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Lupu A, Nedelcu AH, Budescu PD, Jechel E, Starcea IM, Frasinariu OE, Ioniuc I, Badescu MC, Salaru DL, Munteanu D, Russu R, Sascau RA, Statescu C, Lupu VV. Pediatric endocarditis - a stone left after the pandemic cascade. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1393315. [PMID: 39077433 PMCID: PMC11284175 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1393315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis is a rare disease in children. The etiology is mainly bacterial. However, viral infective endocarditis, possibly related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has also been reported. The pathophysiological principle of the connection between the two entities seems to be attributed to the transient immune deficiency of the body during the infection. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 is reported in the literature as a direct cardiopathic virus. Therefore, the new coronavirus seems to have the ability to affect both the intact cardiac tissue and the previously damaged one both during the acute episode and at a distance from it. Consequently, we propose to review the main pathophysiological aspects of pediatric cardiac damage caused by SARS-CoV-2. The ultimate goal is to deepen existing knowledge, broaden the horizon of understanding and analysis regarding the systemic damage induced by viral infections, and strengthen an information base from which to start a meta-analysis. Next, we performed a non-systematized screening of the specialized literature with reference to cases of endocarditis in the pediatric population, reported in the period 2020-2023. From the total of articles found, we chose to include in the review a number of 6 case reports, including a number of 7 patients (5 children and 2 adolescents). Analysis of reports suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection could play a role in the development of endocarditis, either directly through active infection or indirectly through a post-infectious immune response. Also, pre-existing conditions and complex medical history predispose to an increased risk of developing a severe, complicated form of endocarditis. Also, the lack of data on the vaccination history and the failure to categorize the infection depending on the type of antibodies (IgM or IgG) in some studies represent a major bias in the reports. The latter make it difficult to evaluate the influence of vaccination and the impact of acute versus chronic infection on the course of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paula Diana Budescu
- *Correspondence: Alin Horatiu Nedelcu, ; Paula Diana Budescu, ; Elena Jechel,
| | - Elena Jechel
- *Correspondence: Alin Horatiu Nedelcu, ; Paula Diana Budescu, ; Elena Jechel,
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Abdel-Haq N, Shawaqfeh A, Gupta S, Ang JY, Thomas R, Asmar BI. Infective Endocarditis at a Referral Children's Hospital During 19-Year Period: Trends and Outcomes. Pediatr Cardiol 2023:10.1007/s00246-023-03274-y. [PMID: 37610636 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-023-03274-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We noted a recent increase in cases of infective endocarditis (IE) at our institution. The purpose of the study is to examine the incidence, risk factors, microbiology and outcome of IE in our pediatric population. METHODS Retrospective review of IE cases during 2002-2020 at Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit. RESULTS 68 patients with IE were identified. There was a 2-fold increase in incidence during the 2012-2020 (late period) compared to the 2002-2011 (early period). The most common predisposing conditions were congenital heart disease (CHD) in 39 (57.4%) and central venous catheter (CVC) in 19 (27.9%). CHD was more frequent in the late period (29/43, 67.4%) compared to early period (10/25, 40.0%) (p = 0.042). In CHD patients, palliative or corrective cardiac surgery was performed prior to IE diagnosis in 4/25 (16%) in early period and 23/43 (53.5%) in the late period (p = 0.004). S. aureus was the most common causative organism (35.3%) followed by streptococci (22.1%). Valve replacement or valvuloplasty was performed in 22.1% of patients. Complications occurred in 20 (29.4%). Mortality occurred in 7 (10.3%): 3 had CHD, 3 had CVC and underlying conditions and 1 had fulminant MRSA infection. CONCLUSION(S) The higher incidence of IE during the late period is likely due to an increase in patients with CHD who had undergone prior cardiac surgery. S. aureus was the predominant pathogen in all patients including those with CHD, followed by streptococci. IE in children continues to be associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed Abdel-Haq
- Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.
- Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien Blvd Detroit, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48201, USA.
| | | | | | - Jocelyn Y Ang
- Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
- Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
- Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ronald Thomas
- Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
- Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Basim I Asmar
- Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
- Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
- Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Chien SJ, Tseng YJ, Huang YH, Liu HY, Wu YH, Chang LS, Yang YH, Lin YJ. Evaluation of Infective Endocarditis in Children: A 19-Year Retrospective Study in Taiwan. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12062298. [PMID: 36983299 PMCID: PMC10059053 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12062298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Infective endocarditis (IE) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients with heart disease. Little literature has explored differences in the presentation of endocarditis in children with and without heart disease. This study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes and determine the risk of in-hospital death in the study population. Methods: Data were retrospectively collected from 2001 to 2019 from the Chang Gung Research Database (CGRD), which is the largest collection of multi-institutional electronic medical records in Taiwan. Children aged 0–20 years with IE were enrolled. We extracted and analyzed the demographic and clinical features, complications, microbiological information, and outcomes of each patient. Results: Of the 208 patients with IE, 114 had heart disease and 94 did not. Compared to those without heart disease, more streptococcal infections (19.3% vs. 2.1%, p < 0.001) and cardiac complications (29.8% vs. 6.4%, p < 0.001) were observed in patients with heart disease. Although patients with heart disease underwent valve surgery more frequently (43.9% vs. 8.5%, p < 0.001) and had longer hospital stays (28.5 vs. 12.5, p = 0.021), their mortality was lower than that of those without heart disease (3.5% vs. 10.6%, p = 0.041). Thrombocytopenia was independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality in pediatric patients with IE (OR = 6.56, 95% CI: 1.43–40.37). Conclusion: Among pediatric patients diagnosed with IE, microbiological and clinical features differed between those with and without heart disease. Platelet counts can be used as a risk factor for in-hospital mortality in pediatric patients with IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Ju Chien
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Early Childhood Care and Education, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 83347, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Tseng
- Department of Computer Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hua Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Yun Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Sai Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hsu Yang
- Health Information and Epidemiology Laboratory, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jui Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +886-7-731-7123 (ext. 8795); Fax: +886-7-733-8009
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Vicent L, Goenaga MA, Muñoz P, Marín-Arriaza M, Valerio M, Fariñas MC, Cobo-Belaustegui M, de Alarcón A, Rodríguez-Esteban MÁ, Miró JM, Goikoetxea-Agirre AJ, de Castro Campos D, García-Vázquez E, Martínez-Sellés M. Infective endocarditis in children and adolescents: a different profile with clinical implications. Pediatr Res 2022; 92:1400-1406. [PMID: 35149848 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-01959-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our aim was to compare pediatric infective endocarditis (IE) with the clinical profile and outcomes of IE in adults. METHODS Prospective multicenter registry in 31 Spanish hospitals including all patients with a diagnosis of IE from 2008 to 2020. RESULTS A total of 5590 patients were included, 49 were <18 years (0.1%). Congenital heart disease (CHD) was present in 31 children and adolescents (63.2%). Right-sided location was more common in children/adolescents than in adults (46.9% vs. 6.3%, P < 0.001). Pediatric pulmonary IE was more frequent in patients with CHD (48.4%) than in those without (5.6%), P = 0.004. Staphylococcus aureus etiology tended to be more common in pediatric patients (32.7%) than in adults (22.3%), P = 0.082. Heart failure was less common in pediatric patients than in adults, due to the lower rate of heart failure in children/adolescents with CHD (9.6%) with respect to those without CHD (44.4%), P = 0.005. Inhospital mortality was high in both children, and adolescents and adults (16.3% vs. 25.9%; P = 0.126). CONCLUSIONS Most IE cases in children and adolescents are seen in patients with CHD that have a more common right-sided location and a lower prevalence of heart failure than patients without CHD. IE in children and adolescents without CHD has a more similar profile to IE in adults. IMPACT Infective endocarditis (IE) in children and adolescents is often seen in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Right-sided location is the most common in patients with CHD and heart failure is less common as a complication compared with patients without CHD. Infective endocarditis (IE) in children/adolescents without CHD has a more similar profile to IE in adults. In children/adolescents without CHD, locations were similar to adults, including a predominance of left-sided IE. Acute heart failure was the most frequent complication, seen mainly in adults, and in children/adolescents without CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Vicent
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Goenaga
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Donosti, ISS Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES (CB06/06/0058), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Marín-Arriaza
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES (CB06/06/0058), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maricela Valerio
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES (CB06/06/0058), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Carmen Fariñas
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Arístides de Alarcón
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine Infectious Diseases Research Group. Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University of Seville/CSIC/University Virgen del Rocío and Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Rodríguez-Esteban
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Cardiológicos, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - J M Miró
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Elisa García-Vázquez
- Servicio de Medicina Interna-Infecciosas, IMIB, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Martínez-Sellés
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Donosti, ISS Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Madrid, Spain. .,Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Europea, Universidad Complutense, Calle Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain.
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Surgical Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Neonates and Children with Special High-Risk Conditions: A RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method Consensus Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020246. [PMID: 35203848 PMCID: PMC8868320 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgical site infections (SSIs), which are a potential complications in surgical procedures, are associated with prolonged hospital stays and increased postoperative mortality rates, and they also have a significant economic impact on health systems. Data in literature regarding risk factors for SSIs in pediatric age are scarce, with consequent difficulties in the management of SSI prophylaxis and with antibiotic prescribing attitudes in the various surgical procedures that often tend to follow individual opinions. The lack of pediatric studies is even more evident when we consider surgeries performed in subjects with underlying conditions that may pose an increased risk of complications. In order to respond to this shortcoming, we developed a consensus document to define optimal surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP) in neonates and children with specific high-risk conditions. These included the following: (1) colonization by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and by multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria other than MRSA; (2) allergy to first-line antibiotics; (3) immunosuppression; (4) splenectomy; (5) comorbidity; (6) ongoing antibiotic therapy or prophylaxis; (7) coexisting infection at another site; (8) previous surgery in the last month; and (9) presurgery hospitalization lasting more than 2 weeks. This work, made possible by the multidisciplinary contribution of experts belonging to the most important Italian scientific societies, represents, in our opinion, the most up-to-date and comprehensive collection of recommendations relating to behaviors to be undertaken in a perioperative site in the presence of specific categories of patients at high-risk of complications during surgery. The application of uniform and shared protocols in these high-risk categories will improve surgical practice with a reduction in SSIs and consequent rationalization of resources and costs, as well as being able to limit the phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance.
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Yakut K, Ecevit Z, Tokel NK, Varan B, Ozkan M. Infective Endocarditis in Childhood: a Single-Center Experience of 18 Years. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 36:172-182. [PMID: 33113327 PMCID: PMC8163273 DOI: 10.21470/1678-9741-2020-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We aimed to present the risk factors, clinical and laboratory findings, treatment management, and risk factors for morbidity and mortality of infective endocarditis (IE) as well as to relate experiences at our center. Method We retrospectively analyzed data of 47 episodes in 45 patients diagnosed with definite/possible IE according to the modified Duke criteria between May 2000 and March 2018. Results The mean age of all patients at the time of diagnosis was 7.6±4.7 years (range: 2.4 months to 16 years). The most common symptoms and findings were fever (89.3%), leukocytosis (80.8%), splenomegaly (70.2%), and a new heart murmur or changing of pre-existing murmur (68%). Streptococcus viridans (19.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (14.8%), and coagulase-negative Staphylococci (10.6%) were the most commonly isolated agents. IE-related complications developed in 27.6% of the patients and the mortality rate was 14.8%. Conclusion We found that congenital heart disease remains a significant risk factor for IE. The highest risk groups included operated patients who had conduits in the pulmonary position and unoperated patients with a large ventricular septal defect. Surgical intervention was required in most of the patients. Mortality rate was high, especially in patients infected with S. aureus, although the time between the onset of the first symptom and diagnosis was short. Patients with fever and a high risk of IE should be carefully examined for IE, and evaluation in favor of IE until proven otherwise will be more accurate. In high-risk patients with prolonged fever, IE should be considered in the differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahraman Yakut
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Baskent University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zafer Ecevit
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Baskent University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Niyazi Kursad Tokel
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Baskent University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Birgul Varan
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Baskent University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Ozkan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Baskent University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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7
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Tsuchiya H, Sugiura K, Koyama Y, Ihara T. Conjunctival hemorrhage in infective endocarditis. Pediatr Int 2021; 63:361-362. [PMID: 33730449 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Tsuchiya
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Sugiura
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaro Koyama
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takateru Ihara
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Song SH, Bang JS, Han MS, Yun KW, Lee SY, Song MK, Kim GB, Bae EJ, Kim WH, Choi EH. Changes in the Etiology and Clinical Characteristics of Pediatric Infective Endocarditis in South Korea. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:123-127. [PMID: 33021589 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Changes in the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and outcomes of infective endocarditis (IE) have been reported in recent years. This study was performed to analyze changing trends in the etiology of IE in children in South Korea. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective study of children with IE was conducted from 2 hospitals in Korea from 2004 to 2019. IE was defined according to the Modified Duke criteria. We analyzed the etiology and clinical outcome of 96 cases and compared the etiology with that during 1987-1997, as described in a previous study. RESULTS A total of 96 cases in 89 children satisfied the modified Duke criteria. The median age was 9.5 years. Preexisting structural heart diseases were identified in 81 cases (84.4%). Ten of the 15 cases with normal heart anatomy had a history of indwelling central venous catheters and underlying noncardiac conditions. Of the 72 identified organisms, common pathogens included Staphylococcus aureus, 24 (32.9%); viridans streptococci, 22 (30.2%); coagulase-negative staphylococci, 14 (19.2%); and Candida species, 7 (9.6). Sixty-three cases (66.7%) required surgical intervention, and the overall fatality rate was 7.9%. Compared with the period of 1987-1997, an increasing trend in the proportion of staphylococci as the etiology of IE in 2004-2019 was observed (26.7% vs. 51.8%, P = 0.029). In addition, S. aureus was associated with the high rate of developing complications (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In South Korea, Gram-positive cocci represent 85% of all etiologic agents of IE in children with an increasing trend in the proportion of staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Ha Song
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Seok Bang
- Department of Pediatrics, Sejong General Hospital, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Mi Seon Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Wook Yun
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Yun Lee
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi Kyoung Song
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gi Beom Kim
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Jung Bae
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woong Han Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Hwa Choi
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Kothari S, Karuru U, Relan J, Gupta S, Talwar S. Infective endocarditis-induced complete closure of a ventricular septal defect and complete heart block in a child. Ann Pediatr Cardiol 2021; 14:527-529. [PMID: 35527747 PMCID: PMC9075550 DOI: 10.4103/apc.apc_17_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Aljassim NA, Almashraki N, Tageldein M, Tamimi O, Kabbani MS, Zahraa J, Alshehri M. Complicated community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pancarditis with cardiac pseudoaneurysm in a healthy child: A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2020; 77:71-75. [PMID: 33157337 PMCID: PMC7644799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2020.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infective endocarditis is more prevalent among children with congenital heart diseases as compared to healthy children. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a causative pathogen of infective endocarditis, and it rarely causes pancarditis in healthy children. The clinical decision for surgical intervention of left-sided heart vegetation is challenging despite the availability of management guidelines. PRESENTATION OF CASE We report a case of a previously healthy 12-year-old girl who presented with aggressive endocarditis secondary to community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection, with left-sided vegetation, mitral valve regurgitation, pancarditis, brain abscess, and stroke. She underwent an emergency vegetectomy and mitral valve repair. Three weeks after the first surgery, she developed left ventricular pseudoaneurysm that required life-saving surgical intervention. The child gradually recovered and was discharged home with acceptable cardiac function and mild neurological deficit. DISCUSSION Pancarditis, especially with an aggressive progression resulting in intracardiac pseudoaneurysm, is rarely reported in healthy children. The definition of the optimal timing of surgical intervention in pediatric infective endocarditis management is lacking and the clinical decision-making process remains challenging. The development of left ventricular pseudoaneurysm is serious and also needs an immediate intervention, given the high risk of its rupture and subsequent devastating outcomes. CONCLUSION Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is an etiology for aggressive infective pancarditis in a healthy child, leading to an intracardiac pseudoaneurysm. Emergency surgical interventions should be considered in children with left-sided vegetation to prevent devastating consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada A Aljassim
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care, Critical Care Center, King Fahad Medical City, P.O. Box. 59046, Riyadh, 11525, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nabeel Almashraki
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care, Critical Care Center, King Fahad Medical City, P.O. Box. 59046, Riyadh, 11525, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed Tageldein
- Department of Pediatrics Cardiology, King Salman Cardiac Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Omer Tamimi
- Department of Pediatrics Cardiology, King Salman Cardiac Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed S Kabbani
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Pediatric Cardiac ICU, MC 1423, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard, P.O. Box: 22490, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jihad Zahraa
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care, Critical Care Center, King Fahad Medical City, P.O. Box. 59046, Riyadh, 11525, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Alshehri
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Abstract
Two paediatric congenital heart disease patients presented with a brief history of low-grade fever without any focal symptoms. Their clinical features and laboratory tests were unremarkable; however, their blood cultures were positive that prompted further work-up. Infective endocarditis should be considered in any paediatric congenital heart disease patient who presents with fever without any other associated clinical features.
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12
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Di Filippo S. Clinical outcomes for congenital heart disease patients presenting with infective endocarditis. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2020; 18:331-342. [PMID: 32476525 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2020.1768847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening adverse event for patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Its incidence has changed little over time despite progress in techniques for diagnosis and treatment, and guidelines for prophylaxis. AREAS COVERED The review sought for key-words: 'congenital heart disease,' 'infective endocarditis,' 'microbial diagnosis,' 'imaging diagnosis,' 'surgical techniques,' 'prognosis,' 'prophylaxis.' Objectives were to investigate epidemiology, novel techniques for imaging and microbial diagnosis, therapeutic management and prognosis, and guidelines for prophylaxis in patients with CHD. The incidence of IE is increasing in adults with CHD. Morbidity caused by a broad clinical spectrum of cardiac and extracardiac episode-related complications is high. Surgical management is increasingly required in the early phase of the disease. Despite new techniques for diagnosis and microbiological therapy, mortality rate is still up to 10-20%. EXPERT OPINION IE has increased in the growing cohort of adults with complex heart disease, living with residual cardiac lesions and prosthetic materials. Diagnosis is challenging for complex heart defects. Pet-scan technique can provide beneficial information to locate intracardiac lesions and embolic foci. Identification of the microbiological agents is improving. Innovative surgical techniques aim to avoid prosthetic material. Guidelines for prophylaxis currently emphasize oral and skin daily hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Di Filippo
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Medical University, Cardiovascular Hospital Louis Pradel , Lyon, France
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Glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome in a child with DiGeorge syndrome: Answers. Pediatr Nephrol 2019; 34:1735-1736. [PMID: 30963284 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-019-04243-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ravindranath Waikar A, Uzamere O, Bailey K, Pierre L, Adeyinka A. A Unique Pathogen Causing Infective Endocarditis in a Three-year-old Girl. Cureus 2019; 11:e4249. [PMID: 31131172 PMCID: PMC6516622 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall incidence of infective endocarditis (IE) in adults has been reported to be 1.5 to 6.0 per 100,000 patient-years. In children, the incidence of IE in the general population is approximately three times lower. The presence of cyanotic congenital heart disease is considered to be the most strongly associated risk factor to develop IE. In approximately 8% to 10% of pediatric cases, IE develops without structural heart disease or any other readily identifiable risk factors. In these situations, the infection usually involves the aortic or mitral valve secondary to Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Streptococcus pneumoniae endocarditis in a female with no known risk factors is extremely rare and has no established optimal therapy. We hereby present a case of a three-year-old girl, with no identifiable risk factors diagnosed with IE caused by S. pneumoniae.
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Bhoopalan SV, Natarajan RK, Di John D. Visual Diagnosis: Teenager with Fever, Petechiae, Confusion, and Weakness. Pediatr Rev 2019; 40:e1-e6. [PMID: 30600282 DOI: 10.1542/pir.2017-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Di John
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV
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Su TY, Lee MH, Huang CT, Liu TP, Lu JJ. The clinical impact of patients with bloodstream infection with different groups of Viridans group streptococci by using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e13607. [PMID: 30558035 PMCID: PMC6320099 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000013607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The accuracy of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for identifying viridans group streptococcus (VGS) was improving. However, the clinical impact of identifying VGS had not been well recognized. Our study had comprehensively studied the clinical manifestations and outcome of VGS blood stream infection by using MALDI-TOF MS for identification.This retrospective study enrolled 312 adult patients with a monomicrobial blood culture positive for VGS. Blood culture was examined through MALDI-TOF MS.The most common VGS species were the Streptococcus anginosus group (38.8%) and Streptococcus mitis group (22.8%). Most species showed resistance to erythromycin (35.6%), followed by clindamycin (25.3%) and penicillin (12.5%). Skin and soft tissue infection and biliary tract infection were significantly related to S. anginosus group bacteremia (P = .001 and P = .005, respectively). S. mitis group bacteremia was related to infective endocarditis and bacteremia with febrile neutropenia (P = .005 and P < .001, respectively). Infective endocarditis was also more likely associated with S. sanguinis group bacteremia (P = .009). S. anginosus group had less resistance rate to ampicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and ceftriaxone (P = .019, <.001, .001, and .046, respectively). A more staying in intensive care unit, underlying solid organ malignancy, and a shorter treatment duration were independent risk factors for 30-day mortality. This study comprehensively evaluated different VGS group and their clinical manifestations, infection sources, concomitant diseases, treatments, and outcomes. Categorizing VGS into different groups by MALDI-TOF MS could help clinical physicians well understand their clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yi Su
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine
| | - Ming-Hsun Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine
| | - Ching-Tai Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine
| | - Tsui-Ping Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Jih Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Abstract
Infectious endocarditis (IE) is a rare illness with high morbidity and mortality. Incidence of IE is on the rise in industrialized countries, particularly as those with congenital heart defects are living longer and the use of indwelling central catheters increases. With the 2007 American Heart Association guidelines, there has been a shift in recommending antibiotic prophylaxis only to high-risk patient populations. This clinical review will highlight the changing epidemiology and etiology of IE, followed by an emphasis on the appropriate indications for antibiotic prophylaxis in high-risk populations undergoing specific procedures.
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Salloum S, Bugnitz CJ. A case report of infective endocarditis in a 10-year-old girl. Clin Pract 2018; 8:1070. [PMID: 30090217 PMCID: PMC6060482 DOI: 10.4081/cp.2018.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis is a rare disease in children, and it can result in significant morbidity and mortality. The epidemiology of infective endocarditis in children has shifted in recent years with less rheumatic heart disease, more congenital heart disease survival, and increased use of central venous catheters in children with chronic illness. Less commonly, infective endocarditis occurs in children with no preexisting cardiac disease or other known risk factors. We present a "case of" 10 year-old girl with no known cardiac disease or any other risk factors who was diagnosed with infective endocarditis according to modified Duke criteria. Blood cultures grew haemophilus parainfluenza. She had prolonged fever for 2 weeks after starting antibiotics, even though her blood culture became sterile 48 hours after treatment. We emphasize the importance of maintaining high index of suspicion for endocarditis in febrile children, even those without cardiac anomalies or other apparent risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafee Salloum
- Department of "Pediatric" Hospital Medicine,Department of Hospital Medicine, Dayton Children’s Hospital, Dayton, OH, USA. +1.937.641.3841 - +1.937.641.4226.
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Risk factors for infective endocarditis in children with congenital heart diseases - A nationwide population-based case control study. Int J Cardiol 2017; 248:126-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Dental prevention and disease awareness in children with congenital heart disease. Clin Oral Investig 2017; 22:1487-1493. [PMID: 29034445 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The importance of excellent oral health is known to be crucial in children with congenital heart diseases (CHD). Data about dental health and disease awareness is limited. This study aims to assess preventive measures taken to improve dental health in children with CHD and to gain insight into disease awareness and knowledge about the importance of oral health in children with CHD and to propose measures that could be taken. MATERIAL AND METHODS Parents of 150 children with CHD were asked to complete a questionnaire containing specific questions about the preventive measures taken by the parents and dental and medical practitioners and their knowledge about underlying disease and the importance of oral health. RESULTS Our results show an absence of information in parents concerning preventive measures and oral hygiene. Knowledge of the indications for antibiotic prophylaxis and for actually given medications was lacking. Preventive dental measures were not performed according to current guidelines. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge of parents about the importance of oral health in children with CHD could be improved. However, specialized centers involving pediatric cardiologists and pediatric dentists could coordinate the education of parents at an early stage. Moreover, general dentists should be trained more frequently concerning the indications for antibiotic prophylaxis, in particular, and the dental care of children with chronic diseases, in general. Warning cards such as the heart pass should be issued to parents of children with CHD. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The current study reveals the need for the structured training of medical and dental practitioners to support parents of children with CHD.
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Jomaa W, Ben Ali I, Abid D, Hajri Ernez S, Abid L, Triki F, Kammoun S, Gharbi A, Ben Rejeb O, Mahdhaoui A, Jeridi G, Azaiez MA, El Hraiech A, Ben Hamda K, Maatouk F. Clinical features and prognosis of infective endocarditis in children: Insights from a Tunisian multicentre registry. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 110:676-681. [PMID: 28579111 DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare condition in the paediatric setting. No data on the epidemiology and prognosis of IE in children are available from North African countries. AIM To investigate the epidemiological profile and prognosis of IE in children in Tunisia. METHODS All patients aged≤18 years presenting with IE in three Tunisian tertiary care centres between January 1997 and September 2013 were included. Clinical features and 30-day and 6-month mortality rates were studied. Factors predictive of death at 6-month follow-up were determined. RESULTS A total of 73 patients were included in the present study. The mean age was 12±4.8 years; 35 (50.7%) patients were male. Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) was the underlying heart disease in 17 (23.3%) cases and IE occurred in a structurally normal heart in 36 (49.3%) cases. Staphylococcus species were isolated in 17 (23.3%) cases. Regarding IE localization, the mitral valve was involved in 28 (38.4%) cases and the aortic valve in 14 (19.2%) cases. Recourse to surgery was reported in 37 (50.7%) cases. Thirty-day and 6-month mortality rates were 13.6% and 19.2%, respectively. Heart failure on admission or during the hospital course, acute renal failure and neurological complications were significantly associated with death at 6-month follow-up in the univariate analysis and after adjustment for age and sex. CONCLUSIONS In the Tunisian context, IE in children is still characterized by the high prevalence of RHD as an underlying heart disease. Short- and long-term mortality rates remain high. Heart failure, acute renal failure and neurological complications are significantly associated with death at 6-month follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Jomaa
- Cardiology B Department, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, avenue 1(er)-Juin, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Imen Ben Ali
- Cardiology B Department, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, avenue 1(er)-Juin, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Dorra Abid
- Cardiology Department, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Samia Hajri Ernez
- Cardiology Department and Reseach Laboratory LR12SP09, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousa, Tunisia
| | - Leila Abid
- Cardiology Department, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Faten Triki
- Cardiology Department, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Samir Kammoun
- Cardiology Department, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Anissa Gharbi
- Cardiology Department and Reseach Laboratory LR12SP09, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousa, Tunisia
| | - Oussama Ben Rejeb
- Cardiology Department and Reseach Laboratory LR12SP09, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousa, Tunisia
| | - Abdallah Mahdhaoui
- Cardiology Department and Reseach Laboratory LR12SP09, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousa, Tunisia
| | - Gouider Jeridi
- Cardiology Department and Reseach Laboratory LR12SP09, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousa, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed A Azaiez
- Cardiology B Department, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, avenue 1(er)-Juin, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Aymen El Hraiech
- Cardiology B Department, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, avenue 1(er)-Juin, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Khaldoun Ben Hamda
- Cardiology B Department, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, avenue 1(er)-Juin, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Faouzi Maatouk
- Cardiology B Department, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, avenue 1(er)-Juin, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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Multiorgan Involvement Confounding the Diagnosis of Bartonella henselae Infective Endocarditis in Children With Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2017; 36:516-520. [PMID: 28403058 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two children with congenital heart disease status post surgical correction presented with prolonged constitutional symptoms, hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia. Concern for malignancy prompted bone marrow biopsies that were without evidence thereof. In case 1, echocardiography identified a multilobulated vegetation on the conduit valve. In case 2, transthoracic, transesophageal and intracardiac echocardiography were performed and were without evidence of cardiac vegetations; however, pulmonic emboli raised concern for infective endocarditis. Both patients underwent surgical resection of the infected material and had histopathologic evidence of infective endocarditis. Further diagnostics identified elevated cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and antiproteinase 3 antibodies in addition to acute kidney injury with crescentic glomerulonephritis on renal biopsy. Serologic evidence of infection with Bartonella henselae was observed in both patients. These 2 cases highlight the potential multiorgan involvement that may confound the diagnosis of culture-negative infective endocarditis caused by B. henselae.
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Gupta S, Sakhuja A, McGrath E, Asmar B. Trends, microbiology, and outcomes of infective endocarditis in children during 2000-2010 in the United States. CONGENIT HEART DIS 2016; 12:196-201. [PMID: 27885814 DOI: 10.1111/chd.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We studied the incidence, trend, underlying conditions, microbiology, and outcomes of infective endocarditis (IE) in children during 11 years using Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database. This is the largest all-payer inpatient care database in the United States containing data for more than 8 million hospital stays from over 1000 hospitals. METHODS NIS data from 2000 to 2010 of primary discharge diagnosis of IE in children aged ≤19 years old were studied. Children with underlying congenital heart defects and acquired heart conditions were identified. Microbiological causative agents were recorded. Linear regression was used to assess trend of incidence over time. RESULTS An estimated 3,840 (95% CI: 3,395-4,285) children had a discharge diagnosis of IE. The overall incidence was 0.43 per 100 000 children. The incidence was stable over the study period (P = .4 for trend). The majority of patients 56.2% were ≥11 years old and 15.4% were ≤ 1 year. Underlying cardiac conditions were present in 53.5% of patients. Overall 30.2% of cases were culture-negative. Among those with identified pathogens, Staphylococcus species were most common (43.1%) followed by Streptococcus species (39.5%). Viridans Streptococcus group was most common in those with underlying heart disease (32.7%) and S. aureus was most common in those without heart disease (46.9%). Among culture-positive patients, there was a decline in proportion of Staphylococcal IE (P = .03) and an increase in proportion of Streptococcal IE (P = .04). Overall mortality was 2.8%. Patients with Staphylococcal IE had longer median length of stay (12 vs. 9 days; P < .01) and the highest mortality (4.7%). CONCLUSION The incidence of IE in children has remained unchanged in the United States during the 11-year study period. Among culture-positive patients there was a significant decrease in Staphylococcal IE and a significant increase of Streptococcal IE. Staphylococcal IE was associated with increased LOS and highest mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children?s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ankit Sakhuja
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Eric McGrath
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children?s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Basim Asmar
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children?s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Flores BC, Patel AR, Braga BP, Weprin BE, Batjer HH. Management of infectious intracranial aneurysms in the pediatric population. Childs Nerv Syst 2016; 32:1205-17. [PMID: 27179531 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-016-3101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infectious intracranial aneurysms (IIAs) account for approximately 15 % of all pediatric intracranial aneurysms. Histologically, they are pseudoaneurysms that develop in response to an inflammatory reaction within the adventitia and muscularis layers, ultimately resulting in disruption of both the internal elastic membrane and the intima. The majority of pediatric IIAs are located within the anterior circulation, and they can be multiple in 15-25 % of cases. BACKGROUND The most common presentation for an IIA is intracerebral and/or subarachnoid hemorrhage. In children with a known diagnosis of infective endocarditis who develop new neurological manifestations, it is imperative to exclude the existence of an IIA. The natural history of untreated infectious aneurysms is ominous; they demonstrate a high incidence of spontaneous rupture. High clinical suspicion, prompt diagnosis, and adequate treatment are of paramount importance to prevent devastating neurological consequences. DISCUSSION The prompt initiation of intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics represents the mainstay of treatment. Three questions should guide the management of pediatric patients with IIAs: (a) aneurysm rupture status, (b) the presence of intraparenchymal hemorrhage or elevated intracranial pressure, and (c) relationship of the parent vessel to eloquent brain tissue. Those three questions should orient the treating physician into either antibiotic therapy alone or in combination with microsurgical or endovascular interventions. This review discusses important aspects of the epidemiology, the diagnosis, and the management of IIAs in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C Flores
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Mail Code 8855, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Ankur R Patel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Mail Code 8855, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Bruno P Braga
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Mail Code 8855, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Bradley E Weprin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Mail Code 8855, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - H Hunt Batjer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Mail Code 8855, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
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Abstract
The epidemiology of infective endocarditis (IE) appears to be related to changes in the management of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) and the virtual disappearance of rheumatic heart disease. To better understand these changes, we divide the history into: I. The pre-surgical era, II. The early years of CHD surgical intervention, correlated with introduction of antibiotics, III. The modern era of cardiac interventions. Microbiologic changes include an early predominance of viridans streptococci and an overtaking by staphylococci. Additionally, there have been advances in imaging that allow earlier detection of IE and a reduction in IE-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Elder
- Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8064, USA
| | - Robert S Baltimore
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8064, USA.
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Baltimore RS, Gewitz M, Baddour LM, Beerman LB, Jackson MA, Lockhart PB, Pahl E, Schutze GE, Shulman ST, Willoughby R. Infective Endocarditis in Childhood: 2015 Update. Circulation 2015; 132:1487-515. [DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Moges T, Gedlu E, Isaakidis P, Kumar A, Van Den Berge R, Khogali M, Mekasha A, Hinderaker SG. Infective endocarditis in Ethiopian children: a hospital based review of cases in Addis Ababa. Pan Afr Med J 2015; 20:75. [PMID: 26090033 PMCID: PMC4450040 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2015.20.75.4696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Infective endocarditis is an infection of the endocardial lining of the heart mainly associated with congenital and rheumatic heart disease. Although it is a rare disease in children, it is associated with high morbidity and mortality; death due to infective endocarditis has been reported to be as high as 26% in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods This was a retrospective review of routinely collected data from patient records. Results A total of 40 children (71% female) with 41 episodes of infective endocarditis admitted to a general paediatric ward in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia between 2008 and 2013. Age ranged from 7 months to 14 years, with a median of 9 years (Inter quartile Range: 7-12 years). Rheumatic and congenital heart diseases were underlying risk factors in 49% and 51% of cases respectively. Congestive heart failure, systemic embolization and death occurred in 66%, 12% and 7.3% respectively. Death was associated with the occurrence of systemic embolization (P-value = 0.03). Conclusion Rheumatic heart disease was an important predisposing factor for infective endocarditis in Ethiopian children. Late presentations of cases were evidenced by high proportion of complications such as congestive heart failure. A low rate of clinically evident systemic embolization in this study may be a reflection of the diagnostic challenges. High proportion of prior antibiotic intake might explain the cause of significant BCNE. Preventive measures like primary and secondary prophylaxis of rheumatic fever may decrease the associated morbidity and mortality. Early detection and referral of cases, awareness creation about indiscriminate use of antimicrobials, and proper history taking and documentation of information recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamirat Moges
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tikur Anbessa University Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Etsegenet Gedlu
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tikur Anbessa University Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Petros Isaakidis
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Operetional Research Unit, Luxemburg
| | - Ajay Kumar
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (The Union), Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Mohammed Khogali
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Operetional Research Unit, Luxemburg
| | - Amha Mekasha
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tikur Anbessa University Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Yameogo NV, Kologo KJ, Yameogo AA, Yonaba C, Millogo GRC, Kissou SA, Toguyeni BJY, Samadoulougou AK, Pignatelli S, Simpore J, Zabsonre P. [Infective endocarditis in sub-Saharan african children, cross-sectional study about 19 cases in Ouagadougou at Burkina Faso]. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 2014; 63:7-10. [PMID: 23578437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ancard.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infective endocarditis is a transplant of a microorganism on a most often injured endocardium. It is rare in children. This work aimed to determine the frequency of endocarditis of the child, to describe clinical presentation, data from echocardiography, microbiological profile and clinical course. PATIENTS AND METHODS From May 1 2010 to April 30 2011, we consecutively included children received for infective endocarditis in two medical centers in the city of Ouagadougou: Saint-Camille medical center and teaching hospital Yalgado-Ouedraogo. We investigated the functional and general signs and treatment already received. The physical examination looking for an infectious syndrome, pneumonia, heart failure and entrance doors. Blood cultures, blood count, creatinine, blood chemistry, HIV status, electrocardiogram, chest radiography and cardiac Doppler ultrasound were systematic. The diagnosis of the disease was based on Duke criteria. RESULTS Nineteen endocarditis in children were reported, that is 1.7% of admissions. The average age was 4.7 ± 2.6 years (extremes: 1 and 14). The sex ratio was 1.7 for girls. The clinical presentation was a common infectious syndrome. Impaired general condition and congestive heart failure were present on admission in six cases, respectively. The front door was dental in nine cases (47.4%), skin in four cases (21%) and ENT in three cases (15.8%). A peripheral vein was implicated in one case. In the two other cases, no front door had been found. HIV serology was positive in four cases. As for the blood cultures, they were positive in 13 cases. The germs found were Streptococcus in 10 cases and staphylococcus in three cases. Echocardiography had revealed vegetations in 18 cases. These vegetations were localized on the mitral in nine cases. Multiple locations were found in four cases. Underlying heart disease was dominated by rheumatic valve disease (68.4%), healthy heart forms were found in two cases. Treatment consisted of antibiotics, antipyretic treatment and that of heart failure as appropriate. The evolution was marked by five deaths (26.3%) in an array of septic shock. Death was more important in congenital heart disease. CONCLUSION Infective endocarditis of the child is common in our practice. The clinical syndrome is common infectious. Streptococcus and Staphylococcus are the two germs found. The main door is dental. Hence, dental care should be promoted for better prevention of infective endocarditis in our context.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Yameogo
- Service de cardiologie, CHU Yalgado-Ouedraogo, 03 BP, 7022 Ouagadougou cedex 03, Burkina Faso.
| | - K J Kologo
- Service de cardiologie, CHU Yalgado-Ouedraogo, 03 BP, 7022 Ouagadougou cedex 03, Burkina Faso
| | - A A Yameogo
- Service de cardiologie, CHU Yalgado-Ouedraogo, 03 BP, 7022 Ouagadougou cedex 03, Burkina Faso
| | - C Yonaba
- Service de cardiologie, CHU Yalgado-Ouedraogo, 03 BP, 7022 Ouagadougou cedex 03, Burkina Faso
| | - G R C Millogo
- Service de cardiologie, CHU Yalgado-Ouedraogo, 03 BP, 7022 Ouagadougou cedex 03, Burkina Faso
| | - S A Kissou
- Service de cardiologie, CHU Yalgado-Ouedraogo, 03 BP, 7022 Ouagadougou cedex 03, Burkina Faso
| | - B J Y Toguyeni
- Service de cardiologie, CHU Yalgado-Ouedraogo, 03 BP, 7022 Ouagadougou cedex 03, Burkina Faso
| | - A K Samadoulougou
- Service de cardiologie, CHU Yalgado-Ouedraogo, 03 BP, 7022 Ouagadougou cedex 03, Burkina Faso
| | - S Pignatelli
- Service de cardiologie, CHU Yalgado-Ouedraogo, 03 BP, 7022 Ouagadougou cedex 03, Burkina Faso
| | - J Simpore
- Service de cardiologie, CHU Yalgado-Ouedraogo, 03 BP, 7022 Ouagadougou cedex 03, Burkina Faso
| | - P Zabsonre
- Service de cardiologie, CHU Yalgado-Ouedraogo, 03 BP, 7022 Ouagadougou cedex 03, Burkina Faso
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Rushani D, Kaufman JS, Ionescu-Ittu R, Mackie AS, Pilote L, Therrien J, Marelli AJ. Infective Endocarditis in Children With Congenital Heart Disease. Circulation 2013; 128:1412-9. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.001827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background—
The American Heart Association guidelines for prevention of infective endocarditis (IE) in 2007 reduced the groups of congenital heart disease (CHD) patients for whom antibiotic prophylaxis was indicated. The evidence base in CHD patients is limited. We sought to determine the risk of IE in children with CHD.
Methods and Results—
We performed a population-based analysis to determine the cumulative incidence and predictors of IE in children (0–18 years) with CHD by the use of the Quebec CHD Database from 1988 to 2010. In 47 518 children with CHD followed for 458 109 patient-years, 185 cases of IE were observed. Cumulative incidence of IE was estimated in the subset of 34 279 children with CHD followed since birth, in whom the risk of IE up to 18 years of age was 6.1/1000 children (95% confidence interval, 5.0–7.5). In a nested case-control analysis, the following CHD lesions were at highest risk of IE in comparison with atrial septal defects (adjusted rate ratio, 95% confidence interval): cyanotic CHD (6.44, 3.95–10.50), endocardial cushion defects (5.47, 2.89–10.36), and left-sided lesions (1.88, 1.01–3.49). Cardiac surgery within 6 months (5.34, 2.49–11.43) and an age of <3 years (3.53, 2.51–4.96; reference, ages 6–18) also conferred an elevated risk of IE.
Conclusions—
In a large population-based cohort of children with CHD, we documented the cumulative incidence of IE and associated factors. These findings help identify groups of patients who are at the highest risk of developing IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinela Rushani
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health; McGill University, Montreal, Canada (D.R., J.S.K., R.I.-I., L.P., A.J.M.); Division of Cardiology, Stollery Children’s Hospital, Edmonton, Canada (A.S.M.); Division of General Internal Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada (L.P.); and McGill Adult Unit for Congenital Heart Disease, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada (J.T., A.J.M.)
| | - Jay S. Kaufman
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health; McGill University, Montreal, Canada (D.R., J.S.K., R.I.-I., L.P., A.J.M.); Division of Cardiology, Stollery Children’s Hospital, Edmonton, Canada (A.S.M.); Division of General Internal Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada (L.P.); and McGill Adult Unit for Congenital Heart Disease, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada (J.T., A.J.M.)
| | - Raluca Ionescu-Ittu
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health; McGill University, Montreal, Canada (D.R., J.S.K., R.I.-I., L.P., A.J.M.); Division of Cardiology, Stollery Children’s Hospital, Edmonton, Canada (A.S.M.); Division of General Internal Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada (L.P.); and McGill Adult Unit for Congenital Heart Disease, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada (J.T., A.J.M.)
| | - Andrew S. Mackie
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health; McGill University, Montreal, Canada (D.R., J.S.K., R.I.-I., L.P., A.J.M.); Division of Cardiology, Stollery Children’s Hospital, Edmonton, Canada (A.S.M.); Division of General Internal Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada (L.P.); and McGill Adult Unit for Congenital Heart Disease, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada (J.T., A.J.M.)
| | - Louise Pilote
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health; McGill University, Montreal, Canada (D.R., J.S.K., R.I.-I., L.P., A.J.M.); Division of Cardiology, Stollery Children’s Hospital, Edmonton, Canada (A.S.M.); Division of General Internal Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada (L.P.); and McGill Adult Unit for Congenital Heart Disease, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada (J.T., A.J.M.)
| | - Judith Therrien
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health; McGill University, Montreal, Canada (D.R., J.S.K., R.I.-I., L.P., A.J.M.); Division of Cardiology, Stollery Children’s Hospital, Edmonton, Canada (A.S.M.); Division of General Internal Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada (L.P.); and McGill Adult Unit for Congenital Heart Disease, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada (J.T., A.J.M.)
| | - Ariane J. Marelli
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health; McGill University, Montreal, Canada (D.R., J.S.K., R.I.-I., L.P., A.J.M.); Division of Cardiology, Stollery Children’s Hospital, Edmonton, Canada (A.S.M.); Division of General Internal Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada (L.P.); and McGill Adult Unit for Congenital Heart Disease, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada (J.T., A.J.M.)
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Outcomes of Surgical Therapy for Infective Endocarditis in a Pediatric Population: A 21-Year Review. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 96:171-4: discussion 174-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Bhat DP, Nagaraju L, Asmar BI, Aggarwal S. Abiotrophia endocarditis in children with no underlying heart disease: a rare but a virulent organism. CONGENIT HEART DIS 2013; 9:E116-20. [PMID: 23682722 DOI: 10.1111/chd.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infective endocarditis is extremely rare in children with structurally normal hearts. The most common etiological agents are staphylococcal and streptococcal species. Nutritionally variant streptococci also classified as Abiotrophia species are a group of fastidious organisms that account for only 5% to 6% of all cases of culture-negative infective endocarditis. Only seven cases of Abiotrophia infective endocarditis have been previously reported in children with no underlying structural heart disease. We report two cases of Abiotrophia infective endocarditis in children without any predisposing factors. Both patients presented with nonspecific symptoms leading to delay in diagnosis. While bacteriological clearance was achieved in both cases, both had a complicated course including development of brain mycotic aneurysms, splenic infarction, renal failure, and irreversible damage to the mitral valve. Both patients required surgical removal of the native mitral valve and replacement. We also present review of seven cases with similar diagnosis published previously in literature and highlight important differences. Our cases highlight special challenges in management of Abiotrophia endocarditis in pediatric patients. As the organism may not be isolated in routine culture media, may present with atypical clinical symptoms and may have a complicated course even without antibiotic failure, a high index of suspicion should be maintained in children with subacute symptoms even with no underlying structural cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti P Bhat
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Mich, USA
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32
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Emergency Department Management of Pediatric Patients with Cyanotic Heart Disease and Fever. J Emerg Med 2013; 44:599-604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Johnson JA, Boyce TG, Cetta F, Steckelberg JM, Johnson JN. Infective endocarditis in the pediatric patient: a 60-year single-institution review. Mayo Clin Proc 2012; 87:629-35. [PMID: 22766082 PMCID: PMC3497940 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the epidemiology of infective endocarditis (IE) presenting in pediatric patients during a 60-year period at our institution. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this retrospective medical record review, we extracted demographic characteristics, diagnostic variables, and outcomes for patients less than 20 years of age diagnosed with IE from January 1, 1980, to June 30, 2011. We compared this cohort with a previously reported cohort of pediatric patients with IE from our institution diagnosed from 1950 to 1979. RESULTS We identified 47 patients (24 males; mean ± SD age at diagnosis, 12.3±5.5 years [range, 1 day to 18.9 years]) who had 53 episodes of IE. The most common isolated organisms were viridans streptococci (17 of 53 episodes [32%]) and Staphylococcus aureus (12 of 53 episodes [23%]). Of the 47 patients, 36 (77%) had congenital heart disease, 24 of whom had cardiac surgery before their first episode of IE (mean ± SD time to IE diagnosis after surgery, 4.2±3.2 years [range, 64 days to 11.3 years]). Fourteen patients (30%) required valve replacement because of valvular IE, and 16 (34%) had complications, including mycotic aneurysm, myocardial abscess, or emboli. Vegetations were identified using echocardiography in 37 of the 53 unique episodes of IE (70%). Endocarditis-related mortality occurred in 1 patient. Compared with the historical (1950-1979) cohort, there were no differences in patient demographic characteristics, history of congenital heart disease, or infecting organisms. One-year mortality was significantly lower in the modern cohort (4%) compared with the historical cohort (38%) (P<.001). CONCLUSION Most pediatric episodes of IE occur in patients with congenital heart disease. Mortality due to endocarditis has decreased in the modern era.
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Lin YT, Hsieh KS, Chen YS, Huang IF, Cheng MF. Infective endocarditis in children without underlying heart disease. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2012; 46:121-8. [PMID: 22727890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Although pre-existing heart disease is the main predisposing factor for pediatric infective endocarditis (IE), cases of IE in children without underlying heart disease have been increasingly reported. This study reviews the clinical and laboratory characteristics of pediatric IE patients with and without underlying heart disease, and presents the unique features of patients with no apparent pre-existing heart disease. METHODS Children who were admitted to our hospital from January 1991 to April 2011 and met the Modified Duke criteria for definite or possible IE were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical characteristics and laboratory data were collected by chart review. RESULTS Forty-seven patients with a total of 48 episodes of IE were enrolled. Of these patients, 31 children (64.6%) had congenital heart disease (CHD), six (12.5%) had non-CHD chronic disease, and eleven (22.9%) were previously healthy adolescents. Five patients with non-CHD chronic conditions acquired infection from central catheter: two methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), two Candida albicans and one coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS). The microbial pathogens in 11 previously healthy individuals were Streptococcus viridans (n = 3), methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA, n = 2), Haemophilus parainfluenzae (n = 2), Staphylococcus lugdunensis (n = 1), Enterococcus (n = 1), and Diphtheroid (n = 1). In total, five of 17 non-CHD patients were infected with S. aureus (two MRSA and three MSSA) and the vegetations in these five patients were detected in the right side of the heart (tricuspid valve or right atrium). The average interval between onset of symptoms and diagnosis of IE in the CHD and previously healthy groups was 18 and 31 days, respectively. Patients in the previously healthy group were older and more often required surgical interventions for removal of vegetation. CONCLUSION Over one-third (35.4%) of cases of IE in children occurred in patients without pre-existing cardiac disease. Early identification of these patients is critical and requires a high index of suspicion. The pathogenesis of IE in previously healthy individuals is still uncertain, but previous skin infection or dental problems may contribute to potential risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ting Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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35
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Sandica E, Blanz U, Cherlet E, Haas NA. Infective endocarditis in infancy after complete atrioventricular septal defect repair. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2012; 3:136-8. [PMID: 23804699 DOI: 10.1177/2150135111421354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report a rare case of infective endocarditis after repair of a complete atrioventricular (AV) septal defect in a four-month-old patient. Perforation of a valve leaflet with progressive severe left AV valve regurgitation required surgical intervention. Valve reconstruction using fresh autologous pericardium was successfully accomplished. This reconstruction in association with prolonged antibiotic therapy resulted in complete recovery of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Sandica
- Department of Surgery for Congenital Heart Defects, Center for Congenital Heart Defects, Heart and Diabetes Centre North-Rhine Westfalia, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
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The Neonate After Cardiac Surgery: What do You Need to Worry About in the Emergency Department? CLINICAL PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpem.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Karaci AR, Aydemir NA, Harmandar B, Sasmazel A, Saritas T, Tuncel Z, Yekeler I. Surgical treatment of infective valve endocarditis in children with congenital heart disease. J Card Surg 2011; 27:93-8. [PMID: 22074086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8191.2011.01339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assesses surgical procedures, operative outcome, and early and intermediate-term results of infective valve endocarditis in children with congenital heart disease. METHODS Seven consecutive children (five females, two males; mean age, 10.8 years) who underwent surgery for infective valve endocarditis between 2006 and 2010 were included in the study. The aortic and mitral valves were affected in two and tricuspid in five patients. Indications for operation included cardiac failure due to atrioventricular septal rupture, severe tricuspid valve insufficiency, and septic embolization in one, moderate valvular dysfunction with vegetations in three (two tricuspid, one mitral), and severe valvular dysfunction with vegetations in the other three patients (two tricuspid, one mitral). The pathological microorganism was identified in five patients. Tricuspid valve repair was performed with ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure in five patients. Two patients required mitral valve repair including one with additional aortic valve replacement. RESULTS There were no operative deaths. Actuarial freedom from recurrent infection at one and three years was 100%. Early echocardiographic follow-up showed four patients to have mild atrioventricular valve regurgitation (three tricuspid and one mitral) and three had no valvular regurgitation. No leakage from the VSD closure or any valvular stenosis was detected postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS Mitral and tricuspid valve repairs can be performed with low morbidity/mortality rates and satisfactory intermediate-term results in children with infective valve endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Riza Karaci
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Dr. Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
Infective endocarditis due to Neisseria sicca, a normal inhabitant of the upper respiratory tract, is rarely reported but associated with embolic phenomena and large vegetations often requiring surgical intervention. We report a previously healthy 12-year-old girl who presented with prolonged fever and altered mental status. The patient developed rapidly progressive respiratory insufficiency and cardiovascular instability, and echocardiography demonstrated a large vegetation on the mitral valve. She developed worsening mitral regurgitation with resultant pulmonary hemorrhage and underwent mitral valve replacement. Her blood culture was positive for N. sicca. This infection should be considered in patients with prolonged high fever and multiorgan dysfunction. Despite a typically severe course, reported mortality is low.
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Infective endocarditis in congenital heart disease. Eur J Pediatr 2011; 170:1111-27. [PMID: 21773669 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-011-1520-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Congenital heart disease (CHD) has become the leading risk factor for pediatric infective endocarditis (IE) in developed countries after the decline of rheumatic heart disease. Advances in catheter- and surgery-based cardiac interventions have rendered almost all types of CHD amenable to complete correction or at least palliation. Patient survival has increased, and a new patient population, referred to as adult CHD (ACHD) patients, has emerged. Implanted prosthetic material paves the way for cardiovascular device-related infections, but studies on the management of CHD-associated IE in the era of cardiovascular devices are scarce. The types of heart malformation (unrepaired, repaired, palliated) substantially differ in their lifetime risks for IE. Streptococci and staphylococci are the predominant pathogens. Right-sided IE is more frequently seen in patients with CHD. Relevant comorbidity caused by cardiac and extracardiac episode-related complications is high. Transesophageal echocardiography is recommended for more precise visualization of vegetations, especially in complex type of CHD in ACHD patients. Antimicrobial therapy and surgical management of IE remain challenging, but outcome of CHD-associated IE from the neonate to the adult is better than in other forms of IE. CONCLUSION Primary prevention of IE is vital and includes good dental health and skin hygiene; antibiotic prophylaxis is indicated only in high-risk patients undergoing oral mucosal procedures.
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Pediatric infective endocarditis: Has Staphylococcus aureus overtaken viridans group streptococci as the predominant etiological agent? CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2011; 19:63-8. [PMID: 19145264 DOI: 10.1155/2008/867342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viridans group streptococci (VGS) have traditionally been the most common etiological agents of infective endocarditis (IE). Advances in cardiovascular surgery and the increasing use of long-term central venous catheters may have altered the epidemiology of pediatric IE. METHODS A chart review of children younger than 17 years of age with IE was completed at the Stollery Children's Hospital (Edmonton, Alberta) between 1985 and 2004. The literature was reviewed to look for changes over time in the most common etiological agents of pediatric IE. RESULTS There were 31 cases of definite IE and nine cases of possible IE at the Stollery Children's Hospital, 19 of which were nosocomial. Thirty cases (75%) had congenital heart disease. The etiological agents were Staphylocccus aureus (n=16), VGS (n=5), coagulase-negative staphylococci (n=3), enterococcus (n=3), other streptococci (n=8), Enterobacter cloacae (n=1) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n=1), while three cases were culture negative. Two deaths were due to S aureus IE. Review of the literature identified an increasing number of case series in which S aureus was the predominant etiological agent, but VGS still predominated in some recent series. CONCLUSION Congenital heart disease remains the primary risk factor for pediatric IE. Prospective population-based studies are required to determine whether S aureus has become the predominant pathogen.
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Blumental S, Reynders M, Willems A, Biarent D, Duttman R, Lepage P, Vergison A. Enteroviral Infection of a Cardiac Prosthetic Device. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52:710-6. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciq189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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It's not easy being green: the viridans group streptococci, with a focus on pediatric clinical manifestations. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:3829-35. [PMID: 20810781 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01563-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The viridans group streptococci (VGS) are a heterogeneous group of organisms that can be human commensals, colonizing the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts in addition to the oral mucosa. VGS are generally considered to be of low pathogenic potential in immunocompetent individuals. However, in certain patient populations, VGS can cause invasive disease, such as endocarditis, intra-abdominal infection, and shock. Within the VGS, the rates and patterns of antimicrobial resistance vary greatly depending upon the species identification and the patient population. In general, Streptococcus mitis group organisms are resistant to more antimicrobial agents than the other VGS species. This review addresses current VGS taxonomy, in addition to the current methodologies being used in clinical microbiology laboratories for identification of VGS. Automated systems struggle overall with species level identification and susceptibility testing for VGS. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) identification is emerging as a potential alternative for organism identification. A review of recent pediatric-specific data regarding the clinical manifestations of VGS revealed that the Streptococcus anginosus group (SAG) organisms may be important pathogens in pediatric patients and that the VGS may contribute to disease in patients with cystic fibrosis. It also appears that rates of antimicrobial resistance in VGS in pediatric patients are surpassing those of the adult population.
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Rosenthal LB, Feja KN, Levasseur SM, Alba LR, Gersony W, Saiman L. The changing epidemiology of pediatric endocarditis at a children's hospital over seven decades. Pediatr Cardiol 2010; 31:813-20. [PMID: 20414646 PMCID: PMC2997359 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-010-9709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to determine whether improvements in the care of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) have changed the epidemiology of infective endocarditis (IE). A retrospective study of patients 18 years of age and younger treated for IE from 1992 to 2004 (era 3) was conducted at the authors' children's hospital in New York City. This study was compared with two previous studies conducted at the same hospital from 1930 to 1959 (era 1) and from 1977 to 1992 (era 2). During the three eras, IE was diagnosed for 205 children with a median age of 8 years during eras 1 and 2, which decreased to 1.5 years during era 3, partly because of IE after cardiac surgery for young infants. In era 3, nonstreptococcal and nonstaphylococcal pathogens associated with hospital-acquired IE increased. Complications from IE declined during era 3, but after the widespread availability of antibiotics in 1944, crude mortality rates were similar in eras 1 (32%), 2 (21%), and 3 (24%). However, in era 3, mortality occurred only among subjects with hospital-acquired IE. The epidemiology of pediatric IE has changed in the modern era. Currently, IE is most likely to occur among young children with complex congenital heart disease. Pediatric IE remains associated with high crude mortality rates when it is acquired in the hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B. Rosenthal
- Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of NewYork-Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristina N. Feja
- Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of NewYork-Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA, Department of Epidemiology, University of Medicine and, Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Stéphanie M. Levasseur
- Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of NewYork-Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Luis R. Alba
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Welton Gersony
- Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of NewYork-Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lisa Saiman
- Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of NewYork-Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA, Department of Epidemiology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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Le Guillou S, Casalta JP, Fraisse A, Kreitmann B, Chabrol B, Dubus JC, Bosdure E. Endocardite infectieuse sur cœur sain chez l’enfant : étude rétrospective de 11 cas. Arch Pediatr 2010; 17:1047-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Day MD, Gauvreau K, Shulman S, Newburger JW. Characteristics of Children Hospitalized With Infective Endocarditis. Circulation 2009; 119:865-70. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.798751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Infective endocarditis in children is rare, and most reports describe the experience in referral centers. The purpose of our study was to assess the characteristics of children with infective endocarditis in a large national sample.
Methods and Results—
We analyzed hospital discharge records with
International Classification of Diseases
, ninth revision, codes indicating infective endocarditis among admissions of patients <21 years of age in the Kids’ Inpatient Databases 2000 and 2003; analyses for the 2 years were combined. In 1588 hospitalizations, the age distribution was bimodal, with peaks in infancy and late adolescence. The organism was coded in 632 admissions;
Staphylococcus aureus
was most common (57%), followed by the viridans group of streptococci (20%). Preexisting heart disease was present in 662 patients admitted (42%), among whom 81% had congenital heart disease, 8% had prosthetic valve endocarditis, and 5% had rheumatic heart disease. In-hospital mortality occurred in 84 patients (5%), 38 with preexisting heart disease. Death occurred in 12 of 25 patients (48%) with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia, and 4 of 54 (8%) with prosthetic valve endocarditis. Among 46 deaths without preexisting heart disease,
S aureus
was the causative organism in 13 of 14 patients (93%) beyond infancy; among 32 infants who died, 10 (31%) were premature.
Conclusions—
In 2000 and 2003, we found a continuing shift in the epidemiology of pediatric infective endocarditis toward a higher proportion of children without preexisting heart disease. Risk factors for mortality included some forms of congenital heart disease and, among patients without preexisting heart disease, premature/neonatal age and
S aureus
as an etiologic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Day
- From the Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.D.D., K.G., J.W.N.), and Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Memorial Hospital and Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (S.S.)
| | - Kimberlee Gauvreau
- From the Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.D.D., K.G., J.W.N.), and Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Memorial Hospital and Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (S.S.)
| | - Stanford Shulman
- From the Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.D.D., K.G., J.W.N.), and Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Memorial Hospital and Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (S.S.)
| | - Jane W. Newburger
- From the Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (M.D.D., K.G., J.W.N.), and Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Memorial Hospital and Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (S.S.)
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Ishiwada N, Niwa K, Tateno S, Yoshinaga M, Terai M, Nakazawa M. Pneumococcal endocarditis in children: A nationwide survey in Japan. Int J Cardiol 2008; 123:298-301. [PMID: 17383029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infective endocarditis (IE) due to Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) carries a high mortality rate. However, little is known about pneumococcal IE in children and no optimal therapy has been established. Thus, we attempted to identify the clinical features of this disorder through a Japanese nationwide survey. METHODS Members of the Japanese Society of Pediatrics Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery registered 170 pediatric patients with IE diagnosed during a 5-year period (1997-2001). Nine of these patients (5.3%) had pneumococcal IE. The clinical course, treatment and outcome of these 9 patients, aged 7 months to 4 years, were analyzed. RESULTS Pneumococcal IE was associated with congenital heart disease in 7 patients and accompanied by other systemic infections including meningitis, pneumonia and otitis media, in 4 patients. Five of the 9 (55.6%) strains isolated by blood culture were penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae strains. Seven patients were treated with carbapenem. Three underwent cardiac surgery due to cardiac failure and/or vegetation. One died due to septic shock on the first day of hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS In children, pneumococcal endocarditis is often accompanied by severe systemic infections. The majority of pediatric cases are caused by penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae strains. Carbapenem is an effective for IE caused by penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae. This survey might be helpful to establish proper management strategies for pediatric pneumococcal IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naruhiko Ishiwada
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
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Infective endocarditis in patients with congenitally malformed hearts: characterization of the syndrome in a developing country. Cardiol Young 2007; 17:623-30. [PMID: 17956654 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951107001345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiac surgery for correction or palliation of congenital cardiac disease in infancy and childhood remains a privilege that is rarely accessible to two-thirds of the world's population. This imbalance has created a unique spectrum of illness in patients with underlying congenital cardiac disease and complicating infective endocarditis in developing countries, including Pakistan. In this study, we characterize endocarditis as seen in such patients presenting in Karachi. PATIENTS AND SETTINGS We reviewed retrospectively patients admitted to Aga Khan University with underlying congenitally malformed hearts and endocarditis between 1991 and 2004. RESULTS We identified 48 patients with endocarditis according to the modified Duke Criterions, with just over half the cases (54%) classified as definite endocarditis. Of the patients, 23 (49%) patients were more than 16 years old. Uncorrected left-to-right-shunts, tetralogy of Fallot, and congenital mitral valvar disease were the most common underlying defects. Patients with cyanotic defects, particularly of the complex type, were underrepresented (4%). Only 11 (22.9%) of the patients had a previous palliative or corrective surgery. In one-third of the patients (16), streptococcal species were identified as the microbiologic cause of endocarditis, and 22 (45.8%) had culture-negative endocarditis. In contrast, Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci caused endocarditis in only one patient each. There were no differences in mortality or complications between cyanotic and acyanotic congenital defects. Surgery was performed in nine (18.7%) patients with endocarditis, and of these, 13 (27.1%) died. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to the developed world, endocarditis in the developing countries, such as Pakistan, complicates uncorrected left-to-right shunts and tetralogy of Fallot, probably because patients with complex cyanotic defects fail to survive long after birth due to the lack of available surgery. Almost half of patients had culture-negative endocarditis, likely related to several factors.
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48
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Delmo Walter EM, Musci M, Nagdyman N, Hübler M, Berger F, Hetzer R. Mitral Valve Repair for Infective Endocarditis in Children. Ann Thorac Surg 2007; 84:2059-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, Lockhart PB, Baddour LM, Levison M, Bolger A, Cabell CH, Takahashi M, Baltimore RS, Newburger JW, Strom BL, Tani LY, Gerber M, Bonow RO, Pallasch T, Shulman ST, Rowley AH, Burns JC, Ferrieri P, Gardner T, Goff D, Durack DT. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. J Am Dent Assoc 2007; 138:739-45, 747-60. [PMID: 17545263 DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.2007.0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this statement is to update the recommendations by the American Heart Association (AHA) for the prevention of infective endocarditis, which were last published in 1997. METHODS AND RESULTS A writing group appointed by the AHA for their expertise in prevention and treatment of infective endocarditis (IE) with liaison members representing the American Dental Association, the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Academy of Pediatrics. The writing group reviewed input from national and international experts on IE. The recommendations in this document reflect analyses of relevant literature regarding procedure-related bacteremia and IE; in vitro susceptibility data of the most common microorganisms, which cause IE; results of prophylactic studies in animal models of experimental endocarditis; and retrospective and prospective studies of prevention of IE. MEDLINE database searches from 1950 through 2006 were done for English language articles using the following search terms: endocarditis, infective endocarditis, prophylaxis, prevention, antibiotic, antimicrobial, pathogens, organisms, dental, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, streptococcus, enterococcus, staphylococcus, respiratory, dental surgery, pathogenesis, vaccine, immunization and bacteremia. The reference lists of the identified articles were also searched. The writing group also searched the AHA online library. The American College of Cardiology/AHA classification of recommendations and levels of evidence for practice guidelines were used. The article subsequently was reviewed by outside experts not affiliated with the writing group and by the AHA Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee. CONCLUSIONS The major changes in the updated recommendations include the following. (1) The committee concluded that only an extremely small number of cases of IE might be prevented by antibiotic prophylaxis for dental procedures even if such prophylactic therapy were 100 percent effective. (2) IE prophylaxis for dental procedures should be recommended only for patients with underlying cardiac conditions associated with the highest risk of adverse outcome from IE. (3) For patients with these underlying cardiac conditions, prophylaxis is recommended for all dental procedures that involve manipulation of gingival tissue or the periapical region of teeth or perforation of the oral mucosa. (4) Prophylaxis is not recommended based solely on an increased lifetime risk of acquisition of IE. (5) Administration of antibiotics solely to prevent endocarditis is not recommended for patients who undergo a genitourinary or gastrointestinal tract procedure. These changes are intended to define more clearly when IE prophylaxis is or is not recommended and to provide more uniform and consistent global recommendations.
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50
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Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation 2007; 139 Suppl:3S-24S. [PMID: 17446442 DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.2008.0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this statement is to update the recommendations by the American Heart Association (AHA) for the prevention of infective endocarditis that were last published in 1997. METHODS AND RESULTS A writing group was appointed by the AHA for their expertise in prevention and treatment of infective endocarditis, with liaison members representing the American Dental Association, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the American Academy of Pediatrics. The writing group reviewed input from national and international experts on infective endocarditis. The recommendations in this document reflect analyses of relevant literature regarding procedure-related bacteremia and infective endocarditis, in vitro susceptibility data of the most common microorganisms that cause infective endocarditis, results of prophylactic studies in animal models of experimental endocarditis, and retrospective and prospective studies of prevention of infective endocarditis. MEDLINE database searches from 1950 to 2006 were done for English-language papers using the following search terms: endocarditis, infective endocarditis, prophylaxis, prevention, antibiotic, antimicrobial, pathogens, organisms, dental, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, streptococcus, enterococcus, staphylococcus, respiratory, dental surgery, pathogenesis, vaccine, immunization, and bacteremia. The reference lists of the identified papers were also searched. We also searched the AHA online library. The American College of Cardiology/AHA classification of recommendations and levels of evidence for practice guidelines were used. The paper was subsequently reviewed by outside experts not affiliated with the writing group and by the AHA Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee. CONCLUSIONS The major changes in the updated recommendations include the following: (1) The Committee concluded that only an extremely small number of cases of infective endocarditis might be prevented by antibiotic prophylaxis for dental procedures even if such prophylactic therapy were 100% effective. (2) Infective endocarditis prophylaxis for dental procedures is reasonable only for patients with underlying cardiac conditions associated with the highest risk of adverse outcome from infective endocarditis. (3) For patients with these underlying cardiac conditions, prophylaxis is reasonable for all dental procedures that involve manipulation of gingival tissue or the periapical region of teeth or perforation of the oral mucosa. (4) Prophylaxis is not recommended based solely on an increased lifetime risk of acquisition of infective endocarditis. (5) Administration of antibiotics solely to prevent endocarditis is not recommended for patients who undergo a genitourinary or gastrointestinal tract procedure. These changes are intended to define more clearly when infective endocarditis prophylaxis is or is not recommended and to provide more uniform and consistent global recommendations.
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