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Pena JMS, Lannes-Costa PS, Nagao PE. Vaccines for Streptococcus agalactiae: current status and future perspectives. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1430901. [PMID: 38947337 PMCID: PMC11211565 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1430901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A maternal vaccine to protect newborns against invasive Streptococcus agalactiae infection is a developing medical need. The vaccine should be offered during the third trimester of pregnancy and induce strong immune responses and placental transfer of protective antibodies. Polysaccharide vaccines against S. agalactiae conjugated to protein carriers are in advanced stages of development. Additionally, protein-based vaccines are also in development, showing great promise as they can provide protection regardless of serotype. Furthermore, safety concerns regarding a new vaccine are the main barriers identified. Here, we present vaccines in development and identified safety, cost, and efficacy concerns, especially in high-need, low-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Matheus Sobral Pena
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Physiology of Streptococci, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University - UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pamella Silva Lannes-Costa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Physiology of Streptococci, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University - UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Prescilla Emy Nagao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Physiology of Streptococci, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University - UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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2
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Ji W, Zhou H, Li J, Britto CD, Liu Z, Zhang W, Du J, Madhi SA, Kwatra G, Dangor Z, Jin Z, Zhao H, Zhao Y, Fang Y, Li J. Distributions of candidate vaccine Targets, virulence Factors, and resistance features of invasive group B Streptococcus using Whole-Genome Sequencing: A Multicenter, population-based surveillance study. Vaccine 2024; 42:3564-3571. [PMID: 38692955 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in young infants worldwide. This study aimed to investigate candidate GBS vaccine targets, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance determinants. METHODS We used whole-genome sequencing to characterize invasive GBS isolates from infants < 3 months of age obtained from a multicenter population-based study conducted from 2015 to 2021 in China. RESULTS Overall, seven serotypes were detected from 278 GBS isolates, four (Ia, Ib, III, V) of which accounted for 97.8 %. We detected 30 sequence types (including 10 novel types) that were grouped into six clonal complexes (CCs: CC1, CC10, CC17, CC19, CC23 and CC651); three novel ST groups in CC17 were detected, and the rate of CC17, considered a hyperinvasive neonatal clone complex, was attached to 40.6 % (113/278). A total of 98.9 % (275/278) of isolates harbored at least one alpha-like protein gene. All GBS isolates contained at least one of three pilus backbone determinants and the pilus types PI-2b and PI-1 + PI-2a accounted for 79.8 % of the isolates. The 112 serotype III/CC17 GBS isolates were all positive for hvgA. Most of the isolates (75.2 %) were positive for serine-rich repeat glycoprotein determinants (srr1or srr2). Almost all isolates possessed cfb (99.6 %), c1IE (100 %), lmb (95.3 %) or pavA (100 %) gene. Seventy-seven percent of isolates harboured more than three antimicrobial resistance genes with 28.4 % (79/278) gyrA quinoloneresistancedeterminants mutation, 83.8 % (233/278) carrying tet cluster genes and 77.3 % (215/278) carrying erm genes which mediated fluoroquinolone, tetracycline and clindamycin resistance, respectively." CONCLUSIONS The findings from this large whole-genome sequence of GBS isolates establish important baseline data required for further surveillance and evaluating the impact of future vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Ji
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haijian Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Carl D Britto
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zheliang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; North China University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxi Du
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South Africa Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Science, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gaurav Kwatra
- South Africa Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Science, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Ziyaad Dangor
- South Africa Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Science, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zhengjiang Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yifei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Juan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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3
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Hoving D, Marques AHC, Huisman W, Nosoh BA, de Kroon AC, van Hengel ORJ, Wu BR, Steenbergen RAM, van Helden PM, Urban BC, Dhar N, Ferreira DM, Kwatra G, Hokke CH, Jochems SP. Combinatorial multimer staining and spectral flow cytometry facilitate quantification and characterization of polysaccharide-specific B cell immunity. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1095. [PMID: 37898698 PMCID: PMC10613281 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial capsular polysaccharides are important vaccine immunogens. However, the study of polysaccharide-specific immune responses has been hindered by technical restrictions. Here, we developed and validated a high-throughput method to analyse antigen-specific B cells using combinatorial staining with fluorescently-labelled capsular polysaccharide multimers. Concurrent staining of 25 cellular markers further enables the in-depth characterization of polysaccharide-specific cells. We used this assay to simultaneously analyse 14 Streptococcus pneumoniae or 5 Streptococcus agalactiae serotype-specific B cell populations. The phenotype of polysaccharide-specific B cells was associated with serotype specificity, vaccination history and donor population. For example, we observed a link between non-class switched (IgM+) memory B cells and vaccine-inefficient S. pneumoniae serotypes 1 and 3. Moreover, B cells had increased activation in donors from South Africa, which has high-incidence of S. agalactiae invasive disease, compared to Dutch donors. This assay allows for the characterization of heterogeneity in B cell immunity that may underlie immunization efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Hoving
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Alexandre H C Marques
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley Huisman
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Beckley A Nosoh
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alicia C de Kroon
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar R J van Hengel
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bing-Ru Wu
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rosanne A M Steenbergen
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Britta C Urban
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nisha Dhar
- Vaccines & Infectious Diseases Analytics, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Daniela M Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gaurav Kwatra
- Vaccines & Infectious Diseases Analytics, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simon P Jochems
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Carboni F, Cozzi R, Romagnoli G, Tuscano G, Balocchi C, Buffi G, Bodini M, Brettoni C, Giusti F, Marchi S, Brogioni G, Brogioni B, Cinelli P, Cappelli L, Nocciolini C, Senesi S, Facciotti C, Frigimelica E, Fabbrini M, Stranges D, Savino S, Maione D, Adamo R, Wizel B, Margarit I, Romano MR. Proof of concept for a single-dose Group B Streptococcus vaccine based on capsular polysaccharide conjugated to Qβ virus-like particles. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:152. [PMID: 37803013 PMCID: PMC10558462 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A maternal vaccine to protect neonates against Group B Streptococcus invasive infection is an unmet medical need. Such a vaccine should ideally be offered during the third trimester of pregnancy and induce strong immune responses after a single dose to maximize the time for placental transfer of protective antibodies. A key target antigen is the capsular polysaccharide, an anti-phagocytic virulence factor that elicits protective antibodies when conjugated to carrier proteins. The most prevalent polysaccharide serotypes conjugated to tetanus or diphtheria toxoids have been tested in humans as monovalent and multivalent formulations, showing excellent safety profiles and immunogenicity. However, responses were suboptimal in unprimed individuals after a single shot, the ideal schedule for vaccination during the third trimester of pregnancy. In the present study, we obtained and optimized self-assembling virus-like particles conjugated to Group B Streptococcus capsular polysaccharides. The resulting glyco-nanoparticles elicited strong immune responses in mice already after one immunization, providing pre-clinical proof of concept for a single-dose vaccine.
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5
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Gamma-Irradiated Non-Capsule Group B Streptococcus Promotes T-Cell Dependent Immunity and Provides a Cross-Protective Reaction. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/ph16020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a Gram-positive bacterium commonly found in the genitourinary tract and is also a leading cause of neonatal sepsis and pneumonia. Despite the current antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP), the disease burdens of late-onset disease in newborns and non-pregnant adult infections are increasing. Recently, inactivation of the pathogens via gamma radiation has been proven to eliminate their replication ability but cause less damage to the antigenicity of the key epitopes. In this study, the non-capsule GBS strain was inactivated via radiation (Rad-GBS) or formalin (Che-GBS), and we further determined its immunogenicity and protective efficacy as vaccines. Notably, Rad-GBS was more immunogenic and gave rise to higher expression of costimulatory molecules in BMDCs in comparison with Che-GBS. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that Rad-GBS induced a stronger CD4+ IFN-γ+ and CD4+IL-17A+ population in mice. The protective efficacy was measured through challenge with the highly virulent strain CNCTC 10/84, and the adoptive transfer results further showed that the protective role is reversed by functionally neutralizing antibodies and T cells. Finally, cross-protection against challenges with prevalent serotypes of GBS was induced by Rad-GBS. The higher opsonophagocytic killing activity of sera against multiple serotypes was determined in sera from mice immunized with Rad-GBS. Overall, our results showed that the inactivated whole-cell encapsulated GBS could be an alternative strategy for universal vaccine development against invasive GBS infections.
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Absalon J, Simon R, Radley D, Giardina PC, Koury K, Jansen KU, Anderson AS. Advances towards licensure of a maternal vaccine for the prevention of invasive group B streptococcus disease in infants: a discussion of different approaches. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2037350. [PMID: 35240933 PMCID: PMC9009955 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2037350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Group B streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae, GBS) is an important cause of life-threatening disease in newborns. Pregnant women colonized with GBS can transmit the bacteria to the developing fetus, as well as to their neonates during or after delivery where infection can lead to sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia, or/and death. While intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) is the standard of care for prevention of invasive GBS disease in some countries, even in such settings a substantial residual burden of disease remains. A GBS vaccine administered during pregnancy could potentially address this important unmet medical need and provide an adjunct or alternative to IAP for the prevention of invasive GBS disease in neonates. A hurdle for vaccine development has been relatively low disease rates making efficacy studies difficult. Given the well-accepted inverse relationship between anti-GBS capsular polysaccharide antibody titers at birth and risk of disease, licensure using serological criteria as a surrogate biomarker represents a promising approach to accelerate the availability of a GBS vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Absalon
- Pfizer Vaccine Research & Development, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - Raphael Simon
- Pfizer Vaccine Research & Development, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - David Radley
- Pfizer Vaccine Research & Development, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | | | - Kenneth Koury
- Pfizer Vaccine Research & Development, Pearl River, NY, USA
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7
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Brokaw A, Nguyen S, Quach P, Orvis A, Furuta A, Johansson-Lindbom B, Fischer PB, Rajagopal L. A Recombinant Alpha-Like Protein Subunit Vaccine (GBS-NN) Provides Protection in Murine Models of Group B Streptococcus Infection. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:177-187. [PMID: 35429401 PMCID: PMC9890916 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group B Streptococcus (GBS) transmission during pregnancy causes preterm labor, stillbirths, fetal injury, or neonatal infections. Rates of adult infections are also rising. The GBS-NN vaccine, engineered by fusing N-terminal domains of GBS Alpha C and Rib proteins, is safe in healthy, nonpregnant women, but further assessment is needed for use during pregnancy. Here, we tested GBS-NN vaccine efficacy using mouse models that recapitulate human GBS infection outcomes. METHODS Following administration of GBS-NN vaccine or adjuvant, antibody profiles were compared by ELISA. Vaccine efficacy was examined by comparing infection outcomes in GBS-NN vaccinated versus adjuvant controls during systemic and pregnancy-associated infections, and during intranasal infection of neonatal mice following maternal vaccination. RESULTS Vaccinated mice had higher GBS-NN-specific IgG titers versus controls. These antibodies bound alpha C and Rib on GBS clinical isolates. Fewer GBS were recovered from systemically challenged vaccinated mice versus controls. Although vaccination did not eliminate GBS during ascending infection in pregnancy, vaccinated dams experienced fewer in utero fetal deaths. Additionally, maternal vaccination prolonged neonatal survival following intranasal GBS challenge. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate GBS-NN vaccine efficacy in murine systemic and perinatal GBS infections and suggest that maternal vaccination facilitates the transfer of protective antibodies to neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Brokaw
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shayla Nguyen
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Phoenicia Quach
- Present affiliation: Phoenicia Quach, Universal Cells, Seattle 98121, Washington
| | - Austyn Orvis
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anna Furuta
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Correspondence: L. Rajagopal, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children’s Hospital Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 ()
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8
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Izu A, Kwatra G, Madhi SA, Rigat F. Estimation of invasive Group B Streptococcus disease risk in young infants from case-control serological studies. BMC Med Res Methodol 2022; 22:85. [PMID: 35350991 PMCID: PMC8961496 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-022-01529-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infections are a major cause of invasive disease (IGbsD) in young infants and cause miscarriage and stillbirths. Immunization of pregnant women against GBS in addition to intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis could prevent disease. Establishing accurate serological markers of protection against IGbsD could enable use of efficient clinical trial designs for vaccine development and licensure, without needing to undertake efficacy trials in prohibitively large number of mother-infant dyads. The association of maternal naturally acquired serotype-specific anti-capsular antibodies (IgG) against serotype-specific IGbsD in their infants has been studied in case-control studies. The statistical models used so far to estimate IGbsD risk from these case-control studies assumed that the antibody concentrations measured sharing the same disease status are sampled from the same population, not allowing for differences between mothers colonised by GBS and mothers also potentially infected (e.g urinary tract infection or chorioamnionitis) by GBS during pregnancy. This distinction is relevant as infants born from infected mothers with occult medical illness may be exposed to GBS prior to the mother developing antibodies measured in maternal or infant sera. Methods Unsupervised mixture model averaging (MMA) is proposed and applied here to accurately estimate infant IGbsD risk from case-control study data in presence or absence of antibody concentration subgroups potentially associated to maternal GBS carriage or infection. MMA estimators are compared to non-parametric disease risk estimators in simulation studies and by analysis of two published GBS case-control studies. Results MMA provides more accurate relative risk estimates under a broad range of data simulation scenarios and more accurate absolute disease risk estimates when the proportion of IGbsD cases with high antibody levels is not ignorable. MMA estimates of the relative and absolute disease risk curves are more amenable to clinical interpretation compared to non-parametric estimates with no detectable overfitting of the data. Antibody concentration thresholds predictive of protection from infant IGbsD estimated by MMA from maternal and infant sera are consistent with non-parametric estimates. Conclusions MMA is a flexible and robust method for design, accurate analysis and clinical interpretation of case-control studies estimating relative and absolute IGbsD risk from antibody concentrations measured at or after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alane Izu
- South African Medical Research Council: Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytical Research Unit (VIDA), University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Science, Johannesburg, South Africa. .,Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Science, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Gaurav Kwatra
- South African Medical Research Council: Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytical Research Unit (VIDA), University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Science, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Science, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council: Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytical Research Unit (VIDA), University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Science, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Science, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Fabio Rigat
- Statistics and Decision Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceuticals R & D, High Wycombe, United Kingdom.
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Ghia C, Rambhad G. Disease burden due to Group B Streptococcus in the Indian population and the need for a vaccine - a narrative review. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2021; 8:20499361211045253. [PMID: 34540226 PMCID: PMC8445532 DOI: 10.1177/20499361211045253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae, a Gram-positive bacterium, causes invasive infection known as Group B streptococcal disease (GBS). It is a leading cause of neonatal death and complications prior to delivery. The burden of GBS is unknown in India despite the high incidence of preterm and stillbirths. In this study, we performed a narrative review of the available literature (published in the last 10 years) on the epidemiology of GBS, using PubMed and Google Scholar, to understand its impact in India and evaluate potential strategies to prevent the disease in the high-risk population, that is, neonates. The review showed that the incidence of early- and late-onset GBS in neonates (per 1000 live births) was in the ranges of 0.090-0.68 and 0.0-0.07 respectively. The overall case fatality rate reported in only one study was 0.63. In pregnant women, the prevalence of GBS colonization was 2-62% and its transmission to their newborns varied from 6.7% to 11.1%. The serotype distribution of GBS is unclear, but some studies reported the distribution of types Ia, Ib, II, III, V, VII among pregnant women in India. The associated risk factors for GBS colonization in pregnant women are unclear but a few studies suggest the role of age and multigravida, while the risk factors in neonates include preterm birth, prolonged rupture of membrane (⩾18 h), maternal fever, obstetric complications, and prolonged labor >18 h. Screening of GBS is not a routine practice in India and intrapartum antibiotics prophylaxis is limited to only in risk conditions to prevent neonatal disease transmission. A few studies also suggest that high birth rate, poor detection methods, and financial constraints limit routine GBS screening in a developing country such as India. Hence, maternal vaccination is the most promising strategy to prevent neonatal GBS and Pfizer's hexavalent GBS conjugate vaccine (GBS6) is being developed for GBS neonatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canna Ghia
- Pfizer Ltd, The Capital, 1802, 18th Floor, Plot No. C-70, G Block, Bandra Kurla Complex, Bandra (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra 400051, India
| | - Gautam Rambhad
- Pfizer Ltd, The Capital, 1802, 18th Floor, Plot No. C-70, G Block, Bandra Kurla Complex, Bandra (East), Mumbai, 400051, India
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10
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Meehan M, Eogan M, McCallion N, Cunney R, Bray JE, Jolley KA, Unitt A, Maiden MCJ, Harrison OB, Drew RJ. Genomic epidemiology of group B streptococci spanning 10 years in an Irish maternity hospital, 2008-2017. J Infect 2021; 83:37-45. [PMID: 33862060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The genomic epidemiology of group b streptococcal (GBS) isolates from the Rotunda maternity hospital, Dublin, 2008-2017, was investigated. METHODS Whole genome sequences of isolates (invasive, n = 114; non-invasive, n = 76) from infants and women were analysed using the PubMLST database (https://pubmlst.org/sagalactiae/). RESULTS Serotypes III (36%), Ia (18%), V (17%), II (11%) and Ib, (9%) and sequence types (ST) 17 (23%), ST-23 (14%), ST-1 (12%) and ST-19 (7%) were most common. Core genome MLST (cgMLST) differentiated isolates of the same ST, grouped STs into five lineages congruent with known clonal complexes and identified known mother-baby pairs and suspected linked infant cases. Clonal complex (CC) 17 accounted for 40% and 22% of infant and maternal invasive cases, respectively and 21% of non-invasive isolates. CC23 and CC19 were associated with maternal disease (30%) and carriage (24%), respectively. Erythromycin (26%) and clindamycin (18%) resistance increased over the study period and was associated with presence of the erm(B) gene (55%), CC1 (33%) and CC19 (24%). A multi-resistant integrative conjugative element incorporated in the PI-1 locus was detected in CC17, an ST-12 and ST-23 isolate confirming the global dissemination of this element. All isolates possessed one or more pilus islands. Genes encoding other potential protective proteins including Sip, C5a peptidase and Srr1 were present in 100%, 99.5% and 65.8% of isolates, respectively. The srr2 gene was unique to CC17. CONCLUSIONS The PubMLST.org website provides a valuable framework for genomic GBS surveillance to inform on local and global GBS epidemiology, preventive and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Meehan
- Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Maeve Eogan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rotunda Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Naomi McCallion
- Department of Neonatology, The Rotunda Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Paediatrics, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robert Cunney
- Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James E Bray
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Keith A Jolley
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Anastasia Unitt
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Martin C J Maiden
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Odile B Harrison
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Richard J Drew
- Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland; Clinical Innovation Unit, Rotunda Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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11
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Edwards MS, Baker CJ. Group B Streptococcal Disease: Interim Prevention at 50 Years and Counting. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:2580-2581. [PMID: 31394571 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Morven S Edwards
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Carol J Baker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
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Jansen KU, Gruber WC, Simon R, Wassil J, Anderson AS. The impact of human vaccines on bacterial antimicrobial resistance. A review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2021; 19:4031-4062. [PMID: 34602924 PMCID: PMC8479502 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01274-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
At present, the dramatic rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among important human bacterial pathogens is reaching a state of global crisis threatening a return to the pre-antibiotic era. AMR, already a significant burden on public health and economies, is anticipated to grow even more severe in the coming decades. Several licensed vaccines, targeting both bacterial (Haemophilus influenzae type b, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi) and viral (influenza virus, rotavirus) human pathogens, have already proven their anti-AMR benefits by reducing unwarranted antibiotic consumption and antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains and by promoting herd immunity. A number of new investigational vaccines, with a potential to reduce the spread of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens, are also in various stages of clinical development. Nevertheless, vaccines as a tool to combat AMR remain underappreciated and unfortunately underutilized. Global mobilization of public health and industry resources is key to maximizing the use of licensed vaccines, and the development of new prophylactic vaccines could have a profound impact on reducing AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raphael Simon
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY USA
| | - James Wassil
- Pfizer Patient and Health Impact, Collegeville, PA USA
- Present Address: Vaxcyte, 353 Hatch Drive, Foster City, CA 94404 USA
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Carreras-Abad C, Ramkhelawon L, Heath PT, Le Doare K. A Vaccine Against Group B Streptococcus: Recent Advances. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:1263-1272. [PMID: 32425562 PMCID: PMC7196769 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s203454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Group B streptococcus (GBS) causes a high burden of neonatal and infant disease globally. Implementing a vaccine for pregnant women is a promising strategy to prevent neonatal and infant GBS disease and has been identified as a priority by the World Health Organisation (WHO). GBS serotype-specific polysaccharide – protein conjugate vaccines are at advanced stages of development, but a large number of participants would be required to undertake Phase III clinical efficacy trials. Efforts are therefore currently focused on establishing serocorrelates of protection in natural immunity studies as an alternative pathway for licensure of a GBS vaccine, followed by Phase IV studies to evaluate safety and effectiveness. Protein vaccines are in earlier stages of development but are highly promising as they might confer protection irrespective of serotype. Further epidemiological, immunological and health economic studies are required to enable the vaccine to reach its target population as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Carreras-Abad
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group and Vaccine Institute, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK.,Department of Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laxmee Ramkhelawon
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group and Vaccine Institute, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Paul T Heath
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group and Vaccine Institute, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Kirsty Le Doare
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group and Vaccine Institute, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK.,Pathogen Immunity Group, Public Health England, Porton Down,UK.,Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
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Beran J, Leroux-Roels G, Van Damme P, de Hoon J, Vandermeulen C, Al-Ibrahim M, Johnson C, Peterson J, Baker S, Seidl C, Dreisbach A, Karsten A, Corsaro B, Henry O, Lattanzi M, Bebia Z. Safety and immunogenicity of fully liquid and lyophilized formulations of an investigational trivalent group B streptococcus vaccine in healthy non-pregnant women: Results from a randomized comparative phase II trial. Vaccine 2020; 38:3227-3234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lipid analogs reveal features critical for hemolysis and diminish granadaene mediated Group B Streptococcus infection. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1502. [PMID: 32198389 PMCID: PMC7083881 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although certain microbial lipids are toxins, the structural features important for cytotoxicity remain unknown. Increased functional understanding is essential for developing therapeutics against toxic microbial lipids. Group B Streptococci (GBS) are bacteria associated with preterm births, stillbirths, and severe infections in neonates and adults. GBS produce a pigmented, cytotoxic lipid, known as granadaene. Despite its importance to all manifestations of GBS disease, studies towards understanding granadaene’s toxic activity are hindered by its instability and insolubility in purified form. Here, we report the synthesis and screening of lipid derivatives inspired by granadaene, which reveal features central to toxin function, namely the polyene chain length. Furthermore, we show that vaccination with a non-toxic synthetic analog confers the production of antibodies that inhibit granadaene-mediated hemolysis ex vivo and diminish GBS infection in vivo. This work provides unique structural and functional insight into granadaene and a strategy to mitigate GBS infection, which will be relevant to other toxic lipids encoded by human pathogens. Granadaene, produced by Group B Streptococcus (GBS), is a long polyene lipid involved in cellular toxicity and hemolytic activity. Here, the authors synthesize and characterize granadaene-like compounds and show that a non-toxic analog diminishes GBS infection in mice when incorporated into a vaccine formulation.
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