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Hagman K, Hedenstierna M, Widaeus J, Arvidsson E, Hammas B, Grillner L, Jakobsson J, Gille-Johnson P, Ursing J. Effects of remdesivir on SARS-CoV-2 viral dynamics and mortality in viraemic patients hospitalized for COVID-19. J Antimicrob Chemother 2023; 78:2735-2742. [PMID: 37757451 PMCID: PMC10631829 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on the antiviral effects of remdesivir have shown conflicting results. SARS-CoV-2 viraemia could identify patients in whom antiviral treatment may be particularly beneficial. OBJECTIVES To investigate antiviral effects and clinical outcomes of remdesivir treatment in viraemic patients. METHODS Viraemic patients hospitalized for COVID-19 with ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen of ≤300, symptom duration ≤10 days, and estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥30 mL/min were included in a cohort. The rate of serum viral clearance and serum viral load decline, 60 day mortality and in-hospital outcomes were estimated. A subgroup analysis including patients with symptom duration ≤7 days was performed. RESULTS A total of 318 viraemic patients were included. Thirty-three percent (105/318) received remdesivir. The rate of serum viral clearance [subhazard risk ratio (SHR) 1.4 (95% CI 0.9-2.0), P = 0.11] and serum viral load decline (P = 0.11) were not significantly different between remdesivir-treated patients and controls. However, the rate of serum viral clearance was non-significantly higher [SHR 1.6 (95% CI 1.0-2.7), P = 0.051] and the viral load decline was faster (P = 0.03) in remdesivir-treated patients with symptom duration ≤7 days at admission. The 60 day mortality [HR 1.0 (95% CI 0.6-1.8), P = 0.97] and adverse in-hospital outcomes [OR 1.4 (95% CI 0.8-2.4), P = 0.31] were not significantly different between remdesivir-treated patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS Remdesivir treatment did not significantly change the duration of SARS-CoV-2 viraemia, decline of serum viral load, 60 day mortality or in-hospital adverse outcomes in patients with ≤10 days of symptoms at admission. Remdesivir appeared to reduce the duration of viraemia in a subgroup of patients with ≤7 days of symptoms at admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Hagman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Diagnosvagen 21, 416 50 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jacob Widaeus
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emelie Arvidsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Berit Hammas
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm Sweden
| | - Lena Grillner
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jan Jakobsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Ursing
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Fauci AS. Rethinking next-generation vaccines for coronaviruses, influenzaviruses, and other respiratory viruses. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:146-157. [PMID: 36634620 PMCID: PMC9832587 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Viruses that replicate in the human respiratory mucosa without infecting systemically, including influenza A, SARS-CoV-2, endemic coronaviruses, RSV, and many other "common cold" viruses, cause significant mortality and morbidity and are important public health concerns. Because these viruses generally do not elicit complete and durable protective immunity by themselves, they have not to date been effectively controlled by licensed or experimental vaccines. In this review, we examine challenges that have impeded development of effective mucosal respiratory vaccines, emphasizing that all of these viruses replicate extremely rapidly in the surface epithelium and are quickly transmitted to other hosts, within a narrow window of time before adaptive immune responses are fully marshaled. We discuss possible approaches to developing next-generation vaccines against these viruses, in consideration of several variables such as vaccine antigen configuration, dose and adjuventation, route and timing of vaccination, vaccine boosting, adjunctive therapies, and options for public health vaccination polices.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Morens
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffery K. Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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3
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Ertesvåg NU, Sakkestad ST, Zhou F, Hoff I, Kristiansen T, Jonassen TM, Follesø E, Brokstad KA, Dyrhovden R, Mohn KGI. Persistent Fever and Positive PCR 90 Days Post-SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Rituximab-Treated Patient: A Case of Late Antiviral Treatment. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081757. [PMID: 36016378 PMCID: PMC9414720 DOI: 10.3390/v14081757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Persistent fever after SARS-CoV-2 infection in rituximab-treated patients has been reported. Due to reduced sensitivity in conventional sampling methods and unspecific symptoms in these patients, distinguishing between low-grade viral replication or hyperinflammation is challenging. Antiviral treatment is recommended as prophylactic or early treatment in the at-risk population; however, no defined treatment approaches for protracted SARS-CoV-2 infection exist. Results: We present a case of 96 days of persistent fever and SARS-CoV-2 infection in a patient receiving B cell depletion therapy for multiple sclerosis. Migratory lung infiltrates and positive PCR tests from serum (day-58 post infection) and lower airways (day-90 post infection) confirmed continuous viral replication. The dominant symptoms were continuous high fever, dyspnea and mild to moderate hypoxemia, which never developed into severe respiratory failure. The patient was hospitalized three times, with transient improvement after late antiviral treatment and full recovery 6 months post-rituximab infusion. Conclusions: A strategy for securing samples from lower airways and serum should be a prioritization to strengthen diagnostic certainty in immunocompromised patients. B-cell-deprived patients could benefit from late treatment with SARS-CoV-2-specific monoclonal antibodies and antivirals. Importantly, increased intervals between immunosuppressive therapy should be considered where feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Urke Ertesvåg
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Correspondence:
| | - Sunniva Todnem Sakkestad
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Fan Zhou
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingrid Hoff
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Trygve Kristiansen
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Elisabeth Follesø
- Radiology Department, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Karl Albert Brokstad
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Safety, Chemistry and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 5063 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ruben Dyrhovden
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristin G.-I. Mohn
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
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4
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Zurita-Cruz ND, Martín-Ramírez A, Rodríguez-Serrano DA, González-Álvaro I, Roy-Vallejo E, De la Cámara R, Fontán García-Rodrigo L, Cardeñoso-Domingo L. Usefulness of real-time RT-PCR to understand the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 in blood: A prospective study. J Clin Virol 2022; 152:105166. [PMID: 35594784 PMCID: PMC9040491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 viral load and kinetics assessed in serial blood samples from hospitalised COVID-19 patients by RT-PCR are poorly understood. METHODS We conducted an observational, prospective case series study in hospitalised COVID-19 patients. Clinical outcome data (Intensive Care Unit admission and mortality) were collected from all patients until discharge. Viremia was determined longitudinally during hospitalisation, in plasma and serum samples collected sequentially, using two commercial and standardised RT-PCR techniques approved for use in diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Viral load (copies/mL and log10) was determined with quantitative TaqPath™COVID-19 test. Persistent viremia (PV) was defined as two or more consecutive quantifiable viral loads detected in blood samples (plasma/serum) during hospitalisation. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 viremia was studied in 57 hospitalised COVID-19 patients. PV was detected in 16 (28%) patients. All of them, except for one who rapidly progressed to death, cleared viremia during hospitalisation. Poor clinical outcome occurred in 62.5% of patients with PV, while none of the negative patients or those with sporadic viremia presented this outcome (p < 0.0001). Viral load was significantly higher in patients with PV than in those with Sporadic Viremia (p < 0.05). Patients presented PV for a short period of time: median time from admission was 5 days (Range = 2-12) and 4.5 days (Range = 2-8) for plasma and serum samples, respectively. Similar results were obtained with all RT-PCR assays for both types of samples. CONCLUSIONS Detection of persistent SARS-CoV-2 viremia, by real time RT-PCR, expressed as viral load over time, could allow identifying hospitalised COVID-19 patients at risk of poor clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Daniela Zurita-Cruz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain,Corresponding author
| | | | | | | | - Emilia Roy-Vallejo
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael De la Cámara
- Haematology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Shamsi TN, Yin J, James ME, James MN. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea: Causative Agent, Epidemiology, Clinical
Characteristics, and Treatment Strategy Targeting Main Protease. Protein Pept Lett 2022; 29:392-407. [DOI: 10.2174/0929866529666220316145149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aims:
This aimed to study the causative agent, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and
treatment strategy targeting the main protease in porcine epidemic diarrhea.
Background:
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a contagious intestinal viral infection causing
severe diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration in pigs. High rates of mortalities and severe morbidities,
approaching 100%, are reported in piglets infected with PEDV. In recent years, PED has been
observed to influence the swine-farming nations in Europe, Asia, the USA, South Korea, and
Canada. The PED virus (PEDV) transmission takes place through a faecal-oral route.
Objective:
The objective is to review the characteristics of PEDV and its role in the disease. In
addition, we aim to outline some possible methods to combat PED infection, including targeting the
main protease of coronavirus and their future perspectives.
Method:
This study is a review of literature on the PED virus.
Results:
Apart from symptomatic treatment and supportive care, there is no available specific
treatment for PEDV. Appropriate disinfectants and cleaning are pivotal for the control of PEDV. To
date, apart from anti-PEDV inhibitors, there are no specific drugs available commercially to treat
the disease. Therefore, 3C-like protease (3CLpro) in PEDV that has highly conserved structure and
catalytic mechanism serves as an alluring drug as it plays a vital role during viral polyprotein
processing at the time of infection.
Conclusion:
A well synchronized and collective effort of scientists, swine veterinarians, pork
industry experts, and associated authorities is essential for the accomplishment of proper execution
of these required measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tooba N. Shamsi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7,
Canada
| | - Jiang Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7,
Canada
| | - Michelle E. James
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7,
Canada
| | - Michael N.G. James
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7,
Canada
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6
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Wu X, Jing H, Wang C, Wang Y, Zuo N, Jiang T, Novakovic VA, Shi J. Intestinal Damage in COVID-19: SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Intestinal Thrombosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:860931. [PMID: 35391725 PMCID: PMC8981312 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.860931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal tract, with high expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), is a major site of extrapulmonary infection in COVID-19. During pulmonary infection, the virus enters the bloodstream forming viremia, which infects and damages extrapulmonary organs. Uncontrolled viral infection induces cytokine storm and promotes a hypercoagulable state, leading to systemic microthrombi. Both viral infection and microthrombi can damage the gut–blood barrier, resulting in malabsorption, malnutrition, and intestinal flora entering the blood, ultimately increasing disease severity and mortality. Early prophylactic antithrombotic therapy can prevent these damages, thereby reducing mortality. In this review, we discuss the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection and intestinal thrombosis on intestinal injury and disease severity, as well as corresponding treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haijiao Jing
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chengyue Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Nan Zuo
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Valerie A Novakovic
- Department of Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jialan Shi
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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7
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Hagman K, Hedenstierna M, Rudling J, Gille-Johnson P, Hammas B, Grabbe M, Jakobsson J, Dillner J, Ursing J. Duration of SARS-CoV-2 viremia and its correlation to mortality and inflammatory parameters in patients hospitalized for COVID-19: a cohort study. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 102:115595. [PMID: 34896666 PMCID: PMC8595972 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 viremia at admission is associated with high risk for mortality. However, longitudinal data on viremia duration are limited. Viremic patients hospitalized for COVID-19 were included in a cohort. Time to serum viral clearance and the effect of viremia duration on the odds of mortality were calculated. One hundred and twenty-one viremic patients were included. Median age was 62 (IQR 52−71) years and 68% were males. The total in-hospital mortality of the cohort was 33%. Median time from admission to serum viral clearance was 7 (95% CI 6−8) days. Duration of viremia showed a relative risk ratio of 1.40 (95% CI 1.02−1.92) for the odds of mortality in an adjusted multinomial logistic regression. Serum viral clearance coincided with defervescence and decreasing C-reactive protein. Median time to serum viral clearance was 7 days after admission. The odds of mortality increased with 40% for each additional day of viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Hagman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Johan Rudling
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Berit Hammas
- Department of Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm Sweden
| | - Malin Grabbe
- Department of Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jan Jakobsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Ursing
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Belogiannis K, Florou VA, Fragkou PC, Ferous S, Chatzis L, Polyzou A, Lagopati N, Vassilakos D, Kittas C, Tzioufas AG, Tsiodras S, Sourvinos G, Gorgoulis VG. SARS-CoV-2 Antigenemia as a Confounding Factor in Immunodiagnostic Assays: A Case Study. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061143. [PMID: 34198719 PMCID: PMC8232125 DOI: 10.3390/v13061143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity has emerged as a vital immune component against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Nevertheless, a subset of recovered Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) paucisymptomatic/asymptomatic individuals do not generate an antibody response, constituting a paradox. We assumed that immunodiagnostic assays may operate under a competitive format within the context of antigenemia, potentially explaining this phenomenon. We present a case where persistent antigenemia/viremia was documented for at least 73 days post-symptom onset using ‘in-house’ methodology, and as it progressively declined, seroconversion took place late, around day 55, supporting our hypothesis. Thus, prolonged SARS-CoV-2 antigenemia/viremia could mask humoral responses, rendering, in certain cases, the phenomenon of ‘non-responders’ a misnomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Belogiannis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece; (K.B.); (V.A.F.); (A.P.); (N.L.); (D.V.); (C.K.)
| | - Venetia A. Florou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece; (K.B.); (V.A.F.); (A.P.); (N.L.); (D.V.); (C.K.)
| | - Paraskevi C. Fragkou
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-12462 Athens, Greece; (P.C.F.); (S.T.)
| | - Stefanos Ferous
- 2nd Medical Department, General Hospital of Athens G. Gennimatas, GR-11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Loukas Chatzis
- Department of Pathophysiology, Athens School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece; (L.C.); (A.G.T.)
| | - Aikaterini Polyzou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece; (K.B.); (V.A.F.); (A.P.); (N.L.); (D.V.); (C.K.)
| | - Nefeli Lagopati
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece; (K.B.); (V.A.F.); (A.P.); (N.L.); (D.V.); (C.K.)
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NQ, UK
| | - Demetrios Vassilakos
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece; (K.B.); (V.A.F.); (A.P.); (N.L.); (D.V.); (C.K.)
| | - Christos Kittas
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece; (K.B.); (V.A.F.); (A.P.); (N.L.); (D.V.); (C.K.)
| | - Athanasios G. Tzioufas
- Department of Pathophysiology, Athens School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece; (L.C.); (A.G.T.)
| | - Sotirios Tsiodras
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-12462 Athens, Greece; (P.C.F.); (S.T.)
| | - George Sourvinos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Crete, GR-71003 Heraklion, Greece
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (V.G.G.)
| | - Vassilis G. Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece; (K.B.); (V.A.F.); (A.P.); (N.L.); (D.V.); (C.K.)
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NQ, UK
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
- Center for New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (V.G.G.)
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9
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Nunez Lopez YO, Casu A, Pratley RE. Investigation of Extracellular Vesicles From SARS-CoV-2 Infected Specimens: A Safety Perspective. Front Immunol 2021; 12:617042. [PMID: 33968019 PMCID: PMC8100059 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.617042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is wreaking havoc around the world. Considering that extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from SARS-CoV-2 infected cells might play a role in a viremic phase contributing to disease progression and that standard methods for EV isolation have been reported to co-isolate viral particles, we would like to recommend the use of heightened laboratory safety measures during the isolation of EVs derived from SARS-CoV-2 infected tissue and blood from COVID-19 patients. Research needs to be conducted to better understand the role of EVs in SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, disease progression, and transmission. EV isolation procedures should include approaches for protection from SARS-CoV-2 contamination. We recommend the EV and virology scientific communities develop collaborative projects where relationships between endogenous EVs and potentially lethal enveloped viruses are addressed to better understand the risks and pathobiology involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury O Nunez Lopez
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Anna Casu
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Richard E Pratley
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL, United States
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10
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Moore KM, Suthar MS. Comprehensive analysis of COVID-19 during pregnancy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 538:180-186. [PMID: 33384142 PMCID: PMC7759124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic resulting from the emergence of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 remains a major global health concern. Pregnant individuals are more likely to develop severe COVID-19 and a number of pregnancy complications have been observed in COVID-19 patients. To date, little is known about the impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy. In this review, we examine key aspects of pregnancy that may be impacted by COVID-19 and summarize the current literature on SARS-CoV-2 infection of the placenta and in utero vertical transmission. Furthermore, we highlight recent studies exploring the role of the maternal antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy and the passive transfer of maternal antibodies from mothers with COVID-19 to fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Moore
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
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