1
|
Yang-Jensen KC, Jørgensen SM, Chuang CY, Davies MJ. Modification of extracellular matrix proteins by oxidants and electrophiles. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1199-1217. [PMID: 38778764 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical to biological architecture and determines cellular properties, function and activity. In many situations it is highly abundant, with collagens and elastin being some of the most abundant proteins in mammals. The ECM comprises of multiple different protein species and sugar polymers, with both different isoforms and post-translational modifications (PTMs) providing a large variety of microenvironments that play a key role in determining tissue structure and health. A number of the PTMs (e.g. cross-links) present in the ECM are critical to integrity and function, whereas others are deleterious to both ECM structure and associated cells. Modifications induced by reactive oxidants and electrophiles have been reported to accumulate in some ECM with increasing age. This accumulation can be exacerbated by disease, and in particular those associated with acute or chronic inflammation, obesity and diabetes. This is likely to be due to higher fluxes of modifying agents in these conditions. In this focused review, the role and effects of oxidants and other electrophiles on ECM are discussed, with a particular focus on the artery wall and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Modifications generated on ECM components are reviewed, together with the effects of these species on cellular properties including adhesion, proliferation, migration, viability, metabolic activity, gene expression and phenotype. Increasing data indicates that ECM modifications are both prevalent in human and mammalian tissues and play an important role in disease development and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen C Yang-Jensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara M Jørgensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Y Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dong WC, Guo JL, Xu L, Jiang XH, Chang CH, Jiang Y, Zhang YZ. Impact of homocysteine on acute ischemic stroke severity: possible role of aminothiols redox status. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:175. [PMID: 38789928 PMCID: PMC11127353 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-024-03681-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is one of the most common cerebrovascular diseases which accompanied by a disruption of aminothiols homeostasis. To explore the relationship of aminothiols with neurologic impairment severity, we investigated four aminothiols, homocysteine (Hcy), cysteine (Cys), cysteinylglycine (CG) and glutathione (GSH) in plasma and its influence on ischemic stroke severity in AIS patients. METHODS A total of 150 clinical samples from AIS patients were selected for our study. The concentrations of free reduced Hcy (Hcy), own oxidized Hcy (HHcy), free reduced Cys (Cys), own oxidized Cys (cysteine, Cyss), free reduced CG (CG) and free reduced GSH (GSH) were measured by our previously developed hollow fiber centrifugal ultrafiltration (HFCF-UF) method coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The concentration ratio of Hcy to HHcy (Hcy/HHcy), Cys to Cyss (Cys/Cyss) were also calculated. The neurologic impairment severity of AIS was evaluated using National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). The Spearman correlation coefficient and logistic regression analysis was used to estimate and perform the correlation between Hcy, HHcy, Cys, Cyss, CG, GSH, Hcy/HHcy, Cys/Cyss and total Hcy with NIHSS score. RESULTS The reduced Hcy and Hcy/HHcy was both negatively correlated with NIHSS score in AIS patients with P = 0.008, r=-0.215 and P = 0.002, r=-0.249, respectively. There was no significant correlation of Cys, CG, GSH, HHcy, Cyss, Cys/Cyss and total Hcy with NIHSS score in AIS patients with P value > 0.05. CONCLUSIONS The reduced Hcy and Hcy/HHcy, not total Hcy concentration should be used to evaluate neurologic impairment severity of AIS patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chong Dong
- The School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94# Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jia-Liang Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, 139# Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xin-Hui Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aerospace Central Hospital, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cheng-Hao Chang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department of the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Ye Jiang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, 361# East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Ying-Ze Zhang
- The School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94# Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hebei Medical University Third Hospital, 139# Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ivanov AV, Popov MA, Aleksandrin V, Pudova PA, Galdobina MP, Metelkin AA, Kruglova MP, Maslennikov RA, Silina EV, Stupin VA, Kubatiev AA. Simultaneous determination of cystine and other free aminothiols in blood plasma using capillary electrophoresis with pH-mediated stacking. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:411-419. [PMID: 38084469 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
We developed a method of sensitive capillary electrophoresis using UV detection for the determination of certain free aminothiols (reduced cysteinylglycine (rCysGly), cysteine (rCys), glutathione (rGln), and cystine (CysS) in human blood plasma. The reduced thiols were derivatized with N-ethylmaleimide. The plasma was purified from proteins via ultrafiltration. Electrophoretic separation was performed using 115 mM Na phosphate with 7.5% (v/v) polyethylene glycol 600, pH 2.3. The in-capillary concentration of the analytes was achieved with a pH gradient created via the preinjection of triethanolamine and postinjection of phosphoric acid. The separation was carried out using a silica capillary (50 µm i.d.; total/effective separation length 42/35 cm) at a 25 kV voltage. The total analysis/regeneration time was 18 min. The quantification limits varied from 1.3 µM (rCysGly) to 5.4 µM (CysS). The accuracy was 95%-99%, and the repeatability and reproducibility were approximately 1.8%-3.8% and 1.9%-5.0%, respectively. An analysis of plasma samples from healthy volunteers (N = 41) showed that the mean levels of rCysGly, rCys, rGln, and CysS were 1.64, 10.6, 2.58, and 46.2 µM, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Vladimirovich Ivanov
- Department of Molecular and Cell Pathophysiology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution 'Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology', Moscow, Russia
| | | | - ValeryVasil'evich Aleksandrin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Pathophysiology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution 'Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology', Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina Alexandrovna Pudova
- Department of Molecular and Cell Pathophysiology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution 'Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology', Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Pavlovna Galdobina
- Department of Molecular and Cell Pathophysiology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution 'Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology', Moscow, Russia
| | - Arkady Andreevich Metelkin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Pathophysiology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution 'Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology', Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Petrovna Kruglova
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ekaterina Vladimirovna Silina
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Aslan Amirkhanovich Kubatiev
- Department of Molecular and Cell Pathophysiology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution 'Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology', Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ivanov AV, Popov MA, Metelkin AA, Aleksandrin VV, Agafonov EG, Kruglova MP, Silina EV, Stupin VA, Maslennikov RA, Kubatiev AA. Influence of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts on Blood Aminothiols in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Metabolites 2023; 13:743. [PMID: 37367901 PMCID: PMC10305081 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) and the coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) are associated with a decreased blood glutathione (bGSH) level. Since GSH metabolism is closely related to other aminothiols (homocysteine and cysteine) and glucose, the aim of this study was to reveal the associations of bGSH with glucose and plasma aminothiols in CAD patients (N = 35) before CABG and in the early postoperative period. Forty-three volunteers with no history of cardiovascular disease formed the control group. bGSH and its redox status were significantly lower in CAD patients at admission. CABG had no significant effect on these parameters, with the exception of an increase in the bGSH/hemoglobin ratio. At admission, CAD patients were characterized by negative associations of homocysteine and cysteine with bGSH. All these associations disappeared after CABG. An association was found between an increase in oxidized GSH in the blood in the postoperative period and fasting glucose levels. Thus, CAD is associated with the depletion of the intracellular pool and the redox status of bGSH, in which hyperhomocysteinemia and a decrease in the bioavailability of the extracellular pool of cysteine play a role. The present study indicates that CABG causes disruptions in aminothiol metabolism and induces the synthesis of bGSH. Moreover, glucose becomes an important factor in the dysregulation of GSH metabolism in CABG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Vladimirovich Ivanov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltiyskaya St., 8, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.M.); (V.V.A.); (M.P.K.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Mikhail Aleksandrovich Popov
- Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute n.a. M.F. Vladimirskiy, Shchepkin St., 61/2, 129110 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.P.); (E.G.A.); (R.A.M.)
| | - Arkady Andreevich Metelkin
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltiyskaya St., 8, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.M.); (V.V.A.); (M.P.K.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Valery Vasil’evich Aleksandrin
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltiyskaya St., 8, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.M.); (V.V.A.); (M.P.K.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Evgeniy Gennad’evich Agafonov
- Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute n.a. M.F. Vladimirskiy, Shchepkin St., 61/2, 129110 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.P.); (E.G.A.); (R.A.M.)
| | - Maria Petrovna Kruglova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltiyskaya St., 8, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.M.); (V.V.A.); (M.P.K.); (A.A.K.)
- Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya St., 8, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ekaterina Vladimirovna Silina
- Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya St., 8, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Victor Aleksandrovich Stupin
- Department of Hospital Surgery No. 1, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova St., 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ruslan Andreevich Maslennikov
- Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute n.a. M.F. Vladimirskiy, Shchepkin St., 61/2, 129110 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.P.); (E.G.A.); (R.A.M.)
| | - Aslan Amirkhanovich Kubatiev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltiyskaya St., 8, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.M.); (V.V.A.); (M.P.K.); (A.A.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ivanov AV, Popov MA, Aleksandrin VV, Kozhevnikova LM, Moskovtsev AA, Kruglova MP, Vladimirovna SE, Aleksandrovich SV, Kubatiev AA. Determination of glutathione in blood via capillary electrophoresis with pH-mediated stacking. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1859-1870. [PMID: 35833250 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A new approach has been developed for the direct determination of reduced (glutathione [GSH]) and oxidized (glutathione disulfide [GSSG]) GSH in whole blood by means of capillary electrophoresis. Its features include GSH-stabilizing sample preparation, the use of an internal standard, and pH-mediated stacking. Blood stabilized with acid citrate and K3 EDTA was treated with acetonitrile with N-ethylmaleimide, and then the analytes were extracted with diethyl ether. The total analysis time was 8 min using a 50-µm (i.d.) by 32.5-cm (eff. length) silica capillary. The background electrolyte was 0.075-M citrate Na pH 5.8 with 200-µM cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and 5-µM sodium dodecyl sulfate, and the separation voltage was -14 kV. The quantification limit (S/N = 15) of the method was 1.5 µM for GSSG. The accuracy levels of GSH and GSSG analysis were 104% and 103%, respectively, and between-run precision levels were 2.6% and 3.2%, respectively. Analysis of blood samples from healthy volunteers (N = 24) showed that the levels of GSH and GSSG and the GSH/GSSG ratio in the whole blood were 1.05 ± 0.14 mM, 3.9 ± 1.25 µM, and 256 ± 94, respectively. Thus, the presented approach can be used in clinical and laboratory practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Petrovna Kruglova
- Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Silina Ekaterina Vladimirovna
- Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Aslan Amirkhanovich Kubatiev
- Department of Molecular and Cell Pathophysiology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ivanov AV, Maksimova MY, Nikiforova KA, Ochtova FR, Suanova ET, Alexandrin VV, Kruglova MP, Piradov MA, Kubatiev AA. Plasma glutathione as a risk marker for the severity and functional outcome of acute atherothrombotic and cardioembolic stroke. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-022-00452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Glutathione (GSH) is a major intracellular thiol-containing antioxidant. We tried to determine whether blood plasma GSH level is a marker for the severity of the two subtypes of acute stroke (large-artery atherosclerosis, LA and cardioembolic, CE). Forty-three patients with LA and 36 patients with CE aged 65 (47–82) years were included in the study. Thirty-one patients with cerebral microangiopathy were included for comparison. Total (t) and reduced (r) GSH levels were determined at admission. Neurological deficit was assessed by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) on the first day, functional outcome and independence were assessed by the modified Rankin scale (mRs) and Bartel index (BI), respectively, after 21 days.
Results
The tGSH and rGSH levels in acute stroke were significantly lower than cerebral microangiopathy patients. Low tGSH (≤ 1.45 μM) and rGSH (≤ 30 nM) levels were risk markers for stroke severity at admission (NIHSS > 10) in patients with LA: age and gender adjusted odds ratio (AOR) was 4.95, 95% coincidence interval (CI) 1.31–18.7, AOR = 9.141, CI 1.84–45.3 for t- and rGSH, respectively. A low level of rGSH (≤ 30 nM) was found as risk marker for functional independence (BI ≤ 60: AOR = 15.9, CI 2.22–114.2) in patients with LA. Low tGSH level (≤ 1.1 μM) was associated with the reduction of poor outcome risk (mRs > 2: AOR = 0.154, CI 0.029–0.809) in CE group.
Conclusions
Low t- and rGSH levels may be considered potential risk markers for severity and insufficient functional independence in LA. Conversely, low tGSH level reduce the risk of poor stroke outcome only for CE.
Collapse
|
7
|
Pavão ML, Ferin R, Lima A, Baptista J. Cysteine and related aminothiols in cardiovascular disease, obesity and insulin resistance. Adv Clin Chem 2022; 109:75-127. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
8
|
D’Angelo P, Barra M, Lombari P, Coppola A, Vurro D, Tarabella G, Marasso SL, Borriello M, Chianese F, Perna AF, Cassinese A, Ingrosso D. Homocysteine Solution-Induced Response in Aerosol Jet Printed OECTs by Means of Gold and Platinum Gate Electrodes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11507. [PMID: 34768938 PMCID: PMC8584102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a non-protein, sulfur-containing amino acid, which is recognized as a possible risk factor for coronary artery and other pathologies when its levels in the blood exceed the normal range of between 5 and 12 μmol/L (hyperhomocysteinemia). At present, standard procedures in laboratory medicine, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), are commonly employed for the quantitation of total Hcy (tHcy), i.e., the sum of the protein-bound (oxidized) and free (homocystine plus reduced Hcy) forms, in biological fluids (particularly, serum or plasma). Here, the response of Aerosol Jet-printed organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), in the presence of either reduced (free) and oxidized Hcy-based solutions, was analyzed. Two different experimental protocols were followed to this end: the former consisting of gold (Au) electrodes' biothiol-induced thiolation, while the latter simply used bare platinum (Pt) electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis was performed both to validate the gold thiolation protocol and to gain insights into the reduced Hcy sensing mechanism by the Au-gated OECTs, which provided a final limit of detection (LoD) of 80 nM. For the OECT response based on Platinum gate electrodes, on the other hand, a LoD of 180 nM was found in the presence of albumin-bound Hcy, with this being the most abundant oxidized Hcy-form (i.e., the protein-bound form) in physiological fluids. Despite the lack of any biochemical functionalization supporting the response selectivity, the findings discussed in this work highlight the potential role of OECT in the development of low-cost point-of-care (POC) electronic platforms that are suitable for the evaluation, in humans, of Hcy levels within the physiological range and in cases of hyperhomocysteinemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale D’Angelo
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, I 43124 Parma, Italy; (P.D.); (D.V.); (S.L.M.)
| | - Mario Barra
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Dipartimento di Fisica “Ettore Pancini”, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Lombari
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.L.); (A.C.); (M.B.); (D.I.)
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via Via Pansini, Bldg., 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annapaola Coppola
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.L.); (A.C.); (M.B.); (D.I.)
| | - Davide Vurro
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, I 43124 Parma, Italy; (P.D.); (D.V.); (S.L.M.)
| | | | - Simone Luigi Marasso
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, I 43124 Parma, Italy; (P.D.); (D.V.); (S.L.M.)
| | - Margherita Borriello
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.L.); (A.C.); (M.B.); (D.I.)
| | - Federico Chianese
- Physics Department, University of Naples “Federico II”, P.le Tecchio, 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Alessandra F. Perna
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via Via Pansini, Bldg., 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Cassinese
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Dipartimento di Fisica “Ettore Pancini”, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;
- Physics Department, University of Naples “Federico II”, P.le Tecchio, 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;
- Istututo Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli, P.le Tecchio, 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Diego Ingrosso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (P.L.); (A.C.); (M.B.); (D.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A simple and accurate HFCF-UF method for the analysis of homocysteine, cysteine, cysteinyl-glycine, and glutathione in human blood. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6225-6237. [PMID: 34406463 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The presence of reduced aminothiols, including homocysteine (Hcy), cysteine (Cys), cysteinyl-glycine (CG), and glutathione (GSH), is significantly increased in the pathological state. However, there have been no reports on the relationship between reduced aminothiols (Hcy, Cys, CG, and GSH) and different genders, ages, and drug combinations in human blood. The accurate quantification of these reduced thiols in biological fluids is important for monitoring some special pathological conditions of humans. However, the published methods typically not only require cumbersome and technically challenging processing procedures to ensure reliable measurements, but are also laborious and time-consuming, which may disturb the initial physiological balance and lead to inaccurate results. We developed a hollow fiber centrifugal ultrafiltration (HFCF-UF) method for sample preparation coupled with a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method and used it to determine four reduced aminothiols (Hcy, Cys, CG, and GSH) in human blood for the first time. A total of 96 clinical patients were enrolled in our study. The influence of different genders, ages, and drug combinations on the levels of four reduced thiols in human blood was also discussed by SPSS 24.0. The sample preparation was simplified to a single 5 min centrifugation step in a sealed system that did not disturb the physiological environment. The validation parameters for the methodological results were excellent. The procedure was successfully applied to monitoring the concentrations of four reduced aminothiols (Hcy, Cys, CG, and GSH) in 96 clinical blood samples. There were no significant differences in Hcy, Cys, CG, or GSH for the different genders, ages, or combinations with methotrexate or vancomycin (P > 0.05). However, there was a significant increase in Hcy concentration in patients treated with valproic acid who were diagnosed with epilepsy (p=0.0007). It is advisable to measure reduced Hcy level in patients taking valproic acid. The developed HFCF-UF method was simple and accurate. It can be easily applied in clinical research to evaluate oxidative stress in further study.
Collapse
|
10
|
Maksimova MY, Ivanov AV, Virus ED, Nikiforova KA, Ochtova FR, Suanova ET, Kruglova MP, Piradov MA, Kubatiev AA. Impact of glutathione on acute ischemic stroke severity and outcome: possible role of aminothiols redox status. Redox Rep 2021; 26:117-123. [PMID: 34236283 PMCID: PMC8276653 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2021.1952819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Acute brain ischemia is accompanied by a disruption of low-molecular-weight aminothiols (LMWTs) homeostasis, such as homocysteine (Hcy), cysteine (Cys), and glutathione (GSH). We investigated the redox balance of LMWTs in blood plasma and its influence on ischemic stroke severity and the functional outcome in patients with an acute period. Patients and methods A total of 177 patients were examined. Total and reduced forms of LMWTs were determined in the first 10–24 h. Stroke severity and functional state were estimated using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and the modified Rankin Scale (mRs) at admission and after 21 days. Results Patients with high levels of total Hcy (> 19 μM) showed significantly reduced redox statuses of all LMWTs. Patients with low total GSH levels (≤ 1.07 μM) were at an increased risk of higher stroke severity (NIHSS > 10) compared to patients with a total GSH level > 2.64 μM (age/gender-adjusted odds ratio: 4.69, 95% CI: 1.43–15.4). Discussion (1) low total GSH level can be considered as a novel risk marker for the severity of acute stroke in conditions of low redox status of LMWTs and (2) high Hcy levels associated with low redox status of LMWTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Vladimirovich Ivanov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathophysiology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Edward Danielevich Virus
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathophysiology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenya Alexandrovna Nikiforova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathophysiology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Maria Petrovna Kruglova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Aslan Amirkhanovich Kubatiev
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathophysiology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia.,Russian Medical Academy of Postdoctoral Education, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
IVANOV AV, NIKIFOROVA KA, BULGAKOVA PO, VIRUS ED, KUBATIEV AA. Determination of Blood Plasma Aminothiols Using Derivatization-enhanced Capillary Transient Isotachophoresis. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:505-508. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.17n036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. IVANOV
- Department of Molecular and Cell Pathophysiology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology”
| | - Ksenya A. NIKIFOROVA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Pathophysiology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology”
| | - Polina O. BULGAKOVA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Pathophysiology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology”
| | - Edward D. VIRUS
- Department of Molecular and Cell Pathophysiology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology”
| | - Aslan A. KUBATIEV
- Department of Molecular and Cell Pathophysiology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology”
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Giustarini D, Galvagni F, Colombo G, Dalle-Donne I, Milzani A, Aloisi AM, Rossi R. Determination of protein thiolation index (PTI) as a biomarker of oxidative stress in human serum. Anal Biochem 2017; 538:38-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
13
|
Ivanov AV, Alexandrin VV, Paltsyn AA, Nikiforova KA, Virus ED, Luzyanin BP, Maksimova MY, Piradov MA, Kubatiev AA. Plasma low-molecular-weight thiol/disulphide homeostasis as an early indicator of global and focal cerebral ischaemia. Redox Rep 2017; 22:460-466. [PMID: 28393660 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2017.1311464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have shown that cerebral ischaemia causes not only local, but also systemic oxidative stress. This leads to oxidation of thiol-containing compounds, including low-molecular-weight thiols (cysteine, glutathione, homocysteine and others). Therefore, the aim of this work was to verify the hypothesis that the thiol/disulphide homeostasis of low-molecular-weight thiols is disturbed in the early stages of cerebral ischaemia. METHODS Two experimental rat models of ischaemia were used: a global model of vascular ischaemia (clamping the common carotid arteries + haemorrhage) and focal ischaemia (middle cerebral artery occlusion). The total levels of thiols and their reduced forms were measured before surgery and after 40 minutes of reperfusion (global) or 3 hours (focal) ischaemia. RESULTS The global ischaemia model caused a marked (2.5-4 times, P < 0.01) decrease in the plasma thiol/disulphide redox state, and focal ischaemia caused an even larger decrease (30-80 times, P < 0.001). DISCUSSION These results suggest that plasma low-molecular-weight thiols are actively involved in oxidation reactions at early stages of cerebral ischaemia; therefore, their reduced forms or redox state may serve as a sensitive indicator of acute cerebrovascular insufficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Vladimirovich Ivanov
- a Department of Molecular and Cell Pathophysiology , Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution 'Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology' , Moscow , Russia
| | - Valery Vasil'evich Alexandrin
- a Department of Molecular and Cell Pathophysiology , Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution 'Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology' , Moscow , Russia
| | - Alexander Alexandrovich Paltsyn
- a Department of Molecular and Cell Pathophysiology , Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution 'Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology' , Moscow , Russia
| | - Ksenya Alexandrovna Nikiforova
- a Department of Molecular and Cell Pathophysiology , Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution 'Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology' , Moscow , Russia
| | - Edward Danielevich Virus
- a Department of Molecular and Cell Pathophysiology , Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution 'Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology' , Moscow , Russia
| | - Boris Petrovich Luzyanin
- a Department of Molecular and Cell Pathophysiology , Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution 'Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology' , Moscow , Russia
| | | | | | - Aslan Amirkhanovich Kubatiev
- a Department of Molecular and Cell Pathophysiology , Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution 'Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology' , Moscow , Russia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mukherjee AK, Manna SK, Roy SK, Chakraborty M, Das S, Naskar JP. Plasma-aminothiols status and inverse correlation of total homocysteine with B-vitamins in arsenic exposed population of West Bengal, India. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2016; 51:962-973. [PMID: 27336853 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1191816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic arsenic toxicity is a serious environmental health problem across the world. Bangladesh and India (particularly the state of West Bengal) are the worst affected countries with such problem. The present study reports plasma-aminothiols (p-aminothiols) like L-cysteine (L-Cys), cysteinyl glycine (Cys-gly), total homocysteine (t-Hcy) and glutathione (GSH) status, and the inverse relationship of t-Hcy with B-vitamins (B1, B6, B9 and B12) in arsenic exposed population of West Bengal, India. Reverse phase HPLC was used to measure p-aminothiols and serum B-vitamins in different arsenic exposed population. Arsenic in drinking water and urine were measured by flow injection analysis system - Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FIAS-AAS) and Transversely heated graphite atomizer (THGA-AAS) techniques, respectively. Water arsenic exposure was >50 µg/L in 50% population, of which majority (33.58%) belong to the range of >50-500 µg/L and more than 8% were even >1000 µg/L. Urine arsenic (µg/g creatinine) levels increased with arsenic exposure. The variability among p-aminothiols was also observed with higher exposure to arsenic in drinking water. A significant difference between exposed and control population was noticed for plasma L-Cys. The difference of B-vitamins between the population exposed to <50 and >50 µg/L arsenic in drinking water was also found to be significant. B9 and B12 deficiency with increased consumption of arsenic in water corroborates the anemic conditions commonly observed among arsenic exposed population. The aminothiol status indicated oxidative stress in exposed population. This study demonstrated progressive increase in plasma t-Hcy as well as inverse relationships of serum B-vitamins with increased water arsenic concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashit K Mukherjee
- a Regional Occupational Health Centre (Eastern), Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata , India
| | - Sujoy K Manna
- a Regional Occupational Health Centre (Eastern), Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata , India
| | - Sanjit K Roy
- a Regional Occupational Health Centre (Eastern), Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata , India
| | - Manisha Chakraborty
- a Regional Occupational Health Centre (Eastern), Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata , India
| | - Surajit Das
- a Regional Occupational Health Centre (Eastern), Indian Council of Medical Research, Kolkata , India
| | - Jnan P Naskar
- b Department of Chemistry , Jadavpur University , Kolkata , India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sobol AB, Bald E, Loba J. Fractions of Total Plasma Homocysteine in Patients with Ischemic Stroke Before the Age of 55 Years. Angiology 2016; 56:201-9. [PMID: 15793609 DOI: 10.1177/000331970505600210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism responsible for the association between elevated circulating homocysteine levels and ischemic stroke remains unclear. Therefore, the authors assessed total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) and its fractions (free [fHcy] and protein-bound [bHcy] homocysteine) in patients with ischemic stroke before the age of 55 years. Fifty patients (23 men, mean age 46.8 ±7.6 years) with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attacks, with symptoms lasting <72 hours were enrolled. In this group: 32 (64%) patients had hypertension; 12 (24%), ischemic heart disease (IHD); and 20 (40%), type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). The control group consisted of 30 matched healthy individuals (17 men, mean age 44.6 ±6.2 years). The tHcy, fHcy, and bHcy levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. tHcy and its fractions did not differ significantly between patients and controls. However, stroke patients with hypertension had significantly higher concentrations of tHcy and bHcy compared to stroke patients without hypertension (tHcy 13.0 ±3.3 vs 10.7 ±3.2 µmol/L, p<0.05; bHcy 9.7 ±2.6 vs 7.8 ±2.3 µmol/L, p<0.01, respectively); fHcy was borderline significant: 3.1 (1.5-6.5) vs 2.5 (1.8-5.3) µmol/L, p=0.05. The presence of IHD, DM, hyperlipoproteinemia, clinical subtypes of stroke, smoking, and family history of stroke did not influence these parameters. In the group of 50 patients, tHcy correlated with mean systolic blood pressure (BP) ( r =0.3, p<0.05) and bHcy correlated with mean systolic and mean diastolic BP ( r =0.3, p<0.05). These findings suggest an association between hypertension and redox status of Hcy in patients with ischemic stroke before the age of 55 years. This observation supports the hypothesis that elevated BP may contribute to Hcy-related vascular injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Sobol
- Diabetology Department, Institute of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Escobar J, Sánchez-Illana Á, Kuligowski J, Torres-Cuevas I, Solberg R, Garberg HT, Huun MU, Saugstad OD, Vento M, Cháfer-Pericás C. Development of a reliable method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry to measure thiol-associated oxidative stress in whole blood samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 123:104-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
17
|
Immediate stabilization of human blood for delayed quantification of endogenous thiols and disulfides. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1019:51-8. [PMID: 26896310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous thiols undergo rapid and reversible oxidation to disulfides when exposed to oxidants and are, therefore, suitable biomarkers of oxidative stress. However, accurate analysis of thiols in blood is frequently compromised by their artifactual oxidation during sample manipulation, which spuriously elevates the disulfide levels. Here, we describe a validated pre-analytical procedure that prevents both artifactual oxidation of thiols during sample manipulation and their oxidative decay for months in biosamples that are stored at -80°C. Addition of N-ethylmaleimide to blood samples from healthy donors was used to stabilize whole blood, red blood cells, platelets and plasma disulfides, whereas addition of citrate buffer followed by dilution of plasma with H2O was used to stabilize plasma thiols. The concentrations of thiols and disulfides were stable in all biosamples for at least 6 months when analyzed by UV/Vis HPLC at regular intervals. Only 3 ml of blood were needed to perform the analyses of thiols and disulfides in the different blood fractions. This pre-analytical procedure is reliable for use in both animal and human prospective studies. Its ease of implementation makes the method suitable for application to multicenter studies where blood samples are collected by different sites and personnel and are shipped to specific specialized laboratories.
Collapse
|
18
|
Determination of reduced homocysteine in human serum by elemental labelling and liquid chromatography with ICP-MS and ESI-MS detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7899-906. [PMID: 26362154 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8956-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Analytical methods allowing sensitive determination of reduced homocysteine (rHcy), one of the so-called biothiols, in human serum is a topic of growing interest due to its close relation to several human disorders, mainly cardiovascular diseases. Although most widely used analytical strategies to determine total Hcy involve derivatization by means of fluorescent labels, this work proposes the use of ebselen, a Se-containing labelling agent to derivatize the reactive sulfhydryl group of the Hcy molecule in its "free" reduced form, which is more likely to play different roles in disease pathogenesis. Optimization of the derivatization and separation conditions by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to isolate the excess of derivatizing reagent is carried out here using UV/VIS detection. Further, the study of the Se labelling reaction by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) provides a stoichiometry of the derivative of 1:1. The main advantage of using ebselen as a labelling agent is the presence of the Se atom in the molecule that allows the use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) as a sensitive and selective Se detector. The coupling of HPLC with ICP-MS provided excellent features for the determination of Se-derivatized rHcy (detection limit of 9.6 nM) in real samples. Quantification was accomplished by using post-column isotope dilution (ID) of Se in serum samples, after precipitation of the main serum proteins. Quantitative results for "free" rHcy turned out to be around 0.18-0.22 μM in serum samples from healthy individuals that could be directly analyzed without sample preconcentration.
Collapse
|
19
|
Fanti P, Giustarini D, Rossi R, Cunningham SED, Folli F, Khazim K, Cornell J, Matteucci E, Bansal S. Dietary Intake of Proteins and Calories Is Inversely Associated With The Oxidation State of Plasma Thiols in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients. J Ren Nutr 2015; 25:494-503. [PMID: 26235932 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of protein-energy wasting in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients, but knowledge of specific effectors and mechanisms remains fragmented. Aim of the study was to define whether and how food intake is involved in the causal relationship between oxidative stress and protein-energy wasting. METHODS Seventy-one adult MHD patients and 24 healthy subjects (control) were studied cross-sectionally with analyses of diet record and of oxidative stress, as measured by a battery of plasma thiols including the protein sulfhydryl (-SH) group (PSH) levels (a marker of total protein-SH reducing capacity), the protein thiolation index (PTI, the ratio between disulfide, i.e., oxidized and reduced -SH groups in proteins), low molecular mass (LMM) thiols, LMM disulfides, and mixed LMM-protein disulfides. In addition, interleukin-6 (IL-6), albumin, C-reactive protein, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were measured as markers of inflammation. RESULTS The patients showed low energy (22.0 ± 8.4 kcal/kg/day) and adequate protein (1.0 ± 0.4 g/kg/day) intakes, high levels of cystine (CySS; patients vs. CONTROL 113.5 [90.9-132.8] vs. 68.2 [56.2-75.7] μM), cysteinylated proteins (CySSP; 216.0 [182.8-254.0] vs. 163.5 [150.0-195.5] μM), and high PTI (0.76 [0.61-0.88] vs. 0.43 [0.40-0.54]; P < .001 in all comparisons). In patients, variation of CySSP was explained by a standard regression model (R = 0.775; P = .00001) that included significant contributions of protein intake (β = -0.361), NGAL (β = 0.387), age (β = 0.295), and albumin (β = 0.457). In the same model, variation of PTI (R = 0.624; P = .01) was explained by protein intake (β = -0.384) and age (β = 0.326) and NGAL (β = 0.311). However, when PSH was entered as dependent variable (R = 0.730; P = .0001), only serum albumin (β = 0.495) and age (β = -0.280), but not dietary intake or NGAL, contributed to the model. CONCLUSIONS In MHD, markers of thiol oxidation including CySSP and PTI show independent association with dietary intake and NGAL, whereas PSH, a marker of thiol-reducing capacity, did not associate with these same variables. The mechanism(s) responsible for inverse association between oxidative stress and food intake in MHD remain undefined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Fanti
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; Renal Section Medicine Service, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas.
| | - Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sue E D Cunningham
- School of Health Professions, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Franco Folli
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Khaled Khazim
- Nephrology and Hypertension Unit, Western Galilee Hospital, Nahariya, Israel
| | - John Cornell
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Shweta Bansal
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Effect of cerebral ischemia on redox status of plasma aminothiols. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 158:413-6. [PMID: 25715667 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-2811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We measured the content of reduced aminothiols (cysteine, homocysteine, and glutathione) after mechanical occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rats. During acute period of ischemia (3 h), these parameters decreased by ~10 times. In 7 days, the content of reduced aminothiols in some animals remained low, but in the others surpassed the initial levels. These results indicate significant impairment of the redox status of the circulating aminothiol pool apparently caused by oxidative stress of the peripheral vascular endothelial occurring as a response to cerebral ischemia. Thus, the total amount of homocysteine is considered a risk factor for stroke, while its reduced fraction can reflect the post stroke state.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ma L, He J, Zhang X, Cui Y, Gao J, Tang X, Ding M. Determination of total, free, and reduced homocysteine and related aminothiols in uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis by precolumn derivatization HPLC with fluorescence detection. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10138c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
22
|
Steele ML, Ooi L, Münch G. Development of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous quantitation of glutathione and related thiols. Anal Biochem 2012; 429:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
23
|
Giustarini D, Dalle-Donne I, Lorenzini S, Selvi E, Colombo G, Milzani A, Fanti P, Rossi R. Protein thiolation index (PTI) as a biomarker of oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:907-15. [PMID: 22732185 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Several biomarkers of oxidative stress have been proposed and used in clinical research but so far unreliable or, at least, controversial results have been obtained. Given the high susceptibility of sulfhydryl groups to oxidation, we here suggest the use of a protein thiolation index (PTI), i.e., the molar ratio between the sum of all low molecular mass thiols bound to plasma proteins (forming, as a whole, S-thiolated proteins) and protein free cysteinyl residues, as a suitable biomarker of oxidative stress. While titration of free thiols can be performed by a simple spectrophotometric procedure, accurate quantification of S-thiolated proteins is problematic and current methods require, in most cases, application of time-consuming chromatographic techniques, making their application to large-scale clinical studies difficult. Here we report a new spectrophotometric method which relies on the specific determination of low molecular mass thiols released from S-thiolated proteins after dithiothreitol reduction. These amino acids can be titrated by conjugation with ninhydrin which, reacting with primary and secondary amine groups, yields a deep blue-purple color, which can be spectrophotometrically revealed. PTI showed an age dependency with a near linear increase during aging in humans. In addition, PTI was significantly higher in patients suffering from alkaptonuria with respect to healthy controls, suggesting that increased prooxidant conditions occur in the blood of these subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 4, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yassin LS, Fukui C, Pereira PCD, Olandoski M, Aveles PR, Pinto SC, Resnauer C, Nakao LS, Morimoto II. Efeito da administração de uma dieta enteral com antioxidantes sobre as concentrações plasmáticas de tióis totais, carbonilas de proteínas e malondialdeído após acidente vascular cerebral. REV NUTR 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-52732012000200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da administração de uma dieta enteral industrializada com antioxidantes sobre as concentrações plasmáticas de tióis totais, carbonilas de proteínas e malondialdeído em pacientes após acidente vascular cerebral. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi constituída de 14 pacientes de um hospital geral que iniciaram nutrição enteral 48 horas após o evento. Falência múltipla, insuficiência hepática, obesidade mórbida e diabetes Mellitus associados foram critérios de exclusão. A dieta industrializada ofertada por gotejamento contínuo, com uso de bombas infusoras, continha mix de carotenoides, vitaminas C, E e minerais Se, Zn e Cu em sua formulação. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes do início da administração da dieta e após cinco dias de início da dieta enteral, somente de pacientes que tivessem recebido o volume necessário para completar o gasto energético total. Tióis plasmáticos e carbonilas de proteína foram determinados por meio do Reagente de Ellman e pela reação com dinitrofenilhidrazina respectivamente. O malondialdeído foi obtido pela determinação de substâncias reativas do ácido tiobarbitúrico. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi M=70,3, DP=14,1 anos. Todos receberam acima de 100% da Dietary Reference Intakes para nutrientes antioxidantes, que não ultrapassaram os limites superiores toleráveis de ingestão. Não houve alteração da concentração de tióis, mas houve aumento da formação de carbonilas de proteínas (p=0,034). Nos pacientes entubados, esse marcador mostrou-se significativamente maior (p=0,048) após administração da dieta. Não houve diferença nas concentrações de malondialdeído após a oferta de antioxidantes dietéticos. CONCLUSÃO: A análise de biomarcadores não demonstrou redução do estresse oxidativo após administração de dieta enteral industrializada com antioxidantes.
Collapse
|
25
|
Lai YJ, Tseng WL. Gold nanoparticle extraction followed by o-phthaldialdehyde derivatization for fluorescence sensing of different forms of homocysteine in plasma. Talanta 2012; 91:103-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
26
|
Anraku M, Takeuchi K, Watanabe H, Kadowaki D, Kitamura K, Tomita K, Kuniyasu A, Suenaga A, Maruyama T, Otagiri M. Quantitative Analysis of Cysteine-34 On the Anitioxidative Properties of Human Serum Albumin in Hemodialysis Patients. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:3968-76. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
27
|
Manolescu BN, Berteanu M, Oprea E, Chiriac N, Dumitru L, Vlădoiu S, Popa O, Ianăş O. Dynamic of oxidative and nitrosative stress markers during the convalescent period of stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation. Ann Clin Biochem 2011; 48:338-43. [DOI: 10.1258/acb.2011.010243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Stroke patients have a redox imbalance, a consequence of both the cerebrovascular event and the associated pathological conditions. Our study was aimed to investigate the dynamic of some oxidative and nitrosative markers during the convalescent phase of postacute stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation. Methods We assessed thiol, advanced oxidation protein product, protein carbonyl, 3-nitro-l-tyrosine, ceruloplasmin and oxidized LDL concentrations, as well as gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) activity in 20 patients at the beginning of the hospitalization and at the discharge moment, respectively, and 24 apparently healthy controls. Results We found significantly increased values for GGT ( P = 0.04), ceruloplasmin ( P = 0.01) and protein carbonyl ( P = 0.04) in stroke patients at the hospitalization moment when compared with healthy controls, while total thiols were significantly decreased ( P = 0.002). Rehabilitation was associated with a significant decrease of protein carbonyl ( P = 0.03) and oxidized LDL particle concentrations ( P = 0.03), as well as GGT activity ( P = 0.02). At the hospitalization moment, both GGT and ceruloplasmin were significantly negatively correlated with non-proteic thiols ( r = −0.44, P = 0.049, and r = −0.53, P = 0.015, respectively) and significantly positively with protein carbonyls ( r = +0.80, P < 0.001, and r = +0.69, P < 0.001, respectively) suggesting putative roles of GGT and ceruloplasmin in the redox imbalance. Conclusions These results highlight the existence of a redox imbalance in postacute stroke patients, and the possible benefits of an antioxidant-based therapy for the recovery of these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - M Berteanu
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Carol Davila’, 020022 Bucharest
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universitary Emergency Hospital Elias, 011461 Bucharest
| | - E Oprea
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest
| | - N Chiriac
- Department of Research and Evaluation in Health Services, National School of Public Health, Management and Continuous Medical Education, 021253 Bucharest
| | - L Dumitru
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Carol Davila’, 020022 Bucharest
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universitary Emergency Hospital Elias, 011461 Bucharest
| | - S Vlădoiu
- National Institute of Endocrinology ‘C.I. Parhon’, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
| | - O Popa
- National Institute of Endocrinology ‘C.I. Parhon’, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
| | - O Ianăş
- National Institute of Endocrinology ‘C.I. Parhon’, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jiang C, Xiong W, Lu BY, Gonda MA, Chang JY. Synthesis and Immune Response of Non-native Isomers of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor. Biochemistry 2010; 49:6550-6. [DOI: 10.1021/bi100815n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuantao Jiang
- Research Center for Protein Chemistry, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Wei Xiong
- Research Center for Protein Chemistry, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Bao-Yuan Lu
- Research Center for Protein Chemistry, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030
| | | | - Jui-Yoa Chang
- Research Center for Protein Chemistry, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chao WH, Reynolds RD. Taurine-deficient diet up-regulated cystathionine beta-synthase monoallele in hemizygous cystathionine beta-synthase knockout mice. Nutr Res 2010; 29:794-801. [PMID: 19932868 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Impaired cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) causes hyperhomocystinuria and hyperhomocysteinemia, both risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Reduced CBS activity could decrease cysteine and taurine biosyntheses (metabolites of homocysteine degradation) and lead to less taurocholic acid production with a resultant increased cholesterol content. We hypothesized that a deficiency in CBS genetic material and enzyme activity would reduce taurine synthesis, which would lead to an elevated cholesterol concentration. Both sexes of hemizygous C57BL/6J-Cbs(tm1Unc) [CBS (+/-)] and wild-type C57BL/6J mice [CBS (+/+)] were divided into 2 groups. One group of CBS (+/-) and CBS (+/+) mice was fed a cysteine- and taurine-deficient diet for 8 weeks, and the other group was fed a cysteine, taurine, and vitamin B6-deficient diet for 8 weeks. Significantly higher plasma total homocysteine concentrations occurred in the CBS (+/-) mice than their CBS (+/+) cohorts. Female mice of both genotypes had significantly higher plasma total homocysteine concentrations and significantly lower relative CBS mRNA levels than did male mice. During vitamin B(6) deficiency, plasma total homocysteine concentrations were significantly elevated. Three important findings were a differential sex response of CBS mRNA to feeding the vitamin B(6) diet; CBS (+/-) mice had a significantly lower plasma cholesterol concentration, contrary to what was anticipated; and during feeding, the taurine- and cysteine-deficient diet, CBS mRNA levels in CBS (+/-) mice were reduced only 13% rather than the expected 50%. We conclude that the remaining CBS monoallele is up-regulated in mice when fed a taurine-deficient diet to produce additional CBS mRNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsun Chao
- Department of Early Childhood Educare, WuFeng Institute of Technology, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, ROC.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
An Evaluation of the Stability and Pharmacokinetics of R-Lipoic Acid and R-Dihydrolipoic Acid Dosage Forms in Human Plasma from Healthy Subjects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420045390.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
31
|
Venta R, Cruz E, Valcárcel G, Terrados N. Plasma vitamins, amino acids, and renal function in postexercise hyperhomocysteinemia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:1645-51. [PMID: 19568194 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31819e02f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Several studies have assessed the effect of the physical activity on plasma homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations, although the findings have been contradictory, and the exact mechanism by which plasma Hcy concentrations varied after an acute intense exercise remains unknown. PURPOSE We studied the effect of different acute aerobic intense exercises on plasma, reduced, and total Hcy (rHcy, tHcy) and cysteine (rCys, tCys) and on its metabolically related vitamins and amino acids. Parallel effects on renal function were assessed by plasma creatinine. METHODS Fifteen cyclists and 14 kayakers were examined before and 30 +/- 5 min after a specific test to exhaustion during a low-intensity training period. RESULTS After a bout of specific exercise, the concentrations of aminothiols were increased regardless of the group considered. Plasma concentrations were higher than baseline values in tHcy (17.7 +/- 1.5%; P < 0.001), rHcy (10.6 +/- 1.6%; P < 0.001), tCys (9.9 +/- 1.6%; P < 0.001), and rCys (7.6 +/- 2.2%; P < 0.01). Both groups showed significant elevations of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP; P < 0.01), vitamin B12 (P < 0.001), and creatinine concentrations (P < 0.001) after acute exercises, but no changes were seen in folate. Changes in plasma aminothiols after exercise did not reach significant correlation with changes in free amino acids or baseline vitamins, but significant and positive correlations were observed with changes in plasma PLP, vitamin B12, and creatinine concentrations, when the pooled data were considered. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that higher plasma concentrations of tHcy after an acute intense exercise are associated to higher concentrations of rHcy, and this effect is independent of the type of exercise, vitamin status, or amino acid metabolic stress but could be related to potential changes in the renal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Venta
- Service of Biochemistry, Hospital San Agustín, Avilés, Principado de Asturias, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Simultaneous analysis of multiple aminothiols in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3274-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
33
|
Giustarini D, Dalle-Donne I, Milzani A, Rossi R. Oxidative stress induces a reversible flux of cysteine from tissues to blood in vivo in the rat. FEBS J 2009; 276:4946-58. [PMID: 19694807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) plays a key role in defense against oxidative stress. The availability of GSH is ensured in tissues by systems devoted to its maintenance in the reduced state and by the flux of GSH and cysteine between sites of biosynthesis and sites of utilization. Little is known about the effect of oxidative stress on the distribution of low-molecular-mass thiols and their exchange rate between tissues. In this study, we found that a slow infusion of diamide (a specific thiol-oxidizing compound) evoked a dramatic increase in blood cysteine in rats. Our data suggest that inter-organ exchange of cysteine occurs, that cysteine derives from both glutathione via gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and methionine via homocysteine and the trans-sulfuration pathway, and that these pathways are considerably influenced by oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chang JY, Lin CCJ, Salamanca S, Pangburn MK, Wetsel RA. Denaturation and unfolding of human anaphylatoxin C3a: an unusually low covalent stability of its native disulfide bonds. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 480:104-10. [PMID: 18854167 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The complement C3a anaphylatoxin is a major molecular mediator of innate immunity. It is a potent activator of mast cells, basophils and eosinophils and causes smooth muscle contraction. Structurally, C3a is a relatively small protein (77 amino acids) comprising a N-terminal domain connected by 3 native disulfide bonds and a helical C-terminal segment. The structural stability of C3a has been investigated here using three different methods: Disulfide scrambling; Differential CD spectroscopy; and Reductive unfolding. Two uncommon features regarding the stability of C3a and the structure of denatured C3a have been observed in this study. (a) There is an unusual disconnection between the conformational stability of C3a and the covalent stability of its three native disulfide bonds that is not seen with other disulfide proteins. As measured by both methods of disulfide scrambling and differential CD spectroscopy, the native C3a exhibits a global conformational stability that is comparable to numerous proteins with similar size and disulfide content, all with mid-point denaturation of [GdmCl](1/2) at 3.4-5M. These proteins include hirudin, tick anticoagulant protein and leech carboxypeptidase inhibitor. However, the native disulfide bonds of C3a is 150-1000 fold less stable than those proteins as evaluated by the method of reductive unfolding. The 3 native disulfide bonds of C3a can be collectively and quantitatively reduced with as low as 1mM of dithiothreitol within 5 min. The fragility of the native disulfide bonds of C3a has not yet been observed with other native disulfide proteins. (b) Using the method of disulfide scrambling, denatured C3a was shown to consist of diverse isomers adopting varied extent of unfolding. Among them, the most extensively unfolded isomer of denatured C3a is found to assume beads-form disulfide pattern, comprising Cys(36)-Cys(49) and two disulfide bonds formed by two pair of consecutive cysteines, Cys(22)-Cys(23) and Cys(56)-Cys(57), a unique disulfide structure of polypeptide that has not been documented previously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Yoa Chang
- Research Center for Protein Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kuśmierek K, Chwatko G, Bald E. Redox Status of Main Urinary Sulfur Amino Acids Evaluation by Liquid Chromatography. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0582-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
36
|
Aldini G, Vistoli G, Regazzoni L, Gamberoni L, Facino RM, Yamaguchi S, Uchida K, Carini M. Albumin is the main nucleophilic target of human plasma: a protective role against pro-atherogenic electrophilic reactive carbonyl species? Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:824-35. [PMID: 18324789 DOI: 10.1021/tx700349r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the metabolic fate of 4-hydroxy- trans-2-nonenal (HNE) in human plasma, which represents the main vascular site of reactive carbonyl species (RCS) formation and where the main pro-atherogenic target proteins are formed. When HNE was spiked in human plasma, it rapidly disappeared (within 40 s) and no phase I metabolites were detected, suggesting that the main fate of HNE is due to an adduction mechanism. HNE consumption was then monitored in two plasma fractions: low molecular weight plasma protein fractions (<10 kDa; LMWF) and high molecular weight plasma protein fractions (>10 kDa; HMWF). HNE was almost stable in LMWF, while in HMWF it was consumed by almost 70% within 5 min. Proteomics identified albumin (HSA) as the main protein target, as further confirmed by a significantly reduced HNE quenching of dealbuminated plasma. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis identified Cys34 and Lys199 as the most reactive adduction sites of HSA, through the formation of a Michael and Schiff base adducts, respectively. The rate constant of HNE trapping by albumin was 50.61 +/- 1.89 M (-1) s (-1) and that of Cys34 (29.37 M (-1) s (-1)) was 1 order of magnitude higher with respect to that of GSH (3.81 +/- 0.17 M (-1) s (-1)), as explained by molecular modeling studies. In conclusion, we suggest that albumin, through nucleophilic residues, and in particular Cys34, can act as an endogenous detoxifying agent of circulating RCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Aldini
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica Pietro Pratesi, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Milan, I-20131, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dalle-Donne I, Milzani A, Gagliano N, Colombo R, Giustarini D, Rossi R. Molecular mechanisms and potential clinical significance of S-glutathionylation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:445-73. [PMID: 18092936 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein S-glutathionylation, the reversible binding of glutathione to protein thiols (PSH), is involved in protein redox regulation, storage of glutathione, and protection of PSH from irreversible oxidation. S-Glutathionylated protein (PSSG) can result from thiol/disulfide exchange between PSH and GSSG or PSSG; direct interaction between partially oxidized PSH and GSH; reactions between PSH and S-nitrosothiols, oxidized forms of GSH, or glutathione thiyl radical. Indeed, thiol/disulfide exchange is an unlikely intracellular mechanism for S-glutathionylation, because of the redox potential of most Cys residues and the GSSG export by most cells as a protective mechanism against oxidative stress. S-Glutathionylation can be reversed, following restoration of a reducing GSH/GSSG ratio, in an enzyme-dependent or -independent manner. Currently, definite evidence of protein S-glutathionylation has been clearly demonstrated in few human diseases. In aging human lenses, protein S-glutathionylation increases; during cataractogenesis, some of lens proteins, including alpha- and beta-crystallins, form both mixed disulfides and disulfide-cross-linked aggregates, which increase with cataract severity. The correlation of lens nuclear color and opalescence intensity with protein S-glutathionylation indicates that protein-thiol mixed disulfides may play an important role in cataractogenesis and development of brunescence in human lenses. Recently, specific PSSG have been identified in the inferior parietal lobule in Alzheimer's disease. However, much investigation is needed to clarify the actual involvement of protein S-glutathionylation in many human diseases.
Collapse
|
38
|
Giustarini D, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I, Rossi R. Red blood cells as a physiological source of glutathione for extracellular fluids. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2007; 40:174-9. [PMID: 17964197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasma low molecular mass thiols are represented by glutathione, cysteine, cysteinylglycine and homocysteine. The physiological mechanisms responsible for maintaining the homeostasis of these compounds in the intracellular and extracellular spaces have not been fully clarified. Erythrocytes possess the enzymatic machinery to synthesize glutathione and an efflux of glutathione disulfide and glutathione conjugates from erythrocytes under various conditions occurs. In this study, the property of red blood cells (RBCs) to export low molecular mass thiols has been assessed. Plasma concentration of low molecular mass thiols has been measured in healthy volunteers by HPLC and a significant correlation with RBC number has been observed for glutathione and cysteinylglycine. A sustained export of reduced glutathione has been observed (about 21 nmol/h/ml RBCs) together with a lower, though significant, efflux of both cysteine and homocysteine. These results suggest that erythrocytes can contribute significantly to the extracellular pool of glutathione (GSH), thus cooperating with liver and other tissues to the dynamics of inter-organ GSH metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, via A. Moro 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zakharchuk N, Borisova N, Guselnikova E, Brainina K. Determination of Thiols and Disulfides in Whole Blood and Its Fractions by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry and Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Titration. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
40
|
Caruso R, Campolo J, Sedda V, De Chiara B, Dellanoce C, Baudo F, Tonini A, Parolini M, Cighetti G, Parodi O. Effect of Homocysteine Lowering by 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate on Redox Status in Hyperhomocysteinemia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2006; 47:549-55. [PMID: 16680068 DOI: 10.1097/01.fjc.0000211748.16573.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial dysfunction induced by hyperhomocysteinemia can be reversed by 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) via homocysteine (Hcy) lowering. An additive antioxidant action of 5-MTHF has been suggested to ameliorate endothelial dysfunction through increased nitric oxide production and superoxide radical scavenging, independent of Hcy lowering. The aim of the study was to assess whether 5-MTHF affects the redox state in hyperhomocysteinemia. We examined the effect of 3 months of oral 5-MTHF treatment (15 mg/day) on the redox pattern in 48 hyperhomocysteinemic subjects compared to 24 untreated hyperhomocysteinemic subjects. By analysis of variance with repeated measures in the 72 subjects, 5-MTHF markedly decreased plasma total Hcy (p-tHcy; P = 0.0001) and blood-total glutathione (GSH; b-tGSH; P = 0.002). By multivariate linear regression in the treated subjects, p-tHcy changes from baseline to 3 months (adjusted by baseline p-tHcy levels) correlated only with changes in reduced cysteinylglycine (P = 0.001). The effects of treatment on Hcy lowering and GSH metabolism were greater in medium than in moderate hyperhomocysteinemia. In conclusion, high-dose 5-MTHF treatment for 3 months ensures marked Hcy lowering to normal values even in subjects with high Hcy levels, and should be the treatment of choice in medium hyperhomocysteinemia. Furthermore, 5-MTHF shows a favorable interaction with GSH metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Caruso
- CNR Clinical Physiology Institute, Niguarda Cà Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Human serum contains factors that promote oxidative folding of disulphide proteins. We demonstrate this here using hirudin as a model. Hirudin is a leech-derived thrombin-specific inhibitor containing 65 amino acids and three disulphide bonds. Oxidative folding of hirudin in human serum is shown to involve an initial phase of rapid disulphide formation (oxidation) to form the scrambled isomers as intermediates. This is followed by the stage of slow disulphide shuffling of scrambled isomers to attain the native hirudin. The kinetics of regenerating the native hirudin depend on the concentrations of both hirudin and human serum. Quantitative regeneration of native hirudin in undiluted human serum can be completed within 48 h, without any redox supplement. These results cannot be adequately explained by the existing oxidized thiol agents in human serum or the macromolecular crowding effect, and therefore indicate that human serum may contain yet to be identified potent oxidase(s) for assisting protein folding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Yoa Chang
- Research Center for Protein Chemistry, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sakhi AK, Russnes KM, Smeland S, Blomhoff R, Gundersen TE. Simultaneous quantification of reduced and oxidized glutathione in plasma using a two-dimensional chromatographic system with parallel porous graphitized carbon columns coupled with fluorescence and coulometric electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1104:179-89. [PMID: 16376913 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Revised: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A method for the simultaneous quantification of reduced and oxidized glutathione in human plasma employing a two-dimensional chromatographic system with parallel porous graphitized carbon (PGC) columns coupled with fluorescence (FLD) and coulometric electrochemical detection (ED) has been developed. Post-sampling oxidation of reduced glutathione (GSH) was prevented by derivatizing the -SH group with monobromobimane (MBB) and the glutathione-bimane adduct (GSMB) was detected by FLD. Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was detected by ED optimized to give lowest possible limits of detection (LOD). The method is fully validated and is currently used for determination of GSH, GSSG and its redox potential in different clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrit K Sakhi
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Chang JY, Lu BY, Li L. Conformational impurity of disulfide proteins: Detection, quantification, and properties. Anal Biochem 2005; 342:78-85. [PMID: 15958183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2005] [Revised: 03/13/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The conformations of native proteins are in principle, and in most cases, dictated by the law of thermodynamics. Accordingly, a native protein must always exist in equilibrium with a minor concentration of nonnative (denatured) conformational isomers even at nondenaturing conditions. The presence of an infinitesimal quantity of nonnative conformational isomers at physiological conditions is biologically relevant due to their propensity to aggregate, which is an underlying cause of many neurodegenerative diseases. However, their detection and quantification are inherently difficult. In this article, we describe a simple strategy using the technique of disulfide scrambling to identify and quantify such minute concentrations of nonnative isomers. It is demonstrated that even for small stable proteins such as epidermal growth factor and hirudin, approximately 1% of heterogeneous nonnative isomers coexist with the native proteins under physiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Yoa Chang
- Center for Protein Chemistry, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Jiang C, Chang JY. Unfolding and breakdown of insulin in the presence of endogenous thiols. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:3927-31. [PMID: 15990096 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Native insulin denatures and unfolds in the presence of thiol catalyst via disulfide scrambling (isomerization). It undergoes two transient non-native conformational isomers, followed by an irreversible breakdown of the protein to form oxidized A- and B-chain. Denaturation and breakdown of native insulin may occur under physiological conditions. At 37 degrees C, pH 7.4, and in the presence of cysteine (0.2 mM), native insulin decomposes with a pseudo first order kinetic of 0.075 h(-1). At 50 degrees C, the rate increases by 5-fold. GdnCl and urea induced denaturation of insulin follows the same mechanism. These results demonstrate that stability and unfolding pathway of insulin in the presence of endogenous thiol differ fundamentally from its reversible denaturation observed in the absence of thiol, in which native disulfide bonds of insulin were kept intact during the process of denaturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuantao Jiang
- Center for Protein Chemistry, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Nilsson TK, Boman K, Jansson JH, Thøgersen AM, Berggren M, Broberg A, Granlund A. Comparison of soluble thrombomodulin, von Willebrand factor, tPA/PAI-1 complex, and high-sensitivity CRP concentrations in serum, EDTA plasma, citrated plasma, and acidified citrated plasma (Stabilyte™) stored at −70 °C for 8–11 years. Thromb Res 2005; 116:249-54. [PMID: 15935834 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2004.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2004] [Revised: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 12/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to define the most suitable specimen collection tubes for measurements of soluble Thrombomodulin (sTM), von Willebrand factor (vWF), and tPA/PAI-1 complex concentrations, and in particular whether the strongly acidic citrate additive in Stabilyte plasma would give significantly improved long-term stability of any of these analytes. We measured these analytes in paired specimens from 34 subjects, sampled 8-11 years before analysis, in serum, EDTA plasma, citrated plasma, and acidified citrated plasma (Stabilyte). Results were evaluated by regression analysis and Bland-Altman plots. All associations were linear across a wide assay range. Soluble TM was found to be highly unstable in serum as well as in EDTA plasma and to some extent even in ordinary citrate plasma: acidified citrate plasma is necessary to preserve sTM immunoreactivity in long-term storage. For hsCRP the slopes were not significantly different from that predicted by the dilution effect (0.83-0.86) of the citrate additive and there was no appreciable intercept. vWF values were comparable in citrate and acidified citrate plasma but serum and EDTA plasma samples yielded lower than expected results. For tPA/PAI-1 complex, Stabilyte tubes gave systematically lower results than the other tubes, with serum and EDTA plasma scoring the highest values, suggesting that in vitro increase in complex levels takes places upon blood collection and/or storage. We conclude that Stabilyte plasma is the specimen collection tube of choice for biobank projects aiming to measure fibrinolytic factors as well as several other analytes in the clotting system, such as soluble thrombomodulin and von Willebrand factor, in addition to the inflammatory marker hs-CRP. Indeed, using acidified Stabilyte plasma as the single medium would substantially simplify sampling for many epidemiological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Torbjörn K Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Orebro University Hospital, Orebro, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yang TH, Chang CY, Hu ML. Various forms of homocysteine and oxidative status in the plasma of ischemic-stroke patients as compared to healthy controls. Clin Biochem 2004; 37:494-9. [PMID: 15183298 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2003] [Revised: 02/16/2004] [Accepted: 02/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We compared various forms of plasma homocysteine (Hcy) including total Hcy (tHcy), free reduced Hcy (reHcy), free oxidized Hcy (oxHcy) and reHcy plus oxHcy between patients with acute/subacute-ischemic stroke and healthy controls. We also investigated whether the patients have increased oxidative stress. DESIGN AND METHODS Using an in-tube derivatization method, we measured plasma levels of tHcy, reHcy and oxHcy in 55 ischemic-stroke patients (14 females and 41 males, median age 64) and 52 age-matched healthy subjects (15 females and 37 males, median age 60). We also measured plasma malondialdehyde (MDA, as lipid peroxidation marker) and oxygen-radical absorbance capacity (ORAC, as total antioxidant activity). RESULTS The plasma levels of reHcy and reHcy plus oxHcy and the ratio of reHcy to oxHcy were significantly higher in the patients than in the age-matched controls, whereas tHcy and oxHcy levels were not significantly different. The patients had a significantly higher level of MDA but a lower value of ORAC than that of controls. A significantly positive correlation was found in the levels of reHcy vs. MDA (r = 0.19, P < 0.03), whereas significant negative correlations were found for reHcy vs. ORAC (r = -0.30, P < 0.001) and free Hcy vs. ORAC (r = -0.30, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS reHcy and reHcy plus oxHcy Hcy, rather than tHcy, are significantly elevated in patients with acute/subacute ischemic stroke. The elevated reHcy along with elevated MDA level and lowered ORAC value in the plasma of the stroke patients indicates an imbalance of antioxidant-prooxidant status in acute ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Hsiu Yang
- Department of Food Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zhloba AA, Blashko EL. Liquid chromatographic determination of total homocysteine in blood plasma with photometric detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 800:275-80. [PMID: 14698266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method for quantification of homocysteine total forms and glutathione levels in blood plasma via HPLC was developed. Dithiotreitol as a water soluble agent has been used as a reductant for both protein and nonprotein disulphides. Dithiotreitol reacts with the mixed disulphides under 60 degrees C treatment within 10 min. Reduced aminothiols and homocystein were easily derivated with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and the resultant ultraviolet absorbance within 330 nm was detected by the HPLC method. The concentration of total plasma homocysteine was significantly higher in groups of patients: with the end stage of renal disease: 45.5+/-40.9 micromol/l (n=79), with cerebral vascular disorders 12.3+/-7.0 micromol/l (n=65), and with coronary atherosclerosis 15.4+/-10.9 micromol/l (n=15) than that in healthy subjects (6.2+/-1.74 micromol/l, n=20). Some major advantages of the method include: simultaneous measurement of both total homocysteine and total glutathione, no loss of oxidized form during processing of blood plasma for aminothiols measurement, use of protein-bound aminothiols solution as a calibrator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Zhloba
- SC Department of Biochemistry, St.-Petersburg State I.P. Pavlov Medical University, L. Tolstoy Street 6/9, St. Petersburg 197089, Russia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Martín I, Gibert MJ, Pintos C, Noguera A, Besalduch A, Obrador A. Oxidative stress in mothers who have conceived fetus with neural tube defects: the role of aminothiols and selenium. Clin Nutr 2004; 23:507-14. [PMID: 15297086 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2003.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2003] [Accepted: 09/12/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Methionine metabolic impairment and selenium deficit have been associated to neural tube defects. The relationship between thiol metabolism and selenium is not well known. We assessed the status of aminothiols and selenium, as well as thiolic status and the amino acids involved in arginine synthesis in the case of selenium depletion and repletion, studying their relationship to neural tube defects. METHODS We studied 44 women of 37 +/- 8 years (mean +/- SD) who had conceived fetuses with neural tube defects as cases; and 181 women of 39 +/- 7 years (mean +/- SD) with healthy children as controls. We determined selenium, vitamin B12, serum folates, plasma thiol compounds and amino acids. Homocysteine transsulfuration was assessed using total cysteine/total homocysteine ratio (tCys/tHcy), and selenium repletion cut-off value was 1.06 micromol/l (84 microg/l). RESULTS Cases showed significantly lower levels (median) than controls of total homocysteine (P = 0.001), total cysteinylglycine (P < 0.001), selenium (P < 0.001) and tryptophane (P = 0.002); and higher tCys/tHcy levels (P < 0.001), glutathione (P = 0.008) and L-arginine (P = 0.001). Cases with selenium depletion (selenium < or = 1.06 micromol/l) had significantly higher levels than controls of cysteine (P = 0.010), glutathione (P = 0.005), tCys/tHcy (P < 0.001), and arginine (P = 0.004), but significantly lower levels than controls of tryptophane (P = 0.027), cysteinylglycine (P < 0.001) and folates (P < 0.001). Only cysteinylglycine was lower than controls (P < 0.001) when selenium > 1.06 micromol/l. Methionine levels were higher in cases with selenium depletion than in repletion (P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS According to our data, a diet deficient in selenium and folates or their absorption impairment, and/or other mechanisms related to polyamines and nitric oxide can lead to oxidant/antioxidant imbalance and to a higher occurrence of these malformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Martín
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Son Dureta, Andrea Doria 55, Palma de Mallorca 07014, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zighetti ML, Chantarangkul V, Lombardi R, Lecchi A, Cattaneo M. Effects of some pre-analytical conditions on the measurement of homocysteine and cysteine in plasma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 42:204-7. [PMID: 15061362 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2004.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe association of hyperhomocysteinemia and hypercysteinemia with the risk of arterial and venous thrombosis is well documented. While it is known that standardized pre-analytical conditions are necessary for reliable measurement of plasma total homocysteine, the effects of pre-analytical conditions on cysteine measurement are less well known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pre-analytical conditions on the measurement of homocysteine and cysteine. We observed that the concentration of total homocysteine in plasma increased significantly with time (38% after 6 h), whereas total cysteine decreased (5% after 2h) when blood anticoagulated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic tripotassium salt was kept at room temperature. These changes were minimized when acidic citrate dextrose was used as an anticoagulant and were abolished when blood samples were immediately placed on crushed ice, independently of the anticoagulant. Storage of plasma for 72h at room temperature induced a small (≅6%), but significant, decrease in cysteine when blood was collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic tripotassium salt. In contrast, homocysteine was stable in plasma for 72h, independently of the anticoagulant used. In conclusion, if blood samples for plasma total homocysteine and cysteine measurement cannot be kept on ice, they should be collected in acidic citrate dextrose to minimize the artifactual changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena L Zighetti
- Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore, Department of Internal Medicine, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|