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Amir M, Narula P, Bano F. Analytical Techniques for the Analysis of Lopinavir and Ritonavir in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form and Biological Matrices: A Review. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412918666211217145200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Lopinavir and Ritonavir are the protease inhibitor type of anti-retroviral drugs. Both are used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. This paper reviews many analytical methods for the analysis of LPV and RTV in pharmaceutical formulations (tablet, capsule, syrup, and bulk) and biological fluids (human plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, rat plasma, and human hair).
Objective:
The study aims to summarize various ana¬lytical techniques, such as Chromatography, Spectrophotometry; and also hyphenated techniques, such as LC-MS/MS, UPLC-MS for analysis of Lopinavir and Ritonavir.
Method:
The review deals with com¬prehensive details about the type of various analytical techniques, such as spectroscopy (UV), chromatography (RP-HPLC, HPTLC, UPLC), and hyphenated techniques, i.e., LC-MS/MS, UPLC-MS for the analysis of lopinavir and ritonavir. These techniques are either explored for the quantification, de¬tection of metabolite or for stability studies of the LPV & RTV.
Conclusion:
The present studies revealed that the HPLC technique along with the spectro-scopic, have been most widely used for the analysis. Out of the developed methods, hyphenated UPLC-MS and LC-MS are very sensitive and helps in the easy estimation of drugs compared to that of the other techniques. This review may provide comprehensive details to the researchers working in the area of analytical research of LPV & RTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Puneet Narula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Farzana Bano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
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Ganna A, Vaithiyanathan SJ, V P P, P V. Multiresponse Optimization of HPLC Method: Simultaneous Estimation of Protease Inhibitors and NNRTI in Human Plasma. J Chromatogr Sci 2021:bmab067. [PMID: 34089041 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiresponse optimization approach to develop a simple isocratic, highly sensitive and accurate HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of Efavirenz, Atazanavir, Lopinavir and Ritonavir in human blood plasma along with carvedilol as an internal standard. Optimized the factors (ACN, buffer concentration and flow rate) effecting and interacting with the responses (k1, Rs2,1, Rs3,2 and tR5) applying Central Composite Design a chemometric tool. All the mathematical models as well as response surfaces were defined and derived for the separation using this strategy. Chromatography was performed on Thermo Hypersil C18 column using mobile phase comprising of ACN: 10 mM KH2PO4 (51.2:48.8) with 1 mL min-1 flow rate and detection wavelength was fixed at 210 nm. The analysis time was within 9 min. The method developed was validated by following "Bioanalytical method validation" [USFDA-CDER, 2001]. The developed method can be applied for bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Ganna
- Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh, 522101, India
| | | | - Pandey V P
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, TN 608002, India
| | - Venkatesan P
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, TN 608002, India
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Li J, Xing JD, Shi YB. Selective Hydrogen Transfer in N-(Diphenylmethyl)-1-phenylethan-1-imine. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428021040138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Hosny KM. Nanosized Cubosomal Thermogelling Dispersion Loaded with Saquinavir Mesylate to Improve Its Bioavailability: Preparation, Optimization, in vitro and in vivo Evaluation. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:5113-5129. [PMID: 32764940 PMCID: PMC7371439 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s261855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low bioavailability and poor permeability of the blood-brain barrier are problematic when delivering therapeutic agents and particularly anti-human immunodeficiency virus therapy to the central nervous system. The intranasal route offers an alternative for central nervous system delivery. Cubosomes have been reported as helpful vehicles for intranasal delivery of therapeutics to enable brain targeting. Objective In this study, we aimed to develop the intranasal cubosomal thermogelling dispersion of saquinavir mesylate for central nervous system delivery. Methods The Box-Behnken design was applied to study the effect of monoolein, Poloxamer 407, and polyvinyl alcohol as independent factors and the particle size, entrapment efficiency, gelation temperature, and stability index as responses. The optimized cubosomes were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy, ex vivo permeation, and in vivo pharmacokinetics. Results The optimized formula consisting of monoolein (8.96%), Poloxamer 407 (17.45%), and polyvinyl alcohol (7.5%) was prepared and evaluated. Higher values for the steady-state flux, permeability coefficient, and enhancement factor were observed for the cubosomal thermogelling dispersion of saquinavir during ex vivo permeation in comparison with an aqueous suspension of saquinavir. From the pharmacokinetic profile, the relative bioavailability for the intranasal optimized formula was approximately 12-fold higher when compared with oral aqueous suspension and 2.5-fold greater when compared to the intranasal aqueous suspension of saquinavir. Conclusion Overall, the saquinavir-loaded cubosomal thermogelling formulation is promising for central nervous system delivery by intranasal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled M Hosny
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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5
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Charbe NB, Zacconi FC, Amnerkar N, Ramesh B, Tambuwala MM, Clementi E. Bio-analytical Assay Methods used in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiretroviral Drugs-A Review. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885514666181217125550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Several clinical trials, as well as observational statistics, have exhibited that the advantages of antiretroviral [ARV] treatment for humans with Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HIV/AIDS exceed their risks. Therapeutic drug monitoring [TDM] plays a key role in optimization of ARV therapy. Determination of ARV’s in plasma, blood cells, and other biological matrices frequently requires separation techniques capable of high effectiveness, specific selectivity and high sensitivity. High-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC] coupled with ultraviolet [UV], Photodiode array detectors [PDA], Mass spectrophotometer [MS] detectors etc. are the important quantitative techniques used for the estimation of pharmaceuticals in biological samples. </P><P> Objective: This review article is aimed to give an extensive outline of different bio-analytical techniques which have been reported for direct quantitation of ARV’s. This article aimed to establish an efficient role played by the TDM in the optimum therapeutic outcome of the ARV treatment. It also focused on establishing the prominent role played by the separation techniques like HPLC and UPLC along with the detectors like UV and Mass in TDM. </P><P> Methods: TDM is based on the principle that for certain drugs, a close relationship exists between the plasma level of the drug and its clinical effect. TDM is of no value if the relationship does not exist. The analytical methodology employed in TDM should: 1) distinguish similar compounds; 2) be sensitive and precise and 3) is easy to use. </P><P> Results: This review highlights the advancement of the chromatographic techniques beginning from the HPLC-UV to the more advanced technique like UPLC-MS/MS. TDM is essential to ensure adherence, observe viral resistance and to personalize ARV dose regimens. It is observed that the analytical methods like immunoassays and liquid chromatography with detectors like UV, PDA, Florescent, MS, MS/MS and Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS/MS have immensely contributed to the clinical outcome of the ARV therapy. Assay methods are not only helping physicians in limiting the side effects and drug interactions but also assisting in monitoring patient’s compliance. </P><P> Conclusion: The present review revealed that HPLC has been the most widely used system irrespective of the availability of more sensitive chromatographic technique like UPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin B. Charbe
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Av. Vicuna McKenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Flavia C. Zacconi
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Av. Vicuna McKenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Nikhil Amnerkar
- Adv V. R. Manohar Institute of Diploma in Pharmacy, Wanadongri, Hingna Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441110, India
| | - B. Ramesh
- Sri Adichunchunagiri University, Sri Adichunchunagiri College of Pharmacy, BG Nagar, Karnataka 571418, India
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Ulster, Coleraine, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Universita di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Ganta KK, Chaubey B. Endoplasmic reticulum stress leads to mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in cells treated with anti-HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir. Cell Biol Toxicol 2018; 35:189-204. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-018-09451-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Metsu D, Seraissol P, Delobel P, Cinq-Frais C, Cuzin L, Izopet J, Chatelut E, Gandia P. Is the unbound concentration of atazanavir of interest in therapeutic drug monitoring? Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2016; 31:245-253. [PMID: 27664801 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To date, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is carried out with antiretrovirals and is usually based on total concentrations (Ct ). However, for some patients, TDM does not reflect efficacy or the avoidance of toxicity as is the case for atazanavir (ATV), a HIV protease inhibitor. As the unbound concentration (Cu ) is the pharmacological active form, the aim of the study was to evaluate the value of Cu and the unbound fraction (fu , fu = Cu /Ct ) for the TDM of ATV. The variability of Cu and the corresponding fu of ATV was explored in 43 patients treated with ATV for an average of 13.5 months. Cu was determined by coupling ultrafiltration and liquid chromatography. As ATV is highly bound to alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AAG), the correlation between fu and AAG was also evaluated. The viral load was monitored to evaluate the patients' virologic response, while total plasma bilirubin and unconjugated plasma bilirubin were used as biomarkers of ATV toxicity. Median trough Cu and Ct were 37.9 μg/L (Interquartile range (IQR) 20.6-94.9 μg/L) and 628.6 μg/L (IQR 362.7-1078.1 μg/L), respectively. fu , Cu and Ct showed high variability, but the fu variability was not correlated with the AAG level. The unbound concentration and fraction were unrelated to the virologic response (P = 0.21 and P = 0.65 for Cu and fu , respectively) nor to the unconjugated bilirubin (Pearson correlation coefficient (ρ), ρ = 0.22; P = 0.17 for Cu ). Neither total nor unbound concentrations of ATV fully explained hyperbilirubinaemia or virologic failure. From this study, we conclude that unbound ATV did not appear to be more relevant than Ct .
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Affiliation(s)
- David Metsu
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et de Toxicologie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie Purpan, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Toulouse, France.,Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole - CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, Midi-Pyrénées, France
| | - Patrick Seraissol
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et de Toxicologie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie Purpan, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Delobel
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Christel Cinq-Frais
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie Purpan, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Lise Cuzin
- COREVIH Midi-Pyrénées-Limousin, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie Purpan, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Toulouse, France
| | - Etienne Chatelut
- Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole - CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, Midi-Pyrénées, France
| | - Peggy Gandia
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et de Toxicologie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie Purpan, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Toulouse, France.,Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole - CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, Midi-Pyrénées, France
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Kigen G, Edwards G. Intracellular accumulation of Praziquantel in T lymphoblastoid cell lines, CEM (parental) and CEMVBL(P-gp-overexpressing). BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 17:37. [PMID: 27522191 PMCID: PMC4983413 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-016-0079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Praziquantel (PZQ) is an antihelminthic drug whose P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate specificity has not been conclusively characterized. We investigated its specificity by comparing its in vitro intracellular accumulation in CEM (parental), and CEMvbl cells which over express P-gp, a drug efflux transporter. Saquinavir (SQV), a known substrate of efflux transporters was used as control. Methods A reversed phase liquid chromatography method was developed to simultaneously quantify PZQ and SQV in cell culture media involving involved a liquid - liquid extraction followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography using a Hypurity C18 column and ultraviolet detection set at a wavelength of 215 nm. The mobile phase consisted of ammonium formate, acetonitrile and methanol (57:38:5 v/v). Separation was facilitated via isocratic elution at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min, with clozapine (CLZ) as internal standard. This was validated over the concentration range of 1.6 to 25.6 μM for all analytes. Intracellular accumulation of SQV in CEMvbl was significantly lower compared to that in CEM cells (0.1 ± 0.031 versus 0.52 ± 0.046, p = 0.03 [p <0.05]). Results Accumulation of PZQ in both cell lines cells were similar (0.05 ± 0.005 versus 0.04 ± 0.009, p = 0.4) suggesting that it is not a substrate of P-gp in CEM cells. In presence tariquidar, a known inhibitor of P-gp, the intracellular accumulation of SQV in CEMvbl cells increased (0.52 ± 0.068 versus 0.61 ± 0.102, p = 0.34 in CEM cells and 0.09 ± 0.015 versus 0.56 ± 0.089, p = 0.029 [p < 0.05] in CEMvbl cells). PZQ did not significantly affect the accumulation of SQV in either CEM (0.52 ± 0.068 versus 0.54 ± 0.061, p = 0.77), or in CEMvbl cells (0.09 ± 0.015 versus 0.1 ± 0.031, p = 0.89) cells compared to tariquidar, implying that PZQ is not an inhibitor of P-gp in CEMvbl cells. Conclusions PZQ is neither a substrate nor an inhibitor of the efflux drug transporter P-gp in T-lymphoblastoid cells, CEM and CEMvbl. We also report a simple, accurate and precise method for simultaneous quantification of PZQ and SQV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Kigen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Moi University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 4606, 30100, Eldoret, Kenya. .,Department Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.
| | - Geoffrey Edwards
- Department Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
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Ndolo SM, Sichilongo K, Massele A, Sepako E, Vento S. An Investigation of Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectral Attributes and Analytical Performance Characteristics of Tenofovir, Emtricitabine and Efavirenz in Human Plasma. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 40:49-57. [PMID: 26487641 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectral behavior and analytical performance characteristics of efavirenz (EFV), emtricitabine (EMT) and tenofovir (TFV), i.e., individual components of Atripla(®), were probed. This was followed by estimation of their analytical performance characteristics employing LC and a parallel direct infusion sample introduction procedure. Performance characteristics using both types of sample introduction procedures were compared. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), linearities, i.e., correlation coefficients of the calibration curves of EFV, EMT and TFV, ranged between 0.9300 and 0.9990 in the full scan, selected ion monitoring and mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (MS-MS) modes. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged between 0.5 and 11.6 µg/L. The lower limits of quantification (LLOQs) and the upper limits of quantification (ULOQs) were in the ranges of 0.9-23.2 and 1.6-38.7 µg/L, respectively. The LODs ranged between 0.8 and 114.7 µg/L. The LLOQs and the ULOQs were in the ranges of 1.6-29.4 and 2.7-49.0 µg/L, respectively. In the case of EMT, sodiated molecular ion at m/z 270 was used to adduce analytical performance characteristics from which lower detection limits were obtained compared with those in the literature where [M+H](+) at m/z 248 was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedireng M Ndolo
- Department of Science, Molepolole College of Education, P/Bag 008 Molepolole, Gaborone 00267, Botswana
| | - Kwenga Sichilongo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, PB UB00704, Gaborone 00267, Botswana
| | - Amos Massele
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, PB UB 00713, Gaborone 00267, Botswana
| | - Enoch Sepako
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, PB UB 00713, Gaborone 00267, Botswana
| | - Sandro Vento
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, PB UB 00713, Gaborone 00267, Botswana
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Bennetto-Hood C, Bryson YJ, Stek A, King JR, Mirochnick M, Acosta EP. Zidovudine, Lamivudine, and Nelfinavir Concentrations in Amniotic Fluid and Maternal Serum. HIV CLINICAL TRIALS 2015. [DOI: 10.1310/hct1001-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ramisetti NR, Nimmu NV, Challa GN. Ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by RP-HPLC determination of saquinavir in rat serum: application to pharmacokinetics. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:1874-80. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nageswara Rao Ramisetti
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Discovery Laboratory D215; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Tarnaka Hyderabad 500 607 India
| | - Narendra Varma Nimmu
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Discovery Laboratory D215; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Tarnaka Hyderabad 500 607 India
| | - Gangu Naidu Challa
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Discovery Laboratory D215; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Tarnaka Hyderabad 500 607 India
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Drug synergy of tenofovir and nanoparticle-based antiretrovirals for HIV prophylaxis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61416. [PMID: 23630586 PMCID: PMC3632578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of drug combinations has revolutionized the treatment of HIV but there is no equivalent combination product that exists for prevention, particularly for topical HIV prevention. Strategies to combine chemically incompatible agents may facilitate the discovery of unique drug-drug activities, particularly unexplored combination drug synergy. We fabricated two types of nanoparticles, each loaded with a single antiretroviral (ARV) that acts on a specific step of the viral replication cycle. Here we show unique combination drug activities mediated by our polymeric delivery systems when combined with free tenofovir (TFV). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles loaded with efavirenz (NP-EFV) or saquinavir (NP-SQV) were individually prepared by emulsion or nanoprecipitation techniques. Nanoparticles had reproducible size (d ∼200 nm) and zeta potential (-25 mV). The drug loading of the nanoparticles was approximately 7% (w/w). NP-EFV and NP-SQV were nontoxic to TZM-bl cells and ectocervical explants. Both NP-EFV and NP-SQV exhibited potent protection against HIV-1 BaL infection in vitro. The HIV inhibitory effect of nanoparticle formulated ARVs showed up to a 50-fold reduction in the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) compared to free drug. To quantify the activity arising from delivery of drug combinations, we calculated combination indices (CI) according to the median-effect principle. NP-EFV combined with free TFV demonstrated strong synergistic effects (CI50 = 0.07) at a 1∶50 ratio of IC50 values and additive effects (CI50 = 1.05) at a 1∶1 ratio of IC50 values. TFV combined with NP-SQV at a 1∶1 ratio of IC50 values also showed strong synergy (CI50 = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS ARVs with different physicochemical properties can be encapsulated individually into nanoparticles to potently inhibit HIV. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that combining TFV with either NP-EFV or NP-SQV results in pronounced combination drug effects, and emphasize the potential of nanoparticles for the realization of unique drug-drug activities.
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Rao RN, Vali RM, Raju SS. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric studies of indinavir sulphate and its forced degradation products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 74:101-10. [PMID: 23245240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Indinavir sulphate was subjected to forced degradation under hydrolysis (acidic, basic and neutral), oxidation, photolysis and thermal stress as prescribed by ICH guidelines. It was degraded under acidic, basic, neutral and oxidative stress conditions, while it was stable under other conditions. After degradation total eight degradation products were formed. The degradation products were identified and their separation was accomplished on Waters XTerra(®) C(18) column (250 mm × 4.6mm i.d., 5 μm) using 20mM ammonium actate:acetonitrile as (50:50, v/v) mobile phase in an isocratic elution mode by LC. The method was extended to LC-MS/MS for characterization of the degradation products and the fragmentation pathways were proposed. The proposed structures of degradation products were also confirmed by HRMS studies. No previous reports were found in the literature regarding the characterization of degradation products of indinavir sulphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nageswara Rao
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Discovery Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 607, India.
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14
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Kou H, Ye M, Fu Q, Han Y, Du X, Xie J, Zhu Z, Li T. Simultaneous quantification of lopinavir and ritonavir in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV detection. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2012; 55:321-7. [PMID: 22566088 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-012-4303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High performance liquid chromatography was coupled with UV detection for simultaneous quantification of lopinavir (LPV) and ritonavir (RTV) in human plasma. This assay was sensitive, accurate and simple, and only used 200 μL of plasma sample. Samples were liquid-liquid extracted, and diazepam was used as an internal standard. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 reversed-phase analytic column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (10 mmol L(-1), pH 4.80) (60:40, v/v). UV detection was conducted at 205 nm and the column oven was set at 40°C. Calibration curves were constructed between 0.5-20 μg mL(-1) for LPV and 0.05-5 μg mL(-1) for RTV. The relative standard deviations were 2.16%-3.20% for LPV and 2.12%-2.60% for RTV for intra-day analysis, and 2.34%-4.04% for LPV and 0.31%-4.94% for RTV for inter-day analysis. The accuracy was within 100%±10%. The mean extraction recoveries were 79.17%, 52.26% and 91.35% for RTV, LPV and diazepam, respectively. This method was successfully applied to human plasma samples from patients orally administered a salvage regimen of lopinavir-ritonavir tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Kou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences-Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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Bastiani E, Benedetti F, Berti F, Campaner P, Donadel E, Montagna M, Regazzi M, Rinaldi S, Savoini A, Venturini R. Development and evaluation of an immunoassay for the monitoring of the anti-HIV drug amprenavir. J Immunol Methods 2007; 325:35-41. [PMID: 17597142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An assay for routine therapeutic drug monitoring of anti-HIV HAART drugs in clinical use is highly desirable, in order to rapidly measure the pharmacokinetic parameters on single patients. We have started a project to develop a panel of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for the whole set of HAART drugs, and the development, performance and evaluation of the assay for amprenavir is described here. A diazo conjugate of amprenavir has been used in order to raise polyclonal anti-amprenavir antibodies in rabbits. Antisera have been used to set up a quantitative and rapid competitive assay. Plasma samples are simply diluted in the assay buffer after thermal inactivation, before running the assay. The assay allows the detection of amprenavir in the quantification range 400-5000 ng/ml, in a diluted plasma sample. The assay has been compared with an HPLC reference technique, on 27 samples from treated patients. Within the quantification range, the ELISA data are well correlated with the HPLC results by a regression line close to the identity, and a Bland-Altman analysis shows the agreement between the two methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Bastiani
- Biostrands s.r.l., via del Follatoio 12, I-34148 Trieste, Italy.
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16
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Marchei E, Pacifici R, Tossini G, Di Fava R, Valvo L, Zuccaro P. SIMULTANEOUS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF INDINAVIR, SAQUINAVIR, AND RITONAVIR IN HUMAN PLASMA WITH COMBINED ULTRAVIOLET ABSORBANCE AND ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100105144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Marchei
- a Istituto Superiore di Sanitá , Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Roberta Pacifici
- a Istituto Superiore di Sanitá , Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Gianna Tossini
- b Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive , RCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Di Fava
- a Istituto Superiore di Sanitá , Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Luisa Valvo
- a Istituto Superiore di Sanitá , Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, 00161, Italy
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17
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Yekkala R, Lei H, Hoogmartens J, Adams E. Evaluation of an International Pharmacopoeia method for the analysis of indinavir sulfate by liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 42:71-80. [PMID: 16503105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 01/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A gradient LC method for the determination of indinavir sulfate (IDV) and its impurities has been recently published in a consultation document of the International Pharmacopoeia, WHO Drug Information. The method uses a base-deactivated reversed-phase C18 column (25 cm x 4.6 mm i.d.), 5 microm kept at a temperature of 40 degrees C. The mobile phases consist of acetonitrile, phosphate buffer pH 7.5 and water. The flow rate is 1.0 ml/min. UV detection is performed at 220 nm. A system suitability test (SST) is described to govern the quality of the separation. The separation towards IDV components was investigated on 16 C18 columns and correlation was made with the column classification system developed in our laboratory. The method was evaluated using a Hypersil BDS C18 column (25 cm x 4.6 mm i.d.), 5 microm. A central composite design was applied to examine the robustness of the method. The method shows good precision, linearity, sensitivity and robustness. Six commercial samples were examined using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yekkala
- Laboratorium voor Farmaceutische Chemie en Analyse van Geneesmiddelen, Faculteit Farmaceutische Wetenschappen, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, O & N 2, Postbus 923, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Hamidi M. Simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method for the quantitation of indinavir in rat plasma and central nervous system. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:620-7. [PMID: 16605079 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive RP-HPLC method using UV detection (215 nm) was developed for the determination of indinavir concentrations in rat plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain tissue homogenates. Biological samples were processed using a combination of acid pretreatment and liquid-liquid extraction with verapamil used as the internal standard. This method produced a linear response throughout the indinavir concentration range of 0.05-30 microM in plasma and 0.05-2.5 microM in CSF and brain with a LOD of 12.5 nM for plasma and CSF, and 6.25 nM for brain homogenate. Due to its high sensitivity, this assay is particularly useful for the quantitative determination of indinavir concentrations in brain and CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Hamidi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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19
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Fletcher CV, Testa MA, Brundage RC, Chesney MA, Haubrich R, Acosta EP, Martinez A, Jiang H, Gulick RM. Four measures of antiretroviral medication adherence and virologic response in AIDS clinical trials group study 359. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 40:301-6. [PMID: 16249704 DOI: 10.1097/01.qai.0000180078.53321.6a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) 359 was a randomized, partially double-blinded factorial study of 6 antiretroviral regimens, all including saquinavir, among HIV-infected persons in whom prior therapy had failed (n = 258). Counts of remaining saquinavir capsules were determined between weeks 0 and 4; at weeks 4, 8, and 16, self-reported adherence was estimated from 2-day report of doses skipped, therapeutic coverage, and percent of doses taken were determined by electronic monitoring devices applied to saquinavir bottles, and the saquinavir 24-hour area under the curve (AUC) was estimated. Relationships were evaluated among these 4 adherence measures and the primary endpoint of week 16 HIV RNA change. Thirty percent of 254 subjects had HIV RNA < or =500 copies/mL at week 16. Only self-reported adherence and saquinavir AUC were significantly associated with week 16 HIV RNA change (P = 0.019 and 0.023, respectively), and these measures were higher in subjects with week 16 HIV RNA < or =500 copies/mL (P = 0.03 and 0.008, respectively). The ability to detect a correlation between electronically monitored adherence and virologic response was limited by the small sample size. Self-reported adherence and saquinavir AUC were significant predictors of virologic response, in this evaluation. These findings provide insight into methods of assessing and improving adherence to antiretroviral regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney V Fletcher
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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20
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Campbell TB, Shulman NS, Johnson SC, Zolopa AR, Young RK, Bushman L, Fletcher CV, Lanier ER, Merigan TC, Kuritzkes DR. Antiviral activity of lamivudine in salvage therapy for multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:236-42. [PMID: 15983922 DOI: 10.1086/430709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2004] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maximum suppression of virus replication is often not achievable for persons infected with multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Available data suggest that lamivudine contributes to partial viral suppression, despite the presence of M184V mutations and high-level phenotypic lamivudine resistance. METHODS Selective lamivudine withdrawal was studied in 6 subjects who had incomplete viral suppression during antiretroviral treatment for multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection. RESULTS Plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA increased to 0.5 log(10) copies/mL above baseline 6 weeks after the withdrawal of lamivudine treatment (P=.04), even though reversion of lamivudine resistance was not yet detected. Early increases in plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA after lamivudine withdrawal were associated with the presence of the T215Y/F mutation and broad phenotypic resistance to nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors at baseline. Genotypic and phenotypic reversion of lamivudine resistance was detected in 4 subjects 8-14 weeks after withdrawal of lamivudine therapy. The duration of lamivudine withdrawal ranged from 8 to 22 weeks; all subjects resumed lamivudine treatment. Plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA were 0.6 log(10) copies/mL above baseline (P=.03) when lamivudine therapy was resumed. After the resumption of lamivudine treatment, plasma HIV RNA levels decreased to baseline levels in 3 subjects but remained elevated in 3 subjects who had evolution of increased antiretroviral drug resistance during the period of lamivudine withdrawal. Safety concerns raised by this latter finding led to permanent closure of the study. CONCLUSIONS In select cases of multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection, lamivudine contributes to suppression of HIV-1 replication, despite the presence of M184V mutations and lamivudine resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Campbell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA.
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21
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Koal T, Burhenne H, Römling R, Svoboda M, Resch K, Kaever V. Quantification of antiretroviral drugs in dried blood spot samples by means of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:2995-3001. [PMID: 16193530 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
For the first time approved antiretroviral drugs, i.e. protease inhibitors (PI) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI), were quantified in dried blood spots (DBS) from HIV/AIDS patient whole blood samples as the basis for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) by a robust simultaneous liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method. This study included seven PI (amprenavir, nelfinavir, indinavir, lopinavir, saquinavir, ritonavir, atazanavir) and two NNRTI (nevirapine, efavirenz). LC/MS/MS coupling was realized using a Phenomenex Synergy Max RP LC column (150 x 2 mm, 4 micro) in combination with a tandem mass spectrometer (API 2000, Applied Biosystems/MDS Sciex Concord) operating in positive and negative multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with reserpine as internal standard. DBS samples were punched out and extracted with 50:50 MeOH/0.2 M ZnSO4 (v/v) as extraction reagent. The method performance data for the drugs in DBS like limits of detection (LOD, 8-70 ng/mL), lower limits of quantification (LLOQ, 41-102 ng/mL), linearity (R2, 0.9981-0.9999), linear concentration ranges (41-10.000 ng/mL), accuracies (92-113%), recoveries (62-94%), and ion suppression were investigated and are comparable to data obtained from human plasma, which is the current standard matrix for TDM of PI and NNRTI. In this case, off-line plasma sample preparation was performed by means of simple protein precipitation with 80:20 methanol/0.2 M ZnSO4 (v/v) as precipitation reagent. Significant correlations between real patient plasma and DBS were obtained for samples containing lopinavir, atazanavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, and efavirenz. DBS preparation as sampling alternative is well suited and practicable for TDM minimizing the high infection risk of HIV/AIDS samples and may facilitate sample mailing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Koal
- Medical School Hannover, Institute of Pharmacology, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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22
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Takahashi M, Yoshida M, Oki T, Okumura N, Suzuki T, Kaneda T. Conventional HPLC Method Used for Simultaneous Determination of the Seven HIV Protease Inhibitors and Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcription Inhibitor Efavirenz in Human Plasma. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:1286-90. [PMID: 15997115 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We developed a simple HPLC method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of seven HIV protease inhibitors: amprenavir (APV), atazanavir (ATV), indinavir (IDV), lopinavir (LPV), nelfinavir (NFV), ritonavir (RTV), saquinavir (SQV), and a nonnucleoside reverse transcription inhibitor, efavirenz (EFV). This method involves a rapid liquid-liquid drug extraction from plasma, the use of an isocratic elution on a reversed-phase C18 column, and an ultraviolet detection at a single wavelength (205 nm). The mobile phase consisted of 39% 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 5.9), 22% methanol and 39% acetonitrile. Forty-eight samples could be measured in one day since the runtime of one sample is 30 min. The assay has been validated over a concentration range of 0.05 to 12.20 microg/ml for APV, 0.09 to 12.05 microg/ml for ATV, 0.05 to 12.01 microg/ml for IDV, 0.12 to 12.36 microg/ml for LPV, 0.18 to 12.20 microg/ml for NFV, 0.12 to 12.33 microg/ml for RTV, 0.12 to 12.06 microg/ml for SQV, and 0.05 to 12.17 microg/ml for EFV. Calibration curves were linear in the described concentration ranges. The average accuracy ranged from 97.2 to 106.8%. Both the interday and intraday coefficients of variation for all drugs tested were less than 8.5%. This method provides a simple, accurate, and precise method for the therapeutic drug monitoring of the seven protease inhibitors and EFV in clinical routine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacy, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center (Tokai Area Central Hospital for AIDS Treatment and Research), Aichi, Japan
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23
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Droste JAH, Verweij-Van Wissen CPWGM, Burger DM. Simultaneous determination of the HIV drugs indinavir, amprenavir, saquinavir, ritonavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, the nelfinavir hydroxymetabolite M8, and nevirapine in human plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Ther Drug Monit 2003; 25:393-9. [PMID: 12766571 DOI: 10.1097/00007691-200306000-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of the currently available HIV protease inhibitors amprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, the active nelfinavir metabolite M8, and the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor nevirapine in human plasma is described. The method involved liquid-liquid extraction from plasma, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with an OmniSpher 5 C18 column and ultraviolet detection set at a wavelength of 215 nm for the protease inhibitors and 280 nm for nevirapine. The runtime was 25 minutes. The assay has been validated over the concentration range of 0.05 to 30 mg/L for indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir, 0.07 to 30 mg/L for amprenavir and lopinavir, and 0.05 to 15 mg/L for M8 and nevirapine. This method proved to be simple, accurate, and precise and is useful for the therapeutic drug monitoring of protease inhibitors and the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor nevirapine on a routine basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A H Droste
- Deparment of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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24
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Rentsch KM. Sensitive and specific determination of eight antiretroviral agents in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 788:339-50. [PMID: 12705974 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring of antiretroviral drugs has become more and more important. Therefore, a highly specific method is presented, which is capable of quantifying the different proteinase inhibitors (amprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (efavirenz, nelfinavir). The antiretroviral agents were separated and detected using LC-MS and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. After solid-phase extraction, the antiretrovirals were separated within 21 min using gradient elution. The calibration range of each drug was linear including the expected minimum and maximum concentrations measured in plasma after the administration of the different drugs. All within-day and between-day coefficients of variation were below 10% and the recovery rates were between 34.8 and 124%. The respective quantification limits were 1 microg/l (indinavir), 10 microg/l (amprenavir, efavirenz), 50 microg/l (saquinavir), 90 microg/l (nelfinavir), 200 microg/l (nevirapine, ritonavir) and 250 microg/l (lopinavir).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M Rentsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zürich, Switzerland.
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25
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Burhenne J, Riedel KD, Martin-Facklam M, Mikus G, Haefeli WE. Highly sensitive determination of saquinavir in biological samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 784:233-42. [PMID: 12505771 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A selective and sensitive method for the determination of the HIV protease inhibitor saquinavir in human plasma, saliva, and urine using liquid-liquid extraction and LC-MS-MS has been developed, validated, and applied to samples of a healthy individual. After extraction with ethyl acetate, sample extracts were chromatographed isocratically within 5 min on Kromasil RP-18. The drug was detected with tandem mass spectrometry in the selected reaction monitoring mode using an electrospray ion source and 2H(5)-saquinavir as internal standard. The limit of quantification was 0.05 ng/mL. The accuracy of the method varied between -1 and +10% (SD within-batch) and the precision ranged from +4 to +10% (SD batch-to-batch). The method is linear at least within 0.05 and 87.6 ng/mL. After a regular oral dose (600 mg) saquinavir concentrations were detectable for 48 h in plasma and were well correlated with saliva concentrations (r(2)=0.9348, mean saliva/plasma ratio 1:15.1). The method is well suited for low saquinavir concentrations in different matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Burhenne
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Bergheimer Strasse 58, University of Heidelberg, D-69115, Heidelberg, Germany.
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26
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Janoly A, Bleyzac N, Favetta P, Gagneu MC, Bourhis Y, Coudray S, Oger I, Aulagner G. Simple and rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method for nelfinavir, M8 nelfinavir metabolite, ritonavir and saquinavir assay in plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 780:155-60. [PMID: 12383491 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00465-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A simple reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method has been developed to determine protease inhibitors concentrations in plasma. Plasma samples (250 micro l) containing protease inhibitors were prepared by a simple deproteinization (recovery: 92, 91, 91 and 90.5% for ritonavir, saquinavir, nelfinavir and M8 nelfinavir metabolite, respectively). Chromatography was accomplished using a Hypersil octadecylsilyl column (100 x 4.6 mm I.D.) and a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran and dihydrogenophosphate buffer (pH 4) (32:10:58, v/v). Ultraviolet detection at 210 nm was used. The limit of detection was 200 ng/ml for ritonavir, saquinavir, nelfinavir and M8 nelfinavir metabolite. Calibration curves were linear up to 20000 ng/ml, with correlation coefficients better than 0.997 for all compounds. Intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation of the assay were <or=6% for all compounds. This method was used to analyse protease inhibitors plasma concentrations after oral administration within the framework of therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies in AIDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Janoly
- Pharmacy Department, Debrousse Hospital, 29 Rue Soeur Bouvier, 69005, Lyon, France
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27
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Tate JR, Badrick T, Koumantakis G, Potter JM, Hickman PE. Reporting of Cardiac Troponin Concentrations. Clin Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/48.11.2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jillian R Tate
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Queensland Health Pathology Service, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Tony Badrick
- Department of Biochemistry, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Indooroopilly, QLD 4068, Australia
| | | | - Julia M Potter
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Queensland Health Pathology Service, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD 4032, Australia
| | - Peter E Hickman
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Queensland Health Pathology Service, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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28
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Chi J, Jayewardene AL, Stone JA, Motoya T, Aweeka FT. Simultaneous determination of five HIV protease inhibitors nelfinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir and amprenavir in human plasma by LC/MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 30:675-84. [PMID: 12367693 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method has been developed to measure the levels of five HIV protease inhibitors nelfinavir (NFV), indinavir (IDV), ritonavir (RTV), saquinavir (SQV) and amprenavir (APV) in human plasma. The analytes and internal standard are isolated from plasma by a simple acetonitrile precipitation of plasma proteins followed by centrifugation. LC-MS-MS in positive mode used pairs of ions at m/z of 568.4/330.0, 614.3/421.2, 720.9/296.0, 671.1/570.2 and 505.9/245.0 for NFV, IDV, RTV, SQV and APV, respectively and 628/421 for the internal standard. Two 1/x weighted linear calibration curves for each analyte were established for quantitation with the low curve ranging from 5 to 1000 ng/ml and while the high curve ranging from 1000 to 10,000 ng/ml. Mean inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) over the ranges of the standard curves were less than 10%. The overall recovery of NFV, IDV, RTV, SQV and APV were 88.4, 91.4, 92.2, 88.9 and 87.6%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingduan Chi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Drug Research Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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29
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Tribut O, Arvieux C, Michelet C, Chapplain JM, Allain H, Bentué-Ferrer D. Simultaneous quantitative assay of six HIV protease inhibitors, one metabolite, and two non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in human plasma by isocratic reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Ther Drug Monit 2002; 24:554-62. [PMID: 12142642 DOI: 10.1097/00007691-200208000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A rapid (less than 30 min), sensitive, and specific liquid chromatography method for simultaneous assay of nine antiretroviral drugs in human plasma is described. This technique allows therapeutic drug monitoring of six approved protease inhibitors (amprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir) and two approved non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (efavirenz and nevirapine). Assays were performed after diethyl ether liquid-liquid extraction from 250-microL plasma samples. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an X-TERRA (Waters; Saint Quentin, France) column using a 58% water (with 3 mmol/L pyrrolidine) and 42% acetonitrile mobile phase. Three ultraviolet wavelengths were used for detection with a diode array detector. This method allowed quantitative assay of all nine antiretroviral drugs within a concentration range of 25 ng/mL to 9000 ng/mL. The method has been validated extensively and has been in routine use in our laboratory for several months for drug monitoring in plasma samples from patients treated with antiretroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Tribut
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Biologique, Hôpital de Pontchaillou, Rennes, France.
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30
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Akeb F, Ferrua B, Creminon C, Roptin C, Grassi J, Nevers MC, Guedj R, Garraffo R, Duval D. Quantification of plasma and intracellular levels of the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir by competitive ELISA. J Immunol Methods 2002; 263:1-9. [PMID: 12009199 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(02)00026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir (Norvir; ABT-578), currently used in combination with nucleoside analogs and other protease inhibitors in anti-HIV therapy, has previously been quantified by an HPLC procedure. Here, we report the first convenient one-step competitive ELISA for measuring plasma and intracellular ritonavir in HIV patients. Anti-ritonavir antibody was raised in rabbits using ritonavir-KLH conjugate as immunogen, and the enzymatic tracer was prepared by coupling the drug to acetylcholine esterase. Samples for analysis were first extracted with methanol. Bound/free separation was achieved in a microtiter plate previously coated with anti rabbit IgG monoclonal antibody. Fifty percent inhibition was observed at 1 ng/ml ritonavir and the method accurately and specifically detected as little as 3-4 ng/ml of plasma ritonavir as well as intracellular drug in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients undergoing ritonavir therapy. Within-run and day to day coefficients of variation were below 10% and the drugs currently used in HIV therapy did not interfere with the test. The ELISA was applied to the measurement of plasma ritonavir and to the determination of the extracellular/intracellular drug level ratios in HIV patients receiving long-term multidrug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Akeb
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, UMR CNRS 6001, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
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Mesplet N, Morin P, Agrofoglio LA. Concurrent analysis of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in a pool of endogenous nucleosides by short-end injection-capillary electrochromatography on a beta-cyclodextrin-bonded stationary phase. Electrophoresis 2002; 23:1263-71. [PMID: 12007125 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200205)23:9<1263::aid-elps1263>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
As part of our on-going study of the analysis of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) nucleosides, a capillary electrochromatography (CEC) method has been developed for the concurrent analysis of nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in a pool of endogenous nucleosides. Up to now, beta-cyclodextrin-bonded silica stationary phases have mainly been dedicated to the separation of enantiomers; however, these polysaccharides can be also be used in achiral way. This work aims at showing how CEC performed on a beta-cyclodextrin-bonded silica stationary phase can be used to concurrently resolve zidovudine (AZT), lamivudine (3TC), didanosine (ddA) and its administrated form (ddI), stavudine (d4T) and hivid (ddC) in a mixture of adenosine (A), cytidine (C), guanosine (G), thymidine (T) and uridine (U). The influence of several parameters (pH buffer, ionic strength, acetonitrile content, temperature and voltage) on both the retention times and the retention factors has been investigated using the short-end injection technique to achieve baseline separation in a short-time analysis before quantitation. Moreover, the retention factors of the charged solutes in short-end injection-CEC were calculated using theoretically derived equations, allowing for the actual voltage drop in the packed section of the semipacked CEC capillary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Mesplet
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France.
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32
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van Heeswijk RPG, Veldkamp AI, Mulder JW, Meenhorst PL, Lange JMA, Beijnen JH, Hoetelmans RMW. Combination of Protease Inhibitors for the Treatment of HIV-1-Infected Patients: A Review of Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Experience. Antivir Ther 2002. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350200600401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy, the combination of at least three different antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of HIV-1 infection, has greatly improved the prognosis for HIV-1-infected patients. The efficacy of a combination of a protease inhibitor (PI) plus two nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors has been well established over a period of up to 3 years. However, virological treatment failure has been reported in 40–60% of unselected patients within 1 year after initiation of a PI-containing regimen. This observation may, at least in part, be attributed to the poor pharmacokinetic characteristics of the PIs. Given as a single agent the PIs have several pharmacokinetic limitations; relatively short plasma-elimination half-lives and a modest and variable oral bioavailability, which is, for some of the PIs, influenced by food. To overcome these suboptimal pharmacokinetics, high doses (requiring large numbers of pills) must be ingested, often with food restrictions, which complicates patient adherence to the prescribed regimen. Positive drug–drug interactions increase the exposure to the PIs, allowing administration of lower doses at reduced dosing frequencies with less dietary restrictions. In addition to increasing the potency of an antiretroviral regimen, combinations of PIs may enhance patient adherence, both of which will contribute to a more durable suppression of viral replication. The favourable pharmacokinetics of PIs in combination are a result of interactions through cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) isoenzymes and, possibly, the multi-drug transporting P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Antiretroviral synergy between PIs and non-overlapping primary resistance patterns in the HIV-1 protease genome may further enhance the anti-retroviral potency and durability of combinations of PIs. Many combinations contain ritonavir because this PI has the most pronounced inhibiting effects on CYP3A4. The combination of saquinavir and ritonavir, both in a dose of 400 mg twice-a-day, is the most studied double PI combination, with clinical experience extending over 3 years. Combination of a PI with a low dose of ritonavir (≤400 mg/day), only to boost its pharmacokinetic properties, seems an attractive option for patients who cannot tolerate higher doses of ritonavir. A recently introduced PI, lopinavir, has been co-formulated with low-dose ritonavir, which allows for a convenient three-capsules, twice-a-day dosing regimen. In an attempt to prolong suppression of viral replication combinations of PIs are becoming increasingly popular. However, further clinical studies are needed to identify the optimal combinations for treatment of antiretroviral naive and experienced HIV-1-infected patients. This review covers combinations of saquinavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir and lopinavir with different doses of ritonavir, as well as the combinations of saquinavir and indinavir with nelfinavir.
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Affiliation(s)
- RPG van Heeswijk
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - AI Veldkamp
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - JW Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - PL Meenhorst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - JMA Lange
- National AIDS Therapy Evaluation Centre and Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - JH Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - RMW Hoetelmans
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Burleigh ME, Babaev VR, Oates JA, Harris RC, Gautam S, Riendeau D, Marnett LJ, Morrow JD, Fazio S, Linton MF. Cyclooxygenase-2 promotes early atherosclerotic lesion formation in LDL receptor-deficient mice. Circulation 2002; 105:1816-23. [PMID: 11956125 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000014927.74465.7f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis has features of an inflammatory disease. Because cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is expressed in atherosclerotic lesions and promotes inflammation, we tested the hypotheses that selective COX-2 inhibition would reduce early lesion formation in LDL receptor-deficient (LDLR-/-) mice and that macrophage COX-2 expression contributes to atherogenesis in LDLR-/- mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Treatment of male LDLR-/- mice fed the Western diet with rofecoxib or indomethacin for 6 weeks resulted in significant reductions in atherosclerosis in the proximal aorta (25% and 37%) and in the aorta en face (58% and 57%), respectively. Rofecoxib treatment did not inhibit platelet thromboxane production, a COX-1-mediated process, but it significantly reduced the urinary prostacyclin metabolite 2,3-dinor-6-keto-PGF1alpha. Fetal liver cell transplantation was used to generate LDLR-/- mice null for expression of the COX-2 gene by macrophages. After 8 weeks on the Western diet, COX-2-/- --> LDLR-/- mice developed significantly less (33% to 39%) atherosclerosis than control COX-2+/+ --> LDLR-/- mice. In both the inhibitor studies and the transplant studies, serum lipids did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS The present studies provide strong pharmacological and genetic evidence that COX-2 promotes early atherosclerotic lesion formation in LDLR-/- mice in vivo. These results support the potential of anti-inflammatory approaches to the prevention of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Burleigh
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn, USA
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34
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Campanero MA, Escolar M, Arangoa MA, Sádaba B, Azanza JR. Development of a chromatographic method for the determination of saquinavir in plasma samples of HIV patients. Biomed Chromatogr 2002; 16:7-12. [PMID: 11816005 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and reproducible high-performance liquid chromatographic method for detecting and quantifying saquinavir in human plasma is described. Verapamil was used as internal standard. The method employes a single liquid-liquid extraction step with tert-butil methyl ether followed by chromatography on a Lichrospher 60 Select B C8 reversed-phase column. Ultraviolet detection was used to identify the compounds of interest. The quantitation limit of saquinavir was 1 ng/mL and only 0.5 mL of plasma sample was required for the determination. The average saquinavir recoveries over a concentration range of 2.5-500 ng/mL ranged from 86 to 95%. Precision and accuracy did not exceed 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Campanero
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Clinica Universitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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35
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Abstract
A variety of medications are used in treating patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These medications are used to control viremia and to prevent and treat opportunistic infections. An individual is often required to take numerous drugs at the same time and thus clinicians are confronted with potential drug interactions, some of which are significant. Three different groups of anti-HIV drugs are used to treat patients. These groups include nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitors, and protease inhibitors. This article reviews the most relevant drug interactions that occur during the treatment of HIV-infected patients with traditional and also alternative drugs. The role of therapeutic drug monitoring in the routine management of HIV-infected patients is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dasgupta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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36
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Aarnoutse RE, Verweij-van Wissen CP, Underberg WJ, Kleinnijenhuis J, Hekster YA, Burger DM. High-performance liquid chromatography of HIV protease inhibitors in human biological matrices. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 764:363-84. [PMID: 11817038 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Methods for HPLC analysis of protease inhibitors (PIs) in human biological matrices were reviewed. Assays have been developed for analysis of single PIs or for simultaneous measurement of multiple PIs in plasma-serum, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid and semen. Liquid-liquid extraction was most often applied for sample pretreatment, but solid-phase extraction and protein precipitation were used as well. Reversed-phase or ion-pair chromatography have been used to separate PIs. Detection of PIs should be sensitive enough for quantitation of plasma concentrations below trough levels of single PIs, or below proposed therapeutic thresholds for PIs. The large majority of assays employs UV detection. As the potential for interferences is large, the selectivity of every method should be evaluated properly. The available high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods have been applied in clinical pharmacokinetic studies and for therapeutic drug monitoring of PIs. Participation in an interlaboratory quality control program is recommended for every laboratory engaged in the bioanalysis of PIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Aarnoutse
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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37
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Rapid high-performance liquid chromatography determination of lopinavir, a novel HIV-1 protease inhibitor, in human plasma. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Sarasa-Nacenta M, López-Púa Y, Mallolas J, Blanco JL, Gatell JM, Carné X. Simultaneous determination of the HIV-protease inhibitors indinavir, amprenavir, ritonavir, saquinavir and nelfinavir in human plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 757:325-32. [PMID: 11417878 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay has been developed for the simultaneous quantification of the HIV-protease inhibitors indinavir, amprenavir, ritonavir, saquinavir and nelfinavir in human plasma. The method involved the solid-phase extraction of the five drugs and the internal standard (I.S., verapamil) from 400 microl of human plasma. The HPLC analysis used a reversed-phase C18 analytical column and a mobile phase consisting of a gradient with 15 mM phosphate buffer (pH 5.75)-acetonitrile and UV monitoring. The method was linear over the therapeutic concentration range for the five HIV-protease inhibitors. The accuracy of the method ranged from 98.2 to 106.7% and the precision values ranged from 1.4 to 8.1% for intra-day precision and from 3.1 to 6.4% for the inter-day values.
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John L, Marra F, Ensom MH. Role of therapeutic drug monitoring for protease inhibitors. Ann Pharmacother 2001; 35:745-54. [PMID: 11408994 DOI: 10.1345/aph.10249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the role of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for protease inhibitors in the treatment of HIV infection. DATA SOURCES Primary articles were identified using MEDLINE (1966-October 2000), EMBASE (1987-October 2000), AIDSLINE (1980-October 2000), Current Contents, PubMed, and Medscape. Further articles were identified from bibliographic review of primary articles and review papers. Abstracts presented at the World AIDS Conference, Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, and Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections were also identified from 1997 to 2000. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION All English-language, prospective clinical trials, as well as selected retrospective studies and case series, pertaining to therapeutic drug monitoring of protease inhibitors were included. DATA SYNTHESIS A number of clinical studies have found a good relationship between concentration and pharmacologic response and/or toxicity as well as wide interpatient variability in the pharmacokinetics of protease inhibitors. There also is some preliminary evidence of the usefulness of plasma drug concentrations to guide dosage adjustments of protease inhibitors in patients with liver dysfunction. Furthermore, there is preliminary evidence of a relationship between drug concentrations and resistance. CONCLUSIONS A number of clinical studies support the usefulness of TDM of protease inhibitors. However, before TDM can be of the most value, further evaluation requires simplified and standardized assays to be performed routinely by clinical laboratories; determination of the appropriate target concentration and therapeutic range, as well as the best predictor of pharmacologic response; and refined interpretation of plasma drug concentrations. Randomized, controlled clinical trials of patient outcomes are needed to assess the clinical utility of TDM for protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L John
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Simon VA, Thiam MD, Lipford LC. Determination of serum levels of thirteen human immunodeficiency virus-suppressing drugs by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2001; 913:447-53. [PMID: 11355843 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)01092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two high-performance liquid chromatographic methods using UV detection are presented for the determination of two different groups (A and B) of drugs used in the suppression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Group A is comprised of six nucleosidic reverse transcriptase inhibitors, viz. zalcitabine, lamivudine, stavudine, didanosine, zidovudine and ziagen. Group B consists of seven drugs four of which are protease inhibitors (PIs) and three of which are non-nucleosidic reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). The PIs are: indinavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir and ritonavir. The NNRTIs are: nevirapine, delavirdine and efavirenz. Groups A and B require separate aliquots of serum for extraction and must be chromatographed separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Simon
- Department of Health, State of Florida, Jacksonville 32202, USA
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41
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Fletcher CV, Acosta EP, Cheng H, Haubrich R, Fischl M, Raasch R, Mills C, Hu XJ, Katzenstein D, Remmel RP, Gulick RM. Competing drug-drug interactions among multidrug antiretroviral regimens used in the treatment of HIV- infected subjects: ACTG 884. AIDS 2000; 14:2495-501. [PMID: 11101060 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200011100-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the steady state concentrations of saquinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, delavirdine, and adefovir in six different three- and four-drug combination regimens. DESIGN Randomized, partially double-blinded, multicenter study in a population of indinavir-experienced subjects with virologic failure. The first seven subjects enrolled in each of the six treatment arms from 10 participating sites were entered into this pharmacokinetic evaluation. SETTING Multicenter study of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG). PATIENTS HIV-infected subjects. INTERVENTIONS A 12-hour pharmacokinetic study was conducted after 2 weeks of drug administration. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Area under the concentration-time curve with statistical comparisons to evaluate the effect of the second protease inhibitor and the effect of the non-protease inhibitors. RESULTS There was no difference in saquinavir concentrations according to whether the second protease inhibitor was ritonavir or nelfinavir. Saquinavir concentrations in the groups receiving the combination of delavirdine plus adefovir dipivoxil were reduced by approximately 50% compared with those receiving delavirdine. Delavirdine concentrations were reduced by approximately 50%, in the delavirdine plus adefovir dipivoxil arms compared with the delavirdine arms. CONCLUSIONS Saquinavir concentrations were significantly lower in the arms containing the combination of delavirdine and adefovir dipivoxil compared with the arms containing delavirdine. Delavirdine concentrations were significantly lower when coadministered with adefovir dipivoxil. These drug-drug interactions were not expected, the mechanism(s) is (are) not clear, and additional studies are warranted. This study illustrates the need to understand more fully the pharmacokinetic characteristics of complex combination antiretroviral regimens prior to use in patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Fletcher
- University of Minnesota, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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