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Hemati Z, Ameli S, Nikkhoo B, Shahgheibi S, Seyedoshohadaei F, Soufizadeh N, Rahmani K. Comparing the immunogenicity of COVID-19 infection and vaccination in pregnant women as measured by anti-S IgG. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:935. [PMID: 39251937 PMCID: PMC11386373 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09853-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy is a critical time for women, making them more susceptible to infectious diseases like COVID-19. This study aims to determine the immunogenicity of COVID-19 in pregnant women who have been infected compared to those who have received the inactive COVID-19 vaccine. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, pregnant women who received the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine (Sinopharm) and those with a history of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy were studied. Participants who had experienced stillbirth, received different COVID-19 vaccines, or had intrauterine fetal death were excluded from the study. Overall, the study included 140 participants. The participants were divided into two groups of 70 participants - pregnant women who received the Sinopharm vaccine and pregnant women who had COVID-19 infection during pregnancy. Before delivery, blood samples were collected from all mothers to evaluate the maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG) level. Blood samples were also taken from the baby's umbilical cord during delivery to measure the newborn's IgG level. Additionally, blood samples were collected from babies whose mothers showed signs of acute infection to measure their IgM levels and evaluate vertical transmission. FINDINGS The study found a significant relationship between the mean level of maternal IgG and umbilical cord IgG within the groups (P < 0.001). The highest levels of maternal IgG (2.50 ± 2.17) and umbilical cord IgG (2.43 ± 2.09) were observed in pregnant women with a previous COVID-19 infection and no history of vaccination (P < 0.001). Only one baby was born with a positive IgM, and this baby was born to a mother who showed signs of COVID-19 infection in the last five days of pregnancy. The mother was 28 years old, with a BMI of 33; it was her first pregnancy, and she gave birth to a male newborn at term. CONCLUSION Administering an inactivated vaccine during pregnancy can generate immunity in both the mother and the child. However, the vaccine's immunity level may not be as potent as that conferred by COVID-19 infection during pregnancy. Nonetheless, the risk of vertical transmission of COVID-19 is considered minimal and can be classified as negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Hemati
- Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Saeideh Ameli
- Resident of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Bahram Nikkhoo
- Professor in Pathology, Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health 4. Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Sholeh Shahgheibi
- Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Fariba Seyedoshohadaei
- Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Nasrin Soufizadeh
- Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Khaled Rahmani
- Associate Professor in Epidemiology, Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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Martínez-Quezada R, Valencia-Ledezma OE, Ramírez-Lozada T, Miguel-Rodríguez CE, Fernández-Hernández JC, Acosta-Altamirano G. Influence of Maternal and Neonatal Factors on Transplacental Passive Immunity after Vaccination against COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:860. [PMID: 39203986 PMCID: PMC11360686 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12080860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the influence of maternal and neonatal factors on the efficiency of the placental transfer of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Vaccination during pregnancy provides fetal and neonatal protection through the passive transplacental transfer of maternal neutralizing antibodies. To date, little information is available regarding the factors that affect the transfer of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. A retrospective, cross-sectional, observational, and analytical study was carried out. It was found that several biological factors could be altering transplacental passive immunity after vaccination against COVID-19. In our study population, type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic hypertension tended to decrease efficiency, while data from women with pre-eclampsia showed better indices compared to those from women with healthy pregnancies. Neonates born prematurely showed lower transfer rates when compared to healthy neonates. The premature rupture of membranes significantly decreased antibody transfer. Taken together, the data suggest that vaccination against COVID-19 during pregnancy is effective even under certain unfavorable clinical conditions for the mother, fetus, and neonate. It is important to create and disseminate immunization strategies in vulnerable populations to reduce maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality associated with infections preventable by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Martínez-Quezada
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, IMSS-Bienestar, Ixtapaluca 56530, Mexico; (R.M.-Q.); (O.E.V.-L.); (C.E.M.-R.)
- Consejo Mexiquense de Ciencia y Tecnología (COMECYT), Toluca 50120, Mexico
| | - Omar Esteban Valencia-Ledezma
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, IMSS-Bienestar, Ixtapaluca 56530, Mexico; (R.M.-Q.); (O.E.V.-L.); (C.E.M.-R.)
| | - Tito Ramírez-Lozada
- Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, IMSS-Bienestar, Ixtapaluca 56530, Mexico;
| | - Carlos Emilio Miguel-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, IMSS-Bienestar, Ixtapaluca 56530, Mexico; (R.M.-Q.); (O.E.V.-L.); (C.E.M.-R.)
| | | | - Gustavo Acosta-Altamirano
- Dirección de Investigación, Hospital General de México “Eduardo Liceaga”, Ciudad de México 06726, Mexico;
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Ghafari Z, Khameneh A, Vahedi L. COVID19 Vaccination Considerations for Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY RESEARCH 2024; 29:389-396. [PMID: 39205836 PMCID: PMC11349169 DOI: 10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_146_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, pregnant women are at a higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 disease. This study investigated whether pregnant women should get vaccinated against COVID-19 or not. Pregnant women in comparison with non-pregnant women. Materials and Methods This study was a systematic review that searched the PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases using the keywords "COVID-19" OR "SARS-CoV-2" OR "Coronavirus Disease" OR "2019-nCoV" AND "pregnancy "OR "pregnant" AND "vaccine" OR "vaccination" from January 2020 to April 2022. Results Of the 37 selected studies, 15 (40.50%) declared positive views, 9 (24.30%) had inconclusive views, and 13 (35.20%) opposed vaccination due to a lack of adequate information. Conclusions Despite the discrepancies among the studies, one-third of the studies suggested that pregnant women be enrolled in clinical trials to investigate the outcomes of the COVID-19 vaccination on maternal and fetal outcomes. However, the majority of the studies recommended maternal immunization against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ghafari
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Khameneh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Vahedi
- MD-PhD of Medical Genetics, Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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4
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England RN, Drapeau EM, Alameh MG, Hosseinzadeh R, Weissman D, Hensley SE. Evaluation of mRNA-LNP and adjuvanted protein SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in a maternal antibody mouse model. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:110. [PMID: 38890316 PMCID: PMC11189435 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00901-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Maternal antibodies (matAbs) protect against a myriad of pathogens early in life; however, these antibodies can also inhibit de novo immune responses against some vaccine platforms. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) matAbs are efficiently transferred during pregnancy and protect infants against subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infections. It is unknown if matAbs inhibit immune responses elicited by different types of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Here, we established a mouse model to determine if SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific matAbs inhibit immune responses elicited by recombinant protein and nucleoside-modified mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (mRNA-LNP) vaccines. We found that SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-LNP vaccines elicited robust de novo antibody responses in mouse pups in the presence of matAbs. Recombinant protein vaccines were also able to circumvent the inhibitory effects of matAbs when adjuvants were co-administered. While additional studies need to be completed in humans, our studies raise the possibility that mRNA-LNP-based and adjuvanted protein-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have the potential to be effective when delivered very early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross N England
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Drapeau
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mohamad-Gabriel Alameh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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5
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Proto A, Agliardi S, Pani A, Renica S, Gazzaniga G, Giossi R, Senatore M, Di Ruscio F, Campisi D, Vismara C, Panetta V, Scaglione F, Martinelli S. COVID-Vaccines in Pregnancy: Maternal and Neonatal Response over the First 9 Months after Delivery. Biomolecules 2024; 14:435. [PMID: 38672452 PMCID: PMC11048428 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 has been demonstrated to be safe during gestation. Nevertheless, there are no robust data investigating the entity of maternal antibodies' transmission through the placenta to the newborn and the persistence of the antibodies in babies' serum. The objective of this study is to assess the maternal antibody transmission and kinetics among newborns in the first months of life. Women having received one or two doses of anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-vaccines during pregnancy at any gestational age, and their newborns, were recruited and followed-up over 9 months. Ninety-eight women and 103 babies were included. At birth, we observed a significant positive correlation between maternal and neonatal serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels and a significant negative correlation between the time since last dose and antibody levels in mothers with two doses. Over the follow-up, the birth antibody level significantly decreased in time according to the received doses number at 3, 6, and 9 months. During the follow-up, we registered 34 dyad SARS-CoV-2 infection cases. The decreasing trend was slower in the SARS-CoV-2 infection group and among breastfed non-infected babies. Antibodies from maternal anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination are efficiently transferred via the placenta and potentially even through breast milk. Among newborns, antibodies show relevant durability in the first months of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Proto
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20161 Milan, Italy; (A.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Stefano Agliardi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Postgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Arianna Pani
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Silvia Renica
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Postgraduate School of Microbiology and Virology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (S.R.); (F,D,R.)
| | - Gianluca Gazzaniga
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Postgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Giossi
- Chemical-Clinical and Microbiological Analyses Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20161 Milan, Italy; (R.G.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Michele Senatore
- Chemical-Clinical and Microbiological Analyses Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20161 Milan, Italy; (R.G.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Federica Di Ruscio
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Postgraduate School of Microbiology and Virology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (S.R.); (F,D,R.)
| | - Daniela Campisi
- Chemical-Clinical and Microbiological Analyses Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20161 Milan, Italy; (R.G.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Chiara Vismara
- Chemical-Clinical and Microbiological Analyses Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20161 Milan, Italy; (R.G.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Valentina Panetta
- L’altrastatisticasrl, Consultancy & Training, Biostatistics Office, 00174 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Scaglione
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.P.); (F.S.)
- Chemical-Clinical and Microbiological Analyses Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20161 Milan, Italy; (R.G.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Stefano Martinelli
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20161 Milan, Italy; (A.P.); (S.M.)
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Martínez-Quezada R, Miguel-Rodríguez CE, Ramírez-Lozada T, Valencia-Ledezma OE, Acosta-Altamirano G. Placental Transfer Efficiency of Neutralizing Antibodies on SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination before and after Pregnancy in Mexican Women. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1516. [PMID: 38338795 PMCID: PMC10855582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The protection of the neonate against pathogens depends largely on the antibodies transferred placentally from the mother; for this reason, maternal vaccination against emerging viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, is of vital importance. Knowing some of the immunogenic factors that could alter the placental transfer of antibodies could aid in understanding the immune response and neonatal protection after maternal vaccination. In this study, we analyzed the efficiency of the placental transfer of binding and neutralizing antibodies, as well as some factors that could alter the passive immune response, such as the trimester of gestation at the time of immunization, the number of doses received by the mother and the type of vaccine. Binding IgG antibodies were detected by ELISA, and the detection of neutralizing antibodies was carried out using flow cytometry. Our results show efficient transfer rates (>1), which are higher when maternal vaccination occurs during the third trimester of gestation. Antibodies are detectable in mothers and their neonates after 12 months of maternal immunization, suggesting than the vaccination against COVID-19 before and during pregnancy in the Mexican population induces a lasting neutralizing response in mothers and their newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Martínez-Quezada
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Carretera Federal México-Puebla Km. 34.5, Pueblo de Zoquiapan, Ixtapaluca 56530, Mexico; (R.M.-Q.); (C.E.M.-R.); (O.E.V.-L.)
- Consejo Mexiquense de Ciencia y Tecnología (COMECYT), Paseo Colón N° 112-A, Ciprés, Toluca 50120, Mexico
| | - Carlos Emilio Miguel-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Carretera Federal México-Puebla Km. 34.5, Pueblo de Zoquiapan, Ixtapaluca 56530, Mexico; (R.M.-Q.); (C.E.M.-R.); (O.E.V.-L.)
| | - Tito Ramírez-Lozada
- Unidad de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Carretera Federal México-Puebla Km. 34.5, Pueblo de Zoquiapan, Ixtapaluca 56530, Mexico;
| | - Omar Esteban Valencia-Ledezma
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Carretera Federal México-Puebla Km. 34.5, Pueblo de Zoquiapan, Ixtapaluca 56530, Mexico; (R.M.-Q.); (C.E.M.-R.); (O.E.V.-L.)
| | - Gustavo Acosta-Altamirano
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Carretera Federal México-Puebla Km. 34.5, Pueblo de Zoquiapan, Ixtapaluca 56530, Mexico; (R.M.-Q.); (C.E.M.-R.); (O.E.V.-L.)
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Padilla-Rivas GR, Santoyo-Suarez MG, Benitez-Chao DF, Galan-Huerta K, Villareal HF, Garza-Treviño EN, Islas JF. A panoramic view of hospitalized young children in the metropolitan area of the valley of Mexico during COVID-19. IJID REGIONS 2023; 9:72-79. [PMID: 37928801 PMCID: PMC10624577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives This work provides an overview of young children's (aged 0-9) infectious diseases epidemiology, by exploring the link between various comorbid conditions, COVID-19, and death rate. Methods Public data on hospitalized young children was obtained from national databases of the Mexican health care system from 2020-2022. Data included age, year of entry, gender, the time between admission to death (hospitalization time), date of death, comorbidities, and admissions to the intensive care unit. Children were separated into age groups and frequencies were calculated. Binary regression models were developed to determine the correlation of comorbidities and COVID-19 to death as calculated by odds ratios (OR). Results From 2020-2022, there were 11,815 hospitalizations among young children, of which 15.98% were due to COVID-19, 2.55% of hospitalizations resulted in fatalities from which 32.45% of deaths were COVID-19 related. The highest case-calculated fatality ratio of COVID-19 infected young children was estimated at 7.04% by early 2020, but dropped to 2.11% by the end of the second semester of 2022. The most frequent comorbidities associated with their hospitalization and death for the general population were intubation (OR: 17.967), pneumonia (OR: 2.263), diabetes (OR: 7.301), cardiovascular diseases (OR: 1.528) and COVID-19 (OR: 261). For the COVID-19-positive group, the most impactful comorbidities were intubation (OR: 20.232), pneumonia (OR: 3.057), and diabetes (OR: 12.824). Conclusion Children's hospitalizations and deaths were common during the pandemic; wherein major comorbidities played an important role. Therefore, effective comorbidity management and vaccination programs are essential to reduce hospitalizations and deaths among young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo R. Padilla-Rivas
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño, Monterrey, México
| | - Michelle G. Santoyo-Suarez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño, Monterrey, México
| | - Diego Francisco Benitez-Chao
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño, Monterrey, México
| | - Kame Galan-Huerta
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño, Monterrey, México
| | | | - Elsa N. Garza-Treviño
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño, Monterrey, México
| | - Jose Francisco Islas
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño, Monterrey, México
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8
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Mimoun A, Bou-Jaoudeh M, Delignat S, Daventure V, Reyes Ruiz A, Lecerf M, Azam A, Noe R, Peyron I, Christophe OD, Lenting PJ, Proulle V, McIntosh J, Nathwani AC, Dimitrov JD, Denis CV, Lacroix-Desmazes S. Transplacental delivery of therapeutic proteins by engineered immunoglobulin G: a step toward perinatal replacement therapy. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:2405-2417. [PMID: 37271431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplacental delivery of maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG) provides humoral protection during the first months of life until the newborn's immune system reaches maturity. The maternofetal interface has been exploited therapeutically to replace missing enzymes in the fetus, as shown in experimental mucopolysaccharidoses, or to shape adaptive immune repertoires during fetal development and induce tolerance to self-antigens or immunogenic therapeutic molecules. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether proteins that are administered to pregnant mice or endogenously present in their circulation may be delivered through the placenta. METHODS We engineered monovalent immunoglobulin G (FabFc) specific for different domains of human factor VIII (FVIII), a therapeutically relevant model antigen. FabFc was injected with exogenous FVIII into pregnant severe hemophilia A mice or pregnant mice expressing human FVIII following AAV8-mediated gene therapy. FabFc and FVIII were detected in the pregnant mice and/or fetuses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Administration of FabFc to pregnant mice allowed the maternofetal delivery of FVIII in a FcRn-dependent manner. FVIII antigen levels achieved in the fetuses represented 10% of normal plasma levels in the human. We identified antigen/FabFc complex stability, antigen size, and shielding of promiscuous protein patches as key parameters to foster optimal antigen delivery. CONCLUSION Our results pave the way toward the development of novel strategies for the in utero delivery of endogenous maternal proteins to replace genetically deficient fetal proteins or to educate the immune system and favor active immune tolerance upon protein encounter later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Mimoun
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Melissa Bou-Jaoudeh
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Delignat
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Victoria Daventure
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alejandra Reyes Ruiz
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Lecerf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Azam
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Remi Noe
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Peyron
- Laboratory for Hemostasis, Inflammation & Thrombosis, Unité Mixed de Recherche, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Olivier D Christophe
- Laboratory for Hemostasis, Inflammation & Thrombosis, Unité Mixed de Recherche, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Peter J Lenting
- Laboratory for Hemostasis, Inflammation & Thrombosis, Unité Mixed de Recherche, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Valérie Proulle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP Centre, Paris, France
| | - Jenny McIntosh
- Deparment of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Amit C Nathwani
- Deparment of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK; Katherine Dormandy Haemophilia and Thrombosis Unit, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Cécile V Denis
- Laboratory for Hemostasis, Inflammation & Thrombosis, Unité Mixed de Recherche, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sébastien Lacroix-Desmazes
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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Munoz FM, Posavad CM, Richardson BA, Badell ML, Bunge KE, Mulligan MJ, Parameswaran L, Kelly CW, Olson-Chen C, Novak RM, Brady RC, Pasetti MF, Defranco EA, Gerber JS, Shriver MC, Suthar MS, Coler RN, Berube BJ, Kim SH, Piper JM, Miller AM, Cardemil CV, Neuzil KM, Beigi RH. COVID-19 booster vaccination during pregnancy enhances maternal binding and neutralizing antibody responses and transplacental antibody transfer to the newborn. Vaccine 2023; 41:5296-5303. [PMID: 37451878 PMCID: PMC10261713 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The immune response to COVID-19 booster vaccinations during pregnancy for mothers and their newborns and the functional response of vaccine-induced antibodies against Omicron variants are not well characterized. We conducted a prospective, multicenter cohort study of participants vaccinated during pregnancy with primary or booster mRNA COVID-19 vaccines from July 2021 to January 2022 at 9 academic sites. We determined SARS-CoV-2 binding and live virus and pseudovirus neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers pre- and post-vaccination, and at delivery for both maternal and infant participants. Immune responses to ancestral and Omicron BA.1 SARS-CoV-2 strains were compared between primary and booster vaccine recipients in maternal sera at delivery and in cord blood, after adjusting for days since last vaccination. A total of 240 participants received either Pfizer or Moderna mRNA vaccine during pregnancy (primary 2-dose series: 167; booster dose: 73). Booster vaccination resulted in significantly higher binding and nAb titers, including to the Omicron BA.1 variant, in maternal serum at delivery and in cord blood compared to a primary 2-dose series (range 0.44-0.88 log10 higher, p < 0.0001 for all comparisons). Live virus nAb to Omicron BA.1 were present at delivery in 9 % (GMT ID50 12.7) of Pfizer and 22 % (GMT ID50 14.7) of Moderna primary series recipients, and in 73 % (GMT ID50 60.2) of mRNA boosted participants (p < 0.0001), although titers were significantly lower than to the D614G strain. Transplacental antibody transfer was efficient for all regimens with median transfer ratio range: 1.55-1.77 for IgG, 1.00-1.78 for live virus nAb and 1.79-2.36 for pseudovirus nAb. COVID-19 mRNA vaccination during pregnancy elicited robust immune responses in mothers and efficient transplacental antibody transfer to the newborn. A booster dose during pregnancy significantly increased maternal and cord blood binding and neutralizing antibody levels, including against Omicron BA.1. Findings support the use of a booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor M Munoz
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
| | - Christine M Posavad
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
| | - Barbra A Richardson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States; Departments of Biostatistics and Global Health, University of Washington, Vaccine and Infectious Disease and Public Health Sciences Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
| | - Martina L Badell
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Emory University Hospital Midtown Perinatal Center, Atlanta, GA 30308, United States.
| | - Katherine E Bunge
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| | - Lalitha Parameswaran
- NYU Langone Vaccine Center and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| | - Clifton W Kelly
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (SCHARP), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
| | - Courtney Olson-Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
| | - Richard M Novak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
| | - Rebecca C Brady
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Marcela F Pasetti
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
| | - Emily A Defranco
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Jeffrey S Gerber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19146, United States.
| | - Mallory C Shriver
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| | - Rhea N Coler
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
| | - Bryan J Berube
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
| | - So Hee Kim
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (SCHARP), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
| | - Jeanna M Piper
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
| | | | - Cristina V Cardemil
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
| | - Richard H Beigi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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10
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Marchand G, Masoud AT, Grover S, King A, Brazil G, Ulibarri H, Parise J, Arroyo A, Coriell C, Goetz S, Moir C, Govindan M, Moberly A, Proctor A, Sainz K, Blumrick R. Maternal and neonatal outcomes of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy, a systematic review and meta-analysis. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:103. [PMID: 37454153 PMCID: PMC10349851 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is associated with increased pregnancy complications. Despite effective vaccination strategies for the general population, the evidence on the safety and efficacy of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations in pregnancy is limited due to a lack of well-powered studies. The present study compares the maternal, neonatal, and immunological outcomes between vaccinated pregnant and unvaccinated pregnant women using a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. We included 37 studies with a total of 141,107 pregnant women (36.8% vaccinated) spread across all outcomes. Our evidence indicates a higher rate of cesarean section in the 1898 vaccinated pregnant women compared to the 6180 women who did not receive vaccination (OR = 1.20, CI = (1.05, 1.38), P = 0.007, I2 = 45%). Regarding immunological outcomes, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy or postpartum was significantly reduced in 6820 vaccinated pregnant women compared to 17,010 unvaccinated pregnant women (OR = 0.25, CI = 0.13-0.48, P < 0.0001, I2 = 61%), as evident from qualitative assessment indicating significantly higher postpartum antibody titers compared to that observed in both unvaccinated mothers and mothers who have recently recovered from a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our analysis represents high quality evidence showing that COVID-19 vaccination effectively raises antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2. This may confer protection against infection during pregnancy and the postpartum period. In addition to being protective against SARS-CoV-2, the vaccine was associated with decreased odds of preterm delivery. Furthermore, COVID-19 vaccination may also be associated with higher odds of cesarean section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Marchand
- Marchand Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Mesa, AZ, USA.
| | - Ahmed Taher Masoud
- Marchand Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Mesa, AZ, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Center for Human Genetics, Universitatsklinikum Giessen und Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexa King
- Marchand Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Giovanna Brazil
- Marchand Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Hollie Ulibarri
- Marchand Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Julia Parise
- Marchand Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Amanda Arroyo
- Marchand Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | | | - Sydnee Goetz
- Marchand Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Carmen Moir
- Marchand Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Malini Govindan
- Marchand Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Atley Moberly
- Marchand Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Anna Proctor
- University of Iowa, College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Katelyn Sainz
- Tucson Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA
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11
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Dude CM, Joseph NT, Forrest AD, Verkerke HP, Cheedarla N, Govindaraj S, Irby LS, Easley KA, Smith AK, Stowell SR, Neish A, Amara RR, Jamieson DJ, Dunlop AL, Badell ML, Velu V. Antibody response, neutralizing potency, and transplacental antibody transfer following SARS-CoV-2 infection versus mRNA-1273, BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2023; 162:154-162. [PMID: 36598270 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.14648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To improve our understanding of the immune response, including the neutralization antibody response, following COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy. METHODS This was a prospective cohort study comprising patients with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and patients who received both doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA-1273, BNT162b2) in pregnancy recruited from two hospitals in Atlanta, GA, USA. Maternal blood and cord blood at delivery were assayed for anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG, IgA and IgM, and neutralizing antibody. The detection of antibodies, titers, and maternal to fetal transfer ratios were compared. RESULTS Nearly all patients had detectable RBD-binding IgG in maternal and cord samples. The vaccinated versus infected cohort had a significantly greater proportion of cord samples with detectable neutralizing antibody (94% vs. 28%, P < 0.001) and significantly higher transfer ratios for RBD-specific IgG and neutralizing antibodies with a transfer efficiency of 105% (vs. 80%, P < 0.001) and 110% (vs. 90%, P < 0.001), respectively. There was a significant linear decline in maternal and cord blood RBD-specific IgG and neutralizing antibody titers as time from vaccination to delivery increased. CONCLUSIONS Those who receive the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine mount an immune response that is equivalent to-if not greater than-those naturally infected by SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolynn M Dude
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Naima T Joseph
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandra D Forrest
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hans P Verkerke
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Narayanaiah Cheedarla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sakthivel Govindaraj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Les'Shon S Irby
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kirk A Easley
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alicia K Smith
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Neish
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Denise J Jamieson
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anne L Dunlop
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Martina L Badell
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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12
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Hantoushzadeh S, Eshraghi N, Younesi S, Salehi M, Rezaei N, Hasheminejad MM, Rashidian P, Shirdel S, Asadi F, Ghaemi M. Cord blood antibodies following BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm) vaccination during pregnancy. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e874. [PMID: 37382259 PMCID: PMC10266141 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the maternal and umbilical cord blood antibody levels, after COVID vaccination during pregnancy. METHOD The women who received the COVID-19 vaccine (Sinopharm) during pregnancy were included. Maternal and cord blood samples were tested to detect the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 receptor binding domain (RBD) specific antibodies. In addition, obstetric information and side effects after vaccination were gathered. RESULT A total of 23 women were included. Eleven pregnant women took two doses and 12 cases received a single dose of the vaccine. No IgM antibody was detected in any maternal blood or cord blood samples. The RBD-specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody was positive in mothers receiving 2 doses of the vaccine and their infants. But the antibody titers were under the positive cut-off threshold for the other 12 women who were vaccinated with a single dose. Women who received both doses of vaccine had significantly higher IgG levels than a single dose of Sinopharm (p = .025). The same result was demonstrated in infants born to these mothers (p = .019). CONCLUSION There was a significant correlation between maternal and neonatal IgG concentrations. Although, receiving both doses of the BBIBP-CorV vaccine (not 1 dose) during pregnancy is highly beneficial for increasing humoral immunity for the mother and fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Hantoushzadeh
- Vali‐E‐Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Family Health Research InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Nasim Eshraghi
- Vali‐E‐Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Family Health Research InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | - Mohammadreza Salehi
- Department of Infectious DiseasesTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Hasheminejad
- Vali‐E‐Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Family Health Research InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Pegah Rashidian
- Vali‐E‐Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Family Health Research InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Saeedeh Shirdel
- Vali‐E‐Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Family Health Research InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Fatemeh Asadi
- Vali‐E‐Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Family Health Research InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Marjan Ghaemi
- Vali‐E‐Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Family Health Research InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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13
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Martin‐Vicente M, Carrasco I, Muñoz‐Gomez M, Lobo AH, Mas V, Vigil‐Vázquez S, Vázquez M, Manzanares A, Cano O, Alonso R, Sepúlveda‐Crespo D, Tarancón‐Díez L, Muñoz‐Fernández M, Muñoz‐Chapuli M, Resino S, Navarro ML, Martinez I. Antibody levels to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in mothers and children from delivery to six months later. Birth 2023; 50:418-427. [PMID: 35802776 PMCID: PMC9349436 DOI: 10.1111/birt.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pregnant women are vulnerable to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein protect from severe disease. This study analyzes the antibody titers to SARS-CoV-2 S protein in pregnant women and their newborns at delivery, and six months later. METHODS We conducted a prospective study on pregnant women with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and newborns. Antibody (IgG, IgM, and IgA) titers were determined using immunoassays in serum and milk samples. An angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor-binding inhibition assay to the S protein was performed on the same serum and milk samples. RESULTS At birth, antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were detected in 81.9% of mothers' sera, 78.9% of cord blood samples, and 63.2% of milk samples. Symptomatic women had higher antibody titers (IgG, IgM, and IgA) than the asymptomatic ones (P < 0.05). At six months postpartum, IgG levels decreased drastically in children's serum (P < 0.001) but remained high in mothers' serum. Antibody titers correlated positively with its capacity to inhibit the ACE2-spike protein interaction at baseline in maternal sera (R2 = 0.203; P < 0.001), cord sera (R2 = 0.378; P < 0.001), and milk (R2 = 0.564; P < 0.001), and at six months in maternal sera (R2 = 0.600; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS High antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were found in most pregnant women. Due to the efficient transfer of IgG to cord blood and high IgA titers in breast milk, neonates may be passively immunized to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our findings could guide newborn management and maternal vaccination policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Martin‐Vicente
- Unidad de Infección Viral e InmunidadCentro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MajadahondaMadridSpain
| | - Itziar Carrasco
- Grupo de Investigación en Infectología PediátricaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio MarañónMadridSpain
| | - María José Muñoz‐Gomez
- Unidad de Infección Viral e InmunidadCentro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MajadahondaMadridSpain
| | - Alicia Hernanz Lobo
- Grupo de Investigación en Infectología PediátricaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio MarañónMadridSpain
- Servicio de PediatríaHospital General Universitario Gregorio MarañónMadridSpain
| | - Vicente Mas
- Unidad de Biología ViralCentro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Sara Vigil‐Vázquez
- Sevicio de NeonatologíaHospital General Universitario Gregorio MarañónMadridSpain
| | - Mónica Vázquez
- Unidad de Biología ViralCentro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Angela Manzanares
- Servicio de PediatríaHospital General Universitario Gregorio MarañónMadridSpain
| | - Olga Cano
- Unidad de Biología ViralCentro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Roberto Alonso
- Departamento de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades InfecciosasHospital General Universitario Gregorio MarañónMadridSpain
| | - Daniel Sepúlveda‐Crespo
- Unidad de Infección Viral e InmunidadCentro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MajadahondaMadridSpain
| | - Laura Tarancón‐Díez
- Laboratorio de InmunoBiología Molecular, Sección de InmunologíaHospital General Universitario Gregorio MarañónMadridSpain
| | - María Ángeles Muñoz‐Fernández
- Laboratorio de InmunoBiología Molecular, Sección de InmunologíaHospital General Universitario Gregorio MarañónMadridSpain
- HIV‐HGM BioBankMadridSpain
| | - Mar Muñoz‐Chapuli
- Departamento de Obstetricia y GinecologíaHospital General Universitario Gregorio MarañónMadridSpain
| | - Salvador Resino
- Unidad de Infección Viral e InmunidadCentro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MajadahondaMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Maria Luisa Navarro
- Grupo de Investigación en Infectología PediátricaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio MarañónMadridSpain
- Servicio de PediatríaHospital General Universitario Gregorio MarañónMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Isidoro Martinez
- Unidad de Infección Viral e InmunidadCentro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MajadahondaMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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14
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Griffin I, Irving SA, Arriola CS, Campbell AP, Li DK, Dawood FS, Doughty-Skierski C, Ferber JR, Ferguson N, Hadden L, Henderson JT, Juergens M, Kancharla V, Naleway AL, Newes-Adeyi G, Nicholson E, Odouli R, Reichle L, Sanyang M, Woodworth K, Munoz FM. Incidence Rates of Medically Attended COVID-19 in Infants Less Than 6 Months of Age. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023; 42:315-320. [PMID: 36602338 PMCID: PMC9990480 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest infants may be at increased risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) relative to older children, but few data exist regarding the incidence of COVID-19 episodes and associated risk factors. We estimate incidence rates and describe characteristics associated with medically attended COVID-19 episodes among infants younger than 6 months of age. METHODS We analyzed electronic medical record data from a cohort of infants born March 1, 2020-February 28, 2021. Data from 3 health care delivery systems included demographic characteristics, maternal and infant outpatient visit and hospitalization diagnoses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) test results. Medically attended COVID-19 episodes were defined by positive SARS-CoV-2 clinical tests and/or COVID-19 diagnosis codes during medical care visits. Unadjusted and site-adjusted incidence rates by infant month of age, low and high SARS-CoV-2 circulation periods and maternal COVID-19 diagnosis were calculated. RESULTS Among 18,192 infants <6 months of age whose mothers received prenatal care within the 3 systems, 173 (1.0%) had medically attended COVID-19 episodes. Incidence rates were highest among infants under 1 month of age (2.0 per 1000 person-weeks) and 1 month (2.0 per 1000 person-weeks) compared with older infants. Incidence rates were also higher for infants born to women with postpartum COVID-19 compared with women without known COVID-19 and women diagnosed with COVID-19 during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Infants of women with postpartum COVID-19 had a higher risk of medically attended COVID-19 than infants born to mothers who were diagnosed during pregnancy or never diagnosed underscoring the importance of COVID-19 prevention measures for their household members and caregivers to prevent infections in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Griffin
- From the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Carmen Sofia Arriola
- From the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Angela P. Campbell
- From the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - De-Kun Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Fatimah S. Dawood
- From the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Jeannette R. Ferber
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Allison L. Naleway
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon
| | | | | | - Roxana Odouli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California
| | | | - Mo Sanyang
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Kate Woodworth
- From the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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15
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Zilver SJM, de Groot CJM, Grobben M, Remmelzwaal S, Burgers E, Nunez Velasco D, Juncker HG, van Keulen BJ, van Goudoever JB, de Leeuw RA, van Gils MJ, Ris-Stalpers C, van Leeuwen E. Vaccination from the early second trimester onwards gives a robust SARS-CoV-2 antibody response throughout pregnancy and provides antibodies for the neonate. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 130:126-135. [PMID: 36868302 PMCID: PMC9977072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Preventative measures against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) are essential for pregnant women; they are particularly vulnerable to emerging infectious pathogens due to alterations in their physiology. We aimed to determine the optimum timing of vaccination to protect pregnant women and their neonates from COVID-19. METHODS A prospective observational longitudinal cohort study in pregnant women who received COVID-19 vaccination. We collected blood samples to evaluate levels of anti-spike, receptor binding domain (RBD) and nucleocapsid antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) before vaccination, and 15 days after first and second vaccination. We determined neutralizing antibodies from mother-infant dyads in maternal and umbilical cord blood at birth. If available, IgA was measured in human milk. RESULTS We included 178 pregnant women. Median anti-spike IgG levels increased significantly from 1.8 to 5431 binding antibody units/milliliter (BAU/mL) and RBD from 6 to 4466 BAU/mL. Virus neutralization showed similar results between different weeks' gestations at vaccination (p > 0.3). CONCLUSIONS We advise vaccination in the early second trimester of pregnancy for the optimum balance between maternal antibody response and placental antibody transfer to the neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J M Zilver
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, department of obstetrics and gynecology, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction and Development research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - C J M de Groot
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, department of obstetrics and gynecology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Grobben
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Remmelzwaal
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Epidemiology and Data Science, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - E Burgers
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, department of obstetrics and gynecology, Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D Nunez Velasco
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, department of obstetrics and gynecology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H G Juncker
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, department of pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B J van Keulen
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, department of pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J B van Goudoever
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, department of pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R A de Leeuw
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, department of obstetrics and gynecology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Ris-Stalpers
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, department of obstetrics and gynecology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E van Leeuwen
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, department of obstetrics and gynecology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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16
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Konje JC, Al Beloushi M, Ahmed B. Immunisation against COVID-19 in Pregnancy and of Women Planning Pregnancy. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030621. [PMID: 36992330 PMCID: PMC10059008 DOI: 10.3390/v15030621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Following reports of the first human SARS-CoV2 infection in December 2019 from Wuhan Province, China, there was such rapid spread that by March 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) had declared a pandemic. Over 6.5 million people have died from this infection worldwide, although this is most likely an underestimate. Until vaccines became available, mortality and severe morbidity were costly in terms of life lost as well as the cost of supporting the severely and acutely ill. Vaccination changed the landscape, and following worldwide adoption, life has gradually been returning to normal. The speed of production of the vaccines was unprecedented and undoubtedly ushered in a new era in the science of fighting infections. The developed vaccines were on the already known platforms for vaccine delivery: inactivated virus, virus vector, virus-like particles (VLP) subunit, DNA and mRNA. The mRNA platform was used for the first time to deliver vaccines to humans. An understanding of these platforms and the pros and cons of each are important for clinicians who are often challenged by the recipients on the advantages and risks of these vaccines. These vaccines have so far and reassuringly been shown to be safe in reproduction (with no effect on gametes) and pregnancy (not associated with congenital malformations). However, safety remains paramount and continuing vigilance is critical, especially against rare fatal complications such as vaccine-induced thrombocytopenia and myocarditis. Finally, the waning immunity months after vaccination means repeated immunisation is likely to be ongoing, but just how often and how many such revaccinations should be recommended remains uncertain. Research into other vaccines and alternate delivery methods should continue as this infection is likely to be around for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C. Konje
- Feto-Maternal Centre Al Markhiya, Doha P.O. Box 34181, Qatar
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +974-7777-8375
| | - Mariam Al Beloushi
- Women’s Wellness and Research Centre, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Badreldeen Ahmed
- Feto-Maternal Centre Al Markhiya, Doha P.O. Box 34181, Qatar
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
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17
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Maranto M, Gullo G, Bruno A, Minutolo G, Cucinella G, Maiorana A, Casuccio A, Restivo V. Factors Associated with Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Acceptance among Pregnant Women: Data from Outpatient Women Experiencing High-Risk Pregnancy. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020454. [PMID: 36851330 PMCID: PMC9966581 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnant women are at higher risk of severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) complications than non-pregnant women. The initial exclusion of pregnant women from anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines clinical trials has caused a lack of conclusive data about safety and efficacy for this vulnerable population. This cross-sectional study aims to define the factors related to vaccination adherence in a sample of women experiencing high-risk pregnancies. The recruited women completed a questionnaire based on the Health Belief Model. Data were analyzed to evaluate the associations between socio-demographic variables and vaccination acceptance through descriptive, univariate and multivariate logistic analyses. Among the 233 women enrolled, 65.2% (n = 152) declared that they would accept the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Multivariate analysis showed that vaccination acceptance was associated with a high educational level (aOR = 4.52, p = 0.001), a low perception of barriers to vaccination (aOR = 1.58, p = 0.005) and the gynecologist's advice (aOR = 3.18, p = 0.01). About a third of pregnant women are still hesitant about the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, probably because of the conflicting information received from media, friends, acquaintances and health institutions. Determining factors linked to vaccine hesitancy among pregnant women is useful for creating vaccination strategies that increase vaccination uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Maranto
- HCU Obstetrics and Gynecology, ARNAS Ospedale Civico Di Cristina-Benfratelli Hospital, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gullo
- IVF Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Villa Sofia Cervello Hospital, University of Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bruno
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Minutolo
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaspare Cucinella
- IVF Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Villa Sofia Cervello Hospital, University of Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Maiorana
- HCU Obstetrics and Gynecology, ARNAS Ospedale Civico Di Cristina-Benfratelli Hospital, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Casuccio
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Restivo
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-3200804278
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18
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Oz-Alcalay L, Elron E, Davidovich R, Chodick G, Osovsky M, Chen R, Ashkenazi-Hoffnung L. The association of neonatal SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike protein receptor-binding domain antibodies at delivery with infant SARS-CoV-2 infection under the age of 6 months: a prospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2023:S1198-743X(23)00048-4. [PMID: 36739973 PMCID: PMC9897870 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the association between neonatal SARS-CoV-2 antibody level at delivery and infant SARS-CoV-2 infection under the age of 6 months and to identify predictive factors for neonatal antibody level at delivery. METHODS In a prospective observational study, conducted between September 2021 and mid-February 2022, cord blood sera were tested for SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike receptor-binding domain antibodies after maternal BNT162b2 vaccination or infection. Infants were followed up for 6 months for SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS Sixty-seven mother-infant dyads were enrolled; nine of those did not meet the eligibility criteria. Of the 58 mother-infant dyads included, 6-month follow-up data were available for 57 mother-infant dyads. The mean ± standard deviation log SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike antibody level at delivery was lower among infants who were COVID-19 positive versus negative during follow-up (3.41 ± 0.74 AU/mL, n = 12; vs. 3.87 ± 0.84 AU/mL, n = 46; p 0.036); a log titre of ≥4.07 AU/mL (11 750) at delivery was associated with a significantly lower likelihood of infant infection (1/26 vs. 11/32 in infants with antibody level of <4.07 log AU/mL, OR = 0.076 [95% CI, 0.076, 0.64], p 0.018). A spline curve model showed a linear decrease in antibody levels when the last dose was administered at ≤30 weeks of gestation (50 days before delivery), after which the antibody levels increased (R2 = 0.50). In multivariate analysis, more vaccine doses, prior maternal infection, and last administered dose at ≥31 weeks of gestation were associated with higher antibody levels at delivery. DISCUSSION Higher anti-spike antibodies at delivery were associated with decreased risk of COVID-19 at the age of <6 months; the antibody level decreased linearly when the last dose was administered at ≤30 weeks of gestation. Future research should assess the effectiveness of a second booster during pregnancy against infant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lital Oz-Alcalay
- Department of Day Hospitalization, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Eyal Elron
- Department of Day Hospitalization, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Rotem Davidovich
- Department of Day Hospitalization, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Gabriel Chodick
- Epidemiology and Database Research, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Israel,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Micky Osovsky
- Department of Neonatology, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Rony Chen
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helen Schneider Hospital for Women, Rabin Medical Center-Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Liat Ashkenazi-Hoffnung
- Department of Day Hospitalization, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel.
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19
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Otero S, Miller ES, Sunderraj A, Shanes ED, Sakowicz A, Goldstein JA, Mithal LB. Maternal Antibody Response and Transplacental Transfer Following Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection or Vaccination in Pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:220-228. [PMID: 36348510 PMCID: PMC10202423 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant persons are at increased risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and adverse obstetric outcomes. Understanding maternal antibody response, duration, and transplacental transfer after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and COVID-19 vaccination is important to inform public health recommendations. METHODS This prospective observational cohort study included 351 pregnant people who had SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM to SARS-CoV-2 S1 receptor binding domain were measured in maternal and cord blood. Antibody levels and transplacental transfer ratios were compared across (1) disease severity for those with SARS-CoV-2 infection and (2) infection versus vaccination. RESULTS There were 252 individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection and 99 who received COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy. Birthing people with more severe SARS-CoV-2 infection had higher maternal and cord blood IgG levels (P = .0001, P = .0001). Median IgG transfer ratio was 0.87-1.2. Maternal and cord blood IgG were higher after vaccination than infection (P = .001, P = .001). Transfer ratio was higher after 90 days in the vaccinated group (P < .001). Modeling showed higher amplitude and half-life of maternal IgG following vaccination (P < .0001). There were no significant differences by fetal sex. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy leads to higher and longer lasting maternal IgG levels, higher cord blood IgG, and higher transfer ratio after 90 days compared with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Greater infection severity leads to higher maternal and cord blood antibodies. Maternal IgG decreases over time following both vaccination and infection, reinforcing the importance of vaccination, even after infection, and vaccine boosters for pregnant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Otero
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Emily S Miller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ashwin Sunderraj
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elisheva D Shanes
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Allie Sakowicz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeffery A Goldstein
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Leena B Mithal
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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20
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Novillo B, Martínez-Varea A. COVID-19 Vaccines during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review. J Pers Med 2022; 13:jpm13010040. [PMID: 36675701 PMCID: PMC9864310 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pregnant and breastfeeding women received unclear recommendations regarding COVID-19 vaccination at the beginning of the pandemic, as they were not included in the initial clinical trials. This systematic review aims to provide an update regarding COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Methods: The systematic review was carried out through a literature search in Medline/Pubmed. Studies were selected if they included information regarding COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews were followed. Results: A total of 33 studies were included. The main adverse effect is pain at the injection site, as in the general population. Adverse effects are more frequent after the second dose, being slightly more frequent after the Moderna vaccine. COVID-19 vaccination reduces the risk of severe COVID-19 in pregnant women. Additionally, COVID-19 vaccination induces artificial active immunogenicity in the mother and natural passive immunogenicity in the child. Breastmilk straddles both immediate antibody-mediated and long-lived cellular-mediated immune protection. Regarding neonatal benefits, vaccination is associated with a larger and more stable Immunoglobulin G response, while COVID-19 Infection is associated with a rapid and long-lasting Immunoglobulin A response. Conclusions: COVID-19 vaccines are not only suggested but strongly recommended for pregnant and breastfeeding populations to protect mothers and newborns.
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21
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Krishna H, Motwani R, Kumari C, Sahni C, Anant M, Kulandhasamy M, Rana K, Kumar A. Evaluation of Safety Concerns for COVID-19 Immunization of Pregnant Women: a Systematic Review of Emerging Evidence. MAEDICA 2022; 17:963-984. [PMID: 36818252 PMCID: PMC9923056 DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2022.17.4.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: There is an urgent need to review the status of COVID-19 vaccine immunization in pregnant women globally, so that adverse outcomes may be prevented. In this study, we performed a systematic review to evaluate the probable outcomes of COVID-19 vaccination in pregnant women. Materials and methods:An electronic search over three months (June 15-August 15, 2021) was conducted. Original studies evaluating safety concerns in pregnant women for COVID-19 vaccination were included. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2009 guidelines were used for data collection and reporting of findings. Results:COVID-19 vaccination in pregnant women was not associated with increased adverse effects or complications to the mother as well as the developing fetus or new-born compared to non-vaccinated pregnant women. Vaccinated pregnant women showed a robust immune response against COVID-19 infection. Conclusion:COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy causes no significant health risks for the mother or the developing fetus or new-born.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hare Krishna
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rohini Motwani
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bibinagar, Telangana, India
| | - Chiman Kumari
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Chetan Sahni
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Monika Anant
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)-Patna, Bihar, India
| | | | - Kavita Rana
- Dhiti Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)-Patna, Bihar, India
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22
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Sahu S, Laishram G, Rannaware A, Choudhari SG. Impact of COVID-19 on Pregnancy and Maternal-Neonatal Outcomes: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e31397. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Nachega JB, Sam-Agudu NA, Siedner MJ, Rosenthal PJ, Mellors JW, Zumla A, Hermans MP, Ntakwinja MB, Mukwege DM, Langenegger E, Mofenson LM. Prioritizing Pregnant Women for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination in African Countries. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:1462-1466. [PMID: 36130226 PMCID: PMC9214132 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in pregnancy is associated with excess maternal and infant morbidity and mortality in both African and higher-resource settings. Furthermore, mounting evidence demonstrates the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination for pregnant women and infants. However, national guidelines in many African countries are equivocal or lack recommendations on COVID-19 vaccine in pregnancy. We summarize key data on COVID-19 epidemiology and vaccination among pregnant African women to highlight major barriers to vaccination and recommend 4 interventions. First, policymakers should prioritize pregnant women for COVID-19 vaccination, with a target of 100% coverage. Second, empirically supported public health campaigns should be sustainably implemented to inform and support pregnant women and their healthcare providers in overcoming vaccine hesitancy. Third, COVID-19 vaccination for pregnant women should be expanded to include antenatal care, obstetrics/gynecology, and targeted mass vaccination campaigns. Fourth, national monitoring and evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine uptake, safety, surveillance, and prospective outcomes assessment should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean B. Nachega
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, and Center for Global Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology and International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nadia A. Sam-Agudu
- International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Coast School of Medical Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Mark J. Siedner
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Philip J. Rosenthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John W. Mellors
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institutes of Health and Research Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michel P. Hermans
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mukanire B. Ntakwinja
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Panzi Hospital and Université Evangelique en Afrique, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Denis M. Mukwege
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Panzi Hospital and Université Evangelique en Afrique, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Eduard Langenegger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lynne M. Mofenson
- Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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24
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Sopjani I, Arbag E, Tokat MA, Ozozturk S. The COVID-19 Vaccine Opinions of Women Planning a Pregnancy: International Web Blogs Scanning. Med Arch 2022; 76:354-362. [PMID: 36545459 PMCID: PMC9760235 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2022.76.354-362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The unprecedented COVID-19 has infected millions of people and killed hundreds of thousands of people. A strategy to contain the spread of the disease was the development of the COVID-19 vaccine. Objective In our study, it was determined the opinions of women who are planning to become pregnant about the COVID-19 vaccine. Methods Blogs were used as the data source in the research, which was designed as a descriptive qualitative study. For this purpose, the expressions of 34 women identified between February and March 2021 were evaluated with directed qualitative content analysis. Results Psychological changes, cognitive changes, and coping methods were determined as the themes of our results. This study demonstrates the value of using qualitative methods to determine the thoughts of women planning to become pregnant regarding the COVID-19 vaccine. Conclusion For women planning pregnancy, continued research into vaccine safety and efficacy is vital, and results should be carefully investigated and handed in the right channels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esra Arbag
- Dokuz Eylul University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Merlinda Alus Tokat
- Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Nursing Obstetric and Gynecologic Nursing Department, Izmir, Turkey
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25
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Focosi D, Franchini M. What a Transfusion Physician Should Know about Monkeypox Virus: Barriers to and Risks for Transmission, and Possible Mitigation Strategies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:2200. [PMID: 36140601 PMCID: PMC9497883 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12092200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing monkeypox pandemic is posing new challenges to the transfusion community. While to date most regulatory agencies recommend deferrals for cases and contacts, we summarize here arguments for introduction of universal PCR testing of MPXV in blood donations and donated tissue/organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Franchini
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Carlo Poma Hospital, 46100 Mantua, Italy
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26
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Mangat C, Yarrarapu SNS, Singh G, Bansal P. Maternal COVID-19 Vaccine May Reduce the Risk of MIS-C in Infants: A Narrative Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091454. [PMID: 36146531 PMCID: PMC9500942 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 infection in the pediatric population usually leads to a mild illness; however, a rare but serious complication of MIS-C has been seen in children. MIS-C usually presents 2–4 weeks after COVID-19 infection or exposure, and rare reports have been documented in neonates. Vaccinations for COVID-19 have been approved for children aged 6 months and above in the United States, and recent reports suggest significantly low prevalence and risk of complications of Multi-organ Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C) in vaccinated children compared to unvaccinated children. Vaccinations for COVID-19 are safe and recommended during pregnancy and prevent severe maternal morbidity and adverse birth outcomes. Evidence from other vaccine-preventable diseases suggests that through passive transplacental antibody transfer, maternal vaccinations are protective against infections in infants during the first 6 months of life. Various studies have demonstrated that maternal COVID-19 vaccination is associated with the presence of anti-spike protein antibodies in infants, persisting even at 6 months of age. Further, completion of a 2-dose primary mRNA COVID-19 vaccination series during pregnancy is associated with reduced risk for COVID-19–associated hospitalization among infants aged 6 months or less. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that maternal COVID-19 vaccination can reduce the risk of and severity of MIS-C in infants. In this article, we review the literature to support this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetna Mangat
- Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic Health System, 733 W Clairemont Ave, Eau Claire, WI 54701, USA
| | | | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, 733 W Clairemont Ave, Eau Claire, WI 54701, USA
| | - Pankaj Bansal
- Department of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic Health System, 1400 Bellinger Street, Eau Claire, WI 54701, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-773-899-4590
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27
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Abstract
Pregnancy is an independent risk factor for severe covid-19. Vaccination is the best way to reduce the risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and limit its morbidity and mortality. The current recommendations from the World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and professional organizations are for pregnant, postpartum, and lactating women to receive covid-19 vaccination. Pregnancy specific considerations involve potential effects of vaccination on fetal development, placental transfer of antibodies, and safety of maternal vaccination. Although pregnancy was an exclusion criterion in initial clinical trials of covid-19 vaccines, observational data have been rapidly accumulating and thus far confirm that the benefits of vaccination outweigh the potential risks. This review examines the evidence supporting the effectiveness, immunogenicity, placental transfer, side effects, and perinatal outcomes of maternal covid-19 vaccination. Additionally, it describes factors associated with vaccine hesitancy in pregnancy. Overall, studies monitoring people who have received covid-19 vaccines during pregnancy have not identified any pregnancy specific safety concerns. Additional information on non-mRNA vaccines, vaccination early in pregnancy, and longer term outcomes in infants are needed. To collect this information, vaccination during pregnancy must be prioritized in vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina L Badell
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. USA
| | - Carolynn M Dude
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. USA
| | - Sonja A Rasmussen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Denise J Jamieson
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. USA
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28
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Golan N, Ashkenazi S, Davidovich R, Levinsky A, Bar Chaim A, Abu Hamad R, Raveh O, Yitzhaki S, Livni G. Quantitative Analysis of Vertical Transmission of Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies to Neonates and Young Infants Following Immunization During Pregnancy. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2022; 11:506-509. [PMID: 35929547 PMCID: PMC9384628 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piac065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Serum antibody levels to SARS-CoV-2 in infants born to mothers who had received 2 doses of the BNT2b2 vaccine during pregnancy correlated positively with increasing gestational age at vaccination (P < .01) and negatively with increasing time from vaccination (P < .01), with a significant drop in infants aged >60 days (P = .045).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Golan
- Corresponding Author: Naama Golan, MD, Department of Pediatrics A, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, 14 Kaplan Street, Petah Tikva 49202, Israel. E-mail:
| | - Shai Ashkenazi
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Rotem Davidovich
- Department of Pediatrics A, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Alina Levinsky
- Department of Pediatrics A, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Adina Bar Chaim
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Shamir Medical Center, Beer Yaakov, Israel
| | - Ramzia Abu Hamad
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Shamir Medical Center, Beer Yaakov, Israel
| | - Omer Raveh
- Department of Emergency Pediatrics, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Shai Yitzhaki
- Department of Pediatrics A, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Gilat Livni
- Department of Pediatrics A, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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29
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Maternal and Neonatal Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Immunoglobulin G Levels After the Pfizer-BioNTech Booster Dose for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccination During the Second Trimester of Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2022; 140:187-193. [DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000004867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Kalafat E, Heath P, Prasad S, O Brien P, Khalil A. COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 227:136-147. [PMID: 35568189 PMCID: PMC9093065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Despite a recent endorsement from official and professional bodies unequivocally recommending COVID-19 vaccination, vaccine hesitancy among pregnant people remains high. The accumulated evidence demonstrates that pregnant people are a special risk group for COVID-19, with an increased risk of intensive care unit admission, extracorporeal membranous oxygenation requirement, preterm birth, and perinatal death. These risks are further increased with some variants of concern, and vaccination of pregnant people reduces the COVID-19-related increase in maternal or fetal morbidity. Data from more than 180,000 vaccinated persons show that immunization against COVID-19 with an mRNA vaccine is safe for pregnant people. Many observational studies comparing perinatal outcomes between vaccinated and unvaccinated pregnant people have had reassuring findings and did not demonstrate harmful effects on pregnancy or the newborn. Immunization with mRNA vaccines does not increase the risk of miscarriage, preterm delivery, low birthweight, maternal or neonatal intensive care unit admission, fetal death, fetal abnormality, or pulmonary embolism. Moreover, observational data corroborate the findings of randomized trials that mRNA vaccination is highly effective at preventing severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant people, emphasizing that the potential maternal and fetal benefits of vaccination greatly outweigh the potential risks of vaccination. Ensuring pregnant people have unrestricted access to COVID-19 vaccination should be a priority in every country worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Kalafat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Paul Heath
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group and Vaccine Institute, Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Smriti Prasad
- Fetal Medicine Unit, St George's Hospital, St George's University of London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Pat O Brien
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London Hospitals, London, England, United Kingdom; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Asma Khalil
- Fetal Medicine Unit, St George's Hospital, St George's University of London, London, England, United Kingdom; Vascular Biology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, St George's University of London, London, England, United Kingdom; Liverpool Women's Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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31
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Prahl M, Golan Y, Cassidy AG, Matsui Y, Li L, Alvarenga B, Chen H, Jigmeddagva U, Lin CY, Gonzalez VJ, Chidboy MA, Warrier L, Buarpung S, Murtha AP, Flaherman VJ, Greene WC, Wu AHB, Lynch KL, Rajan J, Gaw SL. Evaluation of transplacental transfer of mRNA vaccine products and functional antibodies during pregnancy and infancy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4422. [PMID: 35908075 PMCID: PMC9338928 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies are needed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination during pregnancy, and the levels of protection provided to their newborns through placental transfer of antibodies. Here, we evaluate the transplacental transfer of mRNA vaccine products and functional anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies during pregnancy and early infancy in a cohort of 20 individuals vaccinated during late pregnancy. We find no evidence of mRNA vaccine products in maternal blood, placenta tissue, or cord blood at delivery. However, we find time-dependent efficient transfer of IgG and neutralizing antibodies to the neonate that persists during early infancy. Additionally, using phage immunoprecipitation sequencing, we find a vaccine-specific signature of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein epitope binding that is transplacentally transferred during pregnancy. Timing of vaccination during pregnancy is critical to ensure transplacental transfer of protective antibodies during early infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Prahl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Yarden Golan
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arianna G Cassidy
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yusuke Matsui
- Gladstone Center for HIV Cure Research, Gladstone Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bonny Alvarenga
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Unurzul Jigmeddagva
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christine Y Lin
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Veronica J Gonzalez
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Megan A Chidboy
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lakshmi Warrier
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sirirak Buarpung
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amy P Murtha
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Warner C Greene
- Gladstone Center for HIV Cure Research, Gladstone Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alan H B Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kara L Lynch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jayant Rajan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie L Gaw
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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32
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SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, and Reproduction: Effects on Fertility, Pregnancy, and Neonatal Life. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081775. [PMID: 35892675 PMCID: PMC9331824 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in Wuhan, China, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread over the world, having a huge impact on people’s lives and health. The respiratory system is often targeted in people with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The virus can also infect many organs and tissues in the body, including the reproductive system. The consequences of the SARS-CoV-2 infection on fertility and pregnancy in hosts are poorly documented. Available data on other coronaviruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) and Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) coronaviruses, identified pregnant women as a vulnerable group with increased pregnancy-related complications. COVID-19 was also shown to impact pregnancy, which can be seen in either the mother or the fetus. Pregnant women more likely require COVID-19 intensive care treatment than non-pregnant women, and they are susceptible to giving birth prematurely and having their newborns admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a key player of the ubiquitous renin-angiotensin system (RAS), is the principal host cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. ACE2 is involved in the regulation of both male and female reproductive systems, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated RAS dysfunction could affect reproduction. Herein, we review the current knowledge about COVID-19 consequences on male and female fertility, pregnant women, and their fetuses. Furthermore, we describe the effects of COVID-19 vaccination on reproduction.
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Erchick DJ, Agarwal S, Kaysin A, Gibson DG, Labrique AB. Changes in prenatal care and vaccine willingness among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:558. [PMID: 35831791 PMCID: PMC9281008 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Concerns about SARS-CoV-2 infection risk in health care settings have resulted in changes in prenatal care and birth plans, such as shifts to in-person visits and increased Cesarean delivery. These changes may affect quality of care and limit opportunities for clinicians to counsel pregnant individuals, who are at higher risk of severe COVID-19 disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes, about prevention and vaccination. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional online survey of United States adults on changes in prenatal care, COVID-19 vaccine willingness, and reasons for unwillingness to receive a vaccine. We summarized changes in access to care and examined differences in vaccine willingness between pregnant and propensity-score matched non-pregnant controls using chi-squared tests and multivariable conditional logistic regression. Results Between December 15–23, 2020, 8481 participants completed the survey, of which 233 were pregnant. Three-quarters of pregnant women (n = 186) experienced a change in prenatal care, including format of care (n = 84, 35%) and reduced visits (n = 69, 24%). Two-thirds experienced a change in birth plans, from a hospital birth to home birth (n = 45, 18%) or vaginal birth to a Cesarean delivery (n = 42, 17%). Although 40% of pregnant women (n = 78) were unwilling to receive COVID-19 vaccination, they had higher, though non-significant, odds of reporting willingness to receive vaccination compared to similar non-pregnant women (aOR 1.38, 95% CI: 0.95, 2.00). Conclusion To support pregnant women through the perinatal care continuum, maternity care teams should develop protocols to foster social support, patient-centered education around infection prevention that focuses on improved risk perception, expected changes in care due to COVID-19, and vaccine effectiveness and safety. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-022-04882-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Erchick
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Smisha Agarwal
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Johns Hopkins University Global mHealth Initiative, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Kaysin
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Maryland Capital Region Health, Largo, MD, USA
| | - Dustin G Gibson
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Johns Hopkins University Global mHealth Initiative, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alain B Labrique
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Johns Hopkins University Global mHealth Initiative, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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34
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Rawal S, Tackett RL, Stone RH, Young HN. COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant people in the United States: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM 2022; 4:100616. [PMID: 35283351 PMCID: PMC8908633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2022.100616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pregnant people are at increased risk of COVID-19–related morbidity and mortality, and vaccination presents an important strategy for preventing negative outcomes. However, pregnant people were not included in vaccine trials, and there are limited data on COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy. The objectives of this systematic review were to identify the safety, immunogenicity, effectiveness, and acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant people in the United States. DATA SOURCES Four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Google Scholar) were used to identify eligible studies published from January 1, 2020 through February 6, 2022. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed empirical research conducted in the United States, publications in English, and research addressing 1 of the following topics: safety, immunogenicity, effectiveness, and acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant people. METHODS A narrative synthesis approach was used to synthesize findings. Critical appraisal was done using the JBI (formerly Joanna Briggs Institute) tool. RESULTS Thirty-two studies were identified. Most studies (n=24) reported the use of Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines among pregnant people; only 6 reported the Janssen vaccine. Of the 32 studies, 11 examined COVID-19 vaccine safety, 10 investigated immunogenicity and effectiveness, and 11 assessed vaccine acceptance among pregnant people. Injection-site pain and fatigue were the most common adverse events. One case study reported immune thrombocytopenia. COVID-19 vaccination did not increase the risk of adverse pregnancy or neonatal outcomes compared with unvaccinated pregnant people. After COVID-19 vaccination, pregnant people had a robust immune response, and vaccinations conferred protective immunity to newborns through breast milk and placental transfer. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance was low among pregnant people in the United States. African American race, Hispanic ethnicity, younger age, low education, previous refusal of the influenza vaccine, and lack of provider counseling were associated with low vaccine acceptance. CONCLUSION Peer-reviewed studies support COVID-19 vaccine safety and protective effects on pregnant people and their newborns. Future studies that use rigorous methodologies and include diverse populations are needed to confirm current findings. In addition, targeted and tailored strategies are needed to improve vaccine acceptance, especially among minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Rawal
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
| | - Randall L Tackett
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Rebecca H Stone
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Henry N Young
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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Abstract
Despite evidence to support the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy, and clear recommendations from professional organizations and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for pregnant people to get vaccinated, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in pregnancy remains a significant public health problem. The emergence of the highly transmissible B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant among primarily unvaccinated people has exposed the cost of vaccine hesitancy. In this commentary, we explore factors contributing to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in pregnancy and potential solutions to overcome them. KEY POINTS: · Low COVID-19 vaccination coverage in pregnant people is a major public health problem in the United States.. · COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in pregnancy is multifactorial.. · The "4 Cs" framework may be useful in countering COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy..
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia L. Shook
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Thomas P. Kishkovich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andrea G. Edlow
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Kugelman N, Nahshon C, Shaked-Mishan P, Cohen N, Lahav Sher M, Barsha H, Shalabna E, Zolotarevsky A, Lavie O, Kedar R, Riskin-Mashiah S. Third trimester messenger RNA COVID-19 booster vaccination upsurge maternal and neonatal SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G antibody levels at birth. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2022; 274:148-154. [PMID: 35653903 PMCID: PMC9148860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2022.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE BNT162b2 messenger RNA (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccine administered during pregnancy was found to produce a strong maternal immunoglobulin (IgG) response which crosses the placenta to the newborn. Our aim was to evaluate maternal and neonatal SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels at birth, following a COVID-19 booster vaccine during the third trimester. STUDY DESIGN A prospective cohort study including women admitted to delivery ward at least 7 days after their BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) booster vaccination without a prior clinical COVID-19 infection. SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies levels were measured in maternal blood upon admission to delivery and in the umbilical blood within 30 min following delivery. The correlation between antibody titers, feto-maternal characteristics, maternal side effects following vaccination, and time interval from vaccination to delivery were analyzed. RESULTS Between September to November 2021, high antibody levels were measured in all 102 women and 93 neonatal blood samples, at a mean ± standard deviation duration of 7.0 ± 2.9 weeks after the third vaccine. We found positive correlation between maternal and neonatal antibodies (r = 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.61 to 0.81, p < 0.001), with neonatal titers approximately 1.4 times higher compared to maternal titers. In the multivariable analysis maternal antibody levels dropped by -7.2% (95% CI -12.0 to -2.3%, p = 0.005) for each week that passed since the receipt of the third vaccine dose. In contrary, systemic side effects after the third vaccine were associated with higher maternal antibody levels of 52.0% (95% CI 4.7 to 120.8%, p = 0.028). Also, for each 1 unit increase in maternal body mass index, maternal antibody levels increased by 3.6% (95% CI 0.4 to 6.9%, p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 booster dose during the third trimester of pregnancy was associated with strong maternal and neonatal responses as reflected by maternal and neonatal SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels measured at birth. These findings support the administration of the COVID-19 booster to pregnant women to restore maternal and neonatal protection during the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Kugelman
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Chen Nahshon
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Nadav Cohen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maayan Lahav Sher
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hanin Barsha
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eiman Shalabna
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Avi Zolotarevsky
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ofer Lavie
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Reuven Kedar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shlomit Riskin-Mashiah
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Rottenstreich A, Zarbiv G, Oiknine-Djian E, Vorontsov O, Zigron R, Kleinstern G, Porat S, Wolf DG. Kinetics of Maternally Derived Anti-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Antibodies in Infants in Relation to the Timing of Antenatal Vaccination. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 76:e274-e279. [PMID: 35717644 PMCID: PMC9214162 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 infection during early infancy can result in severe disease. We evaluated the durability of maternally-derived anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in infants and its relation to antenatal vaccination timing. METHODS Sera were prospectively collected at birth and 3 months after delivery from mother-infant pairs following antenatal BNT162b2 vaccination. SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific IgG levels and neutralizing activity were evaluated. RESULTS 56 mother-infant pairs were included: 15 (26.8%) were vaccinated in the first trimester, 16 (28.6%) in the second trimester, and 25 (44.6%) in the third trimester.At the time of delivery, all neonates were positive for anti-RBD-specific IgG with a median concentration of 4046 [IQR 2446-7896] AU/mL, with the highest concentration found after third trimester vaccination (median 6763 [IQR 3857-12561] AU/mL). At 3 months after delivery, anti RBD-specific IgG levels in infants significantly waned with a median concentration of 545 [IQR 344-810] AU/mL (P < .001). The half-life of anti-RBD-specific IgG was 66 days among mothers and 30 days among infants. While at the time of delivery, all neonates had detectable neutralizing activity regardless of gestational age at vaccination, at 3-months of age, a higher proportion of infants born to mothers vaccinated in third trimester had persistent neutralizing activity as compared to those born to mothers vaccinated in second trimester. CONCLUSIONS Maternal vaccination leads to efficient transplacental antibody transfer, with persistent anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies detected at 3 months of age in all infants. The observed effect of antenatal immunization timing on the kinetics of maternally-derived antibodies may have implications for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amihai Rottenstreich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gila Zarbiv
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Esther Oiknine-Djian
- Clinical virology unit, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Olesya Vorontsov
- Clinical virology unit, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roy Zigron
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Shay Porat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dana G Wolf
- Corresponding Author: Dana G. Wolf, MD, Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel, 91120 E-mail:
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Conti MG, Terreri S, Terrin G, Natale F, Pietrasanta C, Salvatori G, Brunelli R, Midulla F, Papaevangelou V, Carsetti R, Angelidou A. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection Versus Vaccination in Pregnancy: Implications for Maternal and Infant Immunity. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:S37-S45. [PMID: 35535796 PMCID: PMC9129222 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, yet uptake of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines during pregnancy and lactation has been slow. As a result, millions of pregnant and lactating women and their infants remain susceptible to the virus. METHODS We measured spike-specific immunoglobulin G (anti-S IgG) and immunoglobulin A (anti-S IgA) in serum and breastmilk (BM) samples from 3 prospective mother-infant cohorts recruited in 2 academic medical centers. The primary aim was to determine the impact of maternal SARS-CoV-2 immunization vs infection and their timing on systemic and mucosal immunity. RESULTS The study included 28 mothers infected with SARS-CoV-2 in late pregnancy (INF), 11 uninfected mothers who received 2 doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine in the latter half of pregnancy (VAX-P), and 12 uninfected mothers who received 2 doses of BNT162b2 during lactation. VAX dyads had significantly higher serum anti-S IgG compared to INF dyads (P < .0001), whereas INF mothers had higher BM:serum anti-S IgA ratios compared to VAX mothers (P = .0001). Median IgG placental transfer ratios were significantly higher in VAX-P compared to INF mothers (P < .0001). There was a significant positive correlation between maternal and neonatal serum anti-S IgG after vaccination (r = 0.68, P = .013), but not infection. CONCLUSIONS BNT161b2 vaccination in late pregnancy or lactation enhances systemic immunity through serum anti-S immunoglobulin, while SARS-CoV-2 infection induces mucosal over systemic immunity more efficiently through BM immunoglobulin production. Next-generation vaccines boosting mucosal immunity could provide additional protection to the mother-infant dyad. Future studies should focus on identifying the optimal timing of primary and/or booster maternal vaccination for maximal benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giulia Conti
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Terreri
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Terrin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Natale
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Pietrasanta
- NICU, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Salvatori
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Human Milk Bank, Department of Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCSS, Piazza Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Brunelli
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Midulla
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vassiliki Papaevangelou
- Third Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Rita Carsetti
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy,Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS; Piazza Sant’Onofrio, 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Asimenia Angelidou
- Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, United States,Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital,Harvard Medical School,Corresponding author: Asimenia Angelidou, MD PhD Instructor in Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School 4 Blackfan Circle, HIM Building, Rm 836, Boston MA 02115
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Lu-Culligan A, Tabachnikova A, Pérez-Then E, Tokuyama M, Lee HJ, Lucas C, Silva Monteiro V, Miric M, Brache V, Cochon L, Muenker MC, Mohanty S, Huang J, Kang I, Dela Cruz C, Farhadian S, Campbell M, Yildirim I, Shaw AC, Ma S, Vermund SH, Ko AI, Omer SB, Iwasaki A. No evidence of fetal defects or anti-syncytin-1 antibody induction following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001506. [PMID: 35609110 PMCID: PMC9129011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccination on pregnancy and fertility has become a major topic of public interest. We investigated 2 of the most widely propagated claims to determine (1) whether COVID-19 mRNA vaccination of mice during early pregnancy is associated with an increased incidence of birth defects or growth abnormalities; and (2) whether COVID-19 mRNA-vaccinated human volunteers exhibit elevated levels of antibodies to the human placental protein syncytin-1. Using a mouse model, we found that intramuscular COVID-19 mRNA vaccination during early pregnancy at gestational age E7.5 did not lead to differences in fetal size by crown-rump length or weight at term, nor did we observe any gross birth defects. In contrast, injection of the TLR3 agonist and double-stranded RNA mimic polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, or poly(I:C), impacted growth in utero leading to reduced fetal size. No overt maternal illness following either vaccination or poly(I:C) exposure was observed. We also found that term fetuses from these murine pregnancies vaccinated prior to the formation of the definitive placenta exhibit high circulating levels of anti-spike and anti-receptor-binding domain (anti-RBD) antibodies to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) consistent with maternal antibody status, indicating transplacental transfer in the later stages of pregnancy after early immunization. Finally, we did not detect increased levels of circulating anti-syncytin-1 antibodies in a cohort of COVID-19 vaccinated adults compared to unvaccinated adults by ELISA. Our findings contradict popular claims associating COVID-19 mRNA vaccination with infertility and adverse neonatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lu-Culligan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Tabachnikova
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | - Maria Tokuyama
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hannah J. Lee
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Carolina Lucas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Valter Silva Monteiro
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Marija Miric
- Two Oceans in Health, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Vivian Brache
- Biomedical Research Department, Profamilia, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Leila Cochon
- Biomedical Research Department, Profamilia, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - M. Catherine Muenker
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Subhasis Mohanty
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jiefang Huang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Insoo Kang
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Charles Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Shelli Farhadian
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Melissa Campbell
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Inci Yildirim
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Albert C. Shaw
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Shuangge Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sten H. Vermund
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Saad B. Omer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
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Nunes MC, Madhi SA. COVID-19 vaccines in pregnancy. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:662-680. [PMID: 35610123 PMCID: PMC9061132 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Safadi MAP, Spinardi J, Swerdlow D, Srivastava A. COVID-19 disease and vaccination in pregnant and lactating women. Am J Reprod Immunol 2022; 88:e13550. [PMID: 35452552 PMCID: PMC9111214 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background More than 325,000 cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) have been reported among pregnant women in the Americas. Aims This review examines the impact of COVID‐19 in pregnant women and describes available evidence on the safety, effectiveness, and immune response(s) to vaccination among pregnant and lactating women. Content Multiple studies indicate that pregnant women are more susceptible to adverse COVID‐19 outcomes, including hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, and invasive ventilation than non‐pregnant women with COVID‐19. Furthermore, COVID‐19 in pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Adverse COVID‐19 outcomes appear to disproportionately affect pregnant women from low‐ and middle‐income countries, likely reflecting inequities in access to quality healthcare. Despite the absence of safety and efficacy data from randomized clinical trials in this subpopulation, observational studies and data from pregnancy registries thus far have demonstrated that vaccination of pregnant or lactating women against COVID‐19 is safe, effective, and results in robust immune responses including transfer of antibodies to the newborn via the placenta and breast milk, respectively. Implications These data support vaccination recommendations intending to help protect these vulnerable individuals against COVID‐19 and its sequelae. Randomized clinical studies will further evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of COVID‐19 vaccines in these populations. This review examines the impact of COVID‐19 in pregnant women and describes available evidence on the safety, effectiveness, and immune response(s) to vaccination among pregnant and lactating women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A P Safadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia Spinardi
- Vaccine Medical Affairs - Emerging Markets, Pfizer Inc, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Amit Srivastava
- Vaccines, Medical Development, Scientific and Clinical Affairs, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review of Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030539. [PMID: 35336947 PMCID: PMC8951373 DOI: 10.3390/v14030539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Objective: This systematic review summarizes current knowledges about maternal and neonatal outcomes following COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy and breastfeeding. (2) Study design: PubMed, Cochrane Library, and the Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) were searched up to 27 October 2021. The primary outcome was to estimate how many pregnant and lactating women were reported to be vaccinated and had available maternal and neonatal outcomes. (3) Results: Forty-five studies sourcing data of 74,908 pregnant women and 5098 lactating women who received COVID-19 vaccination were considered as eligible. No major side-effects were reported, especially during the second and third trimester of pregnancy and during breastfeeding. Conversely, available studies revealed that infants received specific SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after maternal vaccination. (4) Conclusions: Vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 virus should be recommended for pregnant women, after the pros and cons have been adequately explained. In particular, given the still limited evidence and considering that fever during the first months of gestation increases the possibility of congenital anomalies, they should be carefully counseled. The same considerations apply to breastfeeding women, also considering the immune responses that mRNA vaccines can generate in their human milk.
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Timing of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination during the third trimester of pregnancy and transplacental antibody transfer: a prospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28:419-425. [PMID: 34740773 PMCID: PMC8563509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the impact of early versus late third-trimester maternal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination on transplacental transfer and neonatal levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. METHODS Maternal and cord blood sera were collected following term delivery after antenatal SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination, with the first vaccine dose administered between 27 and 36 weeks of gestation. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) and receptor-binding domain (RBD) -specific, IgG levels and neutralizing potency were evaluated in maternal and cord blood samples. RESULTS The study cohort consisted of 171 parturients-median age 31 years (interquartile range (IQR) 27-35 years); median gestational age 39+5 weeks (IQR 38+5-40+4 weeks)-83 (48.5%) were immunized in early thrird-trimester (first dose at 27-31 weeks) and 88 (51.5%) were immunized in late third trimester (first dose at 32-36 weeks). All mother-infant paired sera were positive for anti S- and anti-RBD-specific IgG. Anti-RBD-specific IgG concentrations in neonatal sera were higher following early versus late third-trimester vaccination (median 9620 AU/mL (IQR 5131-15332 AU/mL) versus 6697 AU/mL (IQR 3157-14731 AU/mL), p 0.02), and were positively correlated with increasing time since vaccination (r = 0.26; p 0.001). Median antibody placental transfer ratios were increased following early versus late third-trimester immunization (anti-S ratio: 1.3 (IQR 1.1-1.6) versus 0.9 (IQR 0.6-1.1); anti-RBD-specific ratio: 2.3 (IQR 1.7-3.0) versus 0.7 (IQR 0.5-1.2), p < 0.001). Neutralizing antibodies placental transfer ratio was greater following early versus late third-trimester immunization (median 1.9 (IQR 1.7-2.5) versus 0.8 (IQR 0.5-1.1), p < 0.001), and was positively associated with longer duration from vaccination (r = 0.77; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Early compared with late third-trimester maternal SARS-CoV-2 immunization enhanced transplacental antibody transfer and increased neonatal neutralizing antibody levels. Our findings highlight that vaccination of pregnant women early in the third trimester may enhance neonatal seroprotection.
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Fu W, Sivajohan B, McClymont E, Albert A, Elwood C, Ogilvie G, Money D. Systematic review of the safety, immunogenicity, and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in pregnant and lactating individuals and their infants. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2022; 156:406-417. [PMID: 34735722 PMCID: PMC9087489 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.14008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is significant risk of complications and vulnerability to severe COVID-19 disease in pregnancy, yet hesitancy exists around COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy and lactation. OBJECTIVE To summarize the safety, immunogenicity, and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in pregnancy and lactation. SEARCH STRATEGY A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, medRxiv, and bioRxiv. SELECTION CRITERIA Identified original studies published on pregnant and/or lactating individuals who received one or more doses of a COVID-19 vaccine. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS A descriptive summary organized by safety, immunogenicity, and effectiveness outcomes of COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy and lactation. MAIN RESULTS In total, 23 studies were identified. Humoral response and functional immunity were interrogated and found. Increasing placental transfer ratios in cord blood were associated with increasing time from the first vaccine dose to delivery. Safety data indicated that pregnant and lactating populations experienced vaccine-related reactions at similar rates to the general population. No increased risk of adverse obstetrical or neonatal outcomes were reported. One study demonstrated that pregnant individuals were less likely to experience COVID-19 when vaccinated. CONCLUSION COVID-19 vaccination in pregnant and lactating individuals is immunogenic, does not cause significant vaccine-related adverse events or obstetrical and neonatal outcomes, and is effective in preventing COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Fu
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Brintha Sivajohan
- Schulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Elisabeth McClymont
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Canadian HIV Trials NetworkVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Arianne Albert
- Women’s Health Research InstituteVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Chelsea Elwood
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Gina Ogilvie
- Women’s Health Research InstituteVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- School of Population and Public HealthUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease ControlVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Deborah Money
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Women’s Health Research InstituteVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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Kugelman N, Nahshon C, Shaked-Mishan P, Cohen N, Sher ML, Gruber M, Marom I, Zolotarevsky A, Lavie O, Damti A, Zilberlicht A, Bardicef M, Kedar R. Maternal and Neonatal SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin G Antibody Levels at Delivery After Receipt of the BNT162b2 Messenger RNA COVID-19 Vaccine During the Second Trimester of Pregnancy. JAMA Pediatr 2022; 176:290-295. [PMID: 34932066 PMCID: PMC8693209 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.5683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE BNT162b2 messenger RNA (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccination in the third trimester was found to be associated with a strong maternal humoral IgG response that crossed the placenta and approached maternal titers in the newborn. OBJECTIVE To evaluate maternal and neonatal SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels at birth after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination during the second trimester of pregnancy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This prospective cohort study, conducted at a single medical center in Haifa, Israel, from May to July 2021, included women with a singleton pregnancy over 24 weeks of gestation at least 7 days after receipt of their second COVID-19 vaccine dose who were not known to be previously infected with COVID-19. EXPOSURES BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) vaccination. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcomes were SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody titers measured in the parturient at admission and in the umbilical cord blood within 30 minutes after delivery. Secondary outcomes were the correlation between antibody titers, feto-maternal characteristics, maternal adverse effects after vaccination, and time interval from vaccination to delivery. RESULTS Antibody levels were measured for 129 women (mean [SD] age, 31.9 [4.9] years) and 114 neonates, with 100% of the tests having positive results. The mean (SD) gestational age at administration of the second vaccine dose was 24.9 (3.3) weeks. Neonatal IgG titers were 2.6 times higher than maternal titers (median [range], 3315.7 [350.1-17 643.5] AU/mL vs 1185.2 [146.6-32 415.1] AU/mL). A positive correlation was demonstrated between maternal and neonatal antibodies (r = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.89-0.94). Multivariable analysis revealed that for each week that passed since receipt of the second vaccine dose, maternal and neonatal antibody levels changed by -10.9% (95% CI, -17.2% to -4.2%; P = .002) and -11.7% (95% CI, -19.0 to -3.8%; P = .005), respectively. For each 1-year increase in the mother's age, maternal and neonatal antibody levels changed by -3.1% (95% CI, -5.3% to -0.9%; P = .007) and -2.7% (95% CI, -5.2% to -0.1%; P = .04), respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cohort study, receipt of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine during the second trimester of pregnancy was associated with maternal and neonatal humoral responses, as reflected in maternal and neonatal SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels measured after delivery. These findings support COVID-19 vaccination of pregnant individuals during the second trimester to achieve maternal protection and newborn safety during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Kugelman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Chen Nahshon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Nadav Cohen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maayan Lahav Sher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maya Gruber
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Inbal Marom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Avi Zolotarevsky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ofer Lavie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amit Damti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ariel Zilberlicht
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mordehai Bardicef
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Reuven Kedar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Egloff C, Couffignal C, Cordier AG, Deruelle P, Sibiude J, Anselem O, Benachi A, Luton D, Mandelbrot L, Vauloup-Fellous C, Vivanti AJ, Picone O. Pregnant women's perceptions of the COVID-19 vaccine: A French survey. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263512. [PMID: 35130318 PMCID: PMC8820613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pregnant women are at increased risk for COVID-19, and COVID-19 vaccine is the most promising solution to overcome the current pandemic. This study was conducted to evaluate pregnant women’s perceptions and acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination. Materials & methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 18 to April 5 2021. An anonymous survey was distributed in 7 French obstetrics departments to all pregnant women before a prenatal visit. All pregnant women attending a follow-up consultation were asked to participate in the study. An anonymous web survey was available through a QR code and participants were asked whether or not they would agree to be vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2, and why. The questionnaire included questions on the patients’ demographics and their knowledge of COVID-19 vaccines. Results Of the 664 pregnant women who completed the questionnaire, 29.5% (95% CI 27.7; 31.3) indicated they would agree to be vaccinated against COVID-19. The main reason for not agreeing was being more afraid of potential side effects of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine on the fetus than of COVID-19. Factors influencing acceptance of vaccination were: being slightly older, multiparity, having discussed it with a caregiver and acceptance of the influenza vaccine. Discussion Nearly one-third of pregnant women in this population would be willing to be vaccinated. In addition to studies establishing fetal safety, public health agencies and healthcare professionals should provide accurate information about the safety of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Egloff
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris APHP, Nord, Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM, IAME, Paris, France
| | - Camille Couffignal
- FHU PREMA, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Clinical Research, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Department, Paris, France
| | - Anne Gael Cordier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1193, Villejuif, France
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Antoine Beclere Hospital, Paris Saclay University, AP-HP, Clamart, France
| | - Philippe Deruelle
- Pôle de gynécologie Obstétrique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jeanne Sibiude
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris APHP, Nord, Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM, IAME, Paris, France
- FHU PREMA, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Anselem
- Maternité Port-Royal, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Centre-Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Benachi
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1193, Villejuif, France
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Antoine Beclere Hospital, Paris Saclay University, AP-HP, Clamart, France
| | - Dominique Luton
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- FHU PREMA, Paris, France
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, FHU Prematurity, Bichat Hospital Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Mandelbrot
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris APHP, Nord, Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM, IAME, Paris, France
- FHU PREMA, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Vauloup-Fellous
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1193, Villejuif, France
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Infections pendant la Grossesse (GRIG), Vélizy, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Paul Brousse, AP-HP, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Alexandre J. Vivanti
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1193, Villejuif, France
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Antoine Beclere Hospital, Paris Saclay University, AP-HP, Clamart, France
| | - Olivier Picone
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris APHP, Nord, Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- INSERM, IAME, Paris, France
- FHU PREMA, Paris, France
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Infections pendant la Grossesse (GRIG), Vélizy, France
- * E-mail:
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47
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Rottenstreich A, Zarbiv G, Oiknine-Djian E, Vorontsov O, Zigron R, Kleinstern G, Wolf DG, Porat S. The effect of gestational age at BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination on maternal and neonatal SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:e603-e610. [PMID: 35171998 PMCID: PMC8903394 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 during pregnancy and early infancy can result in severe disease. Evaluating the effect of gestational age at the time of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on maternal antibody levels and transplacental antibody transfer has important implications for maternal care and vaccination strategies. Methods Maternal and cord blood sera were collected from mother/newborn dyads (n=402), following term delivery after antenatal two-dose SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) and receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific IgG levels were evaluated in the samples collected. Results Median anti-S and anti-RBD-specific IgG levels in maternal sera at the time of delivery were lowest following 1 st trimester vaccination (n=90) (anti-S IgG: 76 AU/mL, anti-RBD-specific IgG: 478 AU/mL), intermediate in those vaccinated in the 2 nd trimester (n=124) (anti-S IgG: 126 AU/mL, anti-RBD-specific IgG: 1263 AU/mL), and highest after 3 rd trimester vaccination (n=188) (anti-S IgG: 240 AU/mL, anti-RBD-specific IgG: 5855 AU/mL). Antibody levels in neonatal sera followed a similar pattern and were lowest following antenatal vaccination in the 1 st trimester (anti-S IgG: 126 AU/mL, anti-RBD-specific IgG: 1140 AU/mL). In a subgroup of parturients vaccinated in the 1 st trimester (n=30), a third booster dose was associated with significantly higher maternal and neonatal antibody levels. Conclusions These results suggest a considerable antibody waning throughout pregnancy in those vaccinated at early gestation. The observed boosting effect of a third vaccine dose, hints to its potential benefit in those who completed the two-dose vaccine series at early pregnancy or prior to conception. The impact of antenatal immunization timing on SARS-CoV-2 transplacental antibody transfer may influence neonatal seroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amihai Rottenstreich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gila Zarbiv
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Esther Oiknine-Djian
- Clinical virology unit, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Olesya Vorontsov
- Clinical virology unit, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roy Zigron
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Dana G Wolf
- Clinical virology unit, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shay Porat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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48
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Pratama NR, Wafa IA, Budi DS, Putra M, Wardhana MP, Wungu CDK. mRNA Covid-19 vaccines in pregnancy: A systematic review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261350. [PMID: 35108277 PMCID: PMC8809595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pregnancy is a known risk factor for severe Coronavirus disease 2019. It is important to develop safe vaccines that elicit strong maternal and fetal antibody responses. METHODS Registries (ClinicalTrials.gov, the WHO Clinical Trial Registry, and the European Union Clinical Trial Registry) and databases (MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, Proquest, Springer, medRxiv, and bioRxiv) were systematically searched in June 20-22, 2021, for research articles pertaining to Covid-19 and pregnancy. Manual searches of bioRxiv and medRxiv were also conducted. Inclusion criteria were studies that focused on Covid-19 vaccination among pregnant women, while review articles and non-human studies were excluded. Infection rate, maternal antibody response, transplacental antibody transfer, and adverse events were described. RESULTS There were 13 observational studies with a total of 48,039 pregnant women who received mRNA vaccines. Of those, three studies investigated infection rate, six studies investigated maternal antibody response, seven studies investigated antibody transfer, three studies reported local adverse events, and five studies reported systemic adverse events. The available data suggested that the mRNA-based vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna) can prevent future SARS-CoV-2 infection. These vaccines did not show clear harm in pregnancy. The most commonly encountered adverse reactions were pain at the injection site, fatigue, and headache, but these were transient. Antibody responses were rapid after the first vaccine dose. After the booster, antibody responses were stronger and associated with better transplacental antibody transfer. Longer intervals between first vaccination dose and delivery were also associated with higher antibody fetal IgG and a better antibody transfer ratio. CONCLUSIONS The SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines are encouraged for pregnancy. These vaccines can be a safe option for pregnant women and their fetuses. Two vaccine doses are recommended for more robust maternal and fetal antibody responses. Longer latency is associated with higher fetal antibody responses. Further research about its long-term effect on pregnancy is needed. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO (CRD42021261684).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ifan Ali Wafa
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Manesha Putra
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Manggala Pasca Wardhana
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Citrawati Dyah Kencono Wungu
- Department of Physiology and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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49
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Jamieson DJ, Rasmussen SA. An update on COVID-19 and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 226:177-186. [PMID: 34534497 PMCID: PMC8438995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Physiological, mechanical, and immunologic alterations in pregnancy could potentially affect the susceptibility to and the severity of COVID-19 during pregnancy. Owing to the lack of comparable incidence data and the challenges with disentangling differences in the susceptibility from different exposure risks, the data are insufficient to determine whether pregnancy increases the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The data support pregnancy as a risk factor for severe disease associated with COVID-19; some of the best evidence comes from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 surveillance system, which reported that pregnant persons were more likely to be admitted to an intensive care unit, require invasive ventilation, require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and die than nonpregnant women of reproductive age. Although the intrauterine transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been documented, it appears to be rare. It is possibly related to low levels of SARS-CoV-2 viremia and the decreased coexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane serine protease 2 needed for SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells in the placenta. Evidence is accumulating that SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy is associated with a number of adverse pregnancy outcomes including preeclampsia, preterm birth, and stillbirth, especially among pregnant persons with severe COVID-19 disease. In addition to the direct impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy outcomes, there is evidence that the pandemic and its effects on healthcare systems have had adverse effects such as increased stillbirths and maternal deaths on the pregnancy outcomes. These trends may represent widening disparities and an alarming reversal of recent improvements in maternal and infant health. All the 3 COVID-19 vaccines currently available in the United States can be administered to pregnant or lactating persons, with no preference for the vaccine type. Although the safety data in pregnancy are rapidly accumulating and no safety signals in pregnancy have been detected, additional information about the birth outcomes, particularly among persons vaccinated earlier in pregnancy, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise J Jamieson
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.
| | - Sonja A Rasmussen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
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50
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Korang SK, von Rohden E, Veroniki AA, Ong G, Ngalamika O, Siddiqui F, Juul S, Nielsen EE, Feinberg JB, Petersen JJ, Legart C, Kokogho A, Maagaard M, Klingenberg S, Thabane L, Bardach A, Ciapponi A, Thomsen AR, Jakobsen JC, Gluud C. Vaccines to prevent COVID-19: A living systematic review with Trial Sequential Analysis and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0260733. [PMID: 35061702 PMCID: PMC8782520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is rapidly spreading causing extensive burdens across the world. Effective vaccines to prevent COVID-19 are urgently needed. METHODS AND FINDINGS Our objective was to assess the effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccines through analyses of all currently available randomized clinical trials. We searched the databases CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and other sources from inception to June 17, 2021 for randomized clinical trials assessing vaccines for COVID-19. At least two independent reviewers screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risks of bias. We conducted meta-analyses, network meta-analyses, and Trial Sequential Analyses (TSA). Our primary outcomes included all-cause mortality, vaccine efficacy, and serious adverse events. We assessed the certainty of evidence with GRADE. We identified 46 trials; 35 trials randomizing 219 864 participants could be included in our analyses. Our meta-analyses showed that mRNA vaccines (efficacy, 95% [95% confidence interval (CI), 92% to 97%]; 71 514 participants; 3 trials; moderate certainty); inactivated vaccines (efficacy, 61% [95% CI, 52% to 68%]; 48 029 participants; 3 trials; moderate certainty); protein subunit vaccines (efficacy, 77% [95% CI, -5% to 95%]; 17 737 participants; 2 trials; low certainty); and viral vector vaccines (efficacy 68% [95% CI, 61% to 74%]; 71 401 participants; 5 trials; low certainty) prevented COVID-19. Viral vector vaccines decreased mortality (risk ratio, 0.25 [95% CI 0.09 to 0.67]; 67 563 participants; 3 trials, low certainty), but comparable data on inactivated, mRNA, and protein subunit vaccines were imprecise. None of the vaccines showed evidence of a difference on serious adverse events, but observational evidence suggested rare serious adverse events. All the vaccines increased the risk of non-serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS The evidence suggests that all the included vaccines are effective in preventing COVID-19. The mRNA vaccines seem most effective in preventing COVID-19, but viral vector vaccines seem most effective in reducing mortality. Further trials and longer follow-up are necessary to provide better insight into the safety profile of these vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kwasi Korang
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elena von Rohden
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Areti Angeliki Veroniki
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction & Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Giok Ong
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Owen Ngalamika
- Dermatology & Venereology Division, University Teaching Hospital, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Faiza Siddiqui
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sophie Juul
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil Eik Nielsen
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joshua Buron Feinberg
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanne Juul Petersen
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Legart
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Afoke Kokogho
- United States Army Medical Research Directorate West Africa, Henry M. Jackson Foundation Medical Research International (HJFMRI), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Mathias Maagaard
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for Anaesthesiological Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Zealand University Hospital, The Zealand Region of Denmark, Køge, Denmark
| | - Sarah Klingenberg
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group, Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ariel Bardach
- Argentine Cochrane Center. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Ciapponi
- Argentine Cochrane Center. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Allan Randrup Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janus C Jakobsen
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group, Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, The Faculty of Heath Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christian Gluud
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group, Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, The Faculty of Heath Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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