1
|
Omedes S, Crespo-Picazo JL, García-Párraga D, Sole M. B-esterase measurements and other blood related biomarkers in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) as indicators of health status. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163040. [PMID: 36965720 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) has been selected as sentinel species by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) descriptor 10 in relation to marine litter. In this, and other protected species, there is a need to develop conservative pollution biomarkers equally informative of chemical exposures to those traditionally carried out in metabolic organs, such as the liver. With this aim, plasma from turtles undergoing rehabilitation at the Fundació Oceanogràfic rescue centre (Arca del Mar) were selected and tested for B-esterase measurements. Hydrolysis rates of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and carboxylesterases (CEs) using four commercial substrates were undertaken on 191 plasma samples. Results indicated that acetylthiocholine was the most adequate substrate of cholinesterases and butyrate esters for CE measures. The correlation of these parameters with well-established blood biochemistry measurements was analysed. B-esterase measures in wild specimens were discussed in relation to age group, pathology on admission to the rescue centre and season; moreover, contrasts with long-term resident turtles were also made. Although this study provides baseline data on B-esterase measures in a large sample size for this species, more complementary information is still needed in terms of population genetics, chemical exposures, and in relation to other biochemical parameters before they can be confidently applied in wild specimens within the regulatory MSFD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Omedes
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Psg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J L Crespo-Picazo
- Fundació Oceanogràfic de la Comunidad Valenciana, Gran Vía Marqués del Turia 19, 46005 València, Spain
| | - D García-Párraga
- Fundació Oceanogràfic de la Comunidad Valenciana, Gran Vía Marqués del Turia 19, 46005 València, Spain
| | - M Sole
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Psg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Starostinetsky-Malonek T, Scheinin A, Aroch I, Davidovich N, Bigal E, Livne L, Hauser-Davis RA, Wosnick N, Tchernov D, Morick D. First report on the serum chemistry and haematology of free-ranging dusky ( Carcharhinus obscurus) and sandbar ( Carcharhinus plumbeus) sharks in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad037. [PMID: 37266517 PMCID: PMC10230282 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Shark assessments in the Mediterranean Sea are still scarce, and serum chemistry and haematological data have yet to be reported for wild dusky (Carcharhinus obscurus) or sandbar (Carcharhinus plumbeus) shark populations in the Mediterranean Sea. Herein, blood samples were obtained from adult dusky (n = 23) and sandbar (n = 14) sharks from an aggregation site near the Hadera power and desalination plants in Israel in the winters of 2016-20. Several serum chemistry analytes were characterized with relation to stress, body size and environmental conditions. Glucose concentrations were higher, while total cholesterol concentrations were lower in dusky sharks than in sandbar sharks, potentially due to distinct metabolic pathways utilized during the capture-related activity by both species. However, differences in sex and size are noted and should be considered. The blood cell morphology of both species was consistent with previous findings for sandbar sharks. Atypical monocytes were noted in one dusky shark. Preliminary and exploratory reference intervals for female dusky sharks were calculated for glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, total protein and creatine kinase. These data must be viewed with caution due to the potential influence of capture-related stress on analyte concentrations and activities and the fact that only females were employed in the calculations. Moreover, the sampling site is adjacent to coastal power and desalination plants, which may significantly affect shark physiology. Although limited, this novel database on dusky and sandbar shark serum chemistry and haematology aspects is essential as a first attempt to obtain data on these species in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and for future conservation and long-term biomonitoring efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Itamar Aroch
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Nadav Davidovich
- Morris Kahn Marine Research Station, Leon H Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Sdot Yam 3780400, Israel
- Israeli Veterinary Services, Bet Dagan 5025001, Israel
| | - Eyal Bigal
- Morris Kahn Marine Research Station, Leon H Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Sdot Yam 3780400, Israel
| | - Leigh Livne
- Morris Kahn Marine Research Station, Leon H Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Sdot Yam 3780400, Israel
| | - Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Natascha Wosnick
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19031, Curitiba, Paraná 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Dan Tchernov
- Morris Kahn Marine Research Station, Leon H Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Sdot Yam 3780400, Israel
| | - Danny Morick
- Corresponding author: Morris Kahn Marine Research Station, Leon H Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Sdot Yam 3780400, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hematological and Biochemical Reference Intervals for Euphrates Softshell Turtle (Rafetus euphraticus). IRANIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, TRANSACTIONS A: SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40995-021-01193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
4
|
Arango BG, Harfush-Meléndez M, Marmolejo-Valencia JA, Merchant-Larios H, Crocker DE. Blood oxygen stores of olive ridley sea turtles, Lepidochelys olivacea are highly variable among individuals during arribada nesting. J Comp Physiol B 2020; 191:185-194. [PMID: 33064209 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sea turtles dive with a full lung of air and these O2 stores are supplemented by O2 stored in blood and muscle. Olive ridley sea turtles exhibit polymorphic nesting behavior, mass nesting behavior called arribada, where thousands of turtles will nest at once, and solitary nesting behavior. The potential physiological differences between the individuals using these strategies are not well understood. We measured blood volume and associated variables, including blood hemoglobin content and hematocrit, to estimate total blood O2 stores. There were no significant differences in mean values between nesting strategies, but arribada nesting individuals were more variable than those performing solitary nesting. Mass-specific plasma volume was relatively invariant among individuals but mass specific blood volume and blood oxygen stores varied widely, twofold and threefold, respectively. Blood O2 stores represented 32% of total body O2 stores. Under typical mean diving conditions of 26 °C and high levels of activity, blood stores confer ~ 14 min to aerobic dive times and are likely critical for the long duration, deep diving exhibited by the species. Individual differences in blood O2 stores strongly impact estimated aerobic dive limits and may constrain the ability of individuals to respond to changes on ocean climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Gabriela Arango
- Biology Department, Sonoma State University, 1801 East Cotati Ave, Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA.
| | | | | | - Horacio Merchant-Larios
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Daniel E Crocker
- Biology Department, Sonoma State University, 1801 East Cotati Ave, Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Oriá AP, Silva DN, Raposo AC, Estrela-Lima A, Pires TT, Gattamorta MA, Zamana RR, Matushima ER, Ofri R. Atypical ocular Chelonoid herpesvirus manifestations in a captive Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta). Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 24:97-102. [PMID: 33058466 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A captive loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) of unknown sex, 3 years of age, presented with bilateral mucoid secretions, severe chemosis, conjunctival hyperemia, and globe retraction. The animal was evaluated ophthalmologically and systemically, and hematological, microbiological, and conjunctival cytological and biopsy samples were collected for complementary diagnosis. The histopathological examination showed amphophilic intranuclear inclusions associated with severe inflammatory infiltrate. The diagnosis of Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChAHV 5) was confirmed with end point PCR. Following systemic treatment with L-lysine, acyclovir and vitamin A, the ocular signs resolved. No amphophilic intranuclear inclusions were seen in a follow-up biopsy 5 months later, and there has been no recurrence of clinical ophthalmic signs during a 4-year follow-up. It is suggested that ChAHV 5 be considered as a differential diagnosis in captive marine turtles that present for conjunctival disease other than fibropapillomatosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianne P Oriá
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Danielle N Silva
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Raposo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Thaís T Pires
- Fundação Pró-TAMAR National Coordination, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Marco A Gattamorta
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta R Zamana
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana R Matushima
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ron Ofri
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Venous blood gas and biochemical analysis of wild captured green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and Kemp's ridley turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) from the Gulf of Mexico. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237596. [PMID: 32785283 PMCID: PMC7423106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood was collected from wild captured green and Kemp’s ridley turtles off the west coast of Florida, USA. Blood gases and biochemical values were analyzed using a point of care (POC) device in the field. Analytes include pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), total carbon dioxide (TCO2), bicarbonate (HCO3), base excess (BE), oxygen saturation (sO2), lactate, sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), total carbon dioxide (TCO2), anion gap, ionized calcium, glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Crea), hematocrit (Hct), and hemoglobin (Hb). These are novel data for wild healthy Kemp’s ridley turtles, and results for green turtles were generally consistent with past studies of green turtles with exceptions primarily in blood gas values. Ninety percent of the green turtles had fibropapillomatosis (FP), but none of the blood analytes were correlated with disease severity. Only BUN was correlated with weight of green turtles, and there was no correlation between blood parameters and weight of Kemp’s ridley turtles. This study provides data that are useful in understanding the physiologic status of sea turtles specific to this region, allowing for comparisons to other populations, life stages, and disease states.
Collapse
|
7
|
Raposo AC, Lebrilla CB, Portela RW, Goonatilleke E, Neto FAD, Oriá AP. The proteomics of roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris), broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) and loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) tears. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:276. [PMID: 32767984 PMCID: PMC7412644 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tears play an important role in ocular surface protection, and help wild animals maintain visual acuity in the face of air and water friction. The proteomics of tears has only been described for mammals. The knowledge of the proteomics of wild animal tears can aid not only in the setting of normal standards for ocular disease studies in these animals, but also to base the search for new molecules to be used in ophthalmology therapeutics. We therefore set out to describe the proteomic profile of roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris), broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) and loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) tears. Tears were collected from healthy animals, their spectral profiles were obtained with an LTQ Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer, and the dataset was analyzed against reference taxa. Results For roadside hawk, 446 proteins were identified, the most abundant being albumin, transferrin, globulin and actin. For broad-snouted caiman and loggerhead sea turtle, 1358 and 163 proteins were identified, respectively. Uncharacterized proteins and transferrin were highly abundant in both species. The roadside hawk tear components and their properties were similar to those described for humans, but with a higher albumin concentration. Broad-snouted caiman tears presented a wide diversity of ontological functions, with an abundant presence of enzymatic compounds. In loggerhead sea turtle tears, the predominance of proteins with ion-transport functions was consistent with possible osmolality-maintenance mechanisms. Conclusion These data enhance our understanding of birds and reptiles’ tears microcomposition and may be used to base the discovery of new molecules with high biotechnological potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Raposo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 40110-060, Brazil
| | - C B Lebrilla
- Chemistry Department, Mass Spectrometry Facilities Campus, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616-8585, USA
| | - R W Portela
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - E Goonatilleke
- Chemistry Department, Mass Spectrometry Facilities Campus, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616-8585, USA
| | - F A Dórea Neto
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 40110-060, Brazil
| | - A P Oriá
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 40110-060, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gradela A, Souza VN, Queiroz MM, Constantino AC, Faria MD, Pires IC, Correa FM. Serum biochemistry of Trachemys scripta elegans and Trachemys dorbignyi ( Testudines: Emydidae) bred in captivity in the Northeastern semiarid region of Brazil. Vet World 2020; 13:1083-1090. [PMID: 32801558 PMCID: PMC7396337 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1083-1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to assess fundamental biochemical values of healthy animals and to provide useful data on comparative physiologies of Testudines, being assessed the serum biochemistry profiles, and body and tail biometry of Trachemys scripta elegans and Trachemys dorbignyi bred in interaction in the semiarid region of the São Francisco river valley. Materials and Methods: Serum biochemistry variables (urea, creatinine, glucose, total serum protein, albumin, globulin, and albumin/globulin ratio), and biometry values of the body (mass [body mass (BM)], maximum curvilinear length [carapace length (CL)], and width [carapace width (CW)] of the carapace, maximum curvilinear length [plastron length (PL)], and width [plastron width PW] of the plastron), and the tail (total length of the tail [TLT], pre-cloacal tail length [PrCL], post-cloacal tail length [PoCL]) were measured after 24 h fasting. Results: T. s. elegans displayed higher BM, CL, CW, PL, PW, AST, TP, albumin, and globulin values. T. dorbignyi displayed higher values of glucose, TLT, and PrCL. Variables aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and total protein (TP) in T. s. elegans and glucose in T. dorbignyi explained most of the variance between the species and could serve to distinguish them. Conclusion: We conclude that most of the differences between T. s. elegans and T. dorbignyi shall be explained by biometric variables, AST, TP, and glucose, which characterize interspecific differences. Our results point out terms of reference for these species bred in captivity in the semiarid region of Brazilian Northeastern region and serve as a model for the comparative intra- and inter-species physiology and as a base for the health assessment of these species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gradela
- Collegiate of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - V N Souza
- ALPHA Veterinary Clinical Analysis Laboratory, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - M M Queiroz
- Collegiate of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - A C Constantino
- Collegiate of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - M D Faria
- Collegiate of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - I C Pires
- Collegiate of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - F M Correa
- Department of Statistics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Erythrocytes of Captive Pre-Juvenile Loggerhead Turtles Following Acute Exposure to Methylmercury. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the use of erythrocytes (RBCs) of loggerhead turtles as in vitro models for evaluating their toxicity to methylmercury. Blood samples of loggerhead turtles that were born in the Colombian Caribbean were used. The LC50 of RBCs to methylmercury was determined at 96 h using methylmercury concentrations of 0.5–100 mg L−1. Next, the viability of the RBCs and the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and lipid peroxidation by malondialdehyde (MDA) at 6 and 12 h of exposure to acute concentrations of 0, 1, and 5 mg L−1 were evaluated. The LC50 for loggerhead turtle RBCs was 8.32 mg L−1. The cell viability bioassay of RBCs exposed for 12 h only showed 100% cell viability. Increasing in vitro MeHg concentrations caused a corresponding increase in MDA concentration as well as decreases in the activities of SOD and GST. The RBCs represent an excellent model for ecotoxicological studies and SOD, GST, and MDA are biomarkers of environmental pollution and oxidative stress in loggerhead turtles. This was the first study conducted on loggerhead turtle where the response of RBCs to MeHg-induced oxidative stress is evaluated.
Collapse
|
10
|
Okuyama J, Shiozawa M, Shiode D. Heart rate and cardiac response to exercise during voluntary dives in captive sea turtles (Cheloniidae). Biol Open 2020; 9:bio049247. [PMID: 32033966 PMCID: PMC7055368 DOI: 10.1242/bio.049247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In chelonids, oxygen is primarily stored in the lungs during a dive. Therefore, management of blood oxygen transportation to peripheral tissues by cardiovascular adjustments during submergence is crucial to maximize their dive duration, and consequently, the time spent for ecological activities such as foraging. However, the cardiac response to exercise has rarely been examined in sea turtles. In this study, heart rate and its relationship with exercise during voluntary dives were determined in six captive green turtles (19.4±1.5 kg) by simultaneously recording depth, acceleration and electrocardiogram. Our results demonstrated that the heart rate of green turtles was generally low (11.1±0.4 bpm) during resting dives, but they often exhibited instantaneously extreme tachycardia (up to 78.4 bpm). Green turtles elevated their heart rate up to 39.8±1.5 bpm during ventilation after resting dives, while up to 33.1±1.4 bpm after active dives. The heart rate immediately elevated with onset of exercise, and increased linearly with exercise. This result may indicate that turtles immediately need to transport oxygen from the lungs to peripheral tissues by pulmonary and systemic circulations to meet the metabolic demands of exercise because they mainly store oxygen in their lungs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Okuyama
- Research Center for Subtropical Fisheries, Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Ishigaki, Okinawa 907-0451, Japan
| | - Maika Shiozawa
- Department of Marine Bioscience, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shiode
- Department of Marine Bioscience, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| |
Collapse
|