investigated in mice by Y-maze and passive avoidance test. Results: The extract could significantly decrease the number of errors (NOE), and increase the transfer latency time (TLT) and electrical stimuli time (EST). In addition, spinosin, jujuboside A (JuA) and jujuboside B (JuB) were simultaneously identified and quantified in the extract. Their contents in the extract were as followed: Spinosin (223.51mg/g), JuA (63.76mg/g) and JuB (26.29mg/g). Conclusion: The extract played a promising role in ameliorating memory in mice with alcohol induced memory retrieval disorders, and might help to improve learning capacity to some extent. Spinosin, JuA and JuB were the predominant constituents, which might be mainly responsible for the definite activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Egineering, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, People's Republic of China ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Tianjin 300134, People's Republic of China
| | - Longdong Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Egineering, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyuan Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Egineering, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Egineering, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, People's Republic of China ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Tianjin 300134, People's Republic of China
| | - Junbo Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Egineering, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, People's Republic of China ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Tianjin 300134, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Egineering, College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, People's Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Zhang T, Wang F, Xie J. Brain tissue distribution of spinosin in rats determined by a new high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass/mass spectrometry method. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 53:97-103. [PMID: 24771055 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Spinosin, a flavone-C-glycoside, is a bioactive ingredient isolated from a traditional Chinese herb Zizyphi Spinosi Semen. In this study, a new high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass/mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to determine spinosin in brain tissues including olfactory region, hippocampus, corpus striatum, cerebrum (cerebral cortex) and cerebellum, after intravenous administration with the dose of 5 mg/kg. The tissue homogenate samples were pretreated and extracted with acetonitrile by a simple protein precipitation method. The separation was performed on a YMC ODS-AQ(TM) column (250 × 2.0 mm, 3.5 μm) with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-aqueous phase (0.1% formic acid) (25 : 75, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The retention times of spinosin and naringin (internal standard) were 3.3 and 5.1 min, respectively. Multiple reaction monitoring mode was used to monitor precursor/product ion transitions of m/z 607.2 → 427.0 for spinosin and m/z 579.2 → 271.0 for naringin. The proposed method was successfully applied to the preclinical brain tissue distribution of spinosin in rats. The results showed that there was a wide brain regional tissue distribution of spinosin. The concentrations of spinosin in corpus striatum and hippocampus were higher than that in other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, The East of Jinba Road, Tianjin 300134, China Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, The East of Jinba Road, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Fengling Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, The East of Jinba Road, Tianjin 300134, China Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Junbo Xie
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, The East of Jinba Road, Tianjin 300134, China Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Tianjin 300134, China
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