1
|
Malone CJ, Oksanen A, Mukaratirwa S, Sharma R, Jenkins E. From wildlife to humans: The global distribution of Trichinella species and genotypes in wildlife and wildlife-associated human trichinellosis. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 24:100934. [PMID: 38651034 PMCID: PMC11033181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Zoonotic nematodes of the genus Trichinella are foodborne parasites that have a global distribution in wild carnivores and omnivores, with spillover and spillback into domestic livestock and people, with concomitant trade and health consequences. Historically, most human cases were linked to domestic pigs infected with Trichinella spiralis, but under current high biosecurity swine production in many countries, wildlife have become a more important source of human trichinellosis. The aim of this review is to update the global distribution of Trichinella species and genotypes reported in wildlife, as well as reported human outbreaks from the consumption of wildlife. Using several online databases and by "snowballing" references, hundreds of reports of Trichinella spp. in wildlife published between January 1991 and December 2023 provide an important update to the host and geographic range for each of the recognized 13 species/genotypes, grouped by continent. Surveillance effort was highest in Europe and North America, while Africa, Asia, Central and South America have had limited surveillance, in some instances with human cases serving as sentinels of transmission in a region. Dozens of human outbreaks are described, with wild boars (Sus scrofa) being the most frequently implicated wildlife species in human outbreaks globally. Bears are an important source of infection in North America, for wildlife tourism, and importation of bear meat has also been implicated in multicountry outbreaks. The largest study limitation was the dearth of molecular identification of larvae in both wildlife surveillance studies and human outbreaks, particulary in under-studied regions. We highlight the need for enhanced molecular epidemiological approaches to outbreaks of this important foodborne parasite, and emphasize the need for a One Health approach to manage Trichinella spp. which transmit among terrestrial and marine wildlife (including migratory birds), pigs, horses, and people, often across large geographic scales and borders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cody J. Malone
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Antti Oksanen
- Finnish Food Authority, (FINPAR), Elektroniikkatie 3, FI-90590, Oulu, Finland
| | - Samson Mukaratirwa
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rajnish Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Emily Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Intirach J, Shu C, Lv X, Gao S, Sutthanont N, Chen T, Lv Z. Human parasitic infections of the class Adenophorea: global epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention and control. Infect Dis Poverty 2024; 13:48. [PMID: 38902844 PMCID: PMC11188577 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-024-01216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human parasitic infections caused by Adenophorean nematodes encompass a range of diseases, including dioctophymiasis, trichuriasis, capillariasis, trichinellosis, and myositis. These infection can result in adverse impacts on human health and cause societal and economic concerns in tropical and subtropical regions. METHODS This review conducted searches in PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar for relevant studies that published in established databases up to April 26, 2024. Studies that focused on the common morphology, life cycle, disease distribution, clinical manifestations, and prevention and control strategies for Adenophorean parasitic diseases in humans were included. RESULTS Adenophorean nematodes exhibit shared morphological characteristics with a four-layered cuticle; uninucleate epidermal cells; pseudocoelom with six or more coelomocytes; generally three caudal glands; five esophageal glands; two testes in males with median-ventral supplementary glands in a single row; tail in males rarely possessing caudal alae; amphids always postlabial; presence of cephalic sensory organs; absence of phasmids; and a secretory-excretory system consisting of a single ventral gland cell, usually with a non-cuticularized terminal duct. Humans play two important roles in the life cycle of the nematode class, Adenophorea: 1) as a definitive host infected by ingesting undercooked paratenic hosts, embryonated eggs, infective larvae in fish tissue and meat contaminated with encysted or non-encysted larvae, and 2) as an accidental host infected by ingesting parasitic eggs in undercooked meat. Many organs are targeted by the Adenophorean nematode in humans such as the intestines, lungs, liver, kidneys, lymphatic circulation and blood vessels, resulting in gastrointestinal problems, excessive immunological responses, cell disruption, and even death. Most of these infections have significant incidence rates in the developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America; however, some parasitic diseases have restricted dissemination in outbreaks. To prevent these diseases, interventions together with education, sanitation, hygiene and animal control measures have been introduced in order to reduce and control parasite populations. CONCLUSIONS The common morphology, life cycle, global epidemiology and pathology of human Adenophorean nematode-borne parasitic diseases were highlighted, as well as their prevention and control. The findings of this review will contribute to improvement of monitoring and predicting human-parasitic infections, understanding the relationship between animals, humans and parasites, and preventing and controlling parasitic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jitrawadee Intirach
- Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570100, China
| | - Chang Shu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China
| | - Xin Lv
- School of Public Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China
| | - Suzhen Gao
- School of Public Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China
| | - Nataya Sutthanont
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Tao Chen
- Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570100, China.
- Hainan Provincial Bureau of Disease Prevention and Control, Haikou, 570100, China.
| | - Zhiyue Lv
- Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570100, China.
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tunali V, Korkmaz M. Emerging and Re-Emerging Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in Europe. Infect Dis Rep 2023; 15:679-699. [PMID: 37987400 PMCID: PMC10660548 DOI: 10.3390/idr15060062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by increased international travel, migration, and ecological shifts, this study sheds light on the emergence of protozoal and helminthic infections targeting the central nervous system (CNS) within Europe. Despite being traditionally associated with tropical regions, these infections are progressively becoming more prevalent in non-endemic areas. By scrutinizing the inherent risks, potential outcomes, and attendant challenges, this study underscores the intricate interplay between diagnostic limitations, susceptibility of specific population subsets, and the profound influence of climate fluctuations. The contemporary interconnectedness of societies serves as a conduit for introducing and establishing these infections, warranting comprehensive assessment. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of heightened clinician vigilance, judicious public health interventions, and synergistic research collaborations to mitigate the potential consequences of these infections. Though rare, their profound impact on morbidity and mortality underscores the collective urgency required to safeguard the neurological well-being of the European populace. Through this multifaceted approach, Europe can effectively navigate the complex terrain posed with these emergent infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varol Tunali
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa Celal Bayar University, 45030 Manisa, Turkey
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Izmir Metropolitan Municipality Eşrefpaşa Hospital, 35170 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Metin Korkmaz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Warmate D, Onarinde BA. Food safety incidents in the red meat industry: A review of foodborne disease outbreaks linked to the consumption of red meat and its products, 1991 to 2021. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 398:110240. [PMID: 37167789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Red meat is a significant source of human nutrition, and the red meat industry contributes to the economy of nations. Nonetheless, there is a widespread global concern about public health issues posed by severe food safety incidents within the red meat industry. Most of these incidents are associated with foodborne disease outbreaks that impact individual consumers, food businesses and society. This study adopts a systematic search and review approach to identify three decades of published investigation reports of global foodborne disease outbreaks linked with the consumption of red meat and products made from them. The review aims to evaluate the critical features of these outbreak incidents to get insight into their contributing factors and root causes. In particular, this review discusses the transmission setting (origin of pathogenic agents), the food vehicles mostly incriminated, the causative pathogens (bacteria, viruses, and parasites) causing the most illnesses, and the most commonly reported contributing factors to the outbreaks. This information can help researchers and food business operators (FBOs) inform future risk assessment studies and support risk management activities in developing risk-mitigating strategies for the industry. Findings from this study suggest that implementing food safety management strategies which include adequate control measures at all stages of the food chain, from farm to fork, is imperative in preventing outbreak incidents. Of equal importance is the need for enhanced and sustained public education about the risk of foodborne illnesses associated with meat and its products whilst discouraging the consumption of raw meat products, especially by high-risk groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dein Warmate
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing, University of Lincoln, Holbeach PE12 7PT, UK.
| | - Bukola A Onarinde
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing, University of Lincoln, Holbeach PE12 7PT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cheung M, Yu D, Chan T, Chahil N, Tchao C, Slatnik M, Maruti S, Sidhu N, Scandrett B, Prystajecky N, Morshed MG, Hogan CA. The Brief Case: an Infectious Hazard of Hunting. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0062022. [PMID: 37078718 PMCID: PMC10117069 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00620-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Cheung
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daisy Yu
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tracy Chan
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Navdeep Chahil
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christine Tchao
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Slatnik
- Boundary District Hospital, Grand Forks, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shobhit Maruti
- Interior Health Authority, Vernon, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nina Sidhu
- Interior Health Authority, Vernon, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brad Scandrett
- Centre for Food-borne and Animal Parasitology, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Natalie Prystajecky
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Muhammad G. Morshed
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Catherine A. Hogan
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Harrison LB, Libman MD, Caya C, Ndao M, Yansouni CP. Laboratory Features of Trichinellosis and Eosinophilia Threshold for Testing, Nunavik, Quebec, Canada, 2009-2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:2567-2569. [PMID: 36418003 PMCID: PMC9707581 DOI: 10.3201/eid2812.221144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged eosinophilia is characteristic of trichinellosis. To determine the optimal eosinophil threshold for reflex Trichinella testing, we examined all 43 cases in Nunavik, Quebec, Canada, during 2009-2019. Using receiver operating characteristic analysis, we determined that eosinophil counts >0.8 × 109 cells/L should prompt consideration of trichinellosis and testing to rapidly identify potential outbreaks.
Collapse
|
7
|
Oksanen A, Kärssin A, Berg RP, Koch A, Jokelainen P, Sharma R, Jenkins E, Loginova O. Epidemiology of Trichinella in the Arctic and subarctic: A review. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2022; 28:e00167. [PMID: 35812081 PMCID: PMC9263860 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The finding of Trichinella in the Arctic was foreseen because captive polar bears and arctic foxes had been found infected during the first decades of the 20th century. Human trichinellosis outbreaks were reported to have taken place in 1944 in Franz Josef Archipelago and 1947 in Greenland, and previous outbreaks in Greenland also appeared to have been trichinellosis. Now, it is known that Trichinella parasites thrive in the Arctic and subarctic and pose a risk for public health. We collated the available information, which show that infection prevalences are high in many animal host species, and that outbreaks of human trichinellosis have been described also recently. The species diversity of Trichinella in the Arctic and subarctic is relatively high, and the circulation is in non-domestic cycles with transmission by predation, scavenging and cannibalism. There are also sporadic reports on the synanthropic species Trichinella spiralis in arctic wild mammals with little known or assumed contact to potential synanthropic cycles. In this paper, we summarize the knowledge on epidemiology of Trichinella parasites in the circumpolar Arctic and subarctic regions, and discuss the challenges and solutions for their control. Trichinella infection is common in wild animals in the Arctic and subarctic regions. The high prevalence of Trichinella infection in some arctic marine mammal species suggests a marine cycle. Outbreaks of human trichinellosis have been described, and public health importance still remains obvious. In this review, we had access to the large amount of Trichinella literature published in the Russian language.
Collapse
|
8
|
Thawornkuno C, Nogrado K, Adisakwattana P, Thiangtrongjit T, Reamtong O. Identification and profiling of Trichinella spiralis circulating antigens and proteins in sera of mice with trichinellosis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265013. [PMID: 35271623 PMCID: PMC8912135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the ingestion of the Trichinella nematode. With a worldwide incidence of approximately 10,000 cases per year, Trichinella spiralis is responsible for most human infections. There are no specific signs or symptoms of this parasitic infection. Muscle biopsy is the gold diagnostic standard for trichinellosis, but the technique is invasive and unable to detect the early stage of infection. Although immunodiagnostics are also available, antibody detection usually occurs after 3 weeks and prolonged up to 19 years after the acute phase. Therefore, additional diagnostic biomarkers must be identified to improve trichinellosis diagnosis. This study aimed to measure concentration changes in mouse serum proteins prior to T. spiralis infection and 2, 4 and 8 weeks after infection, and to identify T. spiralis circulating proteins and antigens using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Mouse muscle-related proteins including inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2, a protein involved in the response to muscle tissue damage, were up-regulated in mouse sera during the T. spiralis larvae invasion. Additionally, 33 circulatory parasite proteins were identified in infected mouse sera. Notably, T. spiralis long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 could be detected in the early stage of infection and peroxidasin-like protein was identified 2, 4 and 8 weeks after infection. Seventeen T. spiralis circulating antigens were detected in mouse immune complexes, with PX domain protein being found 2, 4 and 8 weeks after infection. Because peroxidasin-like protein and PX domain protein were detected at all post-infection time points, sequence alignments of these proteins were performed, which showed they are conserved among Trichinella spp. and have less similarity to the human and murine sequences. Integrative analysis of T. spiralis biomarkers throughout the course of infection may reveal additional diagnostic targets to improve early diagnosis of trichinellosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charin Thawornkuno
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kathyleen Nogrado
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Poom Adisakwattana
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tipparat Thiangtrongjit
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
High Prevalence and Intensity of Trichinella Infection in Yukon American Black (Ursus americanus) and Grizzly (Ursus arctos) Bears. J Wildl Dis 2021; 57:429-433. [PMID: 33822166 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-20-00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Trichinella spp. nematodes are commonly found in bear species (Ursidae) and can pose severe health risks to humans when infective first-stage larvae are ingested in meat. Samples of tongue or masseter muscle from 22 male and 11 female American black bears (Ursus americanus; mean age 6.5 yr, range 1-16 yr) and 22 male, eight female, and one unknown sex grizzly bears (Ursus arctos; mean age 8.8 yr, range 2-28 yr), from Yukon, Canada, were tested to determine prevalence and intensity of Trichinella spp. infection. For black bears, prevalence was 20% and mean intensity was 401 larvae per gram of tissue (LPG), whereas for grizzly bears, prevalence was 71%, and mean infection intensity was 35 LPG. Isolates from all positive samples were identified as genotype Trichinella-T6 by multiplex PCR. For black bears, prevalence is the highest reported in Canada and infection intensity the highest recorded in North America. One black bear had a larval burden of 1,173 LPG, the second highest recorded in any host species. The prevalence in grizzly bears was the highest reported in Canada for this host. In total, 90% (27 of 30) of infected bears had infection burdens above the human food safety threshold of ≥1 LPG, reinforcing the importance of communicating the health risks to people consuming bear meat.
Collapse
|
10
|
Rosca EC, Tudor R, Cornea A, Simu M. Central Nervous System Involvement in Trichinellosis: A Systematic Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:945. [PMID: 34070586 PMCID: PMC8227095 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11060945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We reviewed the evidence on features of central nervous system (CNS) involvement in trichinellosis, systematically searching five databases (to January 2021). We categorized clinical features based on their diagnostic value as warning signs for severe CNS infection (with outcome death) or non-specific signs (outcome improvement). They were suggestive of severe infection if they substantially raised death probability. The review included 87 papers published from 1906 through 2019, with data on 168 patients. Mydriasis, paraparesis, dysphagia, psychomotor seizures, or delirium present a 30-45% increased death likelihood. The best poor prognosis predictor is mydriasis (positive likelihood ratio 9.08). Slow/absent light reflex, diminished/absent knee reflexes, globally decreased tendon reflexes present a moderate increase (20-25%) of death risk. Anisocoria, acalculia, or seizures could also indicate an increased death risk. We provided a detailed presentation of clinical and paraclinical signs that alert physicians of a possible neurotrichinellosis, emphasizing signs that might indicate a poor prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cecilia Rosca
- Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.T.); (A.C.); (M.S.)
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Timisoara, Bd. Iosif Bulbuca No. 10, 300736 Timisoara, Romania
- Neuroscience Research Center Timisoara, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Timisoara, Bd. Iosif Bulbuca No. 10, 300736 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Raluca Tudor
- Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.T.); (A.C.); (M.S.)
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Timisoara, Bd. Iosif Bulbuca No. 10, 300736 Timisoara, Romania
- Neuroscience Research Center Timisoara, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Timisoara, Bd. Iosif Bulbuca No. 10, 300736 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Amalia Cornea
- Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.T.); (A.C.); (M.S.)
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Timisoara, Bd. Iosif Bulbuca No. 10, 300736 Timisoara, Romania
- Neuroscience Research Center Timisoara, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Timisoara, Bd. Iosif Bulbuca No. 10, 300736 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mihaela Simu
- Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.T.); (A.C.); (M.S.)
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Timisoara, Bd. Iosif Bulbuca No. 10, 300736 Timisoara, Romania
- Neuroscience Research Center Timisoara, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Timisoara, Bd. Iosif Bulbuca No. 10, 300736 Timisoara, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sharma R, Harms NJ, Kukka PM, Jung TS, Parker SE, Ross S, Thompson P, Rosenthal B, Hoberg EP, Jenkins EJ. High prevalence, intensity, and genetic diversity of Trichinella spp. in wolverine (Gulo gulo) from Yukon, Canada. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:146. [PMID: 33685525 PMCID: PMC7938582 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Species of Trichinella are globally important foodborne parasites infecting a number of domestic and wild vertebrates, including humans. Free-ranging carnivores can act as sentinel species for detection of Trichinella spp. Knowledge of the epidemiology of these parasites may help prevent Trichinella spp. infections in northern Canadian animals and people. Previous research on Trichinella spp. in wildlife from Yukon did not identify risk factors associated with infection, or the diversity and identity of species of Trichinella in regional circulation, based on geographically extensive sampling with large sample sizes. Methods In a cross-sectional study, we determined the prevalence, infection intensity, risk factors, and species or genotypes of Trichinella in wolverine (Gulo gulo) in two regions of Yukon, Canada, from 2013–2017. A double separatory funnel digestion method followed by mutiplex PCR and PCR-RFLP were used to recover and identify species of Trichinella, respectively. Results We found larvae of Trichinella in the tongues of 78% (95% CI 73–82) of 338 wolverine sampled. The odds of adult (≥ 2 years) and yearling (1 year) wolverine being Trichinella spp.-positive were four and two times higher, respectively, compared to juveniles (<1 year). The odds of Trichinella spp. presence were three times higher in wolverine from southeast than northwest Yukon. The mean intensity of infection was 22.6 ± 39 (SD, range 0.1–295) larvae per gram. Trichinella T6 was the predominant genotype (76%), followed by T. nativa (8%); mixed infections with Trichinella T6 and T. nativa (12%) were observed. In addition, T. spiralis was detected in one wolverine. Out of 22 isolates initially identified as T. nativa in multiplex PCR, 14 were analyzed by PCR-RFLP to distinguish them from T. chanchalensis, a recently discovered cryptic species, which cannot be distinguished from the T. nativa on multiplex PCR. Ten isolates were identified either as T. chanchalensis alone (n = 7), or mixed infection with T. chanchalensis and T. nativa (n = 2) or T. chanchalensis and Trichinella T6 (n = 1)]. Conclusions Wolverine hosted high prevalence, high larval intensity, and multiple species of Trichinella, likely due to their scavenging habits, apex position in the food chain, and wide home range. Wolverine (especially adult males) should be considered as a sentinel species for surveys for Trichinella spp. across their distributional range.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - N Jane Harms
- Department of Environment, Government of Yukon, P.O. Box 2703, Whitehorse, YT, Y1A 2C6, Canada
| | - Piia M Kukka
- Department of Environment, Government of Yukon, P.O. Box 2703, Whitehorse, YT, Y1A 2C6, Canada
| | - Thomas S Jung
- Department of Environment, Government of Yukon, P.O. Box 2703, Whitehorse, YT, Y1A 2C6, Canada.,Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 351 General Services Building, Edmonton, AB, T6H 3T1, Canada
| | - Sarah E Parker
- Centre for Applied Epidemiology, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Sasha Ross
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Peter Thompson
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Benjamin Rosenthal
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Eric P Hoberg
- Museum of Southwestern Biology and Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Emily J Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Owsiacki R, Buhler KJ, Sharma R, Branigan M, Fenton H, Tomaselli M, Kafle P, Lobanov VA, Bouchard É, Jenkins E. Trichinella nativa and Trichinella T6 in arctic foxes ( Vulpes lagopus) from northern Canada. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2020; 13:269-274. [PMID: 33312858 PMCID: PMC7720016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic zoonotic nematodes of the genus Trichinella circulate in wildlife and domestic hosts worldwide through the ingestion of infected meat. Due to their role as scavengers and predators in terrestrial and marine arctic ecosystems, Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) are ideal sentinels for the detection of Trichinella spp. In this study, we determined the prevalence, larval intensity, and species of Trichinella from 91 trapped Arctic foxes collected around the northern Canadian communities of Sachs Harbour (Ikaahuk) on Banks Island (n = 23), and Ulukhaktok and Cambridge Bay (Ikaluktutiak) on Victoria Island (n = 68). Using pepsin-HCl digestion, larvae of Trichinella spp. were recovered from the left forelimb muscle (flexor carpi ulnaris) in 19 of the 91 foxes (21% prevalence, 95% CI: 14–30%). For the first time in Arctic foxes in Canada, Trichinella species were identified using multiplex PCR that was followed up with PCR-RFLP to distinguish between T. nativa and T. chanchalensis. All infected foxes harbored T. nativa, and one fox was co-infected with Trichinella T6; the latter is a new host record. Age of the fox was significantly associated with Trichinella spp. infection and the odds of being infected were three times higher in foxes ≥2 years of age (p = 0.026), indicating cumulative exposure with age. While Arctic foxes are seldom harvested for human consumption, they serve as sentinel hosts of Trichinella spp., confirming the presence of the parasite in wildlife in the region. Arctic foxes can serve as sentinel species for food-borne parasites like Trichinella. This study is the first to identify Trichinella T6 in Canadian Arctic foxes. The prevalence of Trichinella spp. in Arctic foxes was higher than previously reported. Adult foxes were three times more likely to be infected with Trichinella spp. than young foxes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Owsiacki
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Kayla J Buhler
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Rajnish Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Marsha Branigan
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, P.O. Box 2749, Shell Lake, Inuvik, NT, X0E 0T0, Canada
| | - Heather Fenton
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, P.O. Box 2749, Shell Lake, Inuvik, NT, X0E 0T0, Canada.,Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Box 334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Matilde Tomaselli
- Polar Knowledge Canada, Canadian High Arctic Research Station, Cambridge Bay, NU, X0B 0C0, Canada
| | - Pratap Kafle
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Vladislav A Lobanov
- Centre for Food-borne and Animal Parasitology, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 116 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2R3, Canada
| | - Émilie Bouchard
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Emily Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tso M, Zherebitskiy V, Nosib S. Myocarditis and Raw Meat Consumption: Strange Bedfellows! Can J Cardiol 2020; 37:938.e1-938.e2. [PMID: 33096200 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a parasitic infection that is associated with the consumption of raw meat. The specific genotype Trichinella nativa has been found in raw bear meat. The most common genotype that has been linked with myocarditis is T spiralis. We present a case of T nativa myocarditis secondary to consumption of raw bear meat. The clinical manifestations as well as therapy of this specific genotype is outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Tso
- Department of Medicine, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Viktor Zherebitskiy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Shravan Nosib
- Department of Cardiology, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zarlenga D, Thompson P, Pozio E. Trichinella species and genotypes. Res Vet Sci 2020; 133:289-296. [PMID: 33199264 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis has historically been deemed "the pig parasite" owing to its initial classification within a monospecific genus. However, in recent years, the genus has expanded to include 10 distinct species and at least 3 different genotypes whose taxonomic status remains unstipulated. In contrast to T. spiralis, however, most of these sylvatic species and genotypes do not infect pigs well. Inasmuch as morphological characters cannot be used to define species within this genus, earlier classifications were based upon host and geographical ranges, biological characters, and the presence or absence of a collagen capsule that surrounds the muscle stage larvae. Later, isoenzymes, DNA gel fragmentation patterns and DNA probes were used to help in identification and classification. Today, amidst the "-omics" revolution, new molecular and biochemical-based methodologies have improved detection, differentiation and characterization at all levels including worm populations. These efforts have discernably expanded immunological, epidemiological, and genetic studies resulting in better hypotheses on the evolution of the genus, and on global events, transmission cycles, host associations, and biogeographical histories that contributed to its cosmopolitan distribution. Reviews of this sort are best begun with a background on the genus; however, efforts will divert to the most recent knowledge available on the taxonomy, phylogeny, epidemiology and biochemistry that define this genus in the 21st century.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dante Zarlenga
- Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Peter Thompson
- Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Edoardo Pozio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gondek M, Herosimczyk A, Knysz P, Ożgo M, Lepczyński A, Szkucik K. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Serum from Pigs Experimentally Infected with Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella britovi, and Trichinella pseudospiralis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9010055. [PMID: 31940868 PMCID: PMC7168678 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the available proteomic studies have made it possible to identify and characterize Trichinella stage-specific proteins reacting with infected host-specific antibodies, the vast majority of these studies do not provide any information about changes in the global proteomic serum profile of Trichinella-infested individuals. In view of the above, the present study aimed to examine the protein expression profile of serum obtained at 13 and 60 days postinfection (d.p.i.) from three groups of pigs experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella britovi, and Trichinella pseudospiralis and from uninfected, control pigs by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. The comparative proteomic analysis of the T. spiralis group vs. the control group revealed 5 differently expressed spots at both 13 and 60 d.p.i. Experimental infection with T. britovi induced significant expression changes in 3 protein spots at 13 d.p.i. and in 6 protein spots at 60 d.p.i. in comparison with the control group. Paired analyses between the group infected with T. pseudospiralis and the uninfected control group revealed 6 differently changed spots at 13 d.p.i. and 2 differently changed spots at 60 d.p.i. Among these 27 spots, 15 were successfully identified. Depending on the Trichinella species triggering the infection and the time point of serum collection, they were IgM heavy-chain constant region, antithrombin III-precursor, immunoglobulin gamma-chain, clusterin, homeobox protein Mohawk, apolipoprotein E precursor, serum amyloid P-component precursor, Ig lambda chains, complement C3 isoform X1, and apolipoprotein A-I. Our results demonstrate that various Trichinella species and different phases of the invasion produce a distinct, characteristic proteomic pattern in the serum of experimentally infected pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Gondek
- Department of Food Hygiene of Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (P.K.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(81)-445-6256
| | - Agnieszka Herosimczyk
- Department of Physiology, Cytobiology and Proteomics, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Klemensa Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland; (A.H.); (M.O.); (A.L.)
| | - Przemysław Knysz
- Department of Food Hygiene of Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (P.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Ożgo
- Department of Physiology, Cytobiology and Proteomics, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Klemensa Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland; (A.H.); (M.O.); (A.L.)
| | - Adam Lepczyński
- Department of Physiology, Cytobiology and Proteomics, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Klemensa Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland; (A.H.); (M.O.); (A.L.)
| | - Krzysztof Szkucik
- Department of Food Hygiene of Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (P.K.); (K.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sharma R, Thompson P, Elkin B, Mulders R, Branigan M, Pongracz J, Wagner B, Scandrett B, Hoberg E, Rosenthal B, Jenkins E. Trichinella pseudospiralis in a wolverine (Gulo gulo) from the Canadian North. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2019; 9:274-280. [PMID: 31289720 PMCID: PMC6593184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Species of Trichinella are a globally distributed assemblage of nematodes, often with distinct host ranges, which include people, domestic, and wild animals. Trichinella spp. are important in northern Canada, where dietary habits of people and methods of meat preparation (drying, smoking, fermenting as well as raw) increase the risk posed by these foodborne zoonotic parasites. Outbreaks in the arctic and subarctic regions of Canada and the United States are generally attributed to T. nativa (T2) or the T6 genotype, when genetic characterization is performed. We report the discovery of Trichinella pseudospiralis (T4), a non-encapsulated species, in a wolverine (Gulo gulo) from the Northwest Territories of Canada. This parasite has been previously reported elsewhere from both mammals and carnivorous birds, but our findings represent new host and geographic records for T. pseudospiralis. Multiplex PCR and sequencing of fragments of Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) and D3 rDNA confirmed the identification. Phylogenetically, Canadian isolates linked with each other and others derived from Palearctic or Neotropical regions, but not elsewhere in the Nearctic (continental USA). We suggest that migratory birds might have played a role in the dispersal of this pathogen 1000's of km to northwestern Canada. Wolverines are not typically consumed by humans, and thus should not pose a direct food safety risk for trichinellosis. However, the current finding suggests that they may serve as an indicator of a broader distribution for T. pseudospiralis. Along with infection risk already recognized for T. nativa and Trichinella T6, our observations emphasize the need for further studies using molecular diagnostics and alternative methods to clarify if this is a solitary case, or if T. pseudospiralis and other freeze susceptible species of Trichinella (such as T. spiralis) circulate more broadly in wildlife in Canada, and elsewhere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Peter Thompson
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Brett Elkin
- Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, 600, 5102-50th Avenue, Yellowknife, NT, X1A 3S8, Canada
| | - Robert Mulders
- Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, 600, 5102-50th Avenue, Yellowknife, NT, X1A 3S8, Canada
| | - Marsha Branigan
- Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, P.O. Box 2749, Shell Lake, Inuvik, NT, X0E 0T0, Canada
| | - Jodie Pongracz
- Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, P.O. Box 2749, Shell Lake, Inuvik, NT, X0E 0T0, Canada
| | - Brent Wagner
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Brad Scandrett
- Centre for Food-borne and Animal Parasitology, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Saskatoon Laboratory, 116 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 2R3, Canada
| | - Eric Hoberg
- Museum of Southwestern Biology and Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Benjamin Rosenthal
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Emily Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nakhodkin SS, Pshennikova VG, Dyachkovskaya PS, Barashkov NA, Nikanorova AA, Teryutin FM, Melnichuk OA, Crubézy E, Fedorova SA, Magnaval JF. A serological survey of echinococcosis, toxocariasis and trichinellosis among rural inhabitants of Central Yakutia. Int J Circumpolar Health 2019; 78:1603550. [PMID: 31046654 PMCID: PMC6507814 DOI: 10.1080/22423982.2019.1603550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2018, a seroepidemiological survey was carried out in 3 ulus, or districts (Churapchinsky, Megino-Kangalassky and Ust-Aldansky) in Central Yakutia (Sakha Republic, Russian Federation) about 3 helminth zoonoses, namely, echinococcosis (alveolar or cystic), toxocariasis and trichinellosis. Ninety rural volunteers agreed to answer a questionnaire that inquired about demographic and environmental parameters along with food habits. Then they were asked to provide a venous blood sample. Serological investigations were carried out by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Four subjects tested positive for echinococcosis, 1 for toxocariasis and 2 for trichinellosis. No demographic or environmental or dietary possible risk factor was found to be associated with these positive results. In conclusion, only echinococcosis and trichinellosis appeared to be in Yakutia as health threats among the 3 investigated zoonoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey S Nakhodkin
- a Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Natural Sciences , Maksim K. Ammosov Northeastern Federal University , Yakutsk , Russia
| | - Vera G Pshennikova
- a Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Natural Sciences , Maksim K. Ammosov Northeastern Federal University , Yakutsk , Russia.,b Department of Molecular Genetics , Yakut Scientific Center of Complex Medical Problems , Yakutsk , Russia
| | | | - Nikolay A Barashkov
- a Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Natural Sciences , Maksim K. Ammosov Northeastern Federal University , Yakutsk , Russia.,b Department of Molecular Genetics , Yakut Scientific Center of Complex Medical Problems , Yakutsk , Russia
| | - Alena A Nikanorova
- a Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Natural Sciences , Maksim K. Ammosov Northeastern Federal University , Yakutsk , Russia.,b Department of Molecular Genetics , Yakut Scientific Center of Complex Medical Problems , Yakutsk , Russia
| | - Fedor M Teryutin
- a Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Natural Sciences , Maksim K. Ammosov Northeastern Federal University , Yakutsk , Russia.,b Department of Molecular Genetics , Yakut Scientific Center of Complex Medical Problems , Yakutsk , Russia
| | - Olga A Melnichuk
- d Institute of Foreign Philology and Regional Studies , Maksim K. Ammosov Northeastern Federal University , Yakutsk , Russia
| | - Eric Crubézy
- e CNRS UMR 5288 "AMIS" , Université Paul-Sabatier , Toulouse , France
| | - Sardana A Fedorova
- a Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Natural Sciences , Maksim K. Ammosov Northeastern Federal University , Yakutsk , Russia.,b Department of Molecular Genetics , Yakut Scientific Center of Complex Medical Problems , Yakutsk , Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|